Solar interfacial evaporation devices for desalination and water treatment: Perspective and future

Water is an essential commodity for society, and alternate resources such as seawater and wastewater are vital for the future. There are various desalination technologies that can provide sufficient and sustainable water sources. Renewable energy-based desalination technologies like solar-based interfacial evaporation are very efficient and sustainable desalination methods. Solar-based interfacial evaporation has been a focus due to its efficient and easy-to-use methods. Still, research is needed for fouling resistance, scalable and low-cost materials, and devices for solar interfacial evaporation. Recent research focuses on the materials for evaporation devices, but various other aspects of device design and fabrication methods are also necessary to improve device performance. In this article, all the evaporator device configurations and strategies for efficient evaporator devices are compiled and summarized. The evaporator devices have been classified into eight main categories: monolayer, bilayer, tree-like design, low-temperature designs, 3D-Origami-based designs, latent heat recovery design, design with storage/batch process, and contactless design. It was found that a good absorber, well-engineered air-water interface, and bottom-layer insulation are necessary for the best systems. The current research focuses on the vapor production output of the devices but not on the water production from devices. So, the focus on device-based water production and the associated cost of the water produced is essential. This article articulates the strategies and various scalable and efficient devices for evaporation-based solar-driven desalination. This article will be helpful for the researchers in improving devices output and coming up with a sustainable desalination and water treatment.

Bacillus tequilensis influences metabolite production in tomato and restores soil microbial diversity during Fusarium oxysporum infection

This study evaluates cellular damage, metabolite profiling, and defence-related gene expression in tomato plants and soil microflora during Fusarium wilt disease after treatment with B. tequilensis PBE-1. Histochemical analysis showed that PBE-1 was the primary line of defence through lignin deposition and reduced cell damage. GC-MS revealed that PBE-1 treatment ameliorated stress caused by F. oxysporum infection. PBE-1 also improved transpiration, photosynthesis, and stomatal conductance in tomato. qRT-PCR suggested that the defence-related genes FLS2, SERK, NOS, WRKYT, NHO, SAUR, and MYC2, which spread infection, were highly upregulated during F. oxysporum infection, but either downregulated or expressed normally in PBE-1 + P treated plants. This indicates that the plant not only perceives the bio-control agent as a non-pathogen entity but its presence in normal metabolism and gene expression within the host plant is maintained. The study further corroborated findings that application of PBE-1 does not cause ecological disturbances in the rhizosphere. Activity of soil microflora across four treatments, measured by Average Well Colour Development (AWCD), showed continuous increases from weeks 1 to 4 post-pathogen infection, with distinct substrate usage patterns like tannic and fumaric acids impacting microbial energy source utilization and diversity. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and diversity indices like McIntosh, Shannon, and Simpson further illustrated significant microbial community shifts over the study period. In conclusion, our findings demonstrate that B. tequilensis PBE-1 is an ideal bio-agent for field application during Fusarium wilt disease management in tomato.

Efficacy of maturase K and rpL20 protein extracted from C. procera leaves on Anophelesstephensi

The present work is carried out to protein isolation, purification, and characterization from leaves, stem, and seed of C. procera and to evaluate the larvicidal potential on Anopheles stephensi. The whole protein was isolated using protein extraction buffer and precipitated by ammonium sulphate and larvicidal active protein was purified by the column chromatography. The homogeneity of larvicidal protein was confirmed by the SDS-PAGE. The identification of protein was done by the HPLC and LC-MS/ESI-MS. The crude protein from leaves showed 100% mortality of 3rd instar larvae of An. stephensi at the concentration of 5.5 mg/ml after 24 h of exposure. The crude protein from stem showed 25% mortality and no mortality observed was observed in seed protein. The leaves crude protein was further purified by ion exchange chromatography and eluted fractions were tested for larvicidal potential. The purified single protein fractions L2 and L3 from C. procera leaves showed 100% mortality at concentration of 0.06 mg/ml. The homogeneity of purified protein was confirmed by SDS-PAGE and two bands of 26 kDa and 15 kDa protein were observed. The peptide sequence "R.SQMLENSFLIENVMKR.L" was identified in the trypsin digested homogenous protein fraction L2 and "R.DRGSQKR.N" peptide sequence in L3 fraction by LC-MS/ESI-MS. The CprL2 peptide showed the sequence similarity with the protein maturase K and CprL3 peptide showed the sequence similarity with ribosomal protein L20 of C. procera. The conserved functional domain was also identified in both the CprL2 and CprL3 peptide. The identified proteins showed strong larvicidal efficacy at very low concentration. The identified proteins are novel and natural larvicidal agents against An. stephensi and hence can be used to control the malaria.

Phenotypic and genetic characterization of unexplored, potential cattle population of Madhya Pradesh

Bawri or Garri, a non-descript cattle population managed under an extensive system in Madhya Pradesh state of India, was identified and characterized both genetically and phenotypically to check whether or not it can be recognised as a breed. The cattle have white and gray colour and are medium sized with 122.5 ± 7.5 cm and 109.45 ± 0.39 cm height at withers in male and female, respectively. Double-digest restriction site associated DNA (ddRAD) sequencing was employed to identify ascertainment bias free SNPs representing the entire genome cost effectively; resulting in calling 1,156,650 high quality SNPs. Observed homozygosity was 0.76, indicating Bawri as a quite unique population. However, the inbreeding coefficient was 0.025, indicating lack of selection. SNPs found here can be used in GWAS and genetic evaluation programs. Considering the uniqueness of Bawri cattle, it can be registered as a breed for its better genetic management.

Comparison of cosmesis, mydriasis, fundus visibility, and anterior chamber depth following single-pass four-throw pupilloplasty in congenital and traumatic iris defects

PURPOSE

To compare postoperative cosmesis, mydriasis, fundus visibility, and anterior chamber depth (ACD) in congenital and traumatic iris defects after single-pass four-throw pupilloplasty (SFTP).

SETTINGS AND DESIGN

Hospital-based non-randomized interventional study.

METHODS

SFTP was done along with phacoemulsification in six patients each with congenital and traumatic iris defects, and the patients were followed for a minimum period of 3 months. The postoperative pupil shape, size, mydriasis, and ACD were compared between the two groups.

RESULTS

Tissue approximation was successful in 11 out of 12 patients (91.7%), whereas it failed to do so in one patient with traumatic iris tear (8.3%). A central round pupil was attained in all six patients with congenital defects (group 1), whereas in the traumatic group (group 2), a central round pupil was attained in four cases. Group 1 did not show a significant reduction in horizontal pupil diameter, but group 2 had a significant reduction in pupil diameter postoperatively. Mydriasis and fundus visibility were satisfactory in all cases. There was a significant deepening of ACD in both groups.

CONCLUSION

Traumatic mydriasis usually requires SFTP at two opposite poles to achieve a central pupil with a significant reduction in pupil size, whereas congenital coloboma requires SFTP to be done at the site of coloboma with occasional enlargement at the opposite pole if the pupil is eccentric.

Performance evaluation of sulfidated nanoscale iron for hexavalent chromium removal from groundwater in sequential batch study

Chromium [Cr] contamination in groundwater is one of the serious environmental concerns due to the carcinogenicity of its water-soluble and mobile hexavalent [Cr(VI)] form. In spite of the existence of multiple precipitation and adsorption-based Cr(VI) remediation technologies, the usage of sulfidated nano zerovalent iron (S-nZVI) has recently attracted researchers due to its high selectivity. Although S-nZVI effectively immobilized Cr(VI), its long-term performance in multiple shifted equilibrium has not been explored. In this contribution, influences of S-nZVI dosage, initial concentration of Cr(VI), pH, ionic strength, total hardness, sulfate, carbonate, and silicate were probed in ultrapure water. Further experiments were performed in synthetic groundwater to investigate the effects of initial concentration of Cr(VI) in the pH range of 4-8 for 1 g L-1 S-nZVI dosage. Cr(VI) removal rate was quantified in groundwater without pH fixation. Finally, a comparative study between conventional nano zerovalent iron (nZVI) and S-nZVI was conducted in sequential batch reactors to investigate their respective efficiencies during repeated usage. Mechanistic interpretation of the processes governing the immobilization of Cr(VI) was done by integrating the results of these experiments with the metadata. While aggregation due to magnetic properties and rapid oxidation of Fe decreased the efficiency of nZVI with repeated usage, sulfidation minimized the passivation and favored an extended reducing environment because of continuous electron transfer from iron and sulfur components.

