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Silva MFBD, Guaraldo L, Santos HFP, Bastos LS, Pina-Costa AD, Penetra SLS, Moraes ICVD, Calvet GA, Fuller TL, Silva PCR, Siqueira MAMTD, Brasil P. Cohort profile: follow-up of a household cohort throughout five epidemic waves of SARS-CoV-2 in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. CAD SAUDE PUBLICA 2024; 40:e00152023. [PMID: 39194089 DOI: 10.1590/0102-311xen152023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 08/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Since May 2020, we have been conducting a comprehensive study to understand the natural history of SARS-CoV-2 infection in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Our focus has been on following families, systematically collecting respiratory tract swabs and blood samples, monitoring symptoms, and gathering data on vaccine status. This paper aims to describe the household cohort across five epidemic waves of SARS-CoV-2, providing an overview of the collected data and a description of the epidemiological, clinical, and immunological characteristics and incidence of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Our cohort includes 691 participants from 189 households. During the five epidemic waves, we detected 606 infections. The incidence density of SARS-CoV-2 infection ranged from 4 (Delta) to 56 (B.1.1.33) per 1,000 person-week, with a peak in wave B.1.1.33 in all age groups. The seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies (IgG anti spike protein) varied from 37%, in the pre-VoC period, to 99%, in the Omicron period, progressively increasing after each wave in a similar manner regardless of age. As we have monitored the cohort continuously since the beginning of the pandemic, we were able to collect data across different scenarios according to the predominant lineage in circulation. Via active monitoring of families, we were able to carry out an epidemiological surveillance on SARS-CoV-2, including its variants, persistence of symptoms, and changes in immunity over time in the population, contributing to knowledge of the natural history of SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lusiele Guaraldo
- Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
| | | | | | - Anielle de Pina-Costa
- Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
| | | | | | - Guilherme Amaral Calvet
- Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
| | | | | | | | - Patricia Brasil
- Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
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Sedighi I, Raeisi R, Amiri J, Shalchi Z, Karami M, Azizi Jalilian F, Teimoori A, Ansari N, Bathaei J, Hashemi M. Asymptomatic Children as a Missing Link in Preventing COVID-19 Transmission. J Res Health Sci 2024; 24:e00614. [PMID: 39072550 PMCID: PMC11264454 DOI: 10.34172/jrhs.2024.149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 03/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Investigating the prevalence of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection in asymptomatic children who have been in close contact with symptomatic individuals is instrumental for refining public health approaches, protecting vulnerable populations, and mitigating the broader impact of the pandemic. Accordingly, this study aimed to evaluate the incidence of COVID-19 infection in asymptomatic children who had been in close contact with parents exhibiting COVID-19 symptoms. Study Design: A cross-sectional study. METHODS The present cross-sectional study was conducted on 175 asymptomatic children who had been in close contact with COVID-19 confirmed cases in Hamadan County from March 2021 to August 2021. Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) testing was performed on all asymptomatic children who had been in close contact with an individual with COVID-19. Furthermore, multiple logistic regressions were conducted to determine the predictors of COVID-19 transmission from family members to children. RESULTS Out of the 175 children in close contact with index cases, 53 (30.29%) tested positive for COVID-19 through PCR. Regarding factors related to the index case, male cases (Adjusted odds ratio [AOR]=2.29; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.03-5.09, P=0.041), rural dwellers (AOR=3.22; 95% CI: 1.02-10.16, P=0.046), illiterate cases (AOR=8.45; 95% CI: 1.76-40.65, P=0.008), and cases presenting with nasal congestion symptoms (AOR=9.12; 95% CI: 2.22-37.40, P=0.002) were more prone to transmitting the virus to children who had close contact with them. CONCLUSION The findings of the present study suggested that asymptomatic COVID-19 infection in household contacts is significant in children who were in close contact with a COVID-19-positive patient. Therefore, it is crucial to continue to monitor this group closely.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iraj Sedighi
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Roya Raeisi
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Jalaleddin Amiri
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Zohreh Shalchi
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Manoochehr Karami
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Safety, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences,Tehran, Iran
| | - Farid Azizi Jalilian
- Department of Virology, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Ali Teimoori
- Department of Virology, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Nastaran Ansari
- Department of Virology, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Jalaledin Bathaei
- Deputy of Health, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hashemi
- Deputy of Health, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
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Palazzotti D, Sguilla M, Manfroni G, Cecchetti V, Astolfi A, Barreca ML. Small Molecule Drugs Targeting Viral Polymerases. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2024; 17:661. [PMID: 38794231 PMCID: PMC11124969 DOI: 10.3390/ph17050661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2024] [Revised: 05/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Small molecules that specifically target viral polymerases-crucial enzymes governing viral genome transcription and replication-play a pivotal role in combating viral infections. Presently, approved polymerase inhibitors cover nine human viruses, spanning both DNA and RNA viruses. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of these licensed drugs, encompassing nucleoside/nucleotide inhibitors (NIs), non-nucleoside inhibitors (NNIs), and mutagenic agents. For each compound, we describe the specific targeted virus and related polymerase enzyme, the mechanism of action, and the relevant bioactivity data. This wealth of information serves as a valuable resource for researchers actively engaged in antiviral drug discovery efforts, offering a complete overview of established strategies as well as insights for shaping the development of next-generation antiviral therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Maria Letizia Barreca
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, Via del Liceo 1, 06123 Perugia, Italy; (D.P.); (M.S.); (G.M.); (V.C.); (A.A.)
