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Yamada A, Takahashi Y, Usami Y, Tamakoshi K. Impact of perineal pain and delivery related factors on interference with activities of daily living until 1 month postpartum: A longitudinal prospective study. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2024; 24:446. [PMID: 38937690 PMCID: PMC11212266 DOI: 10.1186/s12884-024-06618-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Interference with activities of daily living can negatively impact maternal practices both physically and psychologically. This study aimed to explore the patterns of interference with activities of daily living and perineal pain among Japanese women until 1 month postpartum. Furthermore, we aimed to describe how both perineal pain and delivery-related factors were associated with interference with activities of daily living. METHODS This study was part of a larger prospective longitudinal study conducted at five maternity hospitals in Japan. The participants were 293 women who had full-term vaginal deliveries and singleton infants. Participants self-evaluated their perineal pain and interference with activities of daily living using a 100 mm visual analogue scale and 'behaviour that interferes with daily life scale' at day 1, day 5, and 1 month postpartum. We used a linear mixed model to calculate the fixed-effects parameter estimates and their 95% confidence intervals. Interference with activities of daily living, which included difficulty sitting, difficulty moving, and difficulties with excretion and cleanliness, were set as the dependent variables. RESULTS The final analysis included 184 participants with a mean age of 31.5±4.5 years. Perineal pain and the three sub-scales of interference with activities of daily living reduced from day 1 to 5 postpartum, and further from day 5 to 1 month postpartum (perineal pain, p<0.01, p<0.01; difficulty sitting, p<0.01, p<0.01; difficulty moving, p<0.01, p<0.01; difficulties with excretion and cleanliness, p<0.01, p<0.01). These tendencies did not change, even adjusted for independent variables using a mixed model. In the mixed model for follow-up data, perineal pain was a significantly and positively associated with three sub-scales of interference with activities of daily living, even after adjusted for perineal injury and episiotomy. CONCLUSIONS Positive relationships were observed between perineal pain and interference with activities of daily living until 1 month postpartum, although both reduced. To promote maternal role attainment through child-rearing since early postpartum, midwives should pay additional attention to mothers' perineal pain as it could negatively affect their daily life and child-rearing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akiko Yamada
- Former Department of Integrated Health Sciences, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yuki Takahashi
- Department of Integrated Health Sciences, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-20 Daiko-Minami, Higashi-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 461-8673, Japan.
| | - Yurika Usami
- Department of Integrated Health Sciences, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-20 Daiko-Minami, Higashi-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 461-8673, Japan
| | - Koji Tamakoshi
- Department of Integrated Health Sciences, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-20 Daiko-Minami, Higashi-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 461-8673, Japan
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Molin B, Zwedberg S, Berger AK, Sand A, Georgsson S. "The ignored pain" - experiences of encounters with healthcare from the perspective of women with pain persisting after childbirth - a qualitative study. SEXUAL & REPRODUCTIVE HEALTHCARE 2024; 39:100929. [PMID: 38041928 DOI: 10.1016/j.srhc.2023.100929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/04/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Although the prevalence of pain persisting after pregnancy or labour decreases with time, up to 35 % of women report pain 8 months to 12 years after childbirth. To prevent the development and reduce the impact of chronic pain, researchers and clinicians emphasize the importance of early diagnosis as well as timely and appropriate treatment. Previous studies have shown that when women with post-childbirth morbidities consult healthcare professionals during the first year following birth, their problems are often neglected, and they do not receive adequate treatment. OBJECTIVE To explore how women with pain persisting for eight months after childbirth experienced encounters with healthcare. METHODS A descriptive qualitative design with 20 face-to-face, semi-structured interviews. Data were analysed using inductive qualitative content analysis. RESULTS "Pain ignored by healthcare" was identified as an essential theme and included four categories: "Questioned pain experience," "Inadequate pain management," "Lost in healthcare," and "Insufficient postpartum care " CONCLUSION: The women experienced that their pain was often not recognized or adequately treated, but instead ignored or trivialized. Recurring were descriptions of experienced knowledge gaps among the healthcare providers regarding pain and its management. There was an overall desire among women for a well-defined and well-functioning chain of care with better accessibility and scope.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beata Molin
- Department of Health Promoting Science, Sophiahemmet University, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Sofia Zwedberg
- Theme Childreń s & Women's Health, PA Pregnancy Care and Delivery, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Anna Sand
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Susanne Georgsson