IGF-1 stabilizes goat sperm mitochondrial transmembrane potential and reduces dna fragmentation

BACKGROUND

Antioxidant present in sperm cells protects them from oxidative damage. However, sperm are more susceptible to peroxidative damages due to the loss of these enzymes during cryopreservation and their survival and fertility may be compromised. Insulin like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) has an antioxidant effect and could maintain sperm motility.

OBJECTIVE

To improve seminal parameters, mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), oxidative status and DNA integrity of buck semen after freeze-thawing by fortification of goat semen diluent with various concentrations of IGF-1.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Fifty ejaculates were collected and were extended with tris- citric acid- fructose diluent with 10% egg yolk and 6% glycerol with sperm concentrations of 1×108 mL-1. Post-cryopreserved sperm were assessed for motility and a range of other functional parameters.

RESULTS

In post-thaw semen sperm motility, live sperm count, acrosome integrity, hypo-osmotic swelling positive spermatozoa, malondialdehyde (MDA), protein carbonyl content (PCC), TUNEL positive sperm differed significantly (P<0.05) with the various concentrations of IGF-1 used. Sperm functional parameters post-thawing were significantly (P<0.05) better in 250 ng/mL IGF-1. IGF-1 protects against lipid peroxidation by lowering MDA and PCC production, thus reducing the harmful effect of reactive oxygen species. The kidding percentage using the artificial insemination technique was significantly higher ( i.e., 40%) in the group supplemented with 250 ng/mL of IGF-1 than in the non-supplemented group (i.e., 30%).

CONCLUSION

IGF-1 may be used to improve post-thaw semen quality and fertility as measured by actual kidding rate. Doi.org/10.54680/fr23610110312.

Base pairs with 5-chloroorotic acid and comparison with the natural nucleobase. Structural and spectroscopic study, and three suggested antiviral modified nucleosides

A structural and spectroscopic study of 5-chloroorotic acid (5-ClOA) biomolecule was carried out by IR and FT-Raman and the results obtained were compared to those achieved in 5-fluoroorotic acid and 5-aminoorotic acid compounds. The structures of all possible tautomeric forms were determined using DFT and MP2 methods. To know the tautomer form present in the solid state, the crystal unit cell was optimized through dimer and tetramer forms in several tautomeric forms. The keto form was confirmed through an accurate assignment of all the bands. For this purpose, an additional improvement in the theoretical spectra was carried out using linear scaling equations (LSE) and polynomic equations (PSE) deduced from uracil molecule. Base pairs with uracil, thymine and cytosine nucleobases were optimized and compared to the natural Watson-Crick (WC) pairs. The counterpoise (CP) corrected interaction energies of the base pairs were also calculated. Three nucleosides were optimized based on 5-ClOA as nucleobase, and their corresponding WC pairs with adenosine. These modified nucleosides were inserted in DNA:DNA and RNA:RNA microhelices, which were optimized. The position of the -COOH group in the uracil ring of these microhelices interrupts the DNA/RNA helix formation. Because of the special characteristic of these molecules they can be used as antiviral drugs.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.

Role of organisms and their enzymes in the biodegradation of microplastics and nanoplastics: A review

Microplastic (MP) and Nanoplastic (NP) contamination have become a critical ecological concern due to their persistent presence in every aspect of the ecosystem and their potentially harmful effects. The current approaches to eradicate these wastes by burning up and dumping adversely impact the environment, while recycling has its own challenges. As a result, applying degradation techniques to eliminate these recalcitrant polymers has been a focus of scientific investigation in the recent past. Biological, photocatalytic, electrocatalytic, and, recently, nanotechnologies have been studied to degrade these polymers. Nevertheless, it is hard to degrade MPs and NPs in the environment, and these degradation techniques are comparatively inefficient and require further development. The recent research focuses on the potential use of microbes to degrade MPs and NPs as a sustainable solution. Therefore, considering the recent advancements in this important research field, this review highlights the utilization of organisms and enzymes for the biodegradation of the MPs and NPs with their probable degradation mechanisms. This review provides insight into various microbial entities and their enzymes for the biodegradation of MPs. In addition, owing to the lack of research on the biodegradation of NPs, the perspective of applying these processes to NPs degradation has also been looked at. Finally, a critical evaluation of the recent development and perspective for future research to improve the effective removal of MPs and NPs in the environment through biodegradation is also discussed.

In-situ fabrication of titanium suboxide-laser induced graphene composites: Removal of organic pollutants and MS2 Bacteriophage

Titanium suboxides (TSO) are identified as a series of compounds showing excellent electro- and photochemical properties. TSO composites with carbon-based materials such as graphene have further improved water splitting and pollutant removal performance. However, their expensive and multi-step synthesis limits their wide-scale use. Furthermore, recently discovered laser-induced graphene (LIG) is a single-step and low-cost fabrication of graphene-based composites. Moreover, LIG's highly electrically conductive surface aids in tremendous environmental applications, including bacterial inactivation, anti-biofouling, and pollutant sensing. Here, we demonstrate the single-step in-situ fabrication of TSO-LIG composite by directly scribing the TiO₂ mixed poly(ether) sulfone sheets using a CO₂ infrared laser. In contrast, earlier composites were derived from either commercial-grade TSO or synthesized TSO with graphene. The characteristic Ti³⁺ peaks in XPS confirmed the conversion of TiO₂ into its sub-stoichiometric form, enhancing the electro-catalytical properties of the LIG-TiO_x composite surface. Electrochemical characterization, including impedance spectroscopy, validated the surface's enhanced electrochemical activity and electrode stability. Furthermore, the LIG-TiO_x composite surfaces were tested for anti-biofouling action and electrochemical application as electrodes and filters. The composite electrodes exhibit enhanced degradation performance for removing emerging pollutant antibiotics ciprofloxacin and methylene blue due to the in-situ hydroxyl radical generation. Additionally, the LIG-TiO_x conductive filters showed the complete 6-log killing of mixed bacterial culture and MS2 phage virus in flow-through filtration mode at 2.5 V, which is ∼2.5-log more killing compared to non-composited LIG filers at 500 Lm^-2h^-1. Nevertheless, these cost-effective LIG-TiO_x composites have excellent electrical properties and can be effectively utilized for energy and environmental applications.

Studies on the breeding potential and entomological indices of dengue vector Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus in the district Ghaziabad of Uttar Pradesh, India

BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVES

The female Aedes mosquito is a vector of many arboviruses-borne diseases. The evidence and information regarding their breeding habitats are vital for implementing appropriate control policies.

METHODS

An entomological survey was done at three sites in Ghaziabad district of Uttar Pradesh, India viz. Indirapuram, Vasundhara, and Vaishali to generate the first boundary line information of breeding sites of Aedes aegypti larvae for the early prevention and control interventions for dengue management.

RESULTS

A total of 2994 containers were checked in 1169 households at the time of the survey for breeding sites of Aedes mosquito during the pre-monsoon, monsoon, and post-monsoon period, out of which 667 containers were found positive in 518 positive households. The total HI, CI, and BI were 44.31, 22.27, and 57.05 respectively. The maximum and minimum breeding indices were found during monsoon and pre-monsoon respectively. The most preferred containers for Aedes breeding were cement tanks for lotus plants in nurseries, drums, and small and large size pots for storage of water and ornamental plants mostly in 8 plant nurseries.

