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Zhang J, Ge Q. Recycling scale inhibitor wastes into pH-responsive complexes to treat wastewater produced from spent lithium-ion battery disposal. WATER RESEARCH 2024; 260:121939. [PMID: 38901308 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2024.121939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Revised: 06/08/2024] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024]
Abstract
A large amount of organophosphorus-containing wastewater is produced in spent lithium-ion battery disposal. Forward osmosis (FO) offers unique advantages in purifying this kind of wastewater if suitable draw solutes - the core of FO technology, are available. Herein we synthesize several pH-sensitive zinc complexes, namely ZnATMP-iNa (i = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4), from ZnSO4 and amino tris(methylene phosphonic acid) (ATMP) obtained from scale inhibitor wastes for organophosphorus-containing wastewater remediation. Among these ZnATMP-iNa, ZnATMP-3Na best meets the standards of an ideal draw solute. This makes ZnATMP-3Na outperform other reported draw solutes. 0.6 M ZnATMP-3Na produces a water flux of 12.7 LMH, 136 % higher than that of NaCl and a solute loss of 0.015 g/L, lower than that of NH4HCO3 (0.83 g/L). In organophosphorus-containing wastewater treatment, ZnATMP-3Na has higher water recovery efficiency (8.3 LMH) and sustainability than NaCl and NH4HCO3, and is sufficient to handle large quantities of wastewater. Remarkably, the pH-responsive property allows ZnATMP-3Na to be readily recovered through pH-control and reused in FO. The ionic property, expanded cage-like structure and easy-recycling make ZnATMP-3Na achieve sustainable FO separation and superior to other draw solutes. This study provides inspiration for draw solute design from wastes and extends FO application to organophosphorus-containing wastewater remediation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiawen Zhang
- College of Environment and Safety Engineering, Fuzhou University, No.2 Xueyuan Road, Fujian 350116, China
| | - Qingchun Ge
- College of Environment and Safety Engineering, Fuzhou University, No.2 Xueyuan Road, Fujian 350116, China.
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2
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Reddy AS, Wanjari VP, Singh SP. Design, synthesis, and application of thermally responsive draw solutes for sustainable forward osmosis desalination: A review. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 317:137790. [PMID: 36626951 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.137790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Forward osmosis (FO) is an emerging sustainable desalination technology; however, it is not a stand-alone process and requires an additional step to recover the water or regenerate the draw solute (DS), making it energy extensive. Therefore, incorporating inexpensive energy sources for DS regeneration is a viable solution to compete with reverse osmosis desalination technology. Hence, selecting suitable DS and its regeneration became a crucial research focus in FO desalination. Among various DSs reported, thermally responsive DSs (TRDS) provide an opportunity to integrate low-grade energy sources for DS regeneration. Utilizing such inexpensive energy will reduce fossil fuel energy demand, lower the cost of desalination, and minimize the carbon footprint. Hence, this review explores the TRDS for FO-based desalination with its design, synthesis, and applications. The manuscript has discussed the classification and selection criteria for the DSs, and how traditional and new-generation TRDSs are designed and synthesized from cationic and anionic moieties of ionic liquids, hydrogels, and other chemicals. The manuscript has also given importance to design criteria such as osmotic strength, viscosity, toxicity, and thermal stability for TRDSs. Furthermore, a detailed discussion on the FO performance, energy, and economic aspects of TRDSs has been reviewed, along with a discussion on the possible low-grade energy sources for the recovery of TRDS. Finally, the challenges and future directions for TRDSs have been discussed to drive FO toward sustainable desalination technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Sudharshan Reddy
- Environmental Science and Engineering Department (ESED), Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Vikram P Wanjari
- Centre for Research in Nanotechnology & Science (CRNTS), Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Swatantra P Singh
- Environmental Science and Engineering Department (ESED), Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai 400076, India; Centre for Research in Nanotechnology & Science (CRNTS), Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai 400076, India; Interdisciplinary Program in Climate Studies, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai 400076, India.
