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Deng W, Shen L, Zeng J, Gao J, Luo J, Xu J, Wang Y, He X. Antiproliferative piperidine alkaloids from the leaves of Alocasia macrorrhiza. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2024; 222:114069. [PMID: 38548035 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2024.114069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Revised: 03/17/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/01/2024]
Abstract
Seventeen piperidine alkaloids, including 15 previously undescribed 2-substituted-6-(9-phenylnonyl)-piperidine-3,4-diol alkaloids and a previously undescribed 2-substituted-6-(9-phenylnonyl)-piperidine-3-ol alkaloid, were isolated from the leaves of Alocasia macrorrhiza (L.) Schott. Their planar structures and configurations were elucidated based on HR-ESI-MS, 1D and 2D NMR, Snatzke's method, modified Mosher method, single-crystal X-ray crystallography, as well as quantum chemical calculation. It was found that ΔδH5b-H5a can be used to elucidate the relative configuration of 2,3,4,6-tetrasubstituted piperidine, by analyzing the NMR data of 2-substituted-6-(9-phenylnonyl)-piperidine-3,4-diol. Antiproliferative activity was evaluated for all of the alkaloids, and compounds 6-8 showed considerable inhibitory activity against K562 cell line, with the IC50 values of 17.24 ± 1.62, 19.31 ± 0.9 and 18.77 ± 1.09μM, respectively. Furthermore, compounds 6 and 7 exerted an antiproliferative effect by inducing apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjie Deng
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Liyuan Shen
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Jia Zeng
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China; School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Jianxin Gao
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Jiachun Luo
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Jingwen Xu
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Lead Compounds & Drug Discovery, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yihai Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Lead Compounds & Drug Discovery, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Xiangjiu He
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Lead Compounds & Drug Discovery, Guangzhou 510006, China.
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Cordeiro IH, Lima NM, Scherrer EC, Carli GP, Andrade TDJAS, Castro SBR, de Oliveira MAL, Alves CCS, Carli AP. Metabolic profiling by LC-DAD-MS, FTIR, NMR and CE-UV of polyphenols with potential against skin pigmentation disorder. Nat Prod Res 2023; 37:1386-1391. [PMID: 34821186 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2021.2005051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
In traditional Brazilian medicine, tubers extracts from Alocasia macrorrhizos are widely used in the treatment of skin pigmentation disorder. However, studies that evaluate its benefits in the treatment of this disorder are non-existent. Thus, this work aims to investigate the bioactivity of A. macrorrhizos extracts in cell culture and murine model of Vitiligo and correlating with its phenolic profile. The metabolic profiling from the bioactive extracts was obtained by LC-DAD-MS, FTIR, NMR, and CE-UV. The murine model of Vitiligo was induced with 5% hydroquinone in C57BL/6 male mice, which were treated or not with 100 mg/kg of roasted tuber aqueous extract. In Vitiligo model assay was observed hair follicle repigmentation and reduction of the epidermal layer thickness at the histopathological level, in the animals treated with aqueous extract of roasted tubers. The present study provides new molecular insight and scientific evidence on the potential utility of the extract of A. macrorrhizos against Vitiligo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isac H Cordeiro
- Instituto de Ciência, Engenharia e Tecnologia, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Teófilo Otoni, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Nerilson M Lima
- Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Elaine C Scherrer
- Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Governador Valadares, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Gabriela P Carli
- Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | - Sandra B R Castro
- Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Governador Valadares, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | - Caio Cesar S Alves
- Faculdade de Medicina do Mucuri, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Teófilo Otoni, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Alessandra P Carli
- Instituto de Ciência, Engenharia e Tecnologia, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Teófilo Otoni, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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Xu M, Peng R, Min Q, Hui S, Chen X, Yang G, Qin S. Bisindole natural products: A vital source for the development of new anticancer drugs. Eur J Med Chem 2022; 243:114748. [PMID: 36170798 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2022.114748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Revised: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Currently, the number of new cancer cases and deaths worldwide is increasing year on year. In addition to the requirement for cancer prevention, the top priority is still to seek the effective cure of cancer. In over a half century of constant exploration, increasing attention has been paid to the excellent anticancer activity of natural products, with more and more natural products isolated, identified and detected. For this study, the focus lies the natural products of bisindole, where two indole molecules are indirectly linked or directly polymerized, developing the diversity of structure and mechanism, accompanied with the better anticancer activity than monomers. There has been a long history of applying indirubin and vincristine in cancer treatment, verifying the anticancer effect of bisindoles. Vincribine, midostaurin and other anticancer drugs have also been developed and commercialized. In this paper, a review regarding the potential therapeutic effect of bisindole alkaloids extracted from various natural products was carried out, in which the progress made in research of 242 bisindole alkaloids for cancer treatment was introduced. These compounds may be applicable as medicinal products for clinical research in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengwei Xu
