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Han W, Liu F, Muhammad M, Liu G, Li H, Xu Y, Sun S. Application of biomacromolecule-based passive penetration enhancement technique in superficial tumor therapy: A review. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 272:132745. [PMID: 38823734 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.132745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2023] [Revised: 05/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/03/2024]
Abstract
Transdermal drug delivery (TDD) has shown great promise in superficial tumor therapy due to its noninvasive and avoidance of the first-pass effect. Especially, passive penetration enhancement technique (PPET) provides the technical basis for TDD by temporarily altering the skin surface structure without requiring external energy. Biomacromolecules and their derived nanocarriers offer a wide range of options for PPET development, with outstanding biocompatibility and biodegradability. Furthermore, the abundant functional groups on biomacromolecule surfaces can be modified to yield functional materials capable of targeting specific sites and responding to stimuli. This enables precise drug delivery to the tumor site and controlled drug release, with the potential to replace traditional drug delivery methods and make PPET-related personalized medicine a reality. This review focuses on the mechanism of biomacromolecules and nanocarriers with skin, and the impact of nanocarriers' surface properties of nanocarriers on PPET efficiency. The applications of biomacromolecule-based PPET in superficial tumor therapy are also summarized. In addition, the advantages and limitations are discussed, and their future trends are projected based on the existing work of biomacromolecule-based PPET.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiqiang Han
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Fengyu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, No. 2 Linggong Road, Ganjingzi District, Dalian 116023, China.
| | - Mehdi Muhammad
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Guoxin Liu
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Hongjuan Li
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Yongqian Xu
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Shiguo Sun
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China; Shenzhen Research Institute, Northwest A&F University, Shenzhen 518000, China.
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2
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Bin Jardan YA, Ahad A, Raish M, Al-Jenoobi FI. Preparation and Characterization of Transethosome Formulation for the Enhanced Delivery of Sinapic Acid. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:2391. [PMID: 37896151 PMCID: PMC10609874 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15102391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Sinapic acid (SA) is a bioactive phenolic acid; its diverse properties are its anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anticancer, and antibacterial activities. The bioactive compound SA is poorly soluble in water. Our goal was to formulate SA-transethosomes using thin-film hydration. The prepared formulations were examined for various parameters. In addition, the optimized formulation was evaluated for surface morphology, in-vitro penetration studies across the Strat M®, and its antioxidant activity. The optimized formulation (F5) exhibited 74.36% entrapment efficacy. The vesicle size, zeta potential, and polydispersity index were found to be 111.67 nm, -7.253 mV, and 0.240, respectively. The surface morphology showed smooth and spherical vesicles of SA-transethosomes. In addition, the prepared SA-transethosomes exhibited enhanced antioxidant activity. The SA-transethosomes demonstrated considerably greater penetration across the Strat M® membrane during the study. The flux of SA and SA-transethosomes through the Strat M® membrane was 1.03 ± 0.07 µg/cm2/h and 2.93 ± 0.16 µg/cm2/h. The enhancement ratio of SA-transethosomes was 2.86 ± 0.35 compared to the control. The SA-transethosomes are flexible nano-sized vesicles and are able to penetrate the entrapped drug in a higher concentration. Hence, it was concluded that SA-transethosome-based approaches have the potential to be useful for accentuating the penetrability of SA across the skin.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Abdul Ahad
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
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Nikolić I, Simić M, Pantelić I, Stojanović G, Antić Stanković J, Marković B, Savić S. Chemical vs. Physical Methods to Improve Dermal Drug Delivery: A Case Study with Nanoemulsions and Iontophoresis. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14061144. [PMID: 35745717 PMCID: PMC9229366 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14061144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2022] [Revised: 05/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
So far, various approaches have been proposed to improve dermal drug delivery. The use of chemical penetration enhancers has a long history of application, while methods based on the electrical current (such as iontophoresis) stand out as promising “active” techniques. Aiming to evaluate the contribution of different approaches to dermal delivery, in this work curcumin-loaded nanoemulsions with and without monoterpenes (eucalyptol or pinene) as chemical penetration enhancers, and a custom-made adhesive dermal delivery system based on iontophoresis were designed and assessed. In an in vivo study applying skin bioengineering techniques, their safety profile was proven. Three examined iontophoresis protocols, with total skin exposure time of 15 min (continuous flow for 15 min (15-0); 3 min of continuous flow and 2 min pause (3-2; 5 cycles) and 5 min of continuous flow and 1 min pause (5-1; 3 cycles) were equally efficient in terms of the total amount of curcumin that penetrated through the superficial skin layers (in vivo tape stripping) (Q3-2 = 7.04 ± 3.21 μg/cm2; Q5-1 = 6.66 ± 2.11 μg/cm2; Q15-0 = 6.96 ± 3.21 μg/cm2), significantly more efficient compared to the referent nanoemulsion and monoterpene-containing nanoemulsions. Further improvement of an efficient mobile adhesive system for iontophoresis would be a practical contribution in the field of dermal drug application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ines Nikolić
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Cosmetology, University of Belgrade—Faculty of Pharmacy, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (I.N.); (I.P.); (S.S.)
| | - Mitar Simić
- Department of Electronics, University of Novi Sad—Faculty of Technical Sciences, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia; (M.S.); (G.S.)
| | - Ivana Pantelić
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Cosmetology, University of Belgrade—Faculty of Pharmacy, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (I.N.); (I.P.); (S.S.)
| | - Goran Stojanović
- Department of Electronics, University of Novi Sad—Faculty of Technical Sciences, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia; (M.S.); (G.S.)
| | - Jelena Antić Stanković
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Belgrade—Faculty of Pharmacy, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia;
| | - Bojan Marković
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Belgrade—Faculty of Pharmacy, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +381-11-3951-341
| | - Snežana Savić
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Cosmetology, University of Belgrade—Faculty of Pharmacy, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (I.N.); (I.P.); (S.S.)