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4
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Pouquet M, Decarreaux D, Di Domenico L, Sabbatini CE, Prévot-Monsacre P, Fourié T, Villarroel PMS, Priet S, Blanché H, Sebaoun JM, Deleuze JF, Turbelin C, Rossignol L, Werner A, Kochert F, Grosgogeat B, Rabiega P, Laupie J, Abraham N, Noël H, van der Werf S, Colizza V, Carrat F, Charrel R, de Lamballerie X, Blanchon T, Falchi A. SARS-CoV-2 infection prevalence and associated factors among primary healthcare workers in France after the third COVID-19 wave. Sci Rep 2024; 14:5418. [PMID: 38443618 PMCID: PMC10914718 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-55477-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Data on the SARS-CoV-2 infection among primary health care workers (PHCWs) are scarce but essential to reflect on policy regarding prevention and control measures. We assessed the prevalence of PHCWs who have been infected by SARS-CoV-2 in comparison with modeling from the general population in metropolitan France, and associated factors. A cross-sectional study was conducted among general practitioners (GPs), pediatricians, dental and pharmacy workers in primary care between May and August 2021. Participants volunteered to provide a dried-blood spot for SARS-CoV-2 antibody assessment and completed a questionnaire. The primary outcome was defined as the detection of infection-induced antibodies (anti-nucleocapsid IgG, and for non-vaccinees: anti-Spike IgG and neutralizing antibodies) or previous self-reported infection (positive RT-qPCR or antigenic test, or positive ELISA test before vaccination). Estimates were adjusted using weights for representativeness and compared with prediction from the general population. Poisson regressions were used to quantify associated factors. The analysis included 1612 PHCWs. Weighted prevalences were: 31.7% (95% CI 27.5-36.0) for GPs, 28.7% (95% CI 24.4-33.0) for pediatricians, 25.2% (95% CI 20.6-31.0) for dentists, and 25.5% (95% CI 18.2-34.0) for pharmacists. Estimates were compatible with model predictions for the general population. PHCWs more likely to be infected were: GPs compared to pharmacist assistants (adjusted prevalence ratio [aPR] = 2.26; CI 95% 1.01-5.07), those living in Île-de-France (aPR = 1.53; CI 95% 1.14-2.05), South-East (aPR = 1.57; CI 95% 1.19-2.08), North-East (aPR = 1.81; CI 95% 1.38-2.37), and those having an unprotected contact with a COVID-19 case within the household (aPR = 1.48; CI 95% 1.22-1.80). Occupational factors were not associated with infection. In conclusion, the risk of SARS-CoV-2 exposure for PHCWs was more likely to have occurred in the community rather than at their workplace.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Pouquet
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Institut Pierre Louis d'Epidémiologie et de Santé Publique (IPLESP), 75012, Paris, France.