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Kadhom M. A Review on the Polyamide Thin Film Composite (TFC) Membrane Used for Desalination: Improvement Methods, Current Alternatives, and Challenges. Chem Eng Res Des 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cherd.2023.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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Bardhan A, Subbiah S, Mohanty K, Ibrar I, Altaee A. Feasibility of Poly (Vinyl Alcohol)/Poly (Diallyldimethylammonium Chloride) Polymeric Network Hydrogel as Draw Solute for Forward Osmosis Process. MEMBRANES 2022; 12:1097. [PMID: 36363652 PMCID: PMC9692437 DOI: 10.3390/membranes12111097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Forward osmosis (FO) has been identified as an emerging technology for the concentration and crystallization of aqueous solutions at low temperatures. However, the application of the FO process has been limited due to the unavailability of a suitable draw solute. An ideal draw solute should be able to generate high osmotic pressure and must be easily regenerated with less reverse solute flux (RSF). Recently, hydrogels have attracted attention as a draw solution due to their high capacity to absorb water and low RSF. This study explores a poly (vinyl alcohol)/poly (diallyldimethylammonium chloride) (PVA-polyDADMAC) polymeric network hydrogel as a draw solute in forward osmosis. A low-pressure reverse osmosis (RO) membrane was used in the FO process to study the performance of the hydrogel prepared in this study as a draw solution. The robust and straightforward gel synthesis method provides an extensive-scale application. The results indicate that incorporating cationic polyelectrolyte poly (diallyldimethylammonium chloride) into the polymeric network increases swelling capacity and osmotic pressure, thereby resulting in an average water flux of the PVA-polyDADMAC hydrogel (0.97 L m−2 h−1) that was 7.47 times higher than the PVA hydrogel during a 6 h FO process against a 5000 mg L−1 NaCl solution (as a feed solution). The effect of polymer and cross-linker composition on swelling capacity was studied to optimize the synthesized hydrogel composition. At 50 °C, the hydrogel releases nearly >70% of the water absorbed during the FO process at room temperatures, and water flux can be recovered by up to 86.6% of the initial flux after 12 hydrogel (draw solute) regenerations. Furthermore, this study suggests that incorporating cationic polyelectrolytes into the polymeric network enhances FO performances and lowers the actual energy requirements for (draw solute) regeneration. This study represents a significant step toward the commercial implementation of a hydrogel-driven FO system for the concentration of liquid-food extract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ananya Bardhan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, India
| | - Senthilmurugan Subbiah
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, India
| | - Kaustubha Mohanty
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, India
| | - Ibrar Ibrar
- Centre for Green Technology, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, 15 Broadway, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Ali Altaee
- Centre for Green Technology, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, 15 Broadway, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia
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Cho Y, Kang H. Influence of the anionic structure and central atom of a cation on the properties of LCST-type draw solutes for forward osmosis. RSC Adv 2022; 12:29405-29413. [PMID: 36320770 PMCID: PMC9557740 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra05131a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Thermo-responsive ionic compounds were synthesized to examine if they have a powerful ability to draw solutes for forward osmosis (FO). The investigated compounds were tetrabutylammonium benzenesulfonate, tetrabutylphosphonium benzenesulfonate, tetrabutylammonium 2-naphthalenesulfonate, and tetrabutylphosphonium 2-naphthalenesulfonate (abbreviated as [N4444][BS], [P4444][BS], [N4444][NS], and [P4444][NS]). The lower critical solution temperature (LCST) characteristics of the materials that formed the monocyclic aromatic compound [BS] were not confirmed; however, the LCSTs of others that formed the bicyclic aromatic compound [NS] were confirmed to be approximately 37 °C ([N4444][NS]) and 19 °C ([P4444][NS]) at 20 wt% in aqueous solutions; this is valued in reducing the energy required for recovery of the draw solute. In addition, it suggests that ammonium-based ionic compounds have a higher recovery temperature than phosphonium-based ionic compounds. When an active layer was oriented to a draw solution (AL-DS mode) and using 20 wt% aqueous [N4444][NS] draw solution at room temperature, water and reverse solute fluxes were about 3.07 LMH and 0.58 gMH, respectively. Thus, this is the first study to investigate structural transformations of the anion and central atom of the cation and to examine prospective draw solutes of the FO system in this series. Thermo-responsive ionic compounds having lower critical solution temperature were utilized as a draw solute for eco-sustainable forward osmosis.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeonsu Cho