- The Swedish Red Cross University, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Clinical Science Intervention and Technology (CLINTEC), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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Horvath B, Kloesel B, Cross SN. Persistent Postpartum Pain - A Somatic and Psychologic Perfect Storm. J Pain Res 2024; 17:35-44. [PMID: 38192367 PMCID: PMC10773244 DOI: 10.2147/jpr.s439463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Persistent postpartum pain is common and has a complex etiology. It has both somatic and psychosocial provoking factors and has both functional and psychological ramifications following childbirth. Pain that limits the functional capacity of a person who has the daunting task to take care of all the demands of managing a growing newborn and infant can have debilitating consequences for several people simultaneously. We will review the incidence of persistent postpartum pain, analyze the risk factors, and discuss obstetric, anesthetic, and psychological tools for prevention and management. Based on the current knowledge, early antenatal screening and management is described as the most likely measure to identify patients at risk for persistent postpartum pain. Such antenatal management should be based on the close collaboration between obstetricians, anesthesiologists, and psychologists to tailor peripartum pain management and psychological support-based individual needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balazs Horvath
- Department of Anesthesiology, St. Vincent’s Medical Center, Bridgeport, CT, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Benjamin Kloesel
- Department of Anesthesiology, Children’s Minnesota Hospital, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Sarah N Cross
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
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Yang J, Li X. A Qualitative Study on Postpartum Women Experienced Various Pain Throughout the Perinatal Period Based on the Thrive Model. Patient Prefer Adherence 2023; 17:3577-3587. [PMID: 38164225 PMCID: PMC10758158 DOI: 10.2147/ppa.s437901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Aim This study aims to thoroughly explore to comprehensively examine the diverse types and subjective experiences of pain in postpartum women throughout perinatal period, aiming to deepen understanding and support the development of precise pain management strategies in nursing care. Design A descriptive qualitative study. Methods Between August and November 2022, postpartum women attending outpatient clinics at a tertiary level A hospital were selected as participants. The study followed the framework of the THRIVE model and utilized a phenomenological method for qualitative research. In-depth semi-structured interviews were conducted with 21 postpartum women, and the data were analyzed using the Colaizzi 7-step analysis method. Results Thematic analysis revealed that different postpartum women exhibited diverse perceptions of their own pain experiences. Three themes were identified to describe the pain encountered by postpartum women: (1) Experiencing pain is complex (including experiencing multiple kinds of pain, individual differences in pain, and pain is variable), (2) Double perceptions of pain (negative effects of pain and positive energy for perceiving pain), and (3) Fighting pain requires active support (active outside support and construct a positive self-coping style). Conclusion This study provides a comprehensive overview of perinatal pain management in postpartum women, offering recommendations for accurate pain understanding and management. Healthcare professionals should be vigilant about maternal pain changes and individual experiences, implement targeted measures and support, aid in alleviating psychological burdens, boost maternal confidence in childbirth, and enhance postpartum quality of life. Patient or Public Contribution In this study, interviews were conducted in the hospital outpatient department, and the participants included in this study participated in the interviews to provide support for the implementation of this subject.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Yang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Nursing, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xue Li
- Department of Nursing, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
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Klootwijk A, Bakx P, Franx A, Bijma H, Ernst-Smelt H, Lamain-de Ruiter M, Posthumus A, van Rijn B. Patient-reported outcome and experience measures for quality improvement in pregnancy and childbirth care: a retrospective cohort study. BMJ Open Qual 2023; 12:bmjoq-2022-001922. [PMID: 36889814 PMCID: PMC10008327 DOI: 10.1136/bmjoq-2022-001922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 03/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) and patient-reported experience measures (PREMs) can highlight issues that remain unnoticed when using standard clinical quality indicators. However, estimations of the potential power of measuring PROMs and PREMs to identify unrecognised areas suitable for quality improvement are often limited by a lack of reliable real-world data. Here, we report on how the indicator set for PROMs and PREMs that was recently developed by the International Consortium for Health Outcome Measures can change perspectives on quality assessment in women receiving care for pregnancy and childbirth. METHODS PROMs and PREMs were captured 6 months after childbirth via an online survey in a single academic maternity unit in the Netherlands between 2018 and 2019. Indicators of abnormality were scored using predefined cut-off values established by a national consensus group. We used regression analysis to identify associations between PROMs, PREMs and healthcare use, and further stratified data to explore the distribution of indicators among relevant patient subgroups. RESULTS Of 2775 questionnaires, 645 were completed and linked to medical health records. Despite only 5% of women reporting overall dissatisfaction with care, suboptimal scores were often found; in birth experience for 32% of the population, and 42% who experienced painful sexual intercourse. Subgroup analysis further revealed associations with relevant indicators of quality of care; inadequate pain relief among women with preterm birth (OR 8.8), pain with sexual intercourse among women undergoing vaginal assisted delivery (OR 2.2) and women living in a deprived area had problematic birth experiences (coefficient -3.2). CONCLUSION Use of PROMs and PREMs in pregnancy and childbirth care provides new insights on quality of care, resulting in potentially actionable targets for improvement not normally identified with standard clinical quality indicators. Implementation strategies and follow-up are needed to act on these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anouk Klootwijk
- Erasmus School of Health Policy and Management, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Pieter Bakx