- School of Pharmacy, Xianning Medical College, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, PR China; Hubei Engineering Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine of South Hubei Province, Xianning Medical College, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, PR China
| | - Rui Peng
- School of Pharmacy, Xianning Medical College, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, PR China; Hubei Engineering Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine of South Hubei Province, Xianning Medical College, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, PR China
| | - Qing Min
- School of Pharmacy, Xianning Medical College, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, PR China; Hubei Engineering Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine of South Hubei Province, Xianning Medical College, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, PR China
| | - Siwen Hui
- School of Pharmacy, Xianning Medical College, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, PR China; Hubei Engineering Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine of South Hubei Province, Xianning Medical College, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, PR China; Department of Hepatology, China Military Institute of Chinese Materia, The Fifth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, PR China
| | - Xin Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Xianning Medical College, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, PR China; Hubei Engineering Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine of South Hubei Province, Xianning Medical College, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, PR China
| | - Guang Yang
- The State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Tianjin, PR China.
| | - Shuanglin Qin
- School of Pharmacy, Xianning Medical College, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, PR China; Hubei Engineering Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine of South Hubei Province, Xianning Medical College, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, PR China; Department of Hepatology, China Military Institute of Chinese Materia, The Fifth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, PR China.
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Elsbaey M, Ibrahim MAA, Shawky AM, Miyamoto T. Eryngium creticum L.: Chemical Characterization, SARS-CoV-2 Inhibitory Activity, and In Silico Study. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:22725-22734. [PMID: 35811931 PMCID: PMC9260913 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c02237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Phytochemical investigation of Eryngium creticum L. has resulted in isolation of five compounds, including four compounds that are reported from the plant for the first time. Compound 1 was identified as (E)-rosmarinic acid, meanwhile, compound 2 was isolated as an (E/Z)-rosmarinic acid mixture. Interestingly, the E/Z-isomeric mixture was about 4 times as active as the single E-isomer toward the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 3-chymotrypsin-like protease (3CLpro), IC50 = 6.062 and 25.75 μM, respectively. Utilizing combined molecular docking and molecular dynamics (MD) techniques, the binding affinities and features of the isolated compounds were evaluated against 3CLpro. Compound 2Z demonstrated a higher binding affinity for 3CLpro than 2E , with docking scores of -8.9 and -8.5 kcal/mol and MM-GBSA/150 ns MD binding energies of -26.5 and -22.1 kcal/mol, respectively. This justifies the superior activity of the E/Z-isomeric mixture versus the single E-isomer. Structural and energetic analyses revealed the stability of 2Z and 2E compared to the reference HIV-1 protease inhibitor, lopinavir. Besides, DFT calculations demonstrated the more energetic stability of 2E compared to 2Z , which justifies the difficulty in isolating the Z-isomer in a pure form, where it readily isomerizes to the E-isomer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marwa Elsbaey
- Department
of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura
University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud A. A. Ibrahim
- Computational
Chemistry Laboratory, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Minia University, Minia 61519, Egypt
| | - Ahmed M. Shawky
- Science
and Technology Unit (STU), Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Tomofumi Miyamoto
- Department
of Natural Products Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