INTERPRETATION & CONCLUSION

Breeding of Aedes was found in nurseries and desert coolers which were the primary breeding containers found during the survey. The containers found positive during surveys were emptied or destroyed with the help of the local community and the breeding status of nurseries was informed to the health authorities of Ghaziabad to take necessary action against the breeding sites of the Aedes mosquitoes.

Spatio-temporal investigation of physico-chemical water quality parameters based on comparative assessment of QUAL 2Kw and WASP model for the upper reaches of Yamuna River stretching from Paonta Sahib, Sirmaur district to Cullackpur, North Delhi districts of North India

An accurate investigation of bio-physical and chemical parameters as proxy of in situ water quality conditions in the Himalayan region is highly challenging owing to cumbersome, strenuous, and physically exhausting sampling exercises at high altitude locations. The upper stretches of Yamuna River in the Himachal Pradesh are typical examples of such sampling locations that have rarely been examined in the past studies. A widely accepted and recognized QUAL 2Kw model is applied for estimating the water quality parameters on the upper segment of the Yamuna River from Paonta Sahib to Cullackpur. These water quality indicators mainly included electric conductivity, pH, dissolved oxygen, temperature, carbonaceous biological oxygen demand (CBOD), inorganic suspended solids, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, and alkalinity, which were systematically investigated for predicting the spatio-temporal trends during the year 2018. A total of 12 distantly located river sites were identified for sample collection and data validation using QUAL 2Kw model. The present investigation attempts to reveal long-term degraded impact of untreated wastewater and biased agricultural practices on the water quality conditions over the upper stretches of Yamuna River. The QUAL 2Kw-derived values for selected variables were inter-compared with in situ values, and any deviation from measured values was ascertained based on meaningful statistical measures. The lower error of RMSE, MRE, and BIAS, corresponding to < 15%, ± 10%., ± 20%, and ~ 1 slope evidently indicated better matchup of values, wherein, higher slope correlation coefficient (R²) of ~ 90% indicated the robust performance of the QUAL 2Kw algorithm in accurately predicting the chosen variables. A comparative assessment of QUAL 2Kw and WASP has been performed to justify aptness of water quality model in scenarios of lean flow.

Design, synthesis, and application of thermally responsive draw solutes for sustainable forward osmosis desalination: A review

Forward osmosis (FO) is an emerging sustainable desalination technology; however, it is not a stand-alone process and requires an additional step to recover the water or regenerate the draw solute (DS), making it energy extensive. Therefore, incorporating inexpensive energy sources for DS regeneration is a viable solution to compete with reverse osmosis desalination technology. Hence, selecting suitable DS and its regeneration became a crucial research focus in FO desalination. Among various DSs reported, thermally responsive DSs (TRDS) provide an opportunity to integrate low-grade energy sources for DS regeneration. Utilizing such inexpensive energy will reduce fossil fuel energy demand, lower the cost of desalination, and minimize the carbon footprint. Hence, this review explores the TRDS for FO-based desalination with its design, synthesis, and applications. The manuscript has discussed the classification and selection criteria for the DSs, and how traditional and new-generation TRDSs are designed and synthesized from cationic and anionic moieties of ionic liquids, hydrogels, and other chemicals. The manuscript has also given importance to design criteria such as osmotic strength, viscosity, toxicity, and thermal stability for TRDSs. Furthermore, a detailed discussion on the FO performance, energy, and economic aspects of TRDSs has been reviewed, along with a discussion on the possible low-grade energy sources for the recovery of TRDS. Finally, the challenges and future directions for TRDSs have been discussed to drive FO toward sustainable desalination technology.

An innovative approach to improve oil production and quality of mustard (Brassica juncea L.) with multi-nutrient-rich polyhalite

Polyhalite popularly known as POLY4 is a multi-nutrient fertiliser containing K, S, Mg, Ca, and micronutrients. POLY4 has a low carbon footprint, is certified for organic agriculture, and has the potential to improve crop productivity and quality attributes Indian mustard which often faces challenges due to imbalanced nutrition supplied in the current fertilisation schedule. The hypothesis of the study was that the multi-nutrient fartiliser POLY4 can ensure balanced nutrition for Indian mustard. Considering this, a field experiment was conducted during the winter seasons of 2017-18 and 2018-19 to evaluate the effect of POLY4 on Indian mustard (Brassica juncea L.) with respect to its yield, quality, and nutrient uptake. POLY4 along with conventional sources of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) was compared to recommended fertilisation practices from conventional sources of N, P, K namely urea, di-ammonium phosphate (DAP), and muriate of potash (KCl). With the application of POLY4, seed yield was significantly improved by about 600 kg ha^-1 compared to NP control (no application of K and S) across the two seasons. Compared to recommended practice of NPK, the yield was increased by about 450 kg ha^-1 with the application of POLY4. Mustard seed oil and protein percent were also improved with the use of POLY4. POLY4 did not have any adverse effect on the content of anti-nutritional factors and improved the omega-3 fatty acid content of mustard oil. Higher uptakes of macro and micronutrients in the crop were also recorded with POLY4 along with an improved soil nutrient status. From the economic point of view, it was also observed that the application of POLY4 resulted in an increment of net returns of USD 45-60 comparing cultivating mustard with the conventional N, P, K, and S fertilizers only. Therefore, the use of POLY4 as a source of multi-nutrient for balanced nutrition helped to increase the efficiency of applied nutrients which ultimately improved the yield and quality of mustard. This study exhibits the pioneer findings of polyhalite (POLY4) based balanced nutrition in Indian mustard.

Laser-induced graphene-based electrochemical biosensors for environmental applications: a perspective

Biosensors are miniaturized devices that provide the advantage of in situ and point-of-care monitoring of analytes of interest. Electrochemical biosensors use the mechanism of oxidation-reduction reactions and measurement of corresponding electron transfer as changes in current, voltage, or other parameters using different electrochemical techniques. The use of electrochemically active materials is critical for the effective functioning of electrochemical biosensors. Laser-induced graphene (LIG) has garnered increasing interest in biosensor development and improvement due to its high electrical conductivity, specific surface area, and simple and scalable fabrication process. The effort of this perspective is to understand the existing classes of analytes and the mechanisms of their detection using LIG-based biosensors. The manuscript has highlighted the potential use of LIG, its modifications, and its use with various receptors for sensing various environmental pollutants. Although the conventional graphene-based sensors effectively detect trace levels for many analytes in different applications, the chemical and energy-intensive fabrication and time-consuming processes make it imperative to explore a low-cost and scalable option such as LIG for biosensors production. The focus of these potential biosensors has been kept on detection analytes of environmental significance such as heavy metals ions, organic and inorganic compounds, fertilizers, pesticides, pathogens, and antibiotics. The use of LIG directly as an electrode, its modifications with nanomaterials and polymers, and its combination with bioreceptors such as aptamers and polymers has been summarized. The strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats analysis has also been done to understand the viability of incorporating LIG-based electrochemical biosensors for environmental applications.

Effect of Laser Parameters on Laser-Induced Graphene Filter Fabrication and Its Performance for Desalination and Water Purification

Laser-induced graphene (LIG) is a low-cost, chemical-free single-step fabrication process and has shown its potential in water treatment, electronics, and sensing. LIG fabrication optimization is mostly explored for dense polyimide (PI) polymers. However, LIG-based filters and membranes for water treatment need to be porous, and additional steps are required to get porous surfaces from PI-based surfaces. Polyethersulfone (PES) porous membranes are cost-effective and are common in water purification as compared to PI; further, the optimization of LIG fabrication on PES-based porous membranes is not explored. So, this study demonstrated the fabrication, optimization, and characterization of LIG with different laser parameters such as power, speed, image density (ID), focusing, laser platforms, and membrane support layer effect on porous PES commercial (UP010) and lab-casted 15% PES (PES15) membranes. The performance of optimized LIG filters was tested for interfacial evaporation (IE)-based desalination in single and stacked layer configuration and water purification applications such as dye removal and disinfection. IE was done in Joule heating (JH) and solar heating (SH) modes, and the UP010-ID7 LIG filter showed the highest JH evaporation rates of ∼1.1, 1.8, and 2.82 kg m^-2 h^-1 in single, double, and triple stacked configurations, respectively. Using a JH IE setup, the best-performing UP010-ID7 LIG filters have also shown ∼100% removal of methylene blue dye from the contaminated water. Furthermore, all LIG filters showed a complete 6-log bacterial inhibition at the 5 V filtration experiments; at 2.5 V, the optimized LIG filters showed a higher removal than the non-optimized filters. Additionally, the LIGs obtained with the aluminum platform were the best quality. This work demonstrates that laser power, ID, platform, and membrane support are critical parameters for the best-performing PES-LIG filters, and they can be effectively utilized to fabricate PES-based LIG porous surfaces for various energy, environmental, and catalysis applications.