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4
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Adin SN, Gupta I, Ali A, Aqil M, Mujeeb M, Sultana Y. Investigation on utility of some novel terpenes on transungual delivery of fluconazole for the management of onychomycosis. J Cosmet Dermatol 2022; 21:5103-5110. [PMID: 35390220 DOI: 10.1111/jocd.14978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Onychomycosis, the most prevailing affliction of the nail, accounts for approximately 90% of the toenail infection worldwide. Owing to this infection, the affected patients experience reduced quality of their life as its awful appearance undermines their daily activities and social interactions. Onychomycosis is notoriously strenuous to cure. Systemic therapy, though effective, possess severe complication of toxicities, contra-indication, and drug-drug interaction. Albeit topical therapy is favorable to its localized effect, its potency relates to the effective concentration of the antifungal drugs achieved at the infection site. An approach to accomplish this goal would be acquiring benefits from the terpenes as penetration enhancers from natural sources. This investigation aimed to study the effectiveness of six terpenes, namely safranal, lavandulol, rose oxide, 3-methyl-2-butene-1-ol, linalool, and limonene, as potential penetration enhancers for improved nail permeation of fluconazole through the human nail. METHODS Ex vivo permeation experiments were carried out by soaking the nail clippings of human volunteers in control and working solutions containing fluconazole (5 mg/ml) per se and fluconazole (5 mg/ml) with 6% of each terpene, including safranal, lavandulol, rose oxide, 3-methyl-2-butene-1-ol, linalool, and limonene, respectively, for 48 hours. The amount of fluconazole in nail clippings was quantified using an HPLC method. RESULTS Statistical analysis showed that fluconazole transungual permeation was influenced by the studied terpenes in the following order: safranal > lavandulol acetate > limonene > rose oxide (P-value > 0.05) while the other terpenes showed no significant difference with the control group and safranal represents as the most effective permeation enhancer for the transungual delivery of fluconazole. CONCLUSION It is concluded that the safranal can be successfully used as a safe and potential permeation enhancer to enhance the transungual delivery of fluconazole for the treatment of onychomycosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syeda Nashvia Adin
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi-110062
| | - Isha Gupta
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi-110062
| | - Asad Ali
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi-110062
| | - Mohd Aqil
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi-110062
| | - Mohd Mujeeb
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi-110062
| | - Yasmin Sultana
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi-110062
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5
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Chen J, Bian J, Hantash BM, Albakr L, Hibbs DE, Xiang X, Xie P, Wu C, Kang L. Enhanced skin retention and permeation of a novel peptide via structural modification, chemical enhancement, and microneedles. Int J Pharm 2021; 606:120868. [PMID: 34242628 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.120868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Hyperpigmentation is a common skin condition with serious psychosocial consequences. Decapeptide-12, a novel peptide, has been found to be safer than hydroquinone in reducing melanin content, with efficacy up to more than 50% upon 16 weeks of twice-daily treatment. However, the peptide suffers from limited transcutaneous penetration due to its hydrophilicity and high molecular weight. Therefore, decapeptide-12 was modified by adding a palmitate chain in an attempt to overcome this limitation. Molecular docking results showed that the two peptides exhibited similar biological activity towards tyrosinase. We also tested the effect of chemical penetration enhancers and microneedles to deliver the two peptides into and through skin, using an in vitro human skin permeation method. It was shown that the palm-peptide achieved the best skin retention owing to the increased lipophilicity. In addition, skin permeation of the palm-peptides was enhanced by the chemical skin penetration enhancers, namely, oleic acid and menthol. Skin permeation of the native peptide was enhanced by the microneedle patch but not the chemical skin penetration enhancers. Cutaneous absorption of the palm-peptides was estimated to have achieved its therapeutic concentration within skin. The combinatory approach of using molecular modification, chemical penetration enhancement, and microneedle patch proves to be useful to enhanceskin permeation of the peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jungen Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, JS 210009, China
| | - Junxing Bian
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Basil M Hantash
- Escape Therapeutics Inc., 3800 Geer Road, Suite 200, Turlock, CA 95382, USA
| | - Lamyaa Albakr
- Department of Pharmaceutics, King Saud University, 11454 Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - David E Hibbs
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Xiaoqiang Xiang
- School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Peng Xie
- School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China; China State Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Chunyong Wu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, JS 210009, China.
| | - Lifeng Kang
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
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Hoda Q, Aqil M, Ahad A, Imam SS, Praveen A, Qadir A, Iqbal Z. Optimization of valencene containing lipid vesicles for boosting the transungual delivery of itraconazole. 3 Biotech 2021; 11:137. [PMID: 33708461 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-020-02497-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The objective of the present study was to prepare valencene (sesquiterpene) containing invasomes for itraconazole (ITZ) transungual delivery using central composite design. The phospholipid (X 1) and valencene (X 2) were selected as an independent variables, while vesicles size (Y 1), entrapment efficiency (Y 2) and in vitro drug release (Y 3) were chosen as dependent variables. The antifungal activity of optimized formulation was screened against Trichophyton rubrum, a common causative onychomycosis pathogen, by cup plate method. The optimized ITZ-loaded invasomes formulation presented vesicles size of 176.8 ± 6.03 nm, entrapment efficiency of 83.21 ± 4.11% and in vitro drug release of 75.22 ± 5.03%. The ITZ-loaded invasomes gel formulation showed good homogeneity, pH 6.5 ± 0.23, viscosity 7.33 ± 0.67 Pa s and drug content 94.13 ± 1.13%. The spreadability and extrudability of developed ITZ-loaded invasomes gel were found to be 7.85 ± 0.24 gcm/s and 162 ± 2.74 g, respectively. The ITZ-loaded invasomes gel presented 71.11 ± 3.65% cumulative permeation of drug via goat hooves. The in vitro antifungal activity depicted that the ITZ-loaded invasomes gel and marketed preparation were presented zone of inhibition of 21.42 mm and 10.64 mm against T. rubrum respectively. Hence the prepared ITZ-loaded invasomes formulation could therefore be a promising topical dosage to mitigate the indications and hasten the cure for onychomycosis than conventional available therapies.