| | - Dorine Decarreaux
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Institut Pierre Louis d'Epidémiologie et de Santé Publique (IPLESP), 75012, Paris, France
- Laboratoire de Virologie, Université de Corse Pascal Paoli, UR7310 Bioscope, 20250, Corte, France
- Unité Des Virus Emergents, Aix Marseille University, IRD 190, INSERM U1207, 13005, Marseille, France
| | - Laura Di Domenico
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Institut Pierre Louis d'Epidémiologie et de Santé Publique (IPLESP), 75012, Paris, France
| | - Chiara E Sabbatini
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Institut Pierre Louis d'Epidémiologie et de Santé Publique (IPLESP), 75012, Paris, France
| | - Pol Prévot-Monsacre
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Institut Pierre Louis d'Epidémiologie et de Santé Publique (IPLESP), 75012, Paris, France
| | - Toscane Fourié
- Unité Des Virus Emergents, Aix Marseille University, IRD 190, INSERM U1207, 13005, Marseille, France
| | | | - Stephane Priet
- Unité Des Virus Emergents, Aix Marseille University, IRD 190, INSERM U1207, 13005, Marseille, France
| | | | | | | | - Clément Turbelin
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Institut Pierre Louis d'Epidémiologie et de Santé Publique (IPLESP), 75012, Paris, France
| | - Louise Rossignol
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Institut Pierre Louis d'Epidémiologie et de Santé Publique (IPLESP), 75012, Paris, France
| | - Andréas Werner
- Association Française de Pédiatrie Ambulatoire (AFPA), Zone de la Fouquetière, 155 Rue Edouard Branly, 44150, Ancenis-Saint-Géréon, France
| | - Fabienne Kochert
- Association Française de Pédiatrie Ambulatoire (AFPA), Zone de la Fouquetière, 155 Rue Edouard Branly, 44150, Ancenis-Saint-Géréon, France
| | - Brigitte Grosgogeat
- Faculté d'Odontologie, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, 69000, Lyon, France
- Laboratoire des Multimatériaux et Interfaces, UMR CNRS 5615, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, 69000, Lyon, France
- Réseau ReCOL, Association Dentaire Française, 75000, Paris, France
- Service d'Odontologie, Hospices Civils de Lyon, 69007, Lyon, France
| | | | - Julien Laupie
- Réseau ReCOL, Association Dentaire Française, 75000, Paris, France
| | | | - Harold Noël
- Infectious Diseases Division, Santé Publique France, 94410, Saint Maurice, France
| | - Sylvie van der Werf
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR3569, Molecular Genetics of RNA Viruses Unit, 75015, Paris, France
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, National Reference Center for Respiratory Viruses, 75015, Paris, France
| | - Vittoria Colizza
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Institut Pierre Louis d'Epidémiologie et de Santé Publique (IPLESP), 75012, Paris, France
| | - Fabrice Carrat
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Institut Pierre Louis d'Epidémiologie et de Santé Publique (IPLESP), 75012, Paris, France
- Département de Santé Publique, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Saint-Antoine, Sorbonne Université, 75012, Paris, France
| | - Remi Charrel
- Unité Des Virus Emergents, Aix Marseille University, IRD 190, INSERM U1207, 13005, Marseille, France
- LE Service de Prévention du Risque Infectieux (LESPRI), CLIN AP-HM Hôpitaux Universitaires de Marseille, 13005, Marseille, France
| | - Xavier de Lamballerie
- Unité Des Virus Emergents, Aix Marseille University, IRD 190, INSERM U1207, 13005, Marseille, France
| | - Thierry Blanchon
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Institut Pierre Louis d'Epidémiologie et de Santé Publique (IPLESP), 75012, Paris, France
| | - Alessandra Falchi
- Laboratoire de Virologie, Université de Corse Pascal Paoli, UR7310 Bioscope, 20250, Corte, France
- Unité Des Virus Emergents, Aix Marseille University, IRD 190, INSERM U1207, 13005, Marseille, France
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5
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Recanatini C, GeurtsvanKessel CH, Pas SD, Broens EM, Maas M, van Mansfeld R, Mutsaers-van Oudheusden AJG, van Rijen M, Schippers EF, Stegeman A, Tami A, Veldkamp KE, Visser H, Voss A, Wegdam-Blans MCA, Wertheim HFL, Wever PC, Koopmans MPG, Kluytmans JAJW, Kluytmans-van den Bergh MFQ. Seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies among healthcare workers in Dutch hospitals after the 2020 first wave: a multicentre cross-sectional study with prospective follow-up. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control 2023; 12:137. [PMID: 38031155 PMCID: PMC10688070 DOI: 10.1186/s13756-023-01324-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We aimed to estimate the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) seroprevalence and describe its determinants and associated symptoms among unvaccinated healthcare workers (HCWs) after the first wave of the pandemic. METHODS HCWs from 13 Dutch hospitals were screened for antibodies against the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 in June-July 2020 and after three months. Participants completed a retrospective questionnaire on determinants for occupational and community exposure to SARS-CoV-2 and symptoms suggestive of COVID-19 experienced since January 2020. The seroprevalence was calculated per baseline characteristic and symptom at baseline and after follow-up. Adjusted odds ratios (aOR) for seropositivity were determined using logistic regression. RESULTS Among 2328 HCWs, 323 (13.9%) were seropositive at enrolment, 49 of whom (15%) reported no previous symptoms suggestive of COVID-19. During follow-up, only 1% of the tested participants seroconverted. Seroprevalence was higher in younger HCWs compared to the mid-age category (aOR 1.53, 95% CI 1.07-2.18). Nurses (aOR 2.21, 95% CI 1.34-3.64) and administrative staff (aOR 1.87, 95% CI 1.02-3.43) had a higher seroprevalence than physicians. The highest seroprevalence was observed in HCWs in the emergency department (ED) (aOR 1.79, 95% CI 1.10-2.91), the lowest in HCWs in the intensive, high, or medium care units (aOR 0.47, 95% CI 0.31-0.71). Chronic respiratory disease, smoking, and having a dog were independently associated with a lower seroprevalence, while HCWs with diabetes mellitus had a higher seroprevalence. In a multivariable model containing all self-reported symptoms since January 2020, altered smell and taste, fever, general malaise/fatigue, and muscle aches were positively associated with developing antibodies, while sore throat and chills were negatively associated. CONCLUSIONS The SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence in unvaccinated HCWs of 13 Dutch hospitals was 14% in June-July 2020 and remained stable after three months. A higher seroprevalence was observed in the ED and among nurses, administrative and young staff, and those with diabetes mellitus, while a lower seroprevalence was found in HCWs in intensive, high, or medium care, and those with self-reported lung disease, smokers, and dog owners. A history of altered smell or taste, fever, muscle aches and fatigue were independently associated with the presence of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in unvaccinated HCWs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Recanatini