Eustachian tube dysfunction in an intensive care unit: A prospective observational study

Background

Eustachain tube (ET) dysfunction can aggravate the morbidity in ICU patients, but is often ignored. In this prospective observational study we followed a cohort of patients (without pre-existing ET dysfunction) requiring in-patient management, hospitalized either to ICU or to non ICU wards, for any development of ET dysfunction during hospitalization.

Methods

Patients requiring hospitalization to ICU or non ICU wards from Dec 2018 to Jun 2019 were included. Those with pre-existing ET dysfunction, disease of ear/nose or sinuses, head neck tumours and history of radiotherapy or glucocorticoid therapy were excluded. All patients were evaluated by serial tympanometry. Type A curve was considered normal while type B, C1 and C2 were considered as ET dysfunction.

Results

There were 385 patients, 258 (67.01%) males and 127 (32.99%) females in the ICU group; while non ICU group comprised 129 patients, 86 (66.67%) males and 43 (33.33%) females. ET dysfunction developed in 107 (27.79%) patients in ICU group, but only in 3 (2.3%) in non ICU group (Relative risk 11.95, 95% CI 3.86 to 36.99, P < 0.0001). Within ICU, ET dysfunction showed significant positive association with endotracheal intubation, Ramsay sedation score and number of days on tracheostomy; but not with age, male gender, number of days in ICU, mechanical ventilation or route of feeding.

Conclusion

Our study demonstrates high incidence of ET dysfunction in patients admitted to ICU.

Magnéli-Phase Ti4O7-Doped Laser-Induced Graphene Surfaces and Filters for Pollutant Degradation and Microorganism Removal

Laser-induced graphene (LIG) has recently become a point of attraction globally as an environmentally friendly method to fabricate graphene foam in a single step using a CO₂ laser. The electrical properties of LIG are studied in different environmental applications, such as bacterial inactivation, antibiofouling, and pollutant sensing. Furthermore, metal or nonmetal doping of graphene enhances its catalytical performance in pollutant degradation and decontamination. Magnéli phase (Ti_nO_2n-1) is a substoichiometric titanium oxide known for its high electrocatalytic behavior and chemical inertness and is being explored as a membrane or electrode material for environmental decontamination. Here, we show the fabrication and characterization of LIG-Magnéli-phase (Ti₄O₇) titanium suboxide composites as electrodes and filters on poly(ether sulfone). Unlike undoped LIG electrodes, the doped Ti₄O₇-LIG electrodes exhibit enhanced electrochemical activity, as demonstrated in electrochemical characterization using cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Due to the in situ generation of hydroxyl radicals on the surface, the doped electrodes exhibit increase in methylene blue degradation and microorganism removal. Effects of voltage and doping were examined, resulting in a clear trend of degradation and decontamination performance proportional to the doping concentration and applied voltage giving the best result at 2.5 V for 10% Ti₄O₇ doping. The LIG-Ti₄O₇ surfaces also showed biofilm inhibition against mixed bacterial culture. The flow-through filtration using a LIG-Ti₄O₇ conductive filter showed complete bacterial killing with 6 log removal in the permeate at 2.5 V, an enhancement of ∼2.5 log compared to undoped LIG filters at a flow rate of ∼500 L m^-2 h^-1. The facile fabrication of Ti₄O₇-doped LIG with enhanced electrochemical properties can be effectively used for energy and environmental applications.

Magnéli phase titanium sub-oxides synthesis, fabrication and its application for environmental remediation: Current status and prospect

Sub-stoichiometric titanium oxide, also called titanium suboxides (TSO), had been a focus of research for many decades with a chemical composition of Ti_nO_2n-1 (n ≥ 1). It has a unique oxygen-deficient crystal structure which provides it an outstanding electrical conductivity and high corrosion resistance similar to ceramic materials. High electrical conductivity and ability to sustain in adverse media make these phases a point of attention for researchers in energy storage and environmental remediation applications. The Magnéli phase-based reactive electroconductive membranes (REM) and electrodes have demonstrated the electrochemical oxidation of pollutants in the water in flow-through and flow by configuration. Additionally, it has also shown its potential for visible light photochemical degradation as well. This review attempts to summarize state of the art in various Magnéli phases materials synthesis routes and their electrochemical and photochemical ability for environmental application. The manuscript introduces the Magnéli phase, its crystal structure, and catalytic properties, followed by the recent development in synthesis methods from diverse titanium sources, notably TiO₂ through thermal reduction. The various fabrication methods for Magnéli phase-base REMs and electrodes have also been summarized. Furthermore, the article discussed the environmental remediations via electrochemical and photochemical advanced oxidation processes. Additionally, the hybrid technology with REMs and electrodes is used to counter membrane biofouling and develop electrochemical sensing devices for the pollutants. The Magnéli phase materials have a bright future for both electrochemical and photochemical advanced oxidation of emerging contaminants in water and wastewater treatment.

Decline in the suitable habitat of dominant Abies species in response to climate change in the Hindu Kush Himalayan region: insights from species distribution modelling

Reliable predictions of future distribution ranges of ecologically important species in response to climate change are required for developing effective management strategies. Here we used an ensemble modelling approach to predict the distribution of three important species of Abies namely, Abies pindrow, Abies spectabilis and Abies densa in the Hindu Kush Himalayan region under the current and two shared socioeconomic pathways (SSP245 and SSP585) and time periods of 2050 and 2090s. A correlative ensemble model using presence/absence data of the three Abies species and 22 environmental variables, including 19 bioclimatic variables and 3 topographic variables, from known distributions was built to predict the potential current and future distribution of these species. The individual models used to build the final ensemble performed well and provided reliable results for both the current and future distribution of all three species. For A. pindrow, precipitation of the driest month (Bio14) was the most important environmental variable with 83.3% contribution to model output while temperature seasonality (Bio4) and annual mean diurnal range (Bio2) were the most important variables for A. spectabilis and A. densa with 48.4% and 46.1% contribution to final model output, respectively. Under current climatic conditions, the ensemble models projected a total suitable habitat of about 433,003 km², 790,837 km² and 676,918 km² for A. pindrow, A. spectabilis and A. densa, respectively, which is approximately 10.36%, 18.91% and 16.91% of the total area of Hindu Kush Himalayan region. Projections of habitat suitability under future climate scenarios for all the shared socioeconomic pathways showed a reduction in potentially suitable habitats with a maximum overall loss of approximately 14% of the total suitable area of A. pindrow under SSP 8.5 by 2090. A decline in total suitable habitat is predicted to be 9.6% in A. spectabilis by 2090 under the SSP585 scenario while in A. densa 6.67% loss in the suitable area is expected by 2050 under the SSP585 scenario. Furthermore, there is no elevational change predicted in the case of A. pindrow while A. spectabilis is expected to show an upward shift by about 29 m per decade and A. densa is showing a downward shift at a rate of 11 m per decade. The results are interesting, and intriguing given the occurrence of these species across the Hindu Kush Himalayan region. Thus, our study underscores the need for consideration of unexpected responses of species to climate change and formulation of strategies for better forest management and conservation of important conifer species, such as A. pindrow, A. spectabilis and A. densa.