- Erasmus School of Health Policy and Management, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Arie Franx
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Hilmar Bijma
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Hiske Ernst-Smelt
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marije Lamain-de Ruiter
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Anke Posthumus
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bas van Rijn
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Molin B, Zwedberg S, Berger AK, Sand A, Georgsson S. Disempowering women-a mixed methods study exploring informational support about pain persisting after childbirth and its consequences. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2022; 22:510. [PMID: 35739466 PMCID: PMC9229078 DOI: 10.1186/s12884-022-04841-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Access to information is essential to achieving individual empowerment; meaning the ability to exercise control, manage one’s own condition and make informed decisions. However, studies have shown that information provided to women regarding physiological changes during the postpartum period and postpartum health was inadequate, incorrect, or inconsistent. Methods The aim of this study was to explore informational support about pain persisting after childbirth and its consequences. A sequential explanatory mixed methods design was used. In the first, quantitative phase, 1,171 women, who gave birth eight months earlier, completed a self-administered questionnaire. In the second, qualitative phase, 20 women who experienced chronic pain were interviewed. Descriptive statistics and qualitative content analysis were used to analyse the data. Results The majority of the women did not receive information about pain persisting after childbirth, or the information was insufficient or incorrect. They did not know when and where to seek help and did not consult health care professionals. In addition, the lack of information had a negative impact on women’s psychological well-being. All women expressed the need to be informed by health care professionals, irrespective of the individual risk of developing chronic pain. Conclusions Health services should ensure availability of information to give the women opportunity to achieve empowerment to make good health decisions, increase control over their health and well-being as well as to enhance their self-efficacy. We propose that a booklet or leaflet with relevant information about the risk of developing chronic pain, symptoms and treatment, along with advice about appropriate health care settings should be provided as part of antenatal or postnatal care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beata Molin
- Department of Clinical Science Intervention and Technology (CLINTEC), Division of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, 141 86, Stockholm, Huddinge, Sweden. .,Department of Health Promoting Science, Sophiahemmet University, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Sofia Zwedberg
- Department of Health Promoting Science, Sophiahemmet University, Stockholm, Sweden.,Theme Children's & Women's Health, PA Pregnancy Care and Delivery, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Anna Sand
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Susanne Georgsson
- Department of Clinical Science Intervention and Technology (CLINTEC), Division of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, 141 86, Stockholm, Huddinge, Sweden.,The Swedish Red Cross University, Stockholm, Sweden
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Molin B, Zwedberg S, Berger AK, Sand A, Georgsson S. Grieving over the past and struggling forward - a qualitative study of women's experiences of chronic pain one year after childbirth. Midwifery 2021; 103:103098. [PMID: 34339902 DOI: 10.1016/j.midw.2021.103098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe women's experiences of chronic pain related to childbirth approximately one year after labour. DESIGN A qualitative design with face-to-face interviews analysed using inductive qualitative content analysis. PARTICIPANTS Twenty women who reported chronic pain, with onset during pregnancy and/or following labour, approximately one year after childbirth. FINDINGS The analysis revealed an essential theme, "Grieving over the past and struggling forward", and three categories "Mourning the losses", "Struggling with the present" and "Managing the future". CONCLUSIONS This study provides new knowledge about women's experiences of chronic pain one year after childbirth. The pain severely reduced women´s previous ability to perform physical and social activities, negatively impacted psychological well-being and altered their self-image. Most of the women adopted a positive attitude and hoped for improved health in the future, although constantly struggling with the pain and its consequences. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE This knowledge is particularly important as chronic pain may not diminish with time in predisposed individuals who may need help and support from health professionals in their endeavour to manage their pain. Healthcare providers, i.e. midwives, gynaecologists and general practitioners need to understand women´s experiences of chronic pain from their own perspective to improve identification and treatment of pain following childbirth, thus preventing women's suffering and potential long-term health problems. Future studies are warranted to further explore and discuss women's coping strategies, health seeking behaviour and experiences of health care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beata Molin
- Department of Health Promoting Science, Sophiahemmet University, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Clinical Science Intervention and Technology (CLINTEC), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Sofia Zwedberg
- Department of Health Promoting Science, Sophiahemmet University, Stockholm, Sweden; Theme Children´ s & Women's Health, PA Pregnancy Care and Delivery, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Anna Sand
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Susanne Georgsson
- Department of Clinical Science Intervention and Technology (CLINTEC), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; The Swedish Red Cross University College, Stockholm, Sweden
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