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | | | - Suzan D Pas
- Microvida Laboratory for Medical Microbiology, Bravis Hospital, Roosendaal, The Netherlands
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Els M Broens
- Department Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Martje Maas
- Department of Internal Medicine, Bernhoven Hospital, Uden, The Netherlands
| | - Rosa van Mansfeld
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Miranda van Rijen
- Department of Infection Control, Amphia Hospital, Breda, The Netherlands
| | - Emile F Schippers
- Department of Internal Medicine, Haga Hospital, The Hague, The Netherlands
| | - Arjan Stegeman
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Adriana Tami
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Karin Ellen Veldkamp
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Hannah Visser
- Department of Internal Medicine, Beatrix Hospital, Gorinchem, The Netherlands
| | - Andreas Voss
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Canisius Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Marjolijn C A Wegdam-Blans
- Catharina Hospital, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Hospital St. Jans Gasthuis, Weert, The Netherlands
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Stichting PAMM, Veldhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Heiman F L Wertheim
- Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Peter C Wever
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Control, Jeroen Bosch Hospital, 's Hertogenbosch, The Netherlands
| | - Marion P G Koopmans
- Viroscience Department, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jan A J W Kluytmans
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Infection Control, Amphia Hospital, Breda, The Netherlands
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Marjolein F Q Kluytmans-van den Bergh
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Infection Control, Amphia Hospital, Breda, The Netherlands
- Amphia Academy Infectious Disease Foundation, Amphia Hospital, Breda, The Netherlands
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Shoraka S, Mohebbi SR, Hosseini SM, Zali MR. Comparison of plasma mitochondrial DNA copy number in asymptomatic and symptomatic COVID-19 patients. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1256042. [PMID: 37869674 PMCID: PMC10587688 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1256042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Since the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, a wide clinical spectrum, from asymptomatic infection to mild or severe disease and death, have been reported in COVID-19 patients. Studies have suggested several possible factors, which may affect the clinical outcome of COVID-19. A pro-inflammatory state and impaired antiviral response have been suggested as major contributing factors in severe COVID-19. Considering that mitochondria have an important role in regulating the immune responses to pathogens, pro-inflammatory signaling, and cell death, it has received much attention in SARS-CoV-2 infection. Recent studies have demonstrated that high levels of cell-free mitochondrial DNA (cf-mtDNA) are associated with an increased risk of COVID-19 intensive care unit (ICU) admission and mortality. However, there have been few studies on cf-mtDNA in SARS-CoV-2 infection, mainly focusing on critically ill COVID-19 cases. In the present study, we investigated cf-mtDNA copy number in COVID-19 patients and compared between asymptomatic and symptomatic cases, and assessed the clinical values. We also determined the cf-nuclear DNA (cf-nDNA) copy number and mitochondrial transcription factor A (TFAM) mRNA level in the studied groups. Materials and methods Plasma and buffy coat samples were collected from 37 COVID-19 patients and 33 controls. Briefly, after total DNA extraction, plasma cf-mtDNA, and cf-nDNA copy numbers were measured by absolute qPCR using a standard curve method. Furthermore, after total RNA extraction from buffy coat and cDNA synthesis, TFAM mRNA levels were evaluated by qPCR. Results The results showed that cf-mtDNA levels in asymptomatic COVID-19 patients were statistically significantly higher than in symptomatic cases (p value = 0.01). However, cf-nDNA levels were higher in symptomatic patients than in asymptomatic cases (p value = 0.00). There was no significant difference between TFAM levels in the buffy coat of these two groups (p value > 0.05). Also, cf-mtDNA levels showed good diagnostic potential in COVID-19 subgroups. Conclusion cf-mtDNA is probably important in the outcome of SARS-CoV-2 infection due to its role in inflammation and immune response. It can also be a promising candidate biomarker for the diagnosis of COVID-19 subgroups. Further investigation will help understanding the COVID-19 pathophysiology and effective diagnostic and therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahrzad Shoraka
- Department of Microbiology and Microbial Biotechnology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Reza Mohebbi
- Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Masoud Hosseini
- Department of Microbiology and Microbial Biotechnology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Zali
- Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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7