Assessment of free radicals and reactive oxygen species milieu in nanoparticles adjuvanted outer membrane proteins vaccine against Salmonella typhi

In this study, calcium phosphate nanoparticles-based (STCNV) and montanide oil adjuvant vaccine (STOAV) containing outer membrane proteins (Omps) of S. Typhi were evaluated for inducing oxidative stress indicators [reduced glutathione (GSH), lipid peroxidation (LPO), catalase, superoxide dismutase (SOD), and total protein] in the tissues of mice after vaccination. The GSH levels though slightly high in the liver, kidney, and lungs of STCNV group were not significantly different from STOAV and the control group (STC). There was no significant difference in LPO levels in any group for any tissue. The significantly lower activities of catalase were observed in the kidney and lungs of the STCNV group as compared to STOAV and STC group, while in the liver, STCNV group revealed lower catalase activity in comparison to the control group. No significant difference in the SOD activities between the two vaccinated groups was observed. The total protein contents in all the organs showed no significant difference in the vaccinated and the control group. The vaccines may induce long-term inflammatory response and consequently damage vital organs; this study revealed no long-term oxidative stress in all the three vital organs, suggesting that these vaccines may not cause oxidative damages in the vital organs of mice.

Base pairs with 4-amino-3-nitrobenzonitrile: comparison with the natural WC pairs. Dimer and tetramer forms, Infrared and Raman spectra, and several proposed antiviral modified nucleosides

Base pairs of 4-amino-3-nitrobenzonitrile (4A-3NBN) molecule with uracil, thymine and cytosine nucleobases were optimized and compared to natural Watson-Crick (WC) pairs. The slightly greater flexibility of the -NO₂ group of 4A-3NBN than the N3-H group of the natural nucleobases together with a noticeable higher dipole moment of its pairs can facilitate disruption of the DNA/RNA helix formation. Several new mutagenic modified nucleosides with 4A-3NBN and 3-amino-2-nitrobenzonitrile (3A-2NBN) were proposed as antiviral prodrugs and their base pairs optimized. The special characteristics of these prodrugs appear appropriated for their clinical use. The counterpoise (CP) corrected interaction energies of the base pairs were calculated and compared to the natural ones. The M06-2X DFT method was used for this purpose. The molecular structure of 4A-3NBN was analyzed in detail and the crystal unit cell was simulated by a tetramer form and eight dimer forms. The performance of the B3LYP, X3LYP and M06-2X methods was tested on the vibrational wavenumbers in the monomer, dimer and tetramer forms of 4A-3NBN. The observed IR and Raman bands were assigned according to the optimum dimer II form determined by B3LYP and by the tetramer form calculated by M06-2X, which is the expected unit cell that forms the crystal net. The two best scaling procedures were used.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.

Calcium phosphate adjuvanted nanoparticles of outer membrane proteins of Salmonella Typhi as a candidate for vaccine development against Typhoid fever

Introduction. The conventional adjuvants used in vaccines have limitations like induction of an imbalanced Th1 and Th2 immune response. To overcome this limitation, novel adjuvants and newer forms of existing adjuvants like calcium phosphate nanoparticles are being tested.Hypothesis/Gap Statement. Calcium phosphate adjuvanted outer membrane proteins vaccine may work as an efficient, safe and cost effective vaccine against Salmonella Typhi.Aim. Our goals were to evaluate the potential of calcium phosphate nanoparticles as an adjuvant using outer membrane proteins (Omps) of Salmonella Typhi as antigens for immune response, with montanide (commercially available adjuvant) as control, and its toxicity in rats.Methodology. Calcium phosphate adjuvanted outer membrane proteins nanoparticles were synthesized and characterized. The efficacy of vaccine formulation in mice and toxicity assay were carried out in rats.Results. The calcium phosphate nanoparticles varying in size between 20-50 nm had entrapment efficiency of 41.5% and loading capacity of 54%. The calcium phosphate nanoparticle-Omps vaccine formulation (nanoparticle-Omps) induced a strong humoral immune response, which was significantly higher than the control group for the entire period of study. In the montanide-Omps group the initial very high immune response declined steeply and then remained steady. The immune response induced by nanoparticle-Omps did not change appreciably. The cell mediated immune response as measured by lymphocyte proliferation assay and delayed type hypersensitivity test showed a higher response (P<0.01) for the nanoparticles-Omps group as compared to montanide-Omps group. The bacterial clearance assay also showed higher clearance in the nanoparticles-Omps group as compared to montanide-Omps group (approx 1.4%). The toxicity analysis in rats showed no difference in the values of toxicity biomarkers and blood chemistry parameters, revealing vaccine formulation was non-toxic in rats.Conclusion. Calcium phosphate nanoparticles as adjuvant in vaccines is safe, have good encapsulation and loading capacity and induce a strong cell mediated, humoral and protective immune response.

Laser-Induced Graphene (LIG) as a Smart and Sustainable Material to Restrain Pandemics and Endemics: A Perspective

A healthy environment is necessary for a human being to survive. The contagious COVID-19 virus has disastrously contaminated the environment, leading to direct or indirect transmission. Therefore, the environment demands adequate prevention and control strategies at the beginning of the viral spread. Laser-induced graphene (LIG) is a three-dimensional carbon-based nanomaterial fabricated in a single step on a wide variety of low-cost to high-quality carbonaceous materials without using any additional chemicals potentially used for antiviral, antibacterial, and sensing applications. LIG has extraordinary properties, including high surface area, electrical and thermal conductivity, environmental-friendliness, easy fabrication, and patterning, making it a sustainable material for controlling SARS-CoV-2 or similar pandemic transmission through different sources. LIG's antiviral, antibacterial, and antibiofouling properties were mainly due to the thermal and electrical properties and texture derived from nanofibers and micropores. This perspective will highlight the conducted research and the future possibilities on LIG for its antimicrobial, antiviral, antibiofouling, and sensing applications. It will also manifest the idea of incorporating this sustainable material into different technologies like air purifiers, antiviral surfaces, wearable sensors, water filters, sludge treatment, and biosensing. It will pave a roadmap to explore this single-step fabrication technique of graphene to deal with pandemics and endemics in the coming future.

Stage specific comparative transcriptomic analysis to reveal gene networks regulating iron and zinc content in pearl millet [Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br.]

Pearl millet is an important staple food crop of poor people and excels all other cereals due to its unique features of resilience to adverse climatic conditions. It is rich in micronutrients like iron and zinc and amenable for focused breeding for these micronutrients along with high yield. Hence, this is a key to alleviate malnutrition and ensure nutritional security. This study was conducted to identify and validate candidate genes governing grain iron and zinc content enabling the desired modifications in the genotypes. Transcriptome sequencing using ION S5 Next Generation Sequencer generated 43.5 million sequence reads resulting in 83,721 transcripts with N₅₀ of 597 bp and 84.35% of transcripts matched with the pearl millet genome assembly. The genotypes having high iron and zinc showed differential gene expression during different stages. Of which, 155 were up-regulated and 251 were down-regulated while during flowering stage and milking stage 349 and 378 transcripts were differentially expressed, respectively. Gene annotation and GO term showed the presence of transcripts involved in metabolic activities associated with uptake and transport of iron and zinc. Information generated will help in gaining insights into iron and zinc metabolism and develop genotypes with high yield, grain iron and zinc content.