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7
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Korkmaz E, Balmert SC, Carey CD, Erdos G, Falo LD. Emerging skin-targeted drug delivery strategies to engineer immunity: A focus on infectious diseases. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2021; 18:151-167. [PMID: 32924651 PMCID: PMC9355143 DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2021.1823964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Infectious pathogens are global disrupters. Progress in biomedical science and technology has expanded the public health arsenal against infectious diseases. Specifically, vaccination has reduced the burden of infectious pathogens. Engineering systemic immunity by harnessing the cutaneous immune network has been particularly attractive since the skin is an easily accessible immune-responsive organ. Recent advances in skin-targeted drug delivery strategies have enabled safe, patient-friendly, and controlled deployment of vaccines to cutaneous microenvironments for inducing long-lived pathogen-specific immunity to mitigate infectious diseases, including COVID-19. AREAS COVERED This review briefly discusses the basics of cutaneous immunomodulation and provides a concise overview of emerging skin-targeted drug delivery systems that enable safe, minimally invasive, and effective intracutaneous administration of vaccines for engineering systemic immune responses to combat infectious diseases. EXPERT OPINION In-situ engineering of the cutaneous microenvironment using emerging skin-targeted vaccine delivery systems offers remarkable potential to develop diverse immunization strategies against pathogens. Mechanistic studies with standard correlates of vaccine efficacy will be important to compare innovative intracutaneous drug delivery strategies to each other and to existing clinical approaches. Cost-benefit analyses will be necessary for developing effective commercialization strategies. Significant involvement of industry and/or government will be imperative for successfully bringing novel skin-targeted vaccine delivery methods to market for their widespread use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emrullah Korkmaz
- Department of Dermatology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA,Department of Bioengineering, Swanson School of Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Stephen C. Balmert
- Department of Dermatology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Cara Donahue Carey
- Department of Dermatology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Geza Erdos
- Department of Dermatology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Louis D. Falo
- Department of Dermatology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA,Department of Bioengineering, Swanson School of Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA,UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA,Clinical and Translational Science Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA,The McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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Uchida N, Yanagi M, Hamada H. Physical Enhancement? Nanocarrier? Current Progress in Transdermal Drug Delivery. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 11:335. [PMID: 33525364 PMCID: PMC7911274 DOI: 10.3390/nano11020335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
A transdermal drug delivery system (TDDS) is a method that provides drug adsorption via the skin. TDDS could replace conventional oral administration and blood administration because it is easily accessible. However, it is still difficult to design efficient TDDS due to the high barrier property of skin covered with stratum corneum, which inhibits the permeation of drug molecules. Thus far, TDDS methods by applying physical stimuli such as microneedles and chemical stimuli such as surfactants have been actively developed. However, it has been hard to avoid inflammation at the administration site because these methods partially destroy the skin tissue. On the other hand, TDDS with nanocarriers minimizing damage to the skin tissues has emerged together with the development of nanotechnology in recent years. This review focuses on current trends in TDDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriyuki Uchida
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Nakacho, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan
- RIKEN Center for Emergent Matter Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Masayoshi Yanagi
- Department of Life Science, Faculty of Science, Okayama University of Science, 1-1 Ridai Kita, Okayama 700-0005, Japan;
| | - Hiroki Hamada
- Department of Life Science, Faculty of Science, Okayama University of Science, 1-1 Ridai Kita, Okayama 700-0005, Japan;
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Zhang K, Zhao Y, Wang L, Zhao L, Liu X, He S. NIR-responsive transdermal delivery of atenolol based on polyacrylamide-modified MoS2 nanoparticles. INORG CHEM COMMUN 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.inoche.2020.108277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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10
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Kovács A, Kis N, Budai-Szűcs M, Gácsi A, Csányi E, Csóka I, Berkó S. QbD-Based Investigation of Dermal Semisolid in situ Film-Forming Systems for Local Anaesthesia. Drug Des Devel Ther 2020; 14:5059-5076. [PMID: 33239865 PMCID: PMC7680691 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s279727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of our research work was to develop dermally applicable, lidocaine hydrochloride (LID-HCl)-containing semisolid in situ film-forming systems (FFSs) using the Quality by Design (QbD) approach to increase drug permeation into the skin. METHODS Silicones were used to improve the properties of formulations and to increase the permeation through the skin. The QbD approach was applied to ensure quality-based development. With initial risk assessment, the critical material attributes (CMAs) and the critical process parameters (CPPs) were identified to ensure the required critical quality attributes (CQAs). RESULTS During the initial risk assessment, four high-risk CQAs, namely in vitro drug release, in vitro drug permeation, drying properties, and mechanical properties, and three medium-risk CQAs, namely pH, viscosity, and film appearance were identified and investigated. Moreover, four high-risk CMAs were also considered during the formulation: permeation enhancing excipients, drying excipients, film-forming excipients, and emollients. During the experiments, LID-HCl influenced these critical parameters highly, thereby reducing the drying time. The formulation containing 25% silicone showed the best mechanical properties (49 mN skin adhesion, 20.3% film flexibility, 1.27 N film burst strength), which could predict better patient adherence. In addition, in vitro permeation studies showed that formulation containing 50% silicone has the fastest permeation rate. The flux of diffused API was 6.763 µg/cm2/h, which is much higher compared to the silicone-free formulation (1.5734 µg/cm2/h), and it can already be observed in the lower part of the dermis in 0.5 hour. CONCLUSION Our results show that LID-HCl has great influence on the critical parameters of FFSs. The silicone content can improve the applicability of formulations and has a favorable effect on the permeation rate of LID-HCl into the skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita Kovács
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology and Regulatory Affairs, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Szeged, Szeged6720, Hungary
| | - Nikolett Kis
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology and Regulatory Affairs, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Szeged, Szeged6720, Hungary
| | - Mária Budai-Szűcs
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology and Regulatory Affairs, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Szeged, Szeged6720, Hungary
| | - Attila Gácsi
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology and Regulatory Affairs, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Szeged, Szeged6720, Hungary
| | - Erzsébet Csányi
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology and Regulatory Affairs, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Szeged, Szeged6720, Hungary
| | - Ildikó Csóka
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology and Regulatory Affairs, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Szeged, Szeged6720, Hungary
| | - Szilvia Berkó
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology and Regulatory Affairs, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Szeged, Szeged6720, Hungary
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11