- BK-21 Four Graduate Program, Department of Chemical Engineering, Dong-A University37 Nakdong-Daero 550 Beon-Gil, Saha-GuBusan 49315Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo Kang
- BK-21 Four Graduate Program, Department of Chemical Engineering, Dong-A University37 Nakdong-Daero 550 Beon-Gil, Saha-GuBusan 49315Republic of Korea
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Tian M, Ma T, Goh K, Pei Z, Chong JY, Wang YN. Forward Osmosis Membranes: The Significant Roles of Selective Layer. MEMBRANES 2022; 12:membranes12100955. [PMID: 36295714 PMCID: PMC9607867 DOI: 10.3390/membranes12100955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 09/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Forward osmosis (FO) is a promising separation technology to overcome the challenges of pressure-driven membrane processes. The FO process has demonstrated profound advantages in treating feeds with high salinity and viscosity in applications such as brine treatment and food processing. This review discusses the advancement of FO membranes and the key membrane properties that are important in real applications. The membrane substrates have been the focus of the majority of FO membrane studies to reduce internal concentration polarization. However, the separation layer is critical in selecting the suitable FO membranes as the feed solute rejection and draw solute back diffusion are important considerations in designing large-scale FO processes. In this review, emphasis is placed on developing FO membrane selective layers with a high selectivity. The effects of porous FO substrates in synthesizing high-performance polyamide selective layer and strategies to overcome the substrate constraints are discussed. The role of interlayer in selective layer synthesis and the benefits of nanomaterial incorporation will also be reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Tian
- School of Ecology and Environment, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China
| | - Tao Ma
- School of Ecology and Environment, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China
| | - Kunli Goh
- Singapore Membrane Technology Centre, Nanyang Environment and Water Research Institute, Nanyang Technological University, 1 Cleantech Loop, Singapore 637141, Singapore
| | - Zhiqiang Pei
- Beijing Origin Water Membrane Technology Co., Ltd., Beijing 101417, China
| | - Jeng Yi Chong
- Singapore Membrane Technology Centre, Nanyang Environment and Water Research Institute, Nanyang Technological University, 1 Cleantech Loop, Singapore 637141, Singapore
| | - Yi-Ning Wang
- Singapore Membrane Technology Centre, Nanyang Environment and Water Research Institute, Nanyang Technological University, 1 Cleantech Loop, Singapore 637141, Singapore
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Synthesis of PNIPAAm- g-P4VP Microgel as Draw Agent in Forward Osmosis by RAFT Polymerization and Reverse Suspension Polymerization to Improve Water Flux. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27103214. [PMID: 35630689 PMCID: PMC9146756 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27103214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Revised: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Microgels have unique and versatile properties allowing their use in forward osmosis areas as a draw agent. In this contribution, poly(4-vinylpyridine) (P4VP) was synthesized via RAFT polymerization and then grafted to a poly(N-Isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAAm) crosslinking network by reverse suspension polymerization. P4VP was successfully obtained by the quasiliving polymerization with the result of nuclear magnetic resonance and gel permeation chromatography characterization. The particle size and particle size distribution of the PNIPAAm-g-P4VP microgels containing 0, 5, 10, 15 and 20 wt% P4VP were measured by means of a laser particle size analyzer. It was found that all the microgels were of micrometer scale and the particle size was increased with the P4VP load. Inter/intra-molecular-specific interactions, i.e., hydrogen bond interactions were then investigated by Fourier infrared spectroscopy. In addition, the water flux measurements showed that all the PNIPAAm-g-P4VP microgels can draw water more effectively than a blank PNIPAAm microgel. For the copolymer microgel incorporating 20 wt% P4VP, the water flux was measured to be 7.48 L∙m−2∙h−1.