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Antiproliferative piperidine alkaloids from giant taro (Alocasia macrorrhiza). Chin J Nat Med 2022; 20:541-550. [DOI: 10.1016/s1875-5364(22)60165-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Arbain D, Sinaga LMR, Taher M, Susanti D, Zakaria ZA, Khotib J. Traditional Uses, Phytochemistry and Biological Activities of Alocasia Species: A Systematic Review. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:849704. [PMID: 35685633 PMCID: PMC9170998 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.849704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The genus Alocasia (Schott) G. Don consists of 113 species distributed across Asia, Southeast Asia, and Australia. Alocasia plants grow in tropical and subtropical forests with humid lowlands. Featuring their large green heart-shaped or arrow-shaped ear leaves and occasionally red-orange fruit, they are very popular ornamental plants and are widely used as traditional medicines to treat various diseases such as jaundice, snake bite, boils, and diabetes. This manuscript critically analysed the distribution, traditional uses, and phytochemical contents of 96 species of Alocasia. The numerous biological activities of Alocasia species were also presented, which include anti-cancer, antidiabetic and antihyperglycaemic, antioxidant, antidiarrhoea, antimicrobial and antifungal, antiparasitic (antiprotozoal and anthelminthic), antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory, brine shrimp lethality, hepatoprotective, anti-hemagglutinin, anti-constipation and diuretic, and radioprotective activities as well as acute toxicity studies. Research articles were acquired by the accessing three scientific databases comprising PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar. For this review, specific information was obtained using the general search term "Alocasia", followed by the "plant species names" and "phytochemical" or "bioactivity" or "pharmacological activity". The accepted authority of the plant species was referred from theplantlist.org. Scientific studies have revealed that the genus is mainly scattered throughout Asia. It has broad traditional benefits, which have been associated with various biological properties such as cytotoxic, antihyperglycaemic, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory. Alocasia species exhibit diverse biological activities that are very useful for medical treatment. The genus Alocasia was reported to be able to produce a strong and high-quality anti-cancer compound, namely alocasgenoside B, although information on this compound is currently limited. Therefore, it is strongly recommended to further explore the relevant use of natural compounds present in the genus Alocasia, particularly as an anti-cancer agent. With only a few Alocasia species that have been scientifically studied so far, more attention and effort is required to establish the link between traditional uses, active compounds, and pharmacological activities of various species of this genus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dayar Arbain
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas 17 Agustus 1945, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | | | - Muhammad Taher
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Kulliyyah of Pharmacy, International Islamic University Malaysia, Kuantan, Malaysia
- Pharmaceutics and Translational Research Group, Kulliyyah of Pharmacy, International Islamic University Malaysia, Kuantan, Malaysia
| | - Deny Susanti
- Department of Chemistry, Kulliyyah of Science, International Islamic University Malaysia, Kuantan, Malaysia
| | - Zainul Amiruddin Zakaria
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia
| | - Junaidi Khotib
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, Airlangga University, Surabaya, Indonesia
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Xu D, Xu Z. Indole Alkaloids with Potential Anticancer Activity. Curr Top Med Chem 2020; 20:1938-1949. [DOI: 10.2174/1568026620666200622150325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Revised: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Indole alkaloids, which are abundant in nature, are a significant source of pharmacologically
active compounds. Indole alkaloids have the potential to exert anticancer activity via various antiproliferative
mechanisms, and some of them, such as Vinblastine and Vincristinem, have already used in clinics
or under clinical evaluations for the treatment of cancers. Therefore, indole alkaloids occupy an important
position in the discovery of novel anticancer agents. This review emphasizes the recent development
of indole alkaloids as potential anticancer agents, their structure-activity relationship, and
mechanisms of action covering the articles published from 2015 to 2020.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Xu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Zhi Xu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang 550025, China
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Zhang Y, Hu C. Anticancer activity of bisindole alkaloids derived from natural sources and synthetic bisindole hybrids. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2020; 353:e2000092. [PMID: 32468606 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.202000092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Revised: 05/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The bisindole moiety, as a versatile pharmacophore, is one of the widespread heterocycles in naturally occurring and synthetic bioactive compounds. The bisindole alkaloids derived from natural sources possess structural and mechanistic diversity, and they were found to be generally more active than monoindole alkaloids against various cancer cell lines. Moreover, some bisindole alkaloids such as the tubulin inhibitors, vinorelbine and vinblastine, have already been approved for cancer therapy, suggesting that bisindole alkaloids are a significant source of anticancer agents and lead hits. Bisindole hybrids have the potential to overcome drug resistance, enhance efficiency, and reduce severe side effects. The bisindole-lactam hybrid midostaurin has already been approved for the treatment of adult patients with newly diagnosed acute myeloid leukemia who are FLT3 mutation-positive, highlighting the importance of bisindole hybrids in the development of novel anticancer agents. In this review, we present a brief account of the bisindole alkaloids derived from nature and of synthetic hybrids with potential anticancer activity developed in the recent 10 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Zhang