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Zhang K, Zhuang Y, Li J, Liu X, He S. Poly(Acrylic Acid)-Modified MoS 2 Nanoparticle-Based Transdermal Delivery of Atenolol. Int J Nanomedicine 2020; 15:5517-5526. [PMID: 32801703 PMCID: PMC7414933 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s257906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Hypertension is a major health problem worldwide and is typically treated using oral drugs. However, the frequency of oral administration may result in poor patient compliance, and reduced bioavailability owing to the first-pass effect can also prove problematic. Methods In this study, we developed a new transdermal-drug-delivery system (TDDS) for the treatment of hypertension using atenolol (ATE) based on poly(acrylic acid) (PAA)-decorated three-dimensional (3D) flower-like MoS2 nanoparticles (PAA-MoS2 NPs) that respond to NIR laser irradiation. The PAA-modified MoS2 NPs were synthesized and characterized using attenuated total reflection Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction measurements, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, dynamic light scattering, and the sedimentation equilibrium method. The drug-loading efficiency and photothermal conversion effect were also explored. Results The results showed that the colloidally stable PAA-MoS2 NPs exhibited a high drug-loading capacity of 54.99% and high photothermal conversion ability. Further, the capacity of the PAA-MoS2 NPs for controlled release was explored using in vitro drug-release and skin-penetration studies. The drug-release percentage was 44.72 ± 1.04%, and skin penetration was enhanced by a factor of 1.85 in the laser-stimulated group. Sustained and controlled release by the developed TDDS were observed with laser stimulation. Moreover, in vivo erythema index analysis verified that the PAA-MoS2 NPs did not cause skin irritation. Discussion Our findings demonstrate that PAA-MoS2 NPs can be used as a new carrier for transdermal drug delivery for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Zhang
- College of Science and Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, Cangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanling Zhuang
- College of Humanities and Management, Hebei Agricultural University, Cangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiwen Li
- College of Science and Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, Cangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaochang Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang, People's Republic of China.,Translational Medicine Research Centre, Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Shaoheng He
- Translational Medicine Research Centre, Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
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12
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Development of ibuprofen-loaded solid lipid nanoparticle-based hydrogels for enhanced in vitro dermal permeation and in vivo topical anti-inflammatory activity. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2020.101758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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13
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Lin X, Wang Z, Ou H, Mitragotri S, Chen M. Correlations Between Skin Barrier Integrity and Delivery of Hydrophilic Molecules in the Presence of Penetration Enhancers. Pharm Res 2020; 37:100. [PMID: 32436083 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-020-02800-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE We investigated the potential correlations between skin barrier integrity and hydrophilic drugs distribution in skin in the presence of different types of penetration enhancers (PEs) and their combinations. METHODS We measured skin conductivity to evaluate skin barrier integrity before and after the topical application of different chemical PEs, physical PE, peptide PE and their combinations in vitro. We also investigated their effect on the skin distribution profiles of two hydrophilic model drugs, Fluorescein sodium (376 Da) and Fluorescein isothiocyanate-dextrans 10 (10 KDa). RESULTS The physical PE significantly increased the skin conductivity compared to all other PEs, while the peptide PE had no effect on it. The drug deposition in different skin layers was not only dependent on PE applied but also its own molecular weight. We further found two excellent correlations: one (R2 = 0.9388) between skin barrier integrity and total skin absorption of FNa and another one(R2 = 0.9212) between skin barrier integrity and the deposition of FNa in dermis and receptor in presence of chemical or physical PEs and their combinations. CONCLUSIONS The total skin absorption or the deposition in dermis and receptor of small hydrophilic drug in the presence of chemical and physical PEs and their combinations show a good correlation with skin barrier integrity. However, such correlations hold true neither for large hydrophilic drug nor for peptide PE. All good relationships found in this work will allow screening suitable PEs or combinations by measuring the skin conductivity induced by corresponding PEs. Graphical Abstract The total skin absorption of small hydrophilic drug shows a good correlation with skin barrier integrity in the presence of chemical and physical penetration enhancers and their combinations. However, such a correlation hold true neither for large hydrophilic drug nor for peptide penetration enhancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- XueKe Lin
- State-Province Joint Engineering Laboratory of Marine Bioproducts and Technology, Department of Marine Biological Science & Technology, College of Ocean & Earth Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - ZhenHua Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, 362000, China
| | - HuiLong Ou
- State-Province Joint Engineering Laboratory of Marine Bioproducts and Technology, Department of Marine Biological Science & Technology, College of Ocean & Earth Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Samir Mitragotri
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02138, USA
| | - Ming Chen
- State-Province Joint Engineering Laboratory of Marine Bioproducts and Technology, Department of Marine Biological Science & Technology, College of Ocean & Earth Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean & Earth Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China.
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Uchida N, Yanagi M, Hamada H. Size-Tunable Paclitaxel Nanoparticles Stabilized by Anionic Phospholipids for Transdermal Delivery Applications. Nat Prod Commun 2020. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x19900684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Composite nanoparticles composed of an anionic phospholipid of 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphorylglycerol (DPPG) and paclitaxel (PTX) were successfully prepared by mixing them in water followed by a subsequent heating/cooling process. The size of DPPG-PTX nanoparticle could be easily tuned by ultrasonic fragmentation. Upon addition of small-sized fluorescently labeled paclitaxel (FLPTX) nanoparticles with DPPG (DPPG-FLPTX) to rat skin tissue, part of the FLPTX molecules permeated to the stratum corneum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriyuki Uchida
- RIKEN Center for Emergent Matter Science, Wako, Saitama, Japan
| | - Masayoshi Yanagi
- Department of Life Science, Faculty of Science, Okayama University of Science, Kita-ku, Japan
| | - Hiroki Hamada
- Department of Life Science, Faculty of Science, Okayama University of Science, Kita-ku, Japan
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Kováčik A, Kopečná M, Vávrová K. Permeation enhancers in transdermal drug delivery: benefits and limitations. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2020; 17:145-155. [PMID: 31910342 DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2020.1713087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Introduction: Transdermal drug delivery has several clinical benefits over conventional routes of drug administration. To open the transdermal route for a wider range of drugs, including macromolecules, numerous physical and chemical techniques to overcome the natural low skin permeability have been developed.Areas covered: This review focuses on permeation enhancers (penetration enhancers, percutaneous absorption promoters or accelerants), which are chemicals that increase drug flux through the skin barrier. First, skin components, drug permeation pathways, and drug properties are introduced. Next, we discuss properties of enhancers, their various classifications, structure-activity relationships, mechanisms of action, reversibility and toxicity, biodegradable enhancers, and synergistic enhancer combinations.Expert opinion: Overcoming the remarkable skin barrier properties in an efficient, temporary and safe manner remains a challenge. High permeation-enhancing potency has long been perceived to be associated with toxicity and irritation potential of such compounds, which has limited their further development. In addition, the complexity of enhancer interactions with skin, formulation and drug, along with their vast chemical diversity hampered understanding of their mechanisms of action. The recent development in the field revealed highly potent yet safe enhancers or enhancer combinations, which suggest that enhancer-aided transdermal drug delivery has yet to reach its full potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrej Kováčik
