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Oh H, Lee J. Psychrotrophic Bacteria Threatening the Safety of Animal-Derived Foods: Characteristics, Contamination, and Control Strategies. Food Sci Anim Resour 2024; 44:1011-1027. [PMID: 39246535 PMCID: PMC11377203 DOI: 10.5851/kosfa.2024.e70] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2024] [Revised: 07/26/2024] [Accepted: 07/26/2024] [Indexed: 09/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Animal-derived foods, such as meat and dairy products, are prone to spoilage by psychrotrophic bacteria due to their high-water activity and nutritional value. These bacteria can grow at refrigerated temperatures, posing significant concerns for food safety and quality. Psychrotrophic bacteria, including Pseudomonas, Listeria, and Yersinia, not only spoil food but can also produce heat-resistant enzymes and toxins, posing health risks. This review examines the characteristics and species composition of psychrotrophic bacteria in animal-derived foods, their impact on food spoilage and safety, and contamination patterns in various products. It explores several nonthermal techniques to combat bacterial contamination as alternatives to conventional thermal methods, which can affect food quality. This review highlights the importance of developing nonthermal technologies to control psychrotrophic bacteria that threaten the cold storage of animal-derived foods. By adopting these technologies, the food industry can better ensure the safety and quality of animal-derived foods for consumers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyemin Oh
- Risk Analysis Research Center, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul 04310, Korea
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul 04310, Korea
| | - Jeeyeon Lee
- Department of Food & Nutrition, Dong-eui University, Busan 47340, Korea
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Grenda T, Grenda A, Krawczyk P, Kwiatek K. Botulinum toxin in cancer therapy-current perspectives and limitations. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 106:485-495. [PMID: 34951660 PMCID: PMC8763801 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-021-11741-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Abstract Different serotypes of botulinum toxins (BoNTs) act upon different types of SNARE proteins. This property is used in aesthetic medicine to treat certain eye disorders such as crossed eyes (strabismus) and uncontrolled blinking (blepharospasm), to treat muscle spasms or movement disorders, and, for the two last decades, more and more often, to provide support in cancer therapy, especially so as to obtain analgesic effects upon spastic conditions. The limited literature data also suggests that the addition of BoNTs to the culture of cancer cell lines reduces cell growth, and mitotic activity, and promotes their apoptosis. BoNTs have several advantages that can be emphasized: BoNTs act on both perfusion and oxygenation; moreover, BoNTs are considered to be safe and free of systemic side effects upon administration. Recently, advances in molecular biology techniques have allowed a wide variety of novel BoNT constructs with alternative functions. These constructs could be assessed as potential new classes of anti-cancer drugs. This creates new potential perspectives in the wider use of non-toxic modified BoNT constructs in cancer therapy. In the light of the mentioned premises and existing literature reports, the aim of this review is to summarize current data and reports considering BoNT use in cancer therapy. Key points •Botulinum toxin (BoNTs) may be useful in cancer treatment. •Botulinum toxin can serve as an analgesic after cancer radiotherapy. •Botulinum toxin has the ability to inhibit tumor growth and promote apoptosis of neoplastic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Grenda
- Department of Hygiene of Animal Feeding Stuffs, National Veterinary Research Institute, Partyzantow Avenue 57, 24-100, Pulawy, Poland.
| | - Anna Grenda
- Department of Pneumology, Oncology and Allergology, Medical University of Lublin, Jaczewskiego 8, 20-954, Lublin, Poland.
| | - Paweł Krawczyk
- Department of Pneumology, Oncology and Allergology, Medical University of Lublin, Jaczewskiego 8, 20-954, Lublin, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Kwiatek
- Department of Hygiene of Animal Feeding Stuffs, National Veterinary Research Institute, Partyzantow Avenue 57, 24-100, Pulawy, Poland
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Predictive model for growth of Clostridium botulinum from spores during cooling of cooked ground chicken. Food Res Int 2021; 149:110695. [PMID: 34600690 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2021.110695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Cooking temperature of poultry meat is typically inadequate to inactivate the heat resistant spores of Clostridium botulinum. The purpose of this study is to develop a predictive model for C. botulinum during cooling of cooked ground chicken. Cooked chicken was inoculated with a cocktail of five strains of proteolytic C. botulinum type A and five strains of proteolytic C. botulinum type B to yield a final spore concentration of approximately 2 log CFU/g. The growth of C. botulinum was determined at constant temperatures from 10 to 46 °C. Dynamic temperature experiments were performed with continued cooling from 54.4 to 4.4 °C or 7.2 °C in mono- or bi-phasic cooling profiles, respectively. The Baranyi primary model was used to fit growth data and the modified Ratkowsky secondary model was used to fit growth rates with respect to temperature. The primary models fitted the growth data well (R2 values ranging from 0.811 to 0.988). The R2 and root mean square error (RMSE) of the modified Ratkowsky secondary model were 0.95 and 0.06, respectively. Out of 11 prediction error values calculated in this study, ten were within the limit of acceptable prediction zone (-1.0 to 0.5), indicating a good fit of the model. The predictive model will assist institutional food service operations in determining the safety of cooked ground chicken subjected to different cooling periods.
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Iacumin L, Comi G. A survey of a blown pack spoilage produced by Clostridium perfringens in vacuum-packaged wurstel. Food Microbiol 2020; 94:103654. [PMID: 33279079 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2020.103654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Three hundred Clostridium strains were isolated from spoiled wurstels and were identified by traditional and molecular methods as Clostridium perfringens. The phenotypic characteristics of the strains were studied. All the strains produced acetic and butyric acids and enterotoxin. C. perfringens grew in the spoiled wurstels because it was present in raw meat (Lot 150) at a level of 3.2 log CFU/g due to an unchecked cooling phase that took 28 h to decrease the temperature of the wurstels from 60 to 9-10 °C, which is the lower limit for C. perfringens growth. During the 28 h of cooling, the concentration of C. perfringens increased to 6.5 CFU/g. It was concluded that its presence and the long cooling time were the main factors responsible for the spoilage. Wurstels intentionally made with contaminated meat (3 log CFU/g) but cooled after cooking for 17 h to 9 °C did not support C. perfringens growth; consequently, these wurstels remained unspoiled. The packages of the spoiled wurstels were blown, and the products were soft (soggy), textureless and had the odour of acetic acid, ethanol and sulfur.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucilla Iacumin
- Department Agricultural Food Environmental and Animal Science, University of Udine, Via Sondrio 2/a, 33100, Udine, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Comi
- Department Agricultural Food Environmental and Animal Science, University of Udine, Via Sondrio 2/a, 33100, Udine, Italy.
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Bunkar N, Sharma J, Chouksey A, Kumari R, Gupta PK, Tiwari R, Lodhi L, Srivastava RK, Bhargava A, Mishra PK. Clostridium perfringens phospholipase C impairs innate immune response by inducing integrated stress response and mitochondrial-induced epigenetic modifications. Cell Signal 2020; 75:109776. [PMID: 32916276 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2020.109776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/06/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Clostridium perfringens, a rod-shaped, gram-positive, anaerobic, spore-forming bacterium is one of the most widely occurring bacterial pathogens, associated with a spectrum of diseases in humans. A major virulence factor during its infection is the enzyme phospholipase C encoded by the plc gene, known as Clostridium perfringens phospholipase C (CpPLC). The present study was designed to understand the role of CpPLC in inducing survival mechanisms and mitochondrial-induced epigenetic changes in a human lymphocyte cell culture model. Following exposure to CpPLC, a significant generation of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species was observed, which coincided with the changes in the expression of vital components of MAP/ERK/RTK signaling cascade that regulates the downstream cellular functions. These disturbances further led to alterations in the mitochondrial genome and functioning. This was supported by the observed upregulation in the expression of mitochondrial fission genes Drp1, Fis1, and Mff, and mitochondrial fusion genes MFN1, MFN2, and OPA1 following CpPLC exposure. CpPLC exposed cells showed upregulation of OMA1, DELE1, and HRI genes involved in the integrated stress response (ISR), which suggests that it may induce the ISR that provides a pro-survival mechanism to the host cell. CpPLC also initiated immune patho-physiologic mechanisms including mitochondrial-induced epigenetic modifications through a mitochondrial-ROS driven signaling pathway. Interestingly, epigenetic machinery not only play a pivotal role in lymphocyte homeostasis by contributing to cell-fate decisions but thought to be one of the mechanisms by which intracellular pathogens survive within the host cells. Importantly, the impairment of mtDNA repair among the CpPLC exposed cells, induced alterations within mtDNA methylation, and led to the deregulation of MT-CO1, MT-ND6, MT-ATPase 6, and MT-ATPase8 gene expression profiles that are important for mitochondrial bioenergetics and subsequent metabolic pathways. This was further confirmed by the changes in the activity of mitochondrial electron chain complexes (complex I, II, III, IV and V). The altered mtDNA methylation profile was also found to be closely associated with the varied expression of mitomiRs and their targets. CpPLC exposed cells showed up-regulation of miR24 expression and down-regulation of miR34a, miR150, and miR155, while the increased expression of mitomiR target genes i.e. of K-Ras, MYC, EGFR, and NF-kβ was also observed in these cells. Altogether, our findings provide novel insights into the derailment of redox signaling machinery in CpPLC treated lymphocytes and its role in the induction of survival mechanisms and mitochondrial-induced epigenetic modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Bunkar
- Department of Molecular Biology, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Environmental Health, Bhopal, India
| | - Jahnavi Sharma
- Department of Molecular Biology, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Environmental Health, Bhopal, India
| | - Anju Chouksey
- Department of Molecular Biology, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Environmental Health, Bhopal, India
| | - Roshani Kumari
- Department of Molecular Biology, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Environmental Health, Bhopal, India
| | - Pushpendra Kumar Gupta
- Department of Molecular Biology, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Environmental Health, Bhopal, India
| | - Rajnarayan Tiwari
- Department of Molecular Biology, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Environmental Health, Bhopal, India
| | - Lalit Lodhi
- Department of Molecular Biology, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Environmental Health, Bhopal, India
| | | | - Arpit Bhargava
- Department of Molecular Biology, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Environmental Health, Bhopal, India
| | - Pradyumna Kumar Mishra
- Department of Molecular Biology, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Environmental Health, Bhopal, India.
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Peck MW, Webb MD, Goodburn KE. Assessment of the risk of botulism from chilled, vacuum/modified atmosphere packed fresh beef, lamb and pork held at 3 °C-8 °C. Food Microbiol 2020; 91:103544. [PMID: 32539958 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2020.103544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2019] [Revised: 04/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The safety of current UK industry practice (including shelf-life) for chilled, vacuum/modified atmosphere-packed fresh red meat (beef, lamb and pork) held at 3°C-8°C has been evaluated with respect to non-proteolytic Clostridium botulinum. UK industry typically applies a retail pack shelf-life at 3°C-8°C to 13 days for fresh red meat, with a maximum of 23 days for beef, 27 days for lamb, and 18 days for pork. An exposure assessment established that current commercial practice for fresh red meat provided strong protection with more than 1010 person servings marketed in the UK without association with foodborne botulism. A challenge test demonstrated that spores of non-proteolytic C. botulinum inoculated on chilled vacuum-packed fresh red meat did not lead to detectable neurotoxin at day 50 for beef, day 35 for lamb, or day 25 for pork (i.e. <40 pg type B toxin and type E toxin g-1 of meat). The products were visually spoiled many days before these end points. The exposure assessment and challenge test demonstrated the safety of current UK industry practices for the shelf-life of fresh, vacuum-packed beef, lamb and pork held at 3°C-8°C with respect to C. botulinum, and that botulinum neurotoxin was not detected within their organoleptic shelf-life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael W Peck
- QIB Extra, Quadram Institute, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UQ, UK.
| | - Martin D Webb
- QIB Extra, Quadram Institute, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UQ, UK
| | - Karin E Goodburn
- Chilled Food Associates, C/o 3 Weekley Wood Close, Kettering, NN14 1UQ, UK
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Ismail A, El‐Kholy S, Farid C. Botulinum toxin type A in chronic non‐dyshidrotic palmar eczema: A side‐by‐side comparative study. J Dermatol 2020; 47:601-608. [DOI: 10.1111/1346-8138.15344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aisha Ismail
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Andrology Faculty of Medicine Alexandria University Alexandria Egypt
| | - Samar El‐Kholy
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Andrology Faculty of Medicine Alexandria University Alexandria Egypt
| | - Carmen Farid
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Andrology Faculty of Medicine Alexandria University Alexandria Egypt
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Xu C, She Y, Lin Y, Xu C. Molecular structure and function of the carboxy-terminus of the alpha-toxin from Clostridium perfringens type A. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2019; 104:725-734. [PMID: 31872485 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.13274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In order to interpret the molecular structure and biological characteristics of Clostridium perfringens alpha-toxin (CPA), the CPA251-370 gene was cloned and the 120 amino acid carboxy terminal of CPA (CPA251-370) was obtained. The secondary and three-dimensional (3D) structures of CPA251-370 were predicted. The secondary structure of CPA251-370 consisted primarily of 35.48% β-sheets and 44.35% random coils. Compared with the CPA toxin consisting of 10 α-helices and eight β-sheets, the 3D structure of CPA251-370 only contained eight β-sheets. The circular dichroism (CD) spectrum detection showed that the CD spectrum of CPA251-370 changed slightly compared with the CD spectrum of CPA. Biological activity assays showed that CPA251-370 had lost the phospholipase C (PLC) activity and haemolytic activity of CPA. More importantly, the mice immunized with CPA251-370 were protected against a challenge with 1 MLD C. perfringens type A strain C57-1. This study laid a solid foundation for explaining the relationship between molecular structure and biological characteristics of CPA in the future. Our research also provides CPA251-370 as a candidate strains for genetic engineering subunit vaccines of C. perfringens type A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chongli Xu
- College of Medical Technology, Chongqing Medical and Pharmaceutical College, Chongqing, China
| | - Yuhan She
- College of Medical Technology, Chongqing Medical and Pharmaceutical College, Chongqing, China
| | - Yimin Lin
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Translational Research for Cancer Metastasis and Individualized Treatment, Chongqing University Cancer Hospital, Chongqing, China
| | - Chongbo Xu
- Yingdong College of Life Sciences, Shaoguan University, Shaoguan, China
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Predictive Modeling of Microbial Behavior in Food. Foods 2019; 8:foods8120654. [PMID: 31817788 PMCID: PMC6963536 DOI: 10.3390/foods8120654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Revised: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Microorganisms can contaminate food, thus causing food spoilage and health risks when the food is consumed. Foods are not sterile; they have a natural flora and a transient flora reflecting their environment. To ensure food is safe, we must destroy these microorganisms or prevent their growth. Recurring hazards due to lapses in the handling, processing, and distribution of foods cannot be solved by obsolete methods and inadequate proposals. They require positive approach and resolution through the pooling of accumulated knowledge. As the industrial domain evolves rapidly and we are faced with pressures to continually improve both products and processes, a considerable competitive advantage can be gained by the introduction of predictive modeling in the food industry. Research and development capital concerns of the industry have been preserved by investigating the plethora of factors able to react on the final product. The presence of microorganisms in foods is critical for the quality of the food. However, microbial behavior is closely related to the properties of food itself such as water activity, pH, storage conditions, temperature, and relative humidity. The effect of these factors together contributing to permitting growth of microorganisms in foods can be predicted by mathematical modeling issued from quantitative studies on microbial populations. The use of predictive models permits us to evaluate shifts in microbial numbers in foods from harvesting to production, thus having a permanent and objective evaluation of the involving parameters. In this vein, predictive microbiology is the study of the microbial behavior in relation to certain environmental conditions, which assure food quality and safety. Microbial responses are evaluated through developed mathematical models, which must be validated for the specific case. As a result, predictive microbiology modeling is a useful tool to be applied for quantitative risk assessment. Herein, we review the predictive models that have been adapted for improvement of the food industry chain through a built virtual prototype of the final product or a process reflecting real-world conditions. It is then expected that predictive models are, nowadays, a useful and valuable tool in research as well as in industrial food conservation processes.
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Study of the Structure and Biological Activity of the Amino-Terminus of the α-Toxin from Clostridium welchii Type A. Curr Microbiol 2019; 76:1175-1185. [PMID: 31286181 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-019-01733-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 06/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
To explore the biological activity of Clostridium welchii α-toxin (CPA), the Asp56 residue of CPA was mutated to glycine (CPA D56G) by site-directed mutagenesis, and the 250 amino acid amino-terminal phospholipase C (PLC)-containing domain of CPA (PLC1-250) was isolated. The secondary and three-dimensional (3D) structures of CPA D56G and PLC1-250 were predicted, and the results showed that the secondary structures of CPA D56G and PLC1-250 were composed of α-helices and random coils. The 3D structures of CPA D56G and PLC1-250 were similar to the 3D structures of CPA. The circular dichroism (CD) spectrum of CPA D56G differed from the CD spectrum of CPA, but the CD spectrum of PLC1-250 was similar to the CD spectrum of CPA. Biological activity assays showed that CPA D56G lost the PLC activity of CPA and that mice immunized with CPA D56G were protected against a challenge with 1 MLD C. welchii type A strain C57-1. In addition, PLC1-250 contained the PLC activity of CPA. This study laid a solid foundation for future studies on the relationship between the molecular structure and biological function of CPA and its molecular mechanism. Our study also provided CPA D56G as a candidate strain for engineering a CPA subunit vaccine for C. welchii type A.
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Grenda T, Grabczak M, Sieradzki Z, Kwiatek K, Pohorecka K, Skubida M, Bober A. Clostridium botulinum spores in Polish honey samples. J Vet Sci 2018; 19:635-642. [PMID: 29929360 PMCID: PMC6167343 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.2018.19.5.635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Revised: 05/24/2018] [Accepted: 06/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was an examination of 240 multifloral honey samples collected from Polish apiaries to determine Clostridium botulinum occurrence. Honey was collected from apiaries directly after the extraction process. Samples were inoculated by using the dilution and centrifugation method. Suspected isolates were examined by using mouse bioassay, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and real-time PCR methods. C. botulinum type A and B strains were detected in 5 of 240 examined honey samples (2.1%). Bacterial strains were also detected that were phenotypically similar to C. botulinum but that did not exhibit the ability to produce botulinum toxins and did not show the presence of the botulinum cluster (ntnh and bont genes) or expression of the ntnh gene. The methods used in the examination, especially the expression analysis of ntnh gene, enabled specific analysis of suspected strains and could be used routinely in environmental isolate analyses of C. botulinum occurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Grenda
- Departments of Hygiene of Animal Feedingstuffs, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland
| | - Magdalena Grabczak
- Departments of Hygiene of Animal Feedingstuffs, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland
| | - Zbigniew Sieradzki
- Departments of Hygiene of Animal Feedingstuffs, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Kwiatek
- Departments of Hygiene of Animal Feedingstuffs, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland
| | - Krystyna Pohorecka
- Departments of Honey Bee Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland
| | - Marta Skubida
- Departments of Honey Bee Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland
| | - Andrzej Bober
- Departments of Honey Bee Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland
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