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Hoeve CE, de Gier B, Huiberts AJ, de Melker HE, Hahné SJM, van den Hof S, Knol MJ. Vaccine Effectiveness Against Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Delta and Omicron Infection and Infectiousness Within Households in the Netherlands Between July 2021 and August 2022. J Infect Dis 2023; 228:431-438. [PMID: 37093964 PMCID: PMC10428192 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiad110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We aimed to estimate vaccine effectiveness against infection (VE-infection) and against further transmission (VE-infectiousness) in a household setting during Delta and Omicron. Knowing these effects can aid policy makers in deciding which groups to prioritize for vaccination. METHODS Participants with a positive severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) test were asked about coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccination status and SARS-CoV-2 testing of their household members 1 month later. VE-infection and VE-infectiousness were estimated using generalized estimating equation logistic regression adjusting for age, vaccination status, calendar week, and household size. RESULTS A total of 3399 questionnaires concerning 4105 household members were included. During the Delta period, VE-infection and VE-infectiousness of primary series were 47% (95% confidence interval [CI], -27% to 78%) and 70% (95% CI, 28% to 87%), respectively. During the Omicron period, VE-infection was -36% (95% CI, -88% to 1%) for primary series and -28% (95% CI, -77% to 7%) for booster vaccination. VE-infectiousness was 45% (95% CI, -14% to 74%) for primary series and 64% (95% CI, 31% to 82%) for booster vaccination. CONCLUSIONS Our study shows that COVID-19 vaccination is effective against infection with SARS-CoV-2 Delta and against infectiousness of SARS-CoV-2 Delta and Omicron. Estimation of VE against infection with SARS-CoV-2 Omicron was limited by several factors. Our results support booster vaccination for those in close contact with vulnerable people to prevent transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina E Hoeve
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Brechje de Gier
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Anne J Huiberts
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Hester E de Melker
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Susan J M Hahné
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Susan van den Hof
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Mirjam J Knol
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, the Netherlands
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Adjobimey T, Meyer J, Hennenfent A, Bara AJ, Lagnika L, Kocou B, Adjagba M, Laleye A, Hoerauf A, Parcina M. Negative association between ascaris lumbricoides seropositivity and Covid-19 severity: insights from a study in Benin. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1233082. [PMID: 37622109 PMCID: PMC10446766 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1233082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The COVID-19 pandemic has had devastating effects worldwide, but the trajectory of the pandemic has been milder in Low-and-Middle-Income Countries (LMICs), including those in Africa. Co-infection with helminths, such as Ascaris lumbricoides, has been suggested as a possible factor contributing to the reduced severity observed in these regions. Methods The present study investigated the association between Ascaris-specific antibody levels and COVID-19 severity in 276 SARS-CoV-2-infected individuals in Benin. Participants were categorized into asymptomatic (n=100), mild (n=150), and severe (n=26) groups based on clinical disease severity. Sera were collected and analyzed using ELISA to measure Ascaris and SARS-CoV-2-specific antibodies, while Luminex was used to assess cytokines and SARS-CoV-2-specific neutralizing antibody expression. Results and discussion The results demonstrated that asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 seropositive individuals expressed, on average, 1.7 and 2.2-times higher levels of Ascaris antibodies compared to individuals with mild and severe COVID-19, respectively. This finding suggests an inverse correlation between Ascaris antibody levels and COVID-19 severity. Notably, logistic regression analysis showed that Ascaris seropositivity was significantly associated with a reduced risk of severe COVID-19 (OR = 0.277, p = 0.021). Interestingly, COVID-19 patients with comorbidities such as type 2 diabetes and high blood pressure showed lower expression of Ascaris antibodies. Strikingly, no correlation was observed between Ascaris antibody levels and SARS-CoV-2-specific neutralizing antibodies. On the other hand, individuals seronegative for Ascaris displayed significantly higher levels of systemic pro-inflammatory markers compared to seropositive individuals. These findings suggest that higher expression of Ascaris antibodies is associated with asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infections and may contribute to the reduction of the risk to develop severe COVID-19. The beneficial effect of Ascaris seropositivity on COVID-19 outcomes in Benin may be attributed to a decrease in comorbidities and pro-inflammatory markers. These observations provide valuable insights into the milder COVID-19 trajectory observed in Africa and may have implications for future therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomabu Adjobimey
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology (IMMIP), University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- Laboratoire de Biologie intégrative pour l’Innovation thérapeutique (BioInov), Faculté des Sciences et Techniques (FAST), Université d’Abomey Calavi, Abomey Calavi, Benin
| | - Julia Meyer
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology (IMMIP), University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Anneka Hennenfent
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology (IMMIP), University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Anick J. Bara
- Laboratoire de Biologie intégrative pour l’Innovation thérapeutique (BioInov), Faculté des Sciences et Techniques (FAST), Université d’Abomey Calavi, Abomey Calavi, Benin
| | - Latifou Lagnika
- Laboratoire de Biologie intégrative pour l’Innovation thérapeutique (BioInov), Faculté des Sciences et Techniques (FAST), Université d’Abomey Calavi, Abomey Calavi, Benin
| | - Bienvenu Kocou
- Laboratoire de Biologie intégrative pour l’Innovation thérapeutique (BioInov), Faculté des Sciences et Techniques (FAST), Université d’Abomey Calavi, Abomey Calavi, Benin
| | - Marius Adjagba