- Skin Barrier Research Group, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Monika Kopečná
- Skin Barrier Research Group, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Kateřina Vávrová
- Skin Barrier Research Group, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
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Nikolic I, Mitsou E, Pantelic I, Randjelovic D, Markovic B, Papadimitriou V, Xenakis A, Lunter DJ, Zugic A, Savic S. Microstructure and biopharmaceutical performances of curcumin-loaded low-energy nanoemulsions containing eucalyptol and pinene: Terpenes' role overcome penetration enhancement effect? Eur J Pharm Sci 2019; 142:105135. [PMID: 31682974 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2019.105135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Revised: 09/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this work was to develop low-energy nanoemulsions for enhanced dermal delivery of curcumin, using monoterpene compounds eucalyptol (EUC) and pinene (PIN) as chemical penetration enhancers. Spontaneous emulsification was the preparation method. All formulations contained 10% of the oil phase (medium-chain triglycerides (MCT), or their mixture with EUC or PIN). Formulations were stabilized by the combination of polysorbate 80 and soybean lecithin (surfactant-to-oil-ratio=1). Concentration of curcumin was set to 3 mg/ml. Average droplet diameter of all tested formulations ranged from 102 nm to 132 nm, but the ones containing monoterpenes had significantly smaller size compared to the MCT formulation. Such finding was profoundly studied through electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy, which proved that the presence of monoterpenes modified the nanoemulsions' interfacial environment, resulting in droplet size reduction. The release study of curcumin (using Franz cells) demonstrated that the cumulative amount released after 6 h of the experiment was 10.1 ± 0.2% for the MCT nanoemulsions, 13.9 ± 0.1% and 14.0 ± 0.2% for PIN and EUC formulations, respectively. In vivo tape stripping revealed their performances in delivering curcumin into the skin, indicating the following order: EUC>MCT>PIN. The formulation with EUC was clearly the most successful, giving the highest cumulative amount of curcumin that penetrated per surface unit: 34.24±5.68 µg/cm2. The MCT formulation followed (30.62±2.61 µg/cm2) and, finally, the one with PIN (21.61±0.11 µg/cm2). These results corelated with curcumin's solubility in the chosen oils: 4.18±0.02 mg/ml for EUC, 1.67±0.04 mg/ml for MCT and 0.21±0.01 mg/ml for PIN. Probably, higher solubility in the oil phase of the nanoemulsion promoted curcumin's solubility in the superficial skin layers, providing enhanced penetration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ines Nikolic
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Cosmetology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe 450, Belgrade 11221, Serbia
| | - Evgenia Mitsou
- Institute of Chemical Biology, National Hellenic Research Foundation, Athens 11635, Greece
| | - Ivana Pantelic
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Cosmetology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe 450, Belgrade 11221, Serbia
| | - Danijela Randjelovic
- Institute of Chemistry, Technology and Metallurgy, Department of Microelectronic Technologies, University of Belgrade, Belgrade 11000, Serbia
| | - Bojan Markovic
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Belgrade 11221, Serbia
| | | | - Aristotelis Xenakis
- Institute of Chemical Biology, National Hellenic Research Foundation, Athens 11635, Greece
| | - Dominique Jasmin Lunter
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology, Eberhard-Karls University, Tübingen D-72076, Germany
| | - Ana Zugic
- Institute for Medicinal Plant Research "Dr Josif Pančić", Belgrade 11000, Serbia
| | - Snezana Savic
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Cosmetology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe 450, Belgrade 11221, Serbia.
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Jain S, Khare P, Date T, Katiyar SS, Kushwah V, Katariya MK, Swami R. Mechanistic insights into high permeation vesicle-mediated synergistic enhancement of transdermal drug permeation. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2019; 14:2227-2241. [DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2018-0519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: To design a nanocarrier platform for enhanced transdermal drug permeation. Materials & methods: Gel-based high permeation vesicles (HPVs) were developed and their performance in terms of transdermal flux improvement, in vitro release and skin irritancy was assessed. The mechanistic insights of permeation enhancement were explored using confocal laser scanning microscopy, ATR-FTIR, DSC and P31 NMR. Results: HPVs exhibited as vesicles with uniform size (∼150 nm), extended drug-release profile (∼48 h) and improved transdermal flux. HPVs were also nontoxic and nonirritant to skin. Enhanced vesicle deformability, improved vesicle membrane fluidity and synergistic permeation enhancement action of synergistic combination of permeation enhancer components was found to be responsible for HPV-mediated permeation enhancement. Conclusion: Overall, the study established that HPVs demonstrate a promising therapeutic advantage over conventional transdermal drug carriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanyog Jain
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Centre for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education & Research (NIPER), Sector 67, S.A.S. Nagar (Mohali), Punjab 160062, India
| | - Pragati Khare
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Centre for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education & Research (NIPER), Sector 67, S.A.S. Nagar (Mohali), Punjab 160062, India
| | - Tushar Date
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Centre for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education & Research (NIPER), Sector 67, S.A.S. Nagar (Mohali), Punjab 160062, India
| | - Sameer S Katiyar
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Centre for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education & Research (NIPER), Sector 67, S.A.S. Nagar (Mohali), Punjab 160062, India
| | - Varun Kushwah
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Centre for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education & Research (NIPER), Sector 67, S.A.S. Nagar (Mohali), Punjab 160062, India
| | - Mahesh K Katariya
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Centre for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education & Research (NIPER), Sector 67, S.A.S. Nagar (Mohali), Punjab 160062, India
| | - Rajan Swami
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Centre for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education & Research (NIPER), Sector 67, S.A.S. Nagar (Mohali), Punjab 160062, India
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18
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Waheed A, Aqil M, Ahad A, Imam SS, Moolakkadath T, Iqbal Z, Ali A. Improved bioavailability of raloxifene hydrochloride using limonene containing transdermal nano-sized vesicles. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2019.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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19
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Bakshi P, Jiang Y, Nakata T, Akaki J, Matsuoka N, Banga AK. Formulation Development and Characterization of Nanoemulsion-Based Formulation for Topical Delivery of Heparinoid. J Pharm Sci 2018; 107:2883-2890. [DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2018.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2018] [Revised: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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20
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Fahmy AM, El-Setouhy DA, Ibrahim AB, Habib BA, Tayel SA, Bayoumi NA. Penetration enhancer-containing spanlastics (PECSs) for transdermal delivery of haloperidol: in vitro characterization, ex vivo permeation and in vivo biodistribution studies. Drug Deliv 2018; 25:12-22. [PMID: 29219628 PMCID: PMC6058714 DOI: 10.1080/10717544.2017.1410262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Haloperidol (Hal) is one of the widely used antipsychotic drugs. When orally administered, it suffers from low bioavailability due to hepatic first pass metabolism. This study aimed at developing Hal-loaded penetration enhancer-containing spanlastics (PECSs) to increase transdermal permeation of Hal with sustained release. PECSs were successfully prepared using ethanol injection method showing reasonable values of percentage entrapment efficiency, particle size, polydispersity index and zeta potential. The statistical analysis of the ex vivo permeation parameters led to the choice of F1L – made of Span® 60 and Tween® 80 at the weight ratio of 4:1 along with 1% w/v Labrasol® – as the selected formula (SF). SF was formulated into a hydrogel by using 2.5% w/v of HPMC K4M. The hydrogel exhibited good in vitro characteristics. Also, it retained its physical and chemical stability for one month in the refrigerator. The radiolabeling of SF showed a maximum yield by mixing of 100 µl of diluted formula with 50 µl saline having 200 MBq of 99mTc and containing 13.6 mg of reducing agent (NaBH4) and volume completed to 300 µl by saline at pH 10 for 10 min as reaction time. The biodistribution study showed that the transdermal 99mTc-SF hydrogel exhibited a more sustained release pattern and longer circulation duration with pulsatile behavior in the blood and higher brain levels than the oral 99mTc-SF dispersion. So, transdermal hydrogel of SF may be considered a promising sustained release formula for Hal maintenance therapy with reduced dose size and less frequent administration than oral formula.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdurrahman M Fahmy
- a Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy , Cairo University , Cairo , Egypt
| | - Doaa Ahmed El-Setouhy
- a Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy , Cairo University , Cairo , Egypt
| | - Ahmed B Ibrahim
- b Labeled Compounds Department , Hot Lab. Center, Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority , Cairo , Egypt
| | - Basant A Habib
- a Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy , Cairo University , Cairo , Egypt
| | - Saadia A Tayel
- a Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy , Cairo University , Cairo , Egypt
| | - Noha A Bayoumi
- b Labeled Compounds Department , Hot Lab. Center, Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority , Cairo , Egypt
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Ramkanth S, Chetty CM, Sudhakar Y, Thiruvengadarajan V, Anitha P, Gopinath C. Development, characterization & invivo evaluation of proniosomal based transdermal delivery system of Atenolol. FUTURE JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fjps.2017.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
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22
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Mechanistic insights of the enhancement effect of sorbitan monooleate on olanzapine transdermal patch both in release and percutaneous absorption processes. Eur J Pharm Sci 2017; 107:138-147. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2017.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Revised: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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23
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Ahad A, Al-Saleh AA, Al-Mohizea AM, Al-Jenoobi FI, Raish M, Yassin AEB, Alam MA. Pharmacodynamic study of eprosartan mesylate-loaded transfersomes Carbopol ® gel under Dermaroller ® on rats with methyl prednisolone acetate-induced hypertension. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 89:177-184. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.01.164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2016] [Revised: 01/29/2017] [Accepted: 01/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
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Zhao Q, Dai C, Fan S, Lv J, Nie L. Synergistic efficacy of salicylic acid with a penetration enhancer on human skin monitored by OCT and diffuse reflectance spectroscopy. Sci Rep 2016; 6:34954. [PMID: 27721398 PMCID: PMC5056361 DOI: 10.1038/srep34954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Salicylic acid (SA) has been frequently used as a facial chemical peeling agent (FCPA) in various cosmetics for facial rejuvenation and dermatological treatments in the clinic. However, there is a tradeoff between therapeutic effectiveness and possible adverse effects caused by this agent for cosmetologists. To optimize the cosmetic efficacy with minimal concentration, we proposed a chemical permeation enhancer (CPE) azone to synergistically work with SA on human skin in vivo. The optical properties of human skin after being treated with SA alone and SA combined with azone (SA@azone) were successively investigated by diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS) and optical coherence tomography (OCT). Our results revealed that as the SA concentration increased, the light reflectance decreased and the absorption increased. We also found that SA@azone exhibited a synergistic effect on enhancing light penetration and OCT imaging depth. We demonstrated that the combination of DRS and OCT techniques could be used as a noninvasive, rapid and accurate measurement method to monitor the subtle changes of skin tissue after treatment with FCPA and CPE. The approach will greatly benefit the development of clinical cosmetic surgery, dermatosis diagnosis and therapeutic effect inspection in related biomedical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingliang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics & Center for Molecular Imaging and Translational Medicine, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Cuixia Dai
- College of Physics, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai 201418, China
| | - Shanhui Fan
- College of Life Information Science and Instrument Engineering, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310018, China
| | - Jing Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics & Center for Molecular Imaging and Translational Medicine, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Liming Nie
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics & Center for Molecular Imaging and Translational Medicine, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
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Kuznetsova EG, Ryzhikova VA, Salomatina LA, Sevastianov VI. TRANSDERMAL DRUG DELIVERY AND METHODS TO ENHANCE IT. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF TRANSPLANTOLOGY AND ARTIFICIAL ORGANS 2016. [DOI: 10.15825/1995-1191-2016-2-152-162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The paper presents the common methods employed in recent years for enhancing transdermal delivery of drug substances when applying transdermal therapeutic delivery systems. The chemical, physical and mechanical methods to enhance the transport of macromolecular compounds through the skin are considered in details.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. G. Kuznetsova
- V.I. Shumakov Federal Research Center of Transplantology and Artificial Organs, Moscow
| | - V. A. Ryzhikova
- V.I. Shumakov Federal Research Center of Transplantology and Artificial Organs, Moscow
| | - L. A. Salomatina
- V.I. Shumakov Federal Research Center of Transplantology and Artificial Organs, Moscow
| | - V. I. Sevastianov
- V.I. Shumakov Federal Research Center of Transplantology and Artificial Organs, Moscow
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26
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Lima PSS, Lucchese AM, Araújo-Filho HG, Menezes PP, Araújo AAS, Quintans-Júnior LJ, Quintans JSS. Inclusion of terpenes in cyclodextrins: Preparation, characterization and pharmacological approaches. Carbohydr Polym 2016; 151:965-987. [PMID: 27474645 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2016.06.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2016] [Revised: 06/08/2016] [Accepted: 06/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Terpenes constitute the largest class of natural products and are important resources for the pharmaceutical, food and cosmetics industries. However, due to their low water solubility and poor bioavailability there has been a search for compounds that could improve their physicochemical properties. Cyclodextrins (natural and derived) have been proposed for this role and have been complexed with different types of terpenes. This complexation has been demonstrated by using analytical techniques for characterizing complexes such as DSC, NMR, XRD, FTIR, and TGA. The formation of inclusion complexes has been able to improve drug characteristics such as bioavailability, solubility and stability; and to enhance biological activity and efficacy. This review shows strong experimental evidence that cyclodextrins improve the pharmacological properties of terpenes, and therefore need to be recognized as being possible targets for clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pollyana S S Lima
- Post-Graduate Program in Biotechnology, State University of Feira de Santana, Feira de Santana, BA, Brazil
| | - Angélica M Lucchese
- Post-Graduate Program in Biotechnology, State University of Feira de Santana, Feira de Santana, BA, Brazil
| | - Heitor G Araújo-Filho
- Post-Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, SE, Brazil
| | - Paula P Menezes
- Post-Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, SE, Brazil
| | - Adriano A S Araújo
- Post-Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, SE, Brazil
| | | | - Jullyana S S Quintans
- Post-Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, SE, Brazil.
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Design, formulation and optimization of novel soft nano-carriers for transdermal olmesartan medoxomil delivery: In vitro characterization and in vivo pharmacokinetic assessment. Int J Pharm 2016; 505:147-58. [PMID: 27005906 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2016.03.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2016] [Revised: 03/16/2016] [Accepted: 03/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Olmesartan is a hydrophobic antihypertensive drug with a short biological half-life, and low bioavailability, presents a challenge with respect to its oral administration. The objective of the work was to formulate, optimize and evaluate the transdermal potential of novel vesicular nano-invasomes, containing above anti-hypertensive agent. To achieve the above purpose, soft carriers (viz. nano-invasomes) of olmesartan with β-citronellene as potential permeation enhancer were developed and optimized using Box-Behnken design. The physicochemical characteristics e.g., vesicle size, shape, entrapment efficiency and skin permeability of the nano-invasomes formulations were evaluated. The optimized formulation was further evaluated for in vitro drug release, confocal microscopy and in vivo pharmacokinetic study. The optimum nano-invasomes formulation showed vesicles size of 83.35±3.25nm, entrapment efficiency of 65.21±2.25% and transdermal flux of 32.78±0.703 (μg/cm(2)/h) which were found in agreement with the predicted value generated by Box-Behnken design. Confocal laser microscopy of rat skin showed that optimized formulation was eventually distributed and permeated deep into the skin. The pharmacokinetic study presented that transdermal nano-invasomes formulation showed 1.15 times improvement in bioavailability of olmesartan with respect to the control formulation in Wistar rats. It was concluded that the response surfaces estimated by Design Expert(®) illustrated obvious relationship between formulation factors and response variables and nano-invasomes were found to be a proficient carrier system for transdermal delivery of olmesartan.
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Aqil M, Kamran M, Ahad A, Imam SS. Development of clove oil based nanoemulsion of olmesartan for transdermal delivery: Box–Behnken design optimization and pharmacokinetic evaluation. J Mol Liq 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2015.12.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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29
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Qadri GR, Ahad A, Aqil M, Imam SS, Ali A. Invasomes of isradipine for enhanced transdermal delivery against hypertension: formulation, characterization, and in vivo pharmacodynamic study. ARTIFICIAL CELLS NANOMEDICINE AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 2016; 45:139-145. [PMID: 26829018 DOI: 10.3109/21691401.2016.1138486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Context Isradipine is an effective calcium channel blocker used in the management of hypertension. It undergoes extensive first pass metabolism and has low oral bioavailability. Hence we attempted to develop isradipine-loaded invasomes. Objective The purpose of this work was to prepare and characterize invasomes carrier for isradipine, and to evaluate the optimized formulation obtained for pharmacodynamic study. Materials and methods Isradipine-loaded invasomes were prepared by conventional thin layer evaporation technique using Phospholipon® 90G, β-citronellene (terpene) and ethanol. Prepared formulations were characterized in terms of size, size distribution, morphology, entrapment efficiency, and antihypertensive activity. Results and discussion It was observed that prepared isradipine-loaded invasomes delivers ameliorated flux, reasonable entrapment efficiency, and more effectiveness for transdermal delivery. The optimized formulation presented the particle size of 194 ± 18 nm, entrapment efficiency (88.46%), and attained mean transdermal flux of 22.80 ± 2.10 μg/cm2/h through rat skin. Confocal laser scanning microscopy revealed an enhanced permeation of Rhodamine-Red-loaded isradipine invasomes to the deeper layers of the rat skin. During antihypertensive study, the treatment group showed a substantial and constant decrease in blood pressure, for up to 24 h. The isradipine invasomes formulation was found to be effective, with a 20% reduction in blood pressure by virtue of better permeation through Wistar rat skin. Conclusion It was concluded that the developed isradipine invasomes accentuate the transdermal flux and the results obtained encouraged the use of the isradipine-loaded invasomes as the formulation for the potential management of hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gauhar R Qadri
- a Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy , Jamia Hamdard (Hamdard University) , New Delhi , India
| | - Abdul Ahad
- b Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy , King Saud University , Riyadh , Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohd Aqil
- a Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy , Jamia Hamdard (Hamdard University) , New Delhi , India
| | - Syed S Imam
- c Glocal School of Pharmacy, Glocal University , Saharanpur , Uttar Pradesh , India
| | - Asgar Ali
- a Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy , Jamia Hamdard (Hamdard University) , New Delhi , India
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Ahad A, Aqil M, Ali A. The application of anethole, menthone, and eugenol in transdermal penetration of valsartan: Enhancement and mechanistic investigation. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2015; 54:1042-51. [PMID: 26510896 PMCID: PMC11132634 DOI: 10.3109/13880209.2015.1100639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2015] [Accepted: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT The main barrier for transdermal delivery is the obstacle property of the stratum corneum. Many types of chemical penetration enhancers have been used to breach the skin barrier; among the penetration enhancers, terpenes are found as the most highly advanced, safe, and proven category. OBJECTIVE In the present investigation, the terpenes anethole, menthone, and eugenol were used to enhance the permeation of valsartan through rat skin in vitro and their enhancement mechanism was investigated. MATERIALS AND METHODS Skin permeation studies of valsartan across rat skin in the absence and the presence of terpenes at 1% w/v, 3% w/v, and 5% w/v in vehicle were carried out using the transdermal diffusion cell sampling system across rat skin and samples were withdrawn from the receptor compartment at 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, and 24 h and analysed for drug content by the HPLC method. The mechanism of skin permeation enhancement of valsartan by terpenes treatment was evaluated by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). RESULTS All the investigated terpenes provided a significant (p < 0.01) enhancement in the valsartan flux at a concentration of 1%, and less so at 3% and 5%. The effectiveness of terpenes at 1% concentration was in the following order: anethole > menthone > eugenol with 4.4-, 4.0-, and 3.0-fold enhancement ratio over control, respectively. DSC study showed that the treatment of stratum corneum with anethole shifted endotherm down to lower melting point while FTIR studies revealed that anethole produced maximum decrease in peak height and area than other two terpenes. CONCLUSION The investigated terpenes can be successfully used as potential enhancers for the enhancement of skin permeation of lipophilic drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul Ahad
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohd. Aqil
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jamia Hamdard (Hamdard University), New Delhi, India
| | - Asgar Ali
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jamia Hamdard (Hamdard University), New Delhi, India
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Goindi S, Kaur R, Kaur R. An ionic liquid-in-water microemulsion as a potential carrier for topical delivery of poorly water soluble drug: Development, ex-vivo and in-vivo evaluation. Int J Pharm 2015; 495:913-23. [PMID: 26456294 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2015.09.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2015] [Revised: 09/28/2015] [Accepted: 09/30/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, we report an ionic liquid-in-water (IL/w) microemulsion (ME) formulation which is able to solubilize etodolac (ETO), a poorly water soluble drug for topical delivery using BMIMPF6 (1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate) as IL, Tween 80 as surfactant and ethanol as co-surfactant. The prepared ME was characterized for physicochemical parameters, subjected to ex-vivo permeation studies as well as in-vivo pharmacodynamic evaluation. The ex-vivo drug permeation studies through rat skin was performed using Franz-diffusion cell and the IL/w based ME showed maximum mean cumulative percent permeation of 99.030±0.921% in comparison to oil-in-water (o/w) ME (61.548±1.875%) and oily solution (48.830±2.488%) of ETO. In-vivo anti-arthritic and anti-inflammatory activities of the prepared formulations were evaluated using different rodent models and the results revealed that ETO loaded IL/w based ME was found to be more effective in controlling inflammation than oily solution, o/w ME and marketed formulation of ETO. Histopathological studies also demonstrated that IL/w based ME caused no anatomical and pathological changes in the skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shishu Goindi
- University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UGC-Centre for Advanced Studies, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India.
| | - Ramanpreet Kaur
- University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UGC-Centre for Advanced Studies, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India
| | - Randeep Kaur
- University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UGC-Centre for Advanced Studies, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India
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Ahad A, Al-Saleh AA, Akhtar N, Al-Mohizea AM, Al-Jenoobi FI. Transdermal delivery of antidiabetic drugs: formulation and delivery strategies. Drug Discov Today 2015; 20:1217-27. [DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2015.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2015] [Revised: 05/17/2015] [Accepted: 06/10/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Ali A, Kumar N, Ahad A, Aqil M, Sultana Y. Enhanced delivery of diclofenac diethylamine loaded Eudragit RL 100® transdermal system against inflammation. JOURNAL OF POLYMER ENGINEERING 2015. [DOI: 10.1515/polyeng-2014-0352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
A transdermal therapeutic system (TTS) of diclofenac diethylamine (DDE) was developed to obtain a prolonged controlled drug delivery by the solvent evaporation technique. The matrix diffusion controlled systems used various combinations of hydrophilic (polyvinylpyrrolidone K30) and lipophilic (Eudragit RL 100® and Eudragit RS 100®) polymers containing dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) (0, 5 and 10% w/w) as a penetration enhancer. In vitro drug release was improved with an increased fraction of hydrophilic polymer. Formulation F8 containing Eudragit RL 100® and polyvinylpyrrolidone K30 in the ratio 40:60 presented the highest drug release (92.45%) and permeation rate (0.0988±0.010 mg/cm2/h) with sustained release action for 48 h. In vivo pharmacodynamic study of DDE-loaded Eudragit RL 100® transdermal system (formulation F8) showed significant higher percent inhibition of rat paw edema compared with the marketed formulation of the drug. Our results suggest that a developed formulation is an efficient system for transdermal diclofenac delivery against inflammation. The optimized formulation was found to be stable and did not show physicochemical interaction. The system is envisaged to be stable for a sufficiently long period (2.52 years) at room temperature.
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Ma M, Wang J, Guo F, Lei M, Tan F, Li N. Development of nanovesicular systems for dermal imiquimod delivery: physicochemical characterization and in vitro/in vivo evaluation. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE. MATERIALS IN MEDICINE 2015; 26:191. [PMID: 25989936 DOI: 10.1007/s10856-015-5524-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2014] [Accepted: 05/08/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the current investigation was to develop and statistically evaluate nanovesicular systems for dermal imiquimod delivery. To this purpose, transethosomes were prepared with phospholipid, ethanol and different permeation enhancers. Conventional ethosomes, with soy phospholipid and ethanol, were used as control. The prepared vesicles were characterized for size, zeta potential, stability and entrapment efficiency. The optimal transethosomal formulation with mean particle size of 82.3 ± 9.5 nm showed the higher entrapment efficiency (68.69 ± 1.7%). In vitro studies, permeation results of accumulated drug and local accumulation efficiency were significantly higher for transethosomes (24.64 µg/cm(2) and 6.70, respectively) than control (14.45 µg/cm(2) and 3.93, respectively). Confocal laser scanning microscopy of rhodamine 6G-loaded transethosomes revealed an enhanced retention into the deeper skin layers as compared to conventional ethosomes. Besides, Fourier-transform infra-red spectroscopy studies were also performed to understand the mechanism of interaction between skin and carriers. What's more, results of in vivo studies indicated the transethosomes of imiquimod providing the most effectiveness for dermal delivery among all of the formulations. These results suggested that transethosomes would be a promising dermal carrier for imiquimod in actinic keratose treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man Ma
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Drug Delivery & High-Efficiency, School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, People's Republic of China
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Ahad A, Aqil M, Kohli K, Sultana Y, Mujeeb M. The ameliorated longevity and pharmacokinetics of valsartan released from a gel system of ultradeformable vesicles. ARTIFICIAL CELLS NANOMEDICINE AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 2015; 44:1457-63. [PMID: 25953248 DOI: 10.3109/21691401.2015.1041638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The present study traces the development and characterization of the gel formulation of valsartan-loaded ultradeformable vesicles for management of hypertension. MATERIALS AND METHODS The prepared gel formulation of ultradeformable vesicles was evaluated for in vitro skin permeation, release kinetics, skin irritation, pharmacokinetics, and stability. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The in vitro skin permeation study showed that the gel formulation of ultradeformable vesicles presented a flux value of 368.74 μg/cm(2)/h, in comparison to that of the traditional liposomal gel formulation, with an enhancement ratio of 26.91, through rat skin. The data for release kinetics showed that the release profile followed zero-order kinetics, and that the drug release mechanism was non-Fickian. The results of the skin irritation study demonstrated that the prepared formulation was safe, less irritant, and well-tolerated for transdermal delivery. The results of the pharmacokinetic study demonstrated that the AUC value of valsartan after transdermal administration was apparently increased. The formulation stored under a refrigerated condition showed greater stability, and results were found to be within the specification under storage conditions. CONCLUSION It is evident from this study that the gel formulation of ultradeformable vesicles of valsartan is a promising delivery system for lipophilic drugs, and has reasonably good stability characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul Ahad
- a Department of Pharmaceutics , College of Pharmacy, King Saud University , Riyadh , Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohd Aqil
- b Faculty of Pharmacy, Jamia Hamdard (Hamdard University) , M. B. Road, New Delhi , India
| | - Kanchan Kohli
- b Faculty of Pharmacy, Jamia Hamdard (Hamdard University) , M. B. Road, New Delhi , India
| | - Yasmin Sultana
- b Faculty of Pharmacy, Jamia Hamdard (Hamdard University) , M. B. Road, New Delhi , India
| | - Mohd Mujