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Malavazzi TCDS, Andreo L, Martinelli A, Rodrigues MFSD, Horliana ACRT, Bussadori SK, Fernandes KPS, Nunes FD, Mesquita-Ferrari RA. Preventive and therapeutic vascular photobiomodulation decreases the inflammatory markers and enhances the muscle repair process in an animal model. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY. B, BIOLOGY 2024; 256:112921. [PMID: 38714002 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2024.112921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/09/2024]
Abstract
Photobiomodulation therapy (PBM) has shown positive effects when applied locally to modulate the inflammatory process and facilitate muscle repair. However, the available literature on the mechanisms of action of vascular photobiomodulation (VPBM), a non-invasive method of vascular irradiation, specifically in the context of local muscle repair, is limited. Thus, this study aimed to assess the impact of vascular photobiomodulation (VPBM) using a low-level laser (LLL) on the inflammatory response and the process of skeletal muscle repair whether administered prior to or following cryoinjury-induced acute muscle damage in the tibialis anterior (TA) muscles. Wistar rats (n = 85) were organized into the following experimental groups: (1) Control (n = 5); (2) Non-Injury + VPBM (n = 20); (3) Injured (n = 20); (4) Pre-VPBM + Injury (n = 20); (5) Injury + Post-VPBM (n = 20). VPBM was administered over the vein/artery at the base of the animals' tails (wavelength: 780 nm; power: 40 mW; application area: 0.04 cm2; energy density: 80 J/cm2). Euthanasia of the animals was carried out at 1, 2, 5, and 7 days after inducing the injuries. Tibialis anterior (TA) muscles were collected for both qualitative and quantitative histological analysis using H&E staining and for assessing protein expression of TNF-α, MCP-1, IL-1β, and IL-6 via ELISA. Blood samples were collected and analyzed using an automatic hematological analyzer and a leukocyte differential counter. Data were subjected to statistical analysis (ANOVA/Tukey). The results revealed that applying VPBM prior to injury led to an increase in circulating neutrophils (granulocytes) after 1 day and a subsequent increase in monocytes after 2 and 5 days, compared to the Non-Injury + VPBM and Injured groups. Notably, an increase in erythrocytes and hemoglobin concentration was observed in the Non-Injury + VPBM group on days 1 and 2 in comparison to the Injured group. In terms of histological aspects, only the Prior VPBM + Injured group exhibited a reduction in the number of inflammatory cells after 1, 5, and 7 days, along with an increase in blood vessels at 5 days. Both the Prior VPBM + Injured and Injured + VPBM after groups displayed a decrease in myonecrosis at 1, 2, and 7 days, an increase in newly-formed and immature fibers after 5 and 7 days, and neovascularization after 1, 2, and 7 days. Regarding protein expression, there was an increase in MCP-1 after 1 and 5 days, TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β after 1, 2, and 5 days in the Injured + VPBM after group when compared to the other experimental groups. The Prior VPBM + Injured group exhibited increased MCP-1 production after 2 days, in comparison to the Non-Injury + VPBM and Control groups. Notably, on day 7, the Injured group continued to show elevated MCP-1 protein expression when compared to the VPBM groups. In conclusion, VPBM effectively modulated hematological parameters, circulating leukocytes, the protein expression of the chemokine MCP-1, and the proinflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IL-1β, ultimately influencing the inflammatory process. This modulation resulted in a reduction of myonecrosis, restoration of tissue architecture, increased formation of newly and immature muscle fibers, and enhanced neovascularization, with more pronounced effects when VPBM was applied prior to the muscle injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tainá Caroline Dos Santos Malavazzi
- Postgraduate Program in Medicine-Biophotonics, Nove de Julho University (UNINOVE), 235/249 Vergueiro Street, Liberdade, São Paulo, SP 01504-001, Brazil
| | - Lucas Andreo
- Postgraduate Program in Medicine-Biophotonics, Nove de Julho University (UNINOVE), 235/249 Vergueiro Street, Liberdade, São Paulo, SP 01504-001, Brazil
| | - Andreia Martinelli
- Postgraduate Program in Rehabilitation Sciences, Nove de Julho University (UNINOVE), 235/249 Vergueiro Street, Liberdade, Sao Paulo, SP 01504-001, Brazil
| | | | | | - Sandra Kalil Bussadori
- Postgraduate Program in Medicine-Biophotonics, Nove de Julho University (UNINOVE), 235/249 Vergueiro Street, Liberdade, São Paulo, SP 01504-001, Brazil; Postgraduate Program in Rehabilitation Sciences, Nove de Julho University (UNINOVE), 235/249 Vergueiro Street, Liberdade, Sao Paulo, SP 01504-001, Brazil
| | - Kristianne Porta Santos Fernandes
- Postgraduate Program in Medicine-Biophotonics, Nove de Julho University (UNINOVE), 235/249 Vergueiro Street, Liberdade, São Paulo, SP 01504-001, Brazil
| | - Fabio Daumas Nunes
- Department of Stomatology, Discipline of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo (FOUSP), Sao Paulo, SP 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Raquel Agnelli Mesquita-Ferrari
- Postgraduate Program in Medicine-Biophotonics, Nove de Julho University (UNINOVE), 235/249 Vergueiro Street, Liberdade, São Paulo, SP 01504-001, Brazil; Postgraduate Program in Rehabilitation Sciences, Nove de Julho University (UNINOVE), 235/249 Vergueiro Street, Liberdade, Sao Paulo, SP 01504-001, Brazil.
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Multiple LEDT wavelengths modulate the Akt signaling pathways and attenuate pathological events in mdx dystrophic muscle cells. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2022; 21:1257-1272. [PMID: 35380391 DOI: 10.1007/s43630-022-00216-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
This study is aimed at investigating the effects of LEDT, at multiple wavelengths, on intracellular calcium concentration; on transient receptor potential canonical channels; on calcium-binding protein; on myogenic factors; on myosin heavy chains; on Akt signaling pathway; on inflammatory markers; and on the angiogenic-inducing factor in dystrophic muscle cell culture experimental model. Dystrophic primary muscle cells were submitted to LEDT, at multiple wavelengths (420 nm, 470 nm, 660 nm, and 850 nm), and evaluated after 48 h for cytotoxic effects and intracellular calcium content. TRPC-1, TRPC-6, Calsequestrin, MyoD, Myogenin, MHC-slow, MHC-fast, p-AKT, p-mTOR, p-FoxO1, Myostatin, NF-κB, TNF-α, and VEGF levels were evaluated in dystrophic primary muscle cells by western blotting. The LEDT, at multiple wavelengths, treated-mdx muscle cells showed no cytotoxic effect and significant lower levels in [Ca2 +]i. The mdx muscle cells treated with LEDT showed a significant reduction of TRPC-1, NF-κB, TNF-α and MyoD levels and a significant increase of Myogenin, MHC-slow, p-AKT, p-mTOR, p-FoxO1 levels, and VEGF levels. Our findings suggest that different LEDT wavelengths modulate the Akt-signaling pathways and attenuate pathological events in dystrophic muscle cells, and a combined multiwavelength irradiation protocol may even provide a potentially therapeutic strategy for muscular dystrophies.
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Scalon D, Picada JN, de Sousa JT, da Silva AT, Colares JR, Marroni NAP. Photobiomodulation intervention improves oxidative, inflammatory, and morphological parameters of skeletal muscle in cirrhotic Wistar rats. Lasers Med Sci 2022; 37:1973-1982. [PMID: 34735658 DOI: 10.1007/s10103-021-03458-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Photobiomodulation (PBM) might be an intervention method to mitigate sarcopenia in cirrhotic patients. Given the lack of research on this issue, the goal of this study was to evaluate possible beneficial effects of PBM on the structural and functional properties of skeletal muscle from cirrhotic rats. Cirrhosis was induced by secondary bile duct ligation (BDL). Wistar rats were randomized into four groups: sham-operated control (Sham), Sham + PBM, BDL, and BDL + PBM. After cirrhosis induction, a dose of PBM (1 J; 100mW; 10 s; 880 nm; 6 × per week) was applied to each quadriceps, from the 15th to the 45th day after surgery. The locomotor ability was performed using an open-field task. The muscle structure was analyzed using histological methods. Cell damage was also evaluated assessing oxidative stress and DNA damage markers, and IL-1β pro-inflammatory interleukin by immunohistochemical analysis. An increase in the number of crossings was observed in the BDL + PBM group in relation to BDL. The BDL group showed muscle atrophy and increased IL-1β in relation to Sham, while in the BDL + PBM group, the fiber muscle was restructured and there was a decrease of IL-1 β. TBARS increased in the liver and muscle tissues in the BDL group and decreased it in the BDL + PBM group. SOD increased while CAT decreased in the BDL + PBM group in relation to the BDL group. No genotoxic or mutagenic effect was observed for PBM treatment. PBM improved the locomotion and the morphology of the muscle fibers, decreasing oxidative stress and inflammation, without causing DNA damage in cirrhotic rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diogo Scalon
- Laboratory of Genetic Toxicology, Lutheran University of Brazil, Avenida Farroupilha, 8001, Canoas, RS, CEP 92425900, Brazil
| | - Jaqueline Nascimento Picada
- Laboratory of Genetic Toxicology, Lutheran University of Brazil, Avenida Farroupilha, 8001, Canoas, RS, CEP 92425900, Brazil.
- Lutheran University of Brazil (ULBRA), Avenida Farroupilha, 8001, São José, Canoas, RS, CEP 92425900, Brazil.
| | - Jayne Torres de Sousa
- Laboratory of Genetic Toxicology, Lutheran University of Brazil, Avenida Farroupilha, 8001, Canoas, RS, CEP 92425900, Brazil
| | - Ariane Tainá da Silva
- Postgraduate Program in Biological Sciences: Physiology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Sarmento Leite, 500, Porto Alegre, RS, CEP 90050170, Brazil
| | - Josieli Raskopf Colares
- Experimental Laboratory of Pneumological Sciences and Inflammation, Postgraduate Program in Medical Sciences, Federal Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2400, Porto Alegre, RS, CEP 90035003, Brazil
| | - Norma Anair Possa Marroni
- Postgraduate Program in Biological Sciences: Physiology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Sarmento Leite, 500, Porto Alegre, RS, CEP 90050170, Brazil
- Experimental Laboratory of Pneumological Sciences and Inflammation, Postgraduate Program in Medical Sciences, Federal Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2400, Porto Alegre, RS, CEP 90035003, Brazil
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Ain NU, Abdul Nasir J, Khan Z, Butler IS, Rehman Z. Copper sulfide nanostructures: synthesis and biological applications. RSC Adv 2022; 12:7550-7567. [PMID: 35424661 PMCID: PMC8982292 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra08414c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the past few years, considerable attention has been paid to biomedical applications of copper sulfide nanostructures owing to their enhanced physiochemical and pharmacokinetics characteristics in comparison to gold, silver, and carbon nanomaterials. The small-sized Cu x S y nanoparticles have the advantage to absorb efficiently in the near-infrared region (NIR) above 700 nm and the absorption can be tuned by altering their stoichiometries. Moreover, their easy removal through the kidneys overpowers the issue of toxicity caused by many inorganic substances. The low cost and selectivity further add to the advantages of Cu x S y nanostructures as electrode materials in comparison to relatively expensive materials such as silver and gold nanoparticles. This review is mainly focused on the synthesis and biomedical applications of Cu x S y nanostructures. The first part summarizes the various synthetic routes used to produce Cu x S y nanostructures with varying morphologies, while the second part targets the recent progress made in the application of small-sized Cu x S y nanostructures as biosensors, and their analysis and uses in the cure of cancer. Photoacoustic imaging and other cancer treatment applications are discussed. Research on Cu x S y nanostructures will continue to increase over the next few decades, and great opportunities lie ahead for potential biomedical applications of Cu x S y nanostructures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noor Ul Ain
- Department of Chemistry, Quaid-i-Azam University Islamabad-45320 Pakistan +92-(051)90642241 +92-(051)90642245
| | - Jamal Abdul Nasir
- Department of Chemistry, Quaid-i-Azam University Islamabad-45320 Pakistan +92-(051)90642241 +92-(051)90642245
| | - Zaibunisa Khan
- Department of Chemistry, Quaid-i-Azam University Islamabad-45320 Pakistan +92-(051)90642241 +92-(051)90642245
| | - Ian S Butler
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University 801 Sherbrooke St. West Montreal Quebec Canada H3A 0B8
| | - Ziaur Rehman
- Department of Chemistry, Quaid-i-Azam University Islamabad-45320 Pakistan +92-(051)90642241 +92-(051)90642245
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Shepherd DW, Norris JM, Simpson BS, Player DJ, Whitaker HC. Effects of photobiomodulation therapy on regulation of myogenic regulatory factor mRNA expression in vivo: A systematic review. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2022; 15:e202100219. [PMID: 34799996 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.202100219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Non-invasive promotion of myogenic regulatory factors (MRFs), through photobiomodulation therapy (PBMT), may be a viable method of facilitating skeletal muscle regeneration post-injury, given the importance of MRF in skeletal muscle regeneration. The aim of this systematic review was to collate current evidence, identifying key themes and changes in expression of MRF in in vivo models. Web of Science, PubMed, Scopus and Cochrane databases were systematically searched and identified 1459 studies, of which 10 met the inclusion criteria. Myogenic determination factor was most consistently regulated in response to PBMT treatment, and the expression of remaining MRFs was heterogenous. All studies exhibited a high risk of bias, primarily due to lack of blinding in PBMT application and MRF analysis. Our review suggests that the current evidence base for MRF expression from PBMT is highly variable. Future research should focus on developing a robust methodology for determining the effect of laser therapy on MRF expression, as well as long-term assessment of skeletal muscle regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- David W Shepherd
- UCL Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London, London, UK
| | - Joseph M Norris
- UCL Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London, London, UK
- Department of Urology, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Benjamin S Simpson
- UCL Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London, London, UK
| | - Darren J Player
- UCL Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London, London, UK
| | - Hayley C Whitaker
- UCL Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London, London, UK
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Ou HC, Chu PM, Huang YT, Cheng HC, Chou WC, Yang HL, Chen HI, Tsai KL. Low-level laser prevents doxorubicin-induced skeletal muscle atrophy by modulating AMPK/SIRT1/PCG-1α-mediated mitochondrial function, apoptosis and up-regulation of pro-inflammatory responses. Cell Biosci 2021; 11:200. [PMID: 34876217 PMCID: PMC8650328 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-021-00719-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Doxorubicin (Dox) is a widely used anthracycline drug to treat cancer, yet numerous adverse effects influencing different organs may offset the treatment outcome, which in turn affects the patient’s quality of life. Low-level lasers (LLLs) have resulted in several novel indications in addition to traditional orthopedic conditions, such as increased fatigue resistance and muscle strength. However, the mechanisms by which LLL irradiation exerts beneficial effects on muscle atrophy are still largely unknown. Results The present study aimed to test our hypothesis that LLL irradiation protects skeletal muscles against Dox-induced muscle wasting by using both animal and C2C12 myoblast cell models. We established SD rats treated with 4 consecutive Dox injections (12 mg/kg cumulative dose) and C2C12 myoblast cells incubated with 2 μM Dox to explore the protective effects of LLL irradiation. We found that LLL irradiation markedly alleviated Dox-induced muscle wasting in rats. Additionally, LLL irradiation inhibited Dox-induced mitochondrial dysfunction, apoptosis, and oxidative stress via the activation of AMPK and upregulation of SIRT1 with its downstream signaling PGC-1α. These aforementioned beneficial effects of LLL irradiation were reversed by knockdown AMPK, SIRT1, and PGC-1α in C2C12 cells transfected with siRNA and were negated by cotreatment with mitochondrial antioxidant and P38MAPK inhibitor. Therefore, AMPK/SIRT1/PGC-1α pathway activation may represent a new mechanism by which LLL irradiation exerts protection against Dox myotoxicity through preservation of mitochondrial homeostasis and alleviation of oxidative stress and apoptosis. Conclusion Our findings may provide a novel adjuvant intervention that can potentially benefit cancer patients from Dox-induced muscle wasting. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13578-021-00719-w.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsiu-Chung Ou
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Medical and Health Science, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Pei-Ming Chu
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Yu-Ting Huang
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Hui-Ching Cheng
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Wan-Ching Chou
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Hsin-Lun Yang
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, ROC.,Institute of Allied Health Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Hsiu-I Chen
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Medical and Health Science, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan, ROC.,Department of Physical Therapy, Hungkuang University, Taichung, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Kun-Ling Tsai
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, ROC. .,Institute of Allied Health Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, ROC.
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Macedo AB, Mizobuti DS, Hermes TDA, Mâncio RD, Pertille A, Kido LA, Cagnon VHA, Minatel E. Photobiomodulation Therapy for Attenuating the Dystrophic Phenotype of Mdx Mice. Photochem Photobiol 2019; 96:200-207. [PMID: 31733143 DOI: 10.1111/php.13179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This study analyzed photobiomodulation therapy (PBMT) effects on regenerative, antioxidative, anti-inflammatory and angiogenic markers in the dystrophic skeletal muscle of mdx mice, the experimental model of Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), during the acute phase of dystrophy disease. The following groups were set up: Ctrl (control group of normal wild-type mice; C57BL/10); mdx (untreated mdx mice); mdxPred (mdx mice treated with prednisolone) and mdxLA (mdx mice treated with PBMT). The PBMT was carried out using an Aluminum Gallium Arsenide (AIGaAs; IBRAMED® laserpulse) diode, 830 nm wavelength, applied on the dystrophic quadriceps muscle. The mdxLA group showed a degenerative and regenerative area reduction simultaneously with a MyoD level increase, ROS production and inflammatory marker reduction and up-regulation in the VEGF factor. In addition, PBMT presented similar effects to prednisolone treatment in most of the parameters analyzed. In conclusion, our results indicate that PBMT in the parameters selected attenuated the dystrophic phenotype of mdx mice, improving skeletal muscle regeneration; reducing the oxidative stress and inflammatory process; and up-regulating the angiogenic marker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline Barbosa Macedo
- Departamento de Biologia Estrutural e Funcional, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Daniela Sayuri Mizobuti
- Departamento de Biologia Estrutural e Funcional, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Tulio de Almeida Hermes
- Departamento de Biologia Estrutural e Funcional, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Rafael Dias Mâncio
- Departamento de Biologia Estrutural e Funcional, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Adriana Pertille
- Graduate Program in Science of Human Movement, Universidade Metodista de Piracicaba (UNIMEP), Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Larissa Akemi Kido
- Departamento de Biologia Estrutural e Funcional, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Valéria Helena Alves Cagnon
- Departamento de Biologia Estrutural e Funcional, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Elaine Minatel
- Departamento de Biologia Estrutural e Funcional, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil
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Low-level laser irradiation induces a transcriptional myotube-like profile in C2C12 myoblasts. Lasers Med Sci 2018; 33:1673-1683. [PMID: 29717386 DOI: 10.1007/s10103-018-2513-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Low-level laser irradiation (LLLI) has been used as a non-invasive method to improve muscular regeneration capability. However, the molecular mechanisms by which LLLI exerts these effects remain largely unknown. Here, we described global gene expression profiling analysis in C2C12 myoblasts after LLLI that identified 514 differentially expressed genes (DEG). Gene ontology and pathway analysis of the DEG revealed transcripts among categories related to cell cycle, ribosome biogenesis, response to stress, cell migration, and cell proliferation. We further intersected the DEG in C2C12 myoblasts after LLLI with publicly available transcriptomes data from myogenic differentiation studies (myoblasts vs myotube) to identify transcripts with potential effects on myogenesis. This analysis revealed 42 DEG between myoblasts and myotube that intersect with altered genes in myoblasts after LLLI. Next, we performed a hierarchical cluster analysis with this set of shared transcripts that showed that LLLI myoblasts have a myotube-like profile, clustering away from the myoblast profile. The myotube-like transcriptional profile of LLLI myoblasts was further confirmed globally considering all the transcripts detected in C2C12 myoblasts after LLLI, by bi-dimensional clustering with myotubes transcriptional profiles, and by the comparison with 154 gene sets derived from previous published in vitro omics data. In conclusion, we demonstrate for the first time that LLLI regulates a set of mRNAs that control myoblast proliferation and differentiation into myotubes. Importantly, this set of mRNAs revealed a myotube-like transcriptional profile in LLLI myoblasts and provide new insights to the understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying the effects of LLLI on skeletal muscle cells.
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Terena SML, Fernandes KPS, Bussadori SK, Brugnera Junior A, de Fátima Teixeira da Silva D, Magalhães EMR, Ferrari RAM. Infrared Laser Improves Collagen Organization in Muscle and Tendon Tissue During the Process of Compensatory Overload. Photomed Laser Surg 2018; 36:130-136. [PMID: 29466099 DOI: 10.1089/pho.2017.4302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The photobiomodulation using the low-level laser therapy (LLLT) exerts a positive modulating effect on the synthesis of collagen in skeletal muscles and tendons. However, few studies have addressed this effect during the compensatory overload. OBJECTIVE Evaluate the effect of infrared laser on the deposition and organization of collagen fibers in muscle and tendon tissue during compensatory overload of the plantar muscle in rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS Wistar rats were submitted to bilateral ablation of the synergist muscles of the hind paws and divided in groups: Control, Hypertrophy, and Hypertrophy (H)+LLLT (780 nm, 40 mW, 9.6 J/cm2 and 10 s/point, 8 points, total energy 3.2 J, daily), evaluated at 7 and 14 days. Muscle cuts were stained with Picrosirius-Red and hematoxylin-eosin and tendon cuts were submitted to birefringence for determination of collagen distribution and organization. RESULTS After 7 days an increase was observed in the area between beam muscles in H+LLLT (25.45% ± 2.56) in comparison to H (20.3% ± 3.31), in mature fibers and fibrilis in H+LLLT (29346.88 μm2 ± 2182.56; 47602.8 μm2 ± 2201.86 respectively) in comparison to H (26656.5 μm2 ± 1880.46; 45630.34 μm2 ± 2805.82 respectively) and in the collagen area in H+LLLT (2.25% ± 0.19) in comparison to H (2.0% ± 0.15). However, after 14 days a reduction was observed in the area between beam muscles in H+LLLT (13.88% ± 2.54) in comparison to H (19.1% ± 2.61), in fibrils and mature fibers in H+LLLT (17174.1 μm2 ± 2563.82; 32634.04 μm2 ± 1689.38 respectively) in comparison to H (55249.86 μm2 ± 1992.65; 44318.36 μm2 ± 1759.57) and in the collagen area in H+LLLT (1.76% ± 0.16) in comparison to H (2.09 ± 0.27). A greater organization of collagen fibers in the tendon was observed after 7 and 14 days in H+LLLT groups. CONCLUSIONS Infrared laser irradiation induces an improvement in collagen organization in tendons and a reduction in the total area of collagen in muscles during compensatory atrophy following the ablation of synergist muscles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stella Maris Lins Terena
- 1 Posgraduate Program, Department of Biophotonics Applied to Health Sciences, Universidade Nove de Julho-UNINOVE , São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Kristianne Porta Santos Fernandes
- 1 Posgraduate Program, Department of Biophotonics Applied to Health Sciences, Universidade Nove de Julho-UNINOVE , São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sandra Kalil Bussadori
- 2 Posgraduate Program, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences and Biophotonics Applied to Health Sciences, Universidade Nove de Julho-UNINOVE , São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Aldo Brugnera Junior
- 3 Biomedical Engineer Research Center, CEB, Universidade Camilo Castelo Branco , São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Daniela de Fátima Teixeira da Silva
- 2 Posgraduate Program, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences and Biophotonics Applied to Health Sciences, Universidade Nove de Julho-UNINOVE , São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Eric Moreno Ramos Magalhães
- 1 Posgraduate Program, Department of Biophotonics Applied to Health Sciences, Universidade Nove de Julho-UNINOVE , São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Raquel Agnelli Mesquita Ferrari
- 2 Posgraduate Program, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences and Biophotonics Applied to Health Sciences, Universidade Nove de Julho-UNINOVE , São Paulo, Brazil
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Andreo L, Mesquita-Ferrari RA, Ribeiro BG, Benitte A, de Fátima Nogueira T, França CM, Silva DDFTD, Bussadori SK, Fernandes KPS, Corrêa FI, Corrêa JCF. Effects of myogenic precursor cells (C2C12) transplantation and low-level laser therapy on muscle repair. Lasers Surg Med 2018; 50:781-791. [PMID: 29399847 DOI: 10.1002/lsm.22798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/13/2018] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of myoblast inoculation in combination with photobiomodulation therapy (PBMT) on skeletal muscle tissue following injury. MATERIALS AND METHODS Sixty-five Wistar rats were divided into five groups: Control-animals not submitted to any procedure; Injury-cryoinjury of the tibialis anterior muscle; HBSS-animals submitted to cryoinjury and intramuscular Hank's Balanced Salt Solution; Injury + Cells-animals submitted to cryoinjury, followed by myogenic precursor cells (C2C12) transplantation; Injury + Cells + LLLT-animals submitted to cryoinjury, followed by myogenic precursor cells (C2C12) transplantation and PBMT (780 nm, 40 mW, 3.2 J in 8 points). The periods analyzed were 1, 3, and 7 days. The tibialis anterior muscle was harvest for histological analysis, collagen analysis, and immunolabeling of macrophages. RESULTS No differences were found between the HBSS group and injury group. The Injury + Cells group exhibited an increase of inflammatory cells and immature fibers as well as a decrease in the number of macrophages on Day 1. The Injury + Cells + LLLT group exhibited a decrease in myonecrosis and inflammatory infiltrate at 7 days, but an increase in inflammatory infiltrate at 1 and 3 days as well as an increase in blood vessels at 3 and 7 days, an increase in macrophages at 3 days and better collagen organization at 7 days. CONCLUSION Cell transplantation combined with PBMT led to an increase in the number of blood vessels, a reduction in myonecrosis and total inflammatory cells as well as better organization of collagen fibers during the skeletal muscle repair process. Lasers Surg. Med. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Andreo
- Postgraduate Program in Biophotonics Applied to Health Sciences, Universidade Nove de Julho (UNINOVE), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Raquel A Mesquita-Ferrari
- Postgraduate Program in Biophotonics Applied to Health Sciences, Universidade Nove de Julho (UNINOVE), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Rehabilitation Sciences, UNINOVE, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Beatriz G Ribeiro
- Postgraduate Program in Rehabilitation Sciences, UNINOVE, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | - Cristiane M França
- Postgraduate Program in Biophotonics Applied to Health Sciences, Universidade Nove de Julho (UNINOVE), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Sandra K Bussadori
- Postgraduate Program in Biophotonics Applied to Health Sciences, Universidade Nove de Julho (UNINOVE), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Rehabilitation Sciences, UNINOVE, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Kristianne P S Fernandes
- Postgraduate Program in Biophotonics Applied to Health Sciences, Universidade Nove de Julho (UNINOVE), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Fernanda I Corrêa
- Postgraduate Program in Rehabilitation Sciences, UNINOVE, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - João C F Corrêa
- Postgraduate Program in Rehabilitation Sciences, UNINOVE, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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11
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Effect of photobiomodulation on connective tissue remodeling and regeneration of skeletal muscle in elderly rats. Lasers Med Sci 2017; 33:513-521. [PMID: 29181641 DOI: 10.1007/s10103-017-2392-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2017] [Accepted: 11/16/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of low-level laser therapy (LLLT) on morphological aspects, IL-6 and IL-1β expressions, as well as the distribution and organization of collagen in the tibialis anterior (TA) muscle of elderly rats submitted to cryoinjury. Histological photomicrographs were taken of TA muscles stained with HE and picrosirius red. Immunohistochemistry was used for the evaluation of IL-6 and IL-1β. Male Wistar rats, aged 20 months, were distributed into three groups: (1) control animals not injured or treated with LLLT (n = 5), (2) cryoinjury without LLLT treatment (n = 15), and (3) cryoinjury treated with infrared LLLT (n = 15). LLLT was applied to the TA 2 h after of the injury induction and consisted of daily applications until the sacrifice (1, 3, and 7 days). The following parameters were used: λ = 780 nm, power density 1 W/cm2, output power 40 mW, 10 s per point, 8 points, and 3.2 J of total energy. In the histomorphological analysis, the treated group exhibited a significant decrease in inflammatory infiltrate (p < 0.001) as well as an increase immature fibers and new blood vessels at 7 days compared to the untreated group (p < 0.05). Furthermore, treatment induced a better collagen distribution and organization at 7 days in comparison to the untreated group (p < 0.05). In conclusion, LLLT demonstrated a modulatory effect on the muscle repair process in elderly animals with regard to the collagen remodeling and morphological aspects of muscle tissue.
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Ramos GA, Arliani GG, Astur DC, Pochini ADC, Ejnisman B, Cohen M. Rehabilitation of hamstring muscle injuries: a literature review. Rev Bras Ortop 2017; 52:11-16. [PMID: 28194375 PMCID: PMC5290083 DOI: 10.1016/j.rboe.2016.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2015] [Accepted: 02/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Hamstring injuries are among the most frequent in sports. The high relapse rate is a challenge for sports medicine and has a great impact on athletes and sport teams. The treatment goal is to provide the athlete the same functional level as before the injury. Thus, functional rehabilitation is very important to the success of the treatment. Currently, several physical therapy modalities are used, according to the stage of the lesion, such as cryotherapy, laser therapy, therapeutic ultrasound, therapeutic exercise, and manual therapy. However, the evidence of the effectiveness of these modalities in muscle injuries is not fully established due to the little scientific research on the topic. This article presents an overview of the physiotherapy approach in the rehabilitation of hamstring muscle injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Amorim Ramos
- Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Departamento de Ortopedia e Traumatologia, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Gonçalves Arliani
- Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Departamento de Ortopedia e Traumatologia, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Diego Costa Astur
- Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Departamento de Ortopedia e Traumatologia, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Alberto de Castro Pochini
- Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Departamento de Ortopedia e Traumatologia, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Benno Ejnisman
- Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Departamento de Ortopedia e Traumatologia, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Moisés Cohen
- Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Departamento de Ortopedia e Traumatologia, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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13
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Pissulin CNA, de Souza Castro PAT, Codina F, Pinto CG, Vechetti-Junior IJ, Matheus SMM. GaAs laser therapy reestablishes the morphology of the NMJ and nAChRs after injury due to bupivacaine. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2017; 167:256-263. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2016.12.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Ramos GA, Arliani GG, Astur DC, Pochini ADC, Ejnisman B, Cohen M. Reabilitação nas lesões musculares dos isquiotibiais: revisão da literatura. Rev Bras Ortop 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rbo.2016.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
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Ribeiro BG, Alves AN, dos Santos LAD, Cantero TM, Fernandes KPS, Dias DDS, Bernardes N, De Angelis K, Mesquita-Ferrari RA. Red and Infrared Low-Level Laser Therapy Prior to Injury with or without Administration after Injury Modulate Oxidative Stress during the Muscle Repair Process. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0153618. [PMID: 27082964 PMCID: PMC4833286 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0153618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 263] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2016] [Accepted: 03/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Muscle injury is common among athletes and amateur practitioners of sports. Following an injury, the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) occurs, which can harm healthy muscle fibers (secondary damage) and delay the repair process. Low-level laser therapy (LLLT) administered prior to or following an injury has demonstrated positive and protective effects on muscle repair, but the combination of both administration times together has not been clarified. AIM To evaluate the effect of LLLT (660 nm and 780 nm, 10 J/cm², 40 mW, 3.2 J) prior to injury with or without the administration after injury on oxidative stress during the muscle repair process. METHODS Wistar rats were divided into following groups: control; muscle injury alone; LLLT 660 nm + injury; LLLT 780 nm + injury; LLLT 660 nm before and after injury; and LLLT 780 nm before and after injury. The rats were euthanized on days 1, 3 and 7 following cryoinjury of the tibialis anterior (TA) muscle, which was then removed for analysis. RESULTS Lipid peroxidation decreased in the 660+injury group after one day. Moreover, red and infrared LLLT employed at both administration times induced a decrease in lipid peroxidation after seven days. CAT activity was altered by LLLT in all periods evaluated, with a decrease after one day in the 780+injury+780 group and after seven days in the 780+injury group as well as an increase in the 780+injury and 780+injury+780 groups after three days. Furthermore, increases in GPx and SOD activity were found after seven days in the 780+injury+780 group. CONCLUSION The administration of red and infrared laser therapy at different times positively modulates the activity of antioxidant enzymes and reduces stress markers during the muscle repair process.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Agnelo Neves Alves
- Rehabilitation Department, Universidade Nove de Julho (UNINOVE), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - Nathalia Bernardes
- Hypertension Unit, Heart Institute (InCor), School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Kátia De Angelis
- Rehabilitation Department, Universidade Nove de Julho (UNINOVE), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- Medicine Department, Universidade Nove de Julho (UNINOVE), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Raquel Agnelli Mesquita-Ferrari
- Rehabilitation Department, Universidade Nove de Julho (UNINOVE), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- Biophotonics Department, Universidade Nove de Julho (UNINOVE), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Adabbo M, Paolillo FR, Bossini PS, Rodrigues NC, Bagnato VS, Parizotto NA. Effects of Low-Level Laser Therapy Applied Before Treadmill Training on Recovery of Injured Skeletal Muscle in Wistar Rats. Photomed Laser Surg 2016; 34:187-93. [PMID: 27058781 DOI: 10.1089/pho.2015.4031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to analyze the effects of low-level laser therapy (LLLT) when associated with treadmill training on the recovery of skeletal muscle, during two periods of rest after muscle injury in rats. BACKGROUND DATA Because of photostimulation, LLLT has been presented as an alternative for accelerating the tissue healing process. MATERIALS AND METHODS Forty rats were divided into two groups (A and B) containing four subgroups each: GC (Control Group)-cryolesion untreated; EG (Exercise Group)-cryolesion treated with physical exercise; LG (Laser Group)-cryolesion treated with laser; ELG (Exercise and Laser Group)-cryolesion treated with laser and physical exercise. The right tibialis anterior (TA) of the middle belly was injured by a cooling iron bar (cryoinjury). Group A remained at rest for 3 days, whereas Group B remained at rest for 7 days. The laser parameters utilized were 780 nm with 15 mW average optical power and spot size of 0.04 cm(2) applied during 10 sec, leading to 0.152 J and 3.8 J/cm(2). Treadmill training with and without laser application was performed during 5 days, with each session lasting for 12 min at a velocity of 17 m/min. Subsequently, the TA muscle was removed for a histological and morphometric analysis. RESULTS The damaged area was significantly smaller for the ELG at both periods of rest, 3 and 7 days, respectively (4.4 ± 0.42% and 3.5 ± 0.14%, p < 0.05), when compared with the LG (18.6 ± 0.64% and 7.5 ± 0.13%), the EG (21 ± 0.26% and 8.7 ± 0.32%), and the CG (23.9 ± 0.37% and 21.4 ± 0.38%). In addition, the number of blood vessels were significantly higher for the ELG at both periods of rest, 3 and 7 days, respectively (71.2 ± 13.51 and 104.5 ± 11.78, p < 0.05), when compared with the LG (60.6 ± 11.25 and 93.5 ± 16.87), the EG (51.6 ± 7.3 and 93.8 ± 15.1) and the CG (34.4 ± 2.54 and 65.7 ± 14.1). CONCLUSIONS The LLLT applied before the physical exercise on the treadmill stimulated the angiogenesis and accelerated the process of muscle recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayna Adabbo
- 1 Biotechnology Program, Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar) , São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Rossi Paolillo
- 2 Optics Group from São Carlos Institute of Physics (IFSC), University of São Paulo (USP) , São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Paulo Sérgio Bossini
- 3 Electrothermophototherapy Laboratory, Department of Physical Therapy, Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar) , São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Natalia Camargo Rodrigues
- 4 Department of Biomechanics, Medicine and Rehabilitation of Locomotor System, University of São Paulo (USP) , School of Medicine, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Vanderlei Salvador Bagnato
- 2 Optics Group from São Carlos Institute of Physics (IFSC), University of São Paulo (USP) , São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Nivaldo Antonio Parizotto
- 3 Electrothermophototherapy Laboratory, Department of Physical Therapy, Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar) , São Carlos, SP, Brazil
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Cell viability, reactive oxygen species, apoptosis, and necrosis in myoblast cultures exposed to low-level infrared laser. Lasers Med Sci 2016; 31:841-8. [PMID: 26886589 DOI: 10.1007/s10103-016-1909-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2015] [Accepted: 02/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Low-level infrared laser is considered safe and effective for treatment of muscle injuries. However, the mechanism involved on beneficial effects of laser therapy are not understood. The aim was to evaluate cell viability, reactive oxygen species, apoptosis, and necrosis in myoblast cultures exposed to low-level infrared laser at therapeutic fluences. C2C12 myoblast cultures at different (2 and 10 %) fetal bovine serum (FBS) concentrations were exposed to low-level infrared laser (808 nm, 100 mW) at different fluences (10, 35, and 70 J/cm(2)) and evaluated after 24, 48, and 72 h. Cell viability was evaluated by WST-1 assay; reactive oxygen species (ROS), apoptosis, and necrosis were evaluated by flow cytometry. Cell viability was decreased atthe lowest FBS concentration. Laser exposure increased the cell viability in myoblast cultures at 2 % FBS after 48 and 72 h, but no significant increase in ROS was observed. Apoptosis was decreased at the higher fluence and necrosis was increased at lower fluence in myoblast cultures after 24 h of laser exposure at 2 % FBS. No laser-induced alterations were obtained at 10 % FBS. Results show that level of reactive oxygen species is not altered, at least to those evaluated in this study, but low-level infrared laser exposure affects cell viability, apoptosis, and necrosis in myoblast cultures depending on laser fluence and physiologic conditions of cells.
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Effects of low-level laser therapy on skeletal muscle repair: a systematic review. Am J Phys Med Rehabil 2015; 93:1073-85. [PMID: 25122099 DOI: 10.1097/phm.0000000000000158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
A review of the literature was performed to demonstrate the most current applicability of low-level laser therapy (LLLT) for the treatment of skeletal muscle injuries, addressing different lasers, irradiation parameters, and treatment results in animal models. Searches were performed in the PubMed/MEDLINE, SCOPUS, and SPIE Digital Library databases for studies published from January 2006 to August 2013 on the use of LLLT for the repair of skeletal muscle in any animal model. All selected articles were critically appraised by two independent raters. Seventeen of the 36 original articles on LLLT and muscle injuries met the inclusion criteria and were critically evaluated. The main effects of LLLT were a reduction in the inflammatory process, the modulation of growth factors and myogenic regulatory factors, and increased angiogenesis. The studies analyzed demonstrate the positive effects of LLLT on the muscle repair process, which are dependent on irradiation and treatment parameters. The findings suggest that LLLT is an excellent therapeutic resource for the treatment of skeletal muscle injuries in the short-term.
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Rodrigues NC, Assis L, Fernandes KR, Magri A, Ribeiro DA, Brunelli R, Abreu DCC, Renno ACM. Effects of 660 nm low-level laser therapy on muscle healing process after cryolesion. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 50:985-96. [PMID: 24301435 DOI: 10.1682/jrrd.2012.08.0147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2012] [Revised: 01/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of 660 nm low-level laser therapy (LLLT) on muscle regeneration after cryolesion in rat tibialis anterior muscle. Sixty-three Wistar rats were divided into a control group, 10 J/cm(2) laser-treated group, and 50 J/cm(2) laser-treated group. Each group formed three subgroups (n = 7 per group), and the animals were sacrificed 7, 14, or 21 d after lesion. Histopathological findings revealed a lower inflammatory process in the laser-treated groups after 7 d. After 14 d, irradiated animals at both fluences showed higher granulation tissue, new muscle fibers, and organized muscle structure. After 21 d, full tissue repair was observed in all groups. Moreover, irradiated animals at both fluences showed smaller necrosis area in the first experimental period evaluated. MyoD immunoexpression was observed in both treated groups 7 d postinjury. Myogenin immunoexpression was detected after 7 and 14 d. The higher fluence increased the number of blood vessels after 14 and 21 d. These results suggest that LLLT, at both fluences, positively affects injured skeletal muscle in rats, accelerating the muscle-regeneration process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia C Rodrigues
- Department of Physiotherapy, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
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