- Laboratoire de Cytogénétique, Faculté des Sciences de la Santé (FSS), Université d’Abomey-Calavi, Cotonou, Benin
| | - Anatole Laleye
- Laboratoire de Cytogénétique, Faculté des Sciences de la Santé (FSS), Université d’Abomey-Calavi, Cotonou, Benin
| | - Achim Hoerauf
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology (IMMIP), University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- Bonn-Cologne Site, German Center for Infectious Disease Research (DZIF), Bonn, Germany
| | - Marijo Parcina
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology (IMMIP), University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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Montcho Y, Nalwanga R, Azokpota P, Doumatè JT, Lokonon BE, Salako VK, Wolkewitz M, Glèlè Kakaï R. Assessing the Impact of Vaccination on the Dynamics of COVID-19 in Africa: A Mathematical Modeling Study. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:vaccines11040857. [PMID: 37112769 PMCID: PMC10144609 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11040857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2023] [Revised: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Several effective COVID-19 vaccines are administered to combat the COVID-19 pandemic globally. In most African countries, there is a comparatively limited deployment of vaccination programs. In this work, we develop a mathematical compartmental model to assess the impact of vaccination programs on curtailing the burden of COVID-19 in eight African countries considering SARS-CoV-2 cumulative case data for each country for the third wave of the COVID-19 pandemic. The model stratifies the total population into two subgroups based on individual vaccination status. We use the detection and death rates ratios between vaccinated and unvaccinated individuals to quantify the vaccine's effectiveness in reducing new COVID-19 infections and death, respectively. Additionally, we perform a numerical sensitivity analysis to assess the combined impact of vaccination and reduction in the SARS-CoV-2 transmission due to control measures on the control reproduction number (Rc). Our results reveal that on average, at least 60% of the population in each considered African country should be vaccinated to curtail the pandemic (lower the Rc below one). Moreover, lower values of Rc are possible even when there is a low (10%) or moderate (30%) reduction in the SARS-CoV-2 transmission rate due to NPIs. Combining vaccination programs with various levels of reduction in the transmission rate due to NPI aids in curtailing the pandemic. Additionally, this study shows that vaccination significantly reduces the severity of the disease and death rates despite low efficacy against COVID-19 infections. The African governments need to design vaccination strategies that increase vaccine uptake, such as an incentive-based approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvette Montcho
- Laboratoire de Biomathématiques et d'Estimations Forestières, Université d'Abomey-Calavi, Cotonou 04 BP 1525, Benin
| | - Robinah Nalwanga
- Laboratoire de Biomathématiques et d'Estimations Forestières, Université d'Abomey-Calavi, Cotonou 04 BP 1525, Benin
| | - Paustella Azokpota
- Laboratoire de Biomathématiques et d'Estimations Forestières, Université d'Abomey-Calavi, Cotonou 04 BP 1525, Benin
| | - Jonas Têlé Doumatè
- Laboratoire de Biomathématiques et d'Estimations Forestières, Université d'Abomey-Calavi, Cotonou 04 BP 1525, Benin
- Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université d'Abomey-Calavi, Abomey-Calavi, Cotonou 01 BP 526, Benin
| | - Bruno Enagnon Lokonon
- Laboratoire de Biomathématiques et d'Estimations Forestières, Université d'Abomey-Calavi, Cotonou 04 BP 1525, Benin
| | - Valère Kolawole Salako
- Laboratoire de Biomathématiques et d'Estimations Forestières, Université d'Abomey-Calavi, Cotonou 04 BP 1525, Benin
| | - Martin Wolkewitz
- Institute of Medical Biometry and Statistics, Faculty of Medicine and Medical Center, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Romain Glèlè Kakaï
- Laboratoire de Biomathématiques et d'Estimations Forestières, Université d'Abomey-Calavi, Cotonou 04 BP 1525, Benin
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10
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Jankovics I, Müller C, Gönczöl É, Visontai I, Varga I, Lőrincz M, Kuti D, Hasitz Á, Malik P, Ursu K, Bányász B, Sarkadi J, Dénes B. Asymptomatic and Mild SARS-CoV-2 Infections in a Hungarian Outpatient Cohort in the First Year of the COVID-19 Pandemic. Trop Med Infect Dis 2023; 8:tropicalmed8040204. [PMID: 37104330 PMCID: PMC10146718 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed8040204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/25/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023] Open
Abstract
We aimed to estimate the proportion of the population infected with SARS-CoV-2 in the first year of the pandemic. The study population consisted of outpatient adults with mild or no COVID-19 symptoms and was divided into subpopulations with different levels of exposure. Among the subpopulation without known previous COVID-19 contacts, 4143 patients were investigated. Of the subpopulation with known COVID-19 contacts, 594 patients were investigated. IgG- and IgA-seroprevalence and RT-PCR positivity were determined in context with COVID-19 symptoms. Our results suggested no significant age-related differences between participants for IgG positivity but indicated that COVID-19 symptoms occurred most frequently in people aged between 20 and 29 years. Depending on the study population, 23.4-74.0% PCR-positive people (who were symptomless SARS-CoV-2 carriers at the time of the investigation) were identified. It was also observed that 72.7% of the patients remained seronegative for 30 days or more after their first PCR-positive results. This study hoped to contribute to the scientific understanding of the significance of asymptomatic and mild infections in the long persistence of the pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- István Jankovics
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Veterinary Medicine Budapest, 1143 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Cecília Müller
- Department of Chief Medical Officer, National Public Health Centre, 1097 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Éva Gönczöl
- Division of Project Coordination, National Public Health Centre, 1097 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ildikó Visontai
- Division of Project Coordination, National Public Health Centre, 1097 Budapest, Hungary
| | - István Varga
- Division of Project Coordination, National Public Health Centre, 1097 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Márta Lőrincz
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Veterinary Medicine Budapest, 1143 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Dávid Kuti
- Division of Virology, Department of Reference Laboratory for Microbiology, National Public Health Center, 1097 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ágnes Hasitz
- Family Doctor's Office, 2000 Szentendre, Hungary
| | - Péter Malik
- Veterinary Diagnostic Directorate, National Food Chain Safety Office, 1143 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Krisztina Ursu
- Veterinary Diagnostic Directorate, National Food Chain Safety Office, 1143 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Borbála Bányász
- Veterinary Diagnostic Directorate, National Food Chain Safety Office, 1143 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Júlia Sarkadi
- Division of Virology, Department of Reference Laboratory for Microbiology, National Public Health Center, 1097 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Béla Dénes
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Veterinary Medicine Budapest, 1143 Budapest, Hungary
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11
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Kang W, Yang P, Dang B, Zhang W, Gang Y, Wang W, Ma C, Zhao Y, Zhang Y, Hao C, Quan H, Li J, Cao J, Kang W, Shang L. Dynamics of disease characteristics and viral RNA decay in patients with asymptomatic and mild infections during the Omicron wave in Shanghai, China: A retrospective cohort study. Int J Infect Dis 2023; 130:60-70. [PMID: 36849069 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2023.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/27/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Asymptomatic infections and mild diseases were more common during the Omicron outbreak in Shanghai, China in 2022. This study aimed to assess the characteristics and viral RNA decay between patients with asymptomatic and mild infections. METHODS A total of 55,111 patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 who were quarantined in the National Exhibition & Convention Center (Shanghai) Fangcang shelter hospital within 3 days after diagnosis from April 9 to May 23, 2022 were enrolled. The kinetics of cycle threshold (Ct) values of reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction were assessed. The influencing factors for disease progression and the risk factors for the viral RNA shedding time (VST) were investigated. RESULTS On admission, 79.6% (43,852/55,111) of the cases were diagnosed with asymptomatic infections, and 20.4% were mild diseases. However, 78.0% of initially asymptomatic subjects developed mild diseases at the follow-up. The final proportion of asymptomatic infections was 17.5%. The median time of symptom onset, the duration of symptoms, and the VST were 2 days, 5 days, and 7 days, respectively. Female, age 19-40 years, underlying comorbidities with hypertension and diabetes, and vaccination were associated with higher risks of progressing to mildly symptomatic infections. In addition, mildly symptomatic infections were found to be associated with prolonged VST compared with asymptomatic infections. However, the kinetics of viral RNA decay and dynamics of Ct values were similar among asymptomatic subjects, patients with asymptomatic-to-mild infection, and patients with mild infection. CONCLUSION A large proportion of initially diagnosed asymptomatic Omicron infections is in the presymptomatic stage. The Omicron infection has a much shorter incubation period and VST than previous variants. The infectivity of asymptomatic infections and mildly symptomatic infections with Omicron is similar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Kang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Peng Yang
- Department of Health Statistics, Ministry of Education Key Lab of Hazard Assessment and Control in Special Operational Environment, School of Public Health, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Bianli Dang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Wenjing Zhang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China; The Third Branch of Fangcang Shelter Hospital of the National Exhibition and Convention Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi Gang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China; The Third Branch of Fangcang Shelter Hospital of the National Exhibition and Convention Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China; The Third Branch of Fangcang Shelter Hospital of the National Exhibition and Convention Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Chunyan Ma
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China; The Third Branch of Fangcang Shelter Hospital of the National Exhibition and Convention Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanyan Zhao
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China; The Third Branch of Fangcang Shelter Hospital of the National Exhibition and Convention Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China; The Third Branch of Fangcang Shelter Hospital of the National Exhibition and Convention Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Chunqiu Hao
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China; The Third Branch of Fangcang Shelter Hospital of the National Exhibition and Convention Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Huiqin Quan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China; The Third Branch of Fangcang Shelter Hospital of the National Exhibition and Convention Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China; The Third Branch of Fangcang Shelter Hospital of the National Exhibition and Convention Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiaojiao Cao
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China; The Third Branch of Fangcang Shelter Hospital of the National Exhibition and Convention Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenzhen Kang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China; The Third Branch of Fangcang Shelter Hospital of the National Exhibition and Convention Center, Shanghai, China.
| | - Lei Shang
- Department of Health Statistics, Ministry of Education Key Lab of Hazard Assessment and Control in Special Operational Environment, School of Public Health, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China.
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12
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Hastie E, Amogan H, Looney D, Mehta SR. Association between SARS-CoV-2 Viral Load and Patient Symptoms and Clinical Outcomes Using Droplet Digital PCR. Viruses 2023; 15:446. [PMID: 36851660 PMCID: PMC9961727 DOI: 10.3390/v15020446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The association between nasopharyngeal (NP) SARS-CoV-2 viral loads and clinical outcomes remains debated. Here, we examined the factors that might predict the NP viral load and the role of the viral load as a predictor of clinical outcomes. A convenience sample of 955 positive remnant NP swab eluent samples collected during routine care between 18 November 2020 and 26 September 2021 was cataloged and a chart review was performed. For non-duplicate samples with available demographic and clinical data (i.e., non-employees), an aliquot of eluent was sent for a droplet digital PCR quantification of the SARS-CoV-2 viral load. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to identify the clinical predictors of NP viral loads and the predictors of COVID-19-related clinical outcomes. Samples and data from 698 individuals were included in the final analysis. The sample cohort had a mean age of 50 years (range: 19-91); 86.6% were male and 76.3% were unvaccinated. The NP viral load was higher in people with respiratory symptoms (p = 0.0004) and fevers (p = 0.0006). In the predictive models for the clinical outcomes, the NP viral load approached a significance as a predictor for in-hospital mortality. In conclusion, the NP viral load did not appear to be a strong predictor of moderate-to-severe disease in the pre-Delta and Delta phases of the pandemic, but was predictive of symptomatic diseases and approached a significance for in-hospital mortality, providing support to the thesis that early viral control prevents the progression of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Hastie
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92039, USA
| | - Harold Amogan
- Veterans Medical Research Foundation, San Diego, CA 92161, USA
| | - David Looney
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92039, USA
- San Diego Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Department of Medicine, San Diego, CA 92161, USA
| | - Sanjay R. Mehta
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92039, USA
- San Diego Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Department of Medicine, San Diego, CA 92161, USA
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13
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Dandachi I, Aljabr W. Prognosis of COVID-19 in the middle eastern population, knowns and unknowns. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:974205. [PMID: 36118201 PMCID: PMC9471247 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.974205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Since its emergence in China in 2019, the SARS-CoV-2 virus has affected all countries worldwide. The virus is easily transmitted from one person to another via infected aerosols or contaminated surfaces. Unlike its counterparts, the prognosis of COVID-19 ranges from asymptomatic to critical disease or death. Several factors play a role in determining the severity of the disease in infected patients. Among others, is the pre-existence of an underlying medical condition such as diabetes, cancer, and others. Furthermore, although children are less prone to the severe form of the COVID-19 disease, they require attention due to the report of many atypical presentations of the infection, post-asymptomatic exposure. In the Middle East, little is known about the prognosis of the SARS-CoV-2 infection in high-risk categories, notably patients with diabetes, cancer, and pregnant women. The aim of this review is to summarize the current knowledge about this group of population in the middle eastern region as well as to highlight the gap in the literature. We have found that the majority of the papers were from the Gulf countries. Although, few studies were conducted; high-risk patients appear to have an increased risk of morbidity and mortality from COVID-19 compared to their counterparts. Higher levels of inflammatory markers, C-reactive protein, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, D-dimer, and ferritin levels were also observed. Children are often asymptomatic or present with atypical presentations. More studies should be conducted to determine the clinical biomarkers of COVID-19 in high-risk categories to help in patient risk stratification and management in the middle eastern population.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Waleed Aljabr
- Research Center, King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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