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Mou H, Wu T, Ji X, Zhang H, Wu X, Fan H. Multi-Functional Repair and Long-Term Preservation of Paper Relics by Nano-MgO with Aminosilaned Bacterial Cellulose. Molecules 2024; 29:3959. [PMID: 39203037 PMCID: PMC11356947 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29163959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2024] [Revised: 08/16/2024] [Accepted: 08/17/2024] [Indexed: 09/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Paper relics, as carrieres of historical civilization's records and inheritance, could be severely acidic and brittle over time. In this study, the multi-functional dispersion of nanometer magnesium oxide (MgO) carried by 3-aminopropyl triethoxysilane-modified bacterial cellulose (KH550-BC) was applied in the impregnation process to repair aged paper, aiming at solving the key problems of anti-acid and strength recovery in the protection of ancient books. The KH550-BC/MgO treatment demonstrated enhanced functional efficacy in repairing aged paper, attributed to the homogeneous and stable distribution of MgO within the nanofibers of BC networks, with minimal impact on the paper's wettability and color. Furthermore, the treatment facilitated the formation of adequate alkali reserves and hydrogen bonding, resulting in superior anti-aging properties in the treated paper during prolonged preservation. Even after 30 days of hygrothermal aging tests, the paper repaired by KH550-BC/MgO was still in a gently alkaline environment (pH was about 7.56), alongside a 32.18% elevation compared to the untreated paper regarding the tear index. The results of this work indicate that KH550-BC/MgO is an effective reinforcement material for improving the long-term restoration of ancient books.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyan Mou
- State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, School of Light Industry and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Ting Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, School of Light Industry and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Xingxiang Ji
- Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Science & Technology of Ministry of Education, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, China;
| | - Hongjie Zhang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Pulp and Paper, Beijing 100102, China
| | - Xiao Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, School of Light Industry and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Huiming Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, School of Light Industry and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
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Influence of Nanocellulose Structure on Paper Reinforcement. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27154696. [PMID: 35897873 PMCID: PMC9331812 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27154696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Revised: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
This article describes how crystalline or fibrous nanocellulose influences the mechanical properties of paper substrate. In this context, we used commercially available cellulose nanocrystals, mechanically prepared cellulose nanofibers dispersed in water or ethanol, and carboxy cellulose nanofibers. Selective reinforcement of the paper treated with the nanocellulose samples mentioned above was observed. The change in the fibre structure was assessed using scanning electron microscopy, roentgenography, and spectroscopy techniques. In addition, the effect of nanocellulose coating on physical properties was evaluated, specifically tensile index, elongation coefficient, Elmendorf tear resistance, Bendtsen surface roughness, Bendtsen air permeability, and bending strength. It can be concluded that the observed decrease in the strength properties of the paper after applying some NC compositions is due to the loss of potential disturbances in hydrogen bonds between the nanocellulose dispersed in ethanol and the paper substrate. On the other hand, significantly increased strength was observed in the case of paper reinforced with nanocellulose functionalized with carboxyl groups.
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Zhang D, Pan Q, Jia M, Zhang X, Wang Y. Three Birds with One Stone: Preventive Protection of Paper Materials by ZnO-PHMB and UV-531 Composite Systems. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2021; 37:8445-8454. [PMID: 34236192 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.1c00770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
As the most frequently used archival materials for painting and recording, paper lays the groundwork for the development of prosperous human civilization. However, its susceptibility to three primary factors including external ultraviolet light, increased acidity, and biological pathogens in long-term storage shortens the longevity of paper. Therefore, the protection of paper-based cultural relics is extremely urgent. Inspired by the three adverse factors affecting the protection of cultural relics, we herein propose to combine the ultraviolet absorber 2-hydroxy-4-(octyloxy)benzophenone (UV-531) and alkaline zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles innovatively into the antibacterial agent polyhexamethylene biguanidine hydrochloride (PHMB) to realize the strategy of three birds with one stone for relics protection. This study illustrates that the tensile strength and the folding endurance of different test papers are guaranteed by coating them with the composite reagents, and molds including Mucor, Trichoderma, and Aspergillus niger are effectually sterilized. In addition, a hand-painted Chinese ink-wash painting with beautiful flowers is chosen as the object for simulating cultural relics protection, and negligible color fading is observed in aging experiments. From the perspective of effectiveness, simplicity, and economy, this strategy sheds light on preservative protection of paper-based relics in long-term storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dahai Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, China
| | - Qianhao Pan
- Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, China
| | - Minghao Jia
- School of Archaeology and Museology, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xiaogang Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, China
| | - Yapei Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, China
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Li H, Severini L, Titubante M, Gong D, Micheli L, Mazzuca C, Gong Y. Gellan Gum Hydrogel as an Aqueous Treatment Method for Xuan Paper. RESTAURATOR-INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR THE PRESERVATION OF LIBRARY AND ARCHIVAL MATERIAL 2021. [DOI: 10.1515/res-2020-0010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Aqueous cleaning of works of art on paper is one of the most important and delicate steps in a conservation process. It allows the removal of inorganic (metals) and organic substances, such as degradation products and other contaminants. These substances are responsible for yellowing, weakening, and loss of mechanical properties of paper. In this article, the cleaning effect of gellan gum was assessed on xuan paper, a traditional Chinese paper different in composition and papermaking technology compared to many Western papers. To assess the effect of gellan gum on xuan paper, its characteristics were studied before and after cleaning utilizing non-invasive and micro-invasive techniques. Results were compared to those obtained when treating Western papers and indicated that gellan gum can be applied effectively for aqueous cleaning of xuan paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haomiao Li
- Chinese Printing Cultural Heritage Research Center, Laboratory for the Conservation and Authentication of Printing and Paper-Based Art, School of Printing and Packaging Engineering, Beijing Institute of Graphic Communication , Beijing 102600 , People’s Republic of China
- Department for the History of Science and Scientific Archeology , University of Science and Technology of China , 96 Jinzhai Rd. , Hefei , People’s Republic of China
| | - Leonardo Severini
- Department of Chemical Science and Technologies , University of Rome “Tor Vergata” , Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, 00133 , Rome , Italy
| | - Mattia Titubante
- Department of Chemical Science and Technologies , University of Rome “Tor Vergata” , Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, 00133 , Rome , Italy
| | - Decai Gong
- Chinese Printing Cultural Heritage Research Center, Laboratory for the Conservation and Authentication of Printing and Paper-Based Art, School of Printing and Packaging Engineering, Beijing Institute of Graphic Communication , Beijing 102600 , People’s Republic of China
- Department for the History of Science and Scientific Archeology , University of Science and Technology of China , 96 Jinzhai Rd. , Hefei , People’s Republic of China
| | - Laura Micheli
- Department of Chemical Science and Technologies , University of Rome “Tor Vergata” , Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, 00133 , Rome , Italy
| | - Claudia Mazzuca
- Department of Chemical Science and Technologies , University of Rome “Tor Vergata” , Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, 00133 , Rome , Italy
| | - Yuxuan Gong
- Department for the History of Science and Scientific Archeology , University of Science and Technology of China , 96 Jinzhai Rd. , Hefei , People’s Republic of China
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The Efficacy of Silver Nitrate (AgNO3) as a Coating Agent to Protect Paper against High Deteriorating Microbes. Catalysts 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/catal11030310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
This study focuses on the efficacy of silver nitrate (AgNO3) as a coating agent used to preserve papers against microbial deterioration. To this end, the in vitro cytotoxicity of AgNO3 was assessed against two normal cell lines, WI-38 and HFB-4, to detect a safe dose that can be used as a coating agent, which was 80 µg mL−1. Bacillus subtilis B3 and Penicillium chrysogenum F9 were selected as high deteriorating microbes, previously isolated from a historical manuscript dating back to 1677 A.-D. The microbial growth inhibition, color change, mechanical properties, and cellulosic fibers of untreated/treated papers were evaluated. The data showed the efficacy of AgNO3 to inhibit the growth of B. subtilis with a percentage of 100% after 7 days, while it inhibits the growth of P. chrysogenum with a percentage of 85.9 ± 1.1% after 21 days. The color and mechanical properties of treated paper in the presence/absence of microbial inoculation were slightly changed, although they changed greatly due to microbial growth in the absence of AgNO3. The EDX analysis confirmed the successful adsorption of Ag-ion on papers, with a weight percentage of 1.9%. The cellulosic fibers of untreated paper in the presence of microbial growth were highly deteriorated as compared with treated and standard filter paper (shown by FT-IR and SEM).
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Evaluation of the Potential Use of Levan Polysaccharide in Paper Conservation. ADVANCES IN POLYMER TECHNOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1155/2020/1416491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Conservation of paper-based materials, namely, manuscripts, includes repair of tears, gap filling, consolidation, and fixation, which requires the use of adhesives. The adhesive in use for these purposes should be compatible with the chemical and physical properties of paper and should present good aging characteristics. In this study, we conducted a set of experiments with paper samples on which fructan-based biopolymer Halomonas levan (Hlevan) was applied for the first time and compared with glucan-based adhesive starch. Adhesive-applied samples were initially prepared by the application of different historical recipes of sizing and ink. Then, they underwent accelerated thermal aging. Chemical and physical changes of paper samples (crystallinity, pH, and color) were analyzed. Finally, Principal Component Analysis was performed to identify dominating factors affecting sample behavior with applied adhesives. This study demonstrates the aging characteristics of Hlevan on cellulose-based materials. The results showed that there is a color shift from blue to yellow for all samples after aging, but it is more pronounced for some samples with Hlevan. In addition, Hlevan is slightly less acidic than starch in all cases and acted as a plasticizer for a specific kind of sizing material. The methodology of this research is also efficacious in terms of understanding the interaction of paper media with the adhesives and their effects on aging.
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Jiang F, Yang Y, Weng J, Zhang X. Layer-by-Layer Self-Assembly for Reinforcement of Aged Papers. Ind Eng Chem Res 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.6b02988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Fuze Jiang
- Department
of Chemistry, Renming University of China, Beijing 100872, China
| | - Youdi Yang
- Department
of Chemistry, Renming University of China, Beijing 100872, China
| | - Jiajia Weng
- Department
of Chemistry, Renming University of China, Beijing 100872, China
| | - Xiaogang Zhang
- Department
of Chemistry, Renming University of China, Beijing 100872, China
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Mazzuca C, Micheli L, Carbone M, Basoli F, Cervelli E, Iannuccelli S, Sotgiu S, Palleschi A. Gellan hydrogel as a powerful tool in paper cleaning process: A detailed study. J Colloid Interface Sci 2014; 416:205-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2013.10.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2013] [Revised: 10/17/2013] [Accepted: 10/21/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Changes in the Crystallinity of Cellulose in Response to Changes in Relative Humidity and Acid Treatment. RESTAURATOR-INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR THE PRESERVATION OF LIBRARY AND ARCHIVAL MATERIAL 2010. [DOI: 10.1515/rest.2010.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Zervos S. Accelerated Ageing Kinetics of Pure Cellulose Paper after Washing, Alkalization and Impregnation with Methylcellulose. RESTAURATOR-INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR THE PRESERVATION OF LIBRARY AND ARCHIVAL MATERIAL 2007. [DOI: 10.1515/rest.2007.55] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Zervos S. Evaluating Treatments of Paper Using Statistically Valid Test Methods Part II: Experimental Setup and Protocol. RESTAURATOR-INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR THE PRESERVATION OF LIBRARY AND ARCHIVAL MATERIAL 2007. [DOI: 10.1515/rest.2007.256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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