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Xu X, Bizmark N, Christie KSS, Datta SS, Ren ZJ, Priestley RD. Thermoresponsive Polymers for Water Treatment and Collection. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c01502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Patel A, Mungray AK, Mungray A. A novel concept of Vertical Up-Flow Forward Osmosis reactor: Design, performance and evaluation. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 281:130741. [PMID: 34015655 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.130741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 04/04/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Performance of the forward osmosis (FO) process is limited due to the decline in water flux and increase in reverse salt flux. In this study, a novel Vertical Up-Flow Forward Osmosis (VUF-FO) reactor was designed and evaluated for eight different contacting patterns of feed and draw agent (DA). The best contacting pattern was compared with the basic H-shape reactor. Pulsating inlets were used for the recirculation of the feed and DA which helped in improving the performance by reducing the concentration polarization on membrane. Water flux in FO (active layer facing feed side) and PRO (active layer facing draw side) mode was 12.75 and 16.28 L/m2hr (LMH) respectively for the contacting pattern R3 and R5 after 8 h of the process. While the water flux in the H-shape reactor was 9.12 and 12.54 LMH for FO and PRO mode respectively. Diffusional behavior of water flux and reverse salt flux were also evaluated for both the FO reactors. Water flux in the H-shape reactor was declined to more than 60% from its initial value in both the modes (i.e. FO and PRO) due to the concentration polarization on membrane. Only 10% decline in water flux was observed for the VUF-FO reactor. This showed a better consistency of water flux in the VUF-FO reactor. The reverse salt flux in the VUF-FO reactor was less than 85% compared to the H-shape reactor. Therefore, a novel designed reactor improved the overall performance of FO in terms of water flux and reverse salt flux.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asfak Patel
- Department of Chemical Engineering, S.V. National Institute of Technology Surat, Ichchhanath, Surat-Dumas Road, Keval Chowk, Surat, 395007, Gujarat, India.
| | - Arvind Kumar Mungray
- Department of Chemical Engineering, S.V. National Institute of Technology Surat, Ichchhanath, Surat-Dumas Road, Keval Chowk, Surat, 395007, Gujarat, India.
| | - Alka Mungray
- Department of Chemical Engineering, S.V. National Institute of Technology Surat, Ichchhanath, Surat-Dumas Road, Keval Chowk, Surat, 395007, Gujarat, India.
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Xiao S, Li Z, Xiong Q, Wu C, Huang J, Zhou R, Jin Y. Exploration of sodium lactate as the draw solute of forward osmosis for food processing. J FOOD ENG 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2020.110465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Liao X, Zhang WH, Ge Q. A cage-like supramolecular draw solute that promotes forward osmosis for wastewater remediation and source recovery. J Memb Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2020.117862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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Factors Affecting the Performance of Membrane Osmotic Processes for Bioenergy Development. ENERGIES 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/en13020481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Forward osmosis (FO) and pressure-retarded osmosis (PRO) have gained attention recently as potential processes to solve water and energy scarcity problems with advantages over pressure-driven membrane processes. These processes can be designed to produce bioenergy and clean water at the same time (i.e., wastewater treatment with power generation). Despite having significant technological advancement, these bioenergy processes are yet to be implemented in full scale and commercialized due to its relatively low performance. Hence, massive and extensive research has been carried out to evaluate the variables in FO and PRO processes such as osmotic membrane, feed solutions, draw solutions, and operating conditions in order to maximize the outcomes, which include water flux and power density. However, these research findings have not been summarized and properly reviewed. The key parts of this review are to discuss the factors influencing the performance of FO and PRO with respective resulting effects and to determine the research gaps in their optimization with the aim of further improving these bioenergy processes and commercializing them in various industrial applications.
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