Biocatalytic membranes for combating the challenges of membrane fouling and micropollutants in water purification: A review

Over the last few years, the list of water contaminants has grown tremendously due to many anthropogenic activities. Various conventional technologies are available for water and wastewater treatment. However, micropollutants of emerging concern (MEC) are posing a great threat due to their activity at trace concentration and poor removal efficiency by the conventional treatment processes. Advanced technology like membrane technology can remove MEC to some extent. However, issues like the different chemical properties of MEC, selectivity, and fouling of membranes can affect the removal efficiency. Moreover, the concentrate from the membrane filtration may need further treatment. Enzymatic degradation of pollutants and foulants is one of the green approaches for removing various contaminants from the water as well as mitigating membrane fouling. Biocatalytic membranes (BCMs), in which enzymes are immobilized on membranes, combines the advantages of membrane separation and enzymatic degradation. This review article discussed various commonly used enzymes in BCMs for removing MEC and fouling. The majorly used enzymes were oxidoreductases and hydrolases for removing MEC, antifouling, and self-cleaning ability. The various BCM synthesis processes based on entrapment, crosslinking, and binding have been summarized, along with the effects of the addition of the nanoparticles on the performances of the BCMs. The scale-up, commercial viability, challenges, and future direction for improving BCMs have been discussed and shown bright possibilities for these new generation membranes.

Demographic, clinical, and service-use characteristics related to the clinician's recommendation to transition from child to adult mental health services

PURPOSE

The service configuration with distinct child and adolescent mental health services (CAMHS) and adult mental health services (AMHS) may be a barrier to continuity of care. Because of a lack of transition policy, CAMHS clinicians have to decide whether and when a young person should transition to AMHS. This study describes which characteristics are associated with the clinicians' advice to continue treatment at AMHS.

METHODS

Demographic, family, clinical, treatment, and service-use characteristics of the MILESTONE cohort of 763 young people from 39 CAMHS in Europe were assessed using multi-informant and standardized assessment tools. Logistic mixed models were fitted to assess the relationship between these characteristics and clinicians' transition recommendations.

RESULTS

Young people with higher clinician-rated severity of psychopathology scores, with self- and parent-reported need for ongoing treatment, with lower everyday functional skills and without self-reported psychotic experiences were more likely to be recommended to continue treatment. Among those who had been recommended to continue treatment, young people who used psychotropic medication, who had been in CAMHS for more than a year, and for whom appropriate AMHS were available were more likely to be recommended to continue treatment at AMHS. Young people whose parents indicated a need for ongoing treatment were more likely to be recommended to stay in CAMHS.

CONCLUSION

Although the decision regarding continuity of treatment was mostly determined by a small set of clinical characteristics, the recommendation to continue treatment at AMHS was mostly affected by service-use related characteristics, such as the availability of appropriate services.

The Future of Flash Graphene for the Sustainable Management of Solid Waste

Graphene research has steadily increased, and its commercialization in many applications is becoming a reality because of its superior physicochemical properties and advances in synthesis techniques. However, bulk-scale production of graphene still requires large amounts of solvents, electrochemical treatment, or sonication. Recently, a method was discovered to convert bulk quantities of carbonaceous materials to graphene using flash Joule heating (FJH) and, so named, flash graphene (FG). This method can be used to turn various solid wastes containing the prerequisite element carbon into FG. Globally, more than 2 billion tons of municipal solid waste (MSW) are generated every year and, in many municipalities, are becoming unmanageable. The most commonly used waste management methods include recycling, composting, anaerobic digestion, incineration, gasification, pyrolysis, and landfill disposal. However, around 70% of global waste ends up in landfills or open dumps, while the rest is recycled, composted, or incinerated. Even the various waste valorization techniques, such as pyrolysis and gasification, produce some waste residues that have their ultimate destination in landfills. Thus, technologies that can minimize waste volume or convert waste into valuable products are required. The thermal treatment process of FJH for FG production provides both waste volume reduction and valorization in the form of FG. In this Perspective, we provide an overview of FJH and its possible applications in various types of waste conversion/valorization. We describe the typical current MSW management system as well as the potential for creating FG at various stages and propose a schematic plan for the incorporation of FG in MSW management. We also analyze the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats of MSW as an FG precursor in terms of technical, economic, environmental, and social sustainability. This valuable waste valorization and management strategy can help achieve near-zero waste and an economy-boosting MSW management system.

Analysis of ST-elevation myocardial infarction occurring in soldiers during strenous military training

Background

At our tertiary care cardiology center, we are receiving soldiers who sustained acute ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction (STEMI) during the strenuous Battle Field Efficiency Test (BPET) and other such activities.

Methods

This was a single-center observational study to assimilate and analyze the precipitating causes, risk factors, symptoms, and the efficacy of the management protocols in soldiers sustaining STEMI during the BPET or other forms of strenuous military training.

Results

All 25 soldiers with documented STEMI following strenuous military training presented with chest pain as the primary symptom. 88% had symptoms either during or within 1st hour of the strenuous activity. 76% underwent thrombolysis with an angiographic success rate of 95%. Primary PCI was possible in only 3/25 (12%) of the cases, of which 2 (66%) did not require stenting after thrombus aspiration; 88% of soldiers reported "training for the event" for less than four times/week.

Conclusion

STEMI precipitated by strenuous unaccustomed military training have exclusively single vessel affection with an excellent response to thrombolysis and thrombus aspiration. Thus, the timely institution of pharmacological or mechanical revascularization therapy has dramatic results in the preservation of ventricular function. The lack of training for the strenuous event provides strong evidence for comprehensive, graded, physical training prior to strenuous military activities to prevent acute coronary syndromes.

Virus Inactivation in Water Using Laser-Induced Graphene Filters

Interest in the pathogenesis, detection, and prevention of viral infections has increased broadly in many fields of research over the past year. The development of water treatment technology to combat viral infection by inactivation or disinfection might play a key role in infection prevention in places where drinking water sources are biologically contaminated. Laser-induced graphene (LIG) has antimicrobial and antifouling surface effects mainly because of its electrochemical properties and texture, and LIG-based water filters have been used for the inactivation of bacteria. However, the antiviral activity of LIG-based filters has not yet been explored. Here we show that LIG filters also have antiviral effects by applying electrical potential during filtration of the model prototypic poxvirus Vaccinia&nbsp;lister. This antiviral activity of the LIG filters was compared with its antibacterial activity, which showed that higher voltages were required for the inactivation of viruses compared to that of bacteria. The generation of reactive oxygen species, along with surface electrical effects, played a role in the mechanism of virus inactivation. This new property of LIG highlights its potential for use in water and wastewater treatment for the electrochemical disinfection of various pathogenic microorganisms, including bacteria and viruses.

Virus Inactivation in Water Using Laser-Induced Graphene Filters

Interest in the pathogenesis, detection, and prevention of viral infections has increased broadly in many fields of research over the past year. The development of water treatment technology to combat viral infection by inactivation or disinfection might play a key role in infection prevention in places where drinking water sources are biologically contaminated. Laser-induced graphene (LIG) has antimicrobial and antifouling surface effects mainly because of its electrochemical properties and texture, and LIG-based water filters have been used for the inactivation of bacteria. However, the antiviral activity of LIG-based filters has not yet been explored. Here we show that LIG filters also have antiviral effects by applying electrical potential during filtration of the model prototypic poxvirus Vaccinia lister. This antiviral activity of the LIG filters was compared with its antibacterial activity, which showed that higher voltages were required for the inactivation of viruses compared to that of bacteria. The generation of reactive oxygen species, along with surface electrical effects, played a role in the mechanism of virus inactivation. This new property of LIG highlights its potential for use in water and wastewater treatment for the electrochemical disinfection of various pathogenic microorganisms, including bacteria and viruses.

Cigarette smoke-induced changes in the murine vocal folds: a Raman spectroscopic observation

Raman spectroscopic methods are being projected as novel tools to study the early invisible molecular level changes in a label-free manner. In the present study, we have used Raman spectroscopy to explore the earliest biochemical changes in murine vocal folds in response to time-bound cigarette smoke exposure. Mice were exposed to cigarette smoke for 2 or 4-weeks through a customized smoke inhalation system. The larynx was collected and initial evaluations using standard methods of analysis such as histopathology and immunofluorescence was performed. Concurrent unstained sections were used for Raman imaging. Two common pathological features of vocal fold disorders including alterations in collagen content and epithelial hypercellularity, or hyperplasia, were observed. The mean spectra, principal component analysis, and Raman mapping also revealed differences in the collagen content and hypercellularity in the smoke exposed tissues. The differences in 2-week exposed tissues were found to be more prominent as compared to 4-week. This was attributed to adaptive responses and the already reported biphasic effects, which suggest that collagen synthesis is significantly reduced at higher cigarette smoke concentrations. Overall findings of the study are supportive of the prospective application of Raman imaging in monitoring changes due to cigarette smoke in the vocal folds.

Starch molecular configuration and starch-sugar homeostasis: Key determinants of sweet sensory perception and starch hydrolysis in pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum)

Starch-sugar homeostasis and starch molecular configuration regulates the dynamics of starch digestibility which result in sweet sensory perception and eliciting glycemic response, which has been measured in vitro as inherent glycemic potential (IGP). The objective of the research was to understand the key determinants of IGP as well as sweetness in different Pearl millet (PM) genotypes. To understand the intricate balance between starch and sugar, total starch content (TSC) and total soluble sugars (TSS) were evaluated. Higher concentrations of TSC (67.8%), TSS (2.75%), glucose (0.78%) and sucrose (1.68%) were found in Jafarabadi Bajra. Considering the role of compact molecular configuration of starch towards digestibility, X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) analysis was performed. A-type crystallinity with crystallinity degree (CD %) ranged from 53.53-62.63% among different genotypes, where the least CD% (53.53%) was found in Jafarabadi Bajra. In vitro starch hydrolyzation kinetics carried out to determine IGP, revealed a maximum of 77.05% IGP with minimum 1.42% resistant starch (RS) in Jafarabadi Bajra. Overall our results suggest higher sweet sensory perception of Jafarabadi Bajra which is contributed by the matrix composition with least molecular compactness of starch. Also, the interdependence among starch quality parameters; CD%, IGP, RS and amylose has also been discussed.

Status of Beta Defensin-1 and its Effect on Post-thaw Semen Fertility Gene Expression in Indian Goat Breed

BACKGROUND

Defensins are antimicrobial peptides and uniformly spans the entire sperm surface and is not exclusive to a specific domain. Goat β-defensin-1 helps in initiation of motility and capacitation of sperm.

OBJECTIVE

To know the status of β-defensin-1 in blood, semen and its effect on post thaw fertility gene expression in Indian goat breeds.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Semen was extended and divided for estimation of β-defensin-1 and cryopreserved having different concentrations of β-defensin-1.

RESULTS

Bet defensin-1 concentration (pg/mL) in neat semen, sperm pellet and seminal plasma was significantly higher (P< 0.05) in goat breed Barbari followed by Jamunapari and Jakhrana. β-defensing-1 was also high in Jakhrana blood followed by Barbari and Jamunapari. The post thaw motility, live sperm, acrosome intactness and hypo osmotic swelled sperms were significantly higher (P< 0.05) with 10 ng/mL β-defensin in the semen dilutor.

CONCLUSION

Beta defensin (10 ng/mL) in semen dilutor may be used as immuno-modulator to get better post thaw quality suitable for artificial insemination.

Protocol for the development and validation procedure of the managing the link and strengthening transition from child to adult mental health care (MILESTONE) suite of measures

Background

Mental health disorders in the child and adolescent population are a pressing public health concern. Despite the high prevalence of psychopathology in this vulnerable population, the transition from Child and Adolescent Mental Health Services (CAMHS) to Adult Mental Health Services (AMHS) has many obstacles such as deficiencies in planning, organisational readiness and policy gaps. All these factors contribute to an inadequate and suboptimal transition process. A suite of measures is required that would allow young people to be assessed in a structured and standardised way to determine the on-going need for care and to improve communication across clinicians at CAMHS and AMHS. This will have the potential to reduce the overall health economic burden and could also improve the quality of life for patients travelling across the transition boundary. The MILESTONE (Managing the Link and Strengthening Transition from Child to Adult Mental Health Care) project aims to address the significant socioeconomic and societal challenge related to the transition process. This protocol paper describes the development of two MILESTONE transition-related measures: The Transition Readiness and Appropriateness Measure (TRAM), designed to be a decision-making aide for clinicians, and the Transition Related Outcome Measure (TROM), for examining the outcome of transition.

Methods

The TRAM and TROM have been developed and were validated following the US FDA Guidance for Patient-reported Outcome Measures which follows an incremental stepwise framework. The study gathers information from service users, parents, families and mental health care professionals who have experience working with young people undergoing the transition process from eight European countries.

Discussion

There is an urgent need for comprehensive measures that can assess transition across the CAMHS/AMHS boundary. This study protocol describes the process of development of two new transition measures: the TRAM and TROM. The TRAM has the potential to nurture better transitions as the findings can be summarised and provided to clinicians as a clinician-decision making support tool for identifying cases who need to transition and the TROM can be used to examine the outcomes of the transition process.

Trial registration

MILESTONE study registration: ISRCTN83240263 Registered 23-July-2015 - ClinicalTrials.gov NCT03013595 Registered 6 January 2017.

Silver nanoparticles as a potential nematicide against Meloidogyne graminicola

Plant-parasitic nematodes cause severe damage to the various agricultural crops, leading to economic losses for farmers. Therefore, identification and development of novel and environmentally benign nematicides is critically important. In this study, a silver nanoparticle (AgNP) formulation was synthesized, characterized, and investigated as a potential nematicide against rice root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne gramnicola, on rice (Oryza sativa). A series of lab assays (water and sand screening) and glasshouse experiments (using soilless system, autoclaved soil, and naturally infested soil) were conducted to examine the nematicidal effects of AgNP. The results from lab assays revealed 0.1 μg/ml as the minimum concentration for 100% irreversible nematode mortality after 12 hr in the water screening test. However, results from the sand screening test indicated 100% nematicidal effect of AgNP at 2 μg/ml after 24 hr of incubation. In glasshouse assays in soilless system of rice cultivation, 1 μg/ml concentration of AgNP applied directly to the trays achieved significant suppression of root gall formation. The effective dosage to kill nematodes in field soil assays was determined to be 3 μg/ml, which is lower than the value of 150 μg/ml reported in the literature. No visible adverse effect of AgNP was observed on seed germination or plant growth in all the experiments. The results indicate that AgNP has effective nematicidal activity against M. graminicola in rice.

Geopolymerization of solid waste of non-ferrous metallurgy - A review

The growing demand for non-ferrous metals (Aluminium, Copper, Nickle, Lead and Zinc) has grown the non-ferrous metallurgical industry, which generate huge amount of solid waste. Most common method for the disposal of these solid wastes is dumping at sites, which pollutes the soil and water and covers the useful land. Geopolymerization technique can be very helpful for the safe disposal of these solid wastes, which converts the solid wastes into valuable construction materials such as binders, mortar, bricks, paving blocks and concrete etc. However, to commercialize the use of these construction products, some key aspects require detailed examination. Alternative techniques and materials will have to be identified to increase their reactivity in geopolymerization and in-depth knowledge of reaction mechanism, mix design, strength and durability characteristics of resulting geopolymer will have to be studied. The present paper reviews the important studies on geopolymerization of different solid wastes produced from non-ferrous industry. The optimum synthesis parameters such as alkali activators, curing temperature, curing time and molar ratio etc. for the geopolymerization of these solid wastes are reported and exiting gaps and future trends are also discussed.

Association of body mass index and upper arm body composition with depressive symptoms in old age home and family based elderly

The following study was designed to find out the association of the mid-upper arm body composition and body mass index (BMI) with depressive symptoms among the old age home based (group 1) and family based elderly (group 2) subjects. In group 1 elderly males, 51.5% were showing mild depressive symptoms and 17% were showing moderate to severe depressive symptoms. On the other hand, among group 2 elderly males, prevalence of mild depressive symptoms was in 27% and moderate to severe depressive symptoms was in 4.5% of the subjects. Among elderly with and without depressive symptoms, BMI, waist-hip ratio (WHR), arm muscle circumference (AMC), arm muscle area (AMA), arm fat area (AFA), fat mass (FM), muscle mass and bone mass were significantly (p < 0.01) lesser among group 1 as compared to group 2. Among group 1, the AFA (R² change = 0.178), AMC (R² change = 0.035), AMA (R² change = 0.032), FM (R² change = 0.022) and muscle mass (R² change = 0.019) have highest contribution to the variance of depressive symptoms. On the other hand, BMI (R² change = 0.04) and WHR (R² change = 0.03) had the highest, though small, contribution to the variance of depressive symptoms among group 2. The upper arm body composition indices were better indicator of depressive symptoms in group 1, and BMI and WHR were better indicators of depressive symptoms in group 2. Therefore, among group 1 subjects, the upper arm body composition indices prove to be better regular health monitoring indices as compared to traditionally used BMI and WHR.

Identification of early inflammatory changes in the tympanic membrane with Raman spectroscopy

The tympanic membrane (TM) is a dynamic structure that separates the middle ear from the external auditory canal. It is also integral for the transmission of sound waves. In this study, we demonstrate the feasibility of using Raman spectroscopy to identify early chemical changes resulting from inflammation in the TM that can serve as an indicator of acute otitis media. Bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was injected trans-tympanicaly in a murine model. Presence of inflammatory response was assessed with binocular microscopy, confirmed with histopathology and immunofluorescence staining. Successful discrimination suggesting spectral differences among the control and LPS treated groups was achieved using principal component analysis. Raman imaging revealed major differences in collagen distribution and nucleic acid content. Image segmentation analysis on the trichrome stained tissue sections was performed to corroborate the Raman spectra. The spectral co-localization study suggests changes in the expression of collagen IV specific signals in LPS treated samples. The overall findings of the study support prospective application of RS in the diagnosis and therapeutic monitoring of otitis media.

Relationship of foetal number and parity in Barbari goats to plasma profile of caprine pregnancy-associated glycoprotein (caPAG) during gestation and the early postpartum period

This study was conducted to characterise pregnancy-associated glycoprotein (caPAG) in peripheral plasma during gestation and postpartum periods of nulliparous and multiparous does with one or two foetuses using a caPAG specific two-step sandwich ELISA system. Earliest time-points for detection of pregnancy and foetal number with appropriate cut-off values were identified. Plasma samples from 15 pregnant (multiparous: n = 8; nulliparous: n = 7; during pregnancy and postpartum period) and six non-pregnant (during oestrous cycle) goats were collected and analysed. Mean caPAG concentration was greater than the threshold for pregnancy detection (S-N = 0.40) on d22, peaked on d45 and remained unchanged until parturition. From d45 until parturition, caPAG concentration in multiparous does with two foetuses was 1.4 to 1.8 fold greater (P < 0.001) than those with one foetus. For the ELISA, 0.83 (S-N) was the most appropriate cut-off to differentiate does with two from those with a single foetus with an overall sensitivity and accuracy of 88.9% and 84.7%, respectively. Circulating caPAG concentration in multiparous goats was greater (P < 0.05) compared with nulliparous goats during the early pregnancy and postpartum periods. After parturition, caPAG concentrations markedly decreased and were basal within 14 days postpartum. In conclusion, using the caPAG specific ELISA, results indicated there were unique gestational and postpartum profiles for caPAG concentrations that are affected by number of foetuses and parity of the doe. The marked decrease in concentration of caPAG following parturition indicates there would not be compromising of the detection of subsequent pregnancies in goats using this technique.

Ventilatory parameters at rest after months of stay at 3300 m: A comparison between acclimatized lowlanders and natives at Leh

Background

Increased pulmonary ventilation helps lowlanders and natives to maintain arterial oxygenation at high altitudes. Natives of Ladakh have been shown to have similar ventilatory parameters as Tibetans at 3300 m. But there is limited literature comparing these parameters in Ladakhi natives with acclimatized lowland sojourners.

Methods

End-tidal carbon dioxide partial pressure (EtCO₂), blood oxygen saturation (SpO₂) and hemoglobin concentration (Hb) were measured in 276 participants, 126 native highlanders (NHL - 40 females, 86 males) and 150 acclimatized lowlanders (ALL - 60 females, 90 males).

Results

EtCO₂ was greater in the NHL compared to the ALL, (33.8 ± 3.3 vs 31 ± 2.5 mmHg) although SpO₂ was lower (90.9 ± 2.4 vs 91.7 ± 2.3%). When grouped by sex, NHL males had significantly greater EtCO₂ than NHL females, ALL males and ALL females. Hb and calculated arterial oxygen content was similar in Ladakhis and acclimatized lowlanders, although greater in males compared to females. Systemic blood pressure, heart rate and the proportion of hypertensives was significantly greater in the ALL.

Conclusion

Native Ladakhis, have a significantly greater resting EtCO₂ (especially in males) and lower SpO₂ than acclimatized lowlanders. Blood Hb concentration and oxygen content is, however, similar in natives and acclimatized lowlanders of the same sex.

Is it time to revise the acclimatization schedule at high altitude? Evidence from a field trial in Western Himalayas

Background

In Western Himalayas, Indian Army soldiers take 11 days (6 days of acclimatization and 5 days of travel) on a sea-level to high altitude road (SH road) to reach a high altitude location (HAL) situated at an altitude of 11,500 feet from sea-level location (SLL) at an altitude of 1150 feet while following acclimatization schedule (AS). AS has an extra safety margin over the conventional 'mountaineering thumb rule' of not exceeding 500 m sleeping altitude above 3000 m altitude. We carried out this randomised field trial to study the feasibility of moving large number of troops rapidly from SLL to HAL on SH road in western Himalayas in 4 days under pharmaco-prophylaxis.

Methods

Based on the pharmaco-prophylaxis, at SLL 508 healthy lowland soldiers were divided into two groups: 'A' (n = 256) with Acetazolamide + Dexamethasone and 'B' (n = 252) with Acetazolamide + Placebo. They travelled rapidly by road to HAL in 4 days and prevalence of acute mountain sickness (AMS), high altitude pulmonary edema (HAPE) and high altitude cerebral edema (HACE) during the ascent was measured.

Results

Prevalence of AMS was found to be 1.56% and 1.59% in group 'A' and group 'B' respectively during the ascent with no cases of HAPE and HACE.

Conclusion

At least on SH road, troops can be inducted rapidly to HAL from SLL in 4 days under pharmaco-prophylaxis with Acetazolamide with minimal occurrence of acute high altitude illnesses.

In the search of a 'fitness gene': an analysis of ACTN gene polymorphisms in serving soldiers

Background

Genetic polymorphisms in the exon 15 and exon 16 of the ACTN3 gene are believed to be associated with athletic performance. Paratroopers are some of the fittest soldiers in the Indian Armed Forces. This study was taken up to assess if there was a significant difference in the genetic profile between paratroopers and non-paratroopers.

Method

Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) followed by restriction length fragment polymorphism (RFLP) was used to analyse the genetic polymorphisms in the exon 15 and 16 of the ACTN3 gene.

Results

There was a significant difference between paratroopers and non-paratroopers in the polymorphic loci at codon 15 and 16.

Conclusions

The study suggests that there is a significant difference in the genotype between paratroopers and non-paratroopers. It is likely that the differences in muscle fibres as a result of these genotypic changes confer a 'survival advantage'; people with a homozygous genotype are more likely to pass the harsh probation and qualify for the Parachute Regiment.

Indian guidelines on imaging of the small intestine in Crohn's disease: A joint Indian Society of Gastroenterology and Indian Radiology and Imaging Association consensus statement

The Indian Society of Gastroenterology (ISG) Task Force on Inflammatory Bowel Disease and the Indian Radiological and Imaging Association (IRIA) developed combined ISG-IRIA evidence-based best-practice guidelines for imaging of the small intestine in patients suspected to have or having Crohn's disease. The 29 consensus statements, developed through a modified Delphi process, are intended to serve as reference for teaching, clinical practice, and research.