- Department of Oncology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Chunhong Hu
- Department of Oncology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
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Khalivulla SI, Mohammed A, Sirajudeen KNS, Shaik MI, Ye W, Korivi M. Novel Phytochemical Constituents and Anticancer Activities of the Genus, Typhonium. Curr Drug Metab 2020; 20:946-957. [PMID: 31744445 DOI: 10.2174/1389200220666191118102616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Revised: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Typhonium is the largest genus in the Araceae family (~70 species), distributed in South Asia, Southeast Asia and Australia. Typhonium is well-known for its ethnopharmacological uses, and Southeast Asians consider it as an alternative medicine to treat cancer. This review elucidated the confirmed chemical structures of the isolated compounds of Typhonium and emphasized on their anticancer activities against various human cancer cells. METHODS Among several species, Typhonium blumei, T. flagelliforme, T. divaricatum and T. giganteum were extensively studied due to the presence of a class of secondary metabolites. All the available reports on Typhonium were included and discussed in this article. RESULTS Until now several groups of compounds, namely amino acids (1, 2), cinnamic acid (3), fatty acids (4-14), glycerol derivatives (15-18) and cerebrosides (19-34), flavonoids (35), hydantoins (36-38), lignin monomers (39-44), nucleobases (45-48), pheophorbides (49-52), phthalate (53), terpene and steroids (54-59) and vitamins (60, 61) were isolated and characterized from Typhonium. These phytochemicals were investigated for their anticancer properties, and results confirmed the promising growth inhibitory effect and anticancer activities against human lung, breast, prostate and colon cancer cells. The anticancer activity of these compounds appears to be mediated through the induction of apoptotic cell death. These phytochemicals further reported to exhibit other pharmacological efficacies, including anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antiviral, anti-allergic, neuroprotective and hepato-protective properties. CONCLUSION This is the first review to summarize the anticancer properties of all isolated compounds of Typhonium genus with confirmed chemical structures. Further advanced studies are necessary to establish the detailed signaling pathways that are involved in the anticancer property of the compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaik I Khalivulla
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UCSI University, Cheras 56000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Arifullah Mohammed
- Faculty of Agro-Based Industry, Universiti Malaysia Kelantan, Jeli 17600, Kelantan, Malaysia.,Institute of Food Security and Sustainable Agriculture (IFSSA), Universiti Malaysia Kelantan, Jeli 17600, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Kuttulebbai N S Sirajudeen
- Department of Chemical Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian 16150, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Mannur I Shaik
- School of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Kuala Terengganu 21030, Malaysia
| | - Weibing Ye
- Exercise and Metabolism Research Center, College of Physical Education and Health Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua City 321004, Zhejiang, China
| | - Mallikarjuna Korivi
- Exercise and Metabolism Research Center, College of Physical Education and Health Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua City 321004, Zhejiang, China
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Huang W, Yi X, Feng J, Wang Y, He X. Piperidine alkaloids from Alocasia macrorrhiza. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2017; 143:81-86. [PMID: 28780427 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2017.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2017] [Revised: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 07/28/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Six previously undescribed piperidine alkaloids were isolated from the rhizomes of Alocasia macrorrhiza (L.) Schott. Their structures were elucidated based on 1D and 2D NMR, IR, HR-ESI-MS spectroscopic analysis and the application of a modified Mosher method. All isolated alkaloids were evaluated for cytotoxicity against five human cancer cell lines (CNE-1, Detroit 562, Fadu, MGC-803, and MCF-7) using the MTT method. Only one compound exhibited cytotoxic effects against Detroit 562, Fadu, and MCF-7 cell lines with IC50 values less than 10 μM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjie Huang
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Lead Compounds & Drug Discovery, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Xiaomin Yi
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Lead Compounds & Drug Discovery, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Jianying Feng
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Lead Compounds & Drug Discovery, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yihai Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Lead Compounds & Drug Discovery, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Xiangjiu He
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Lead Compounds & Drug Discovery, Guangzhou 510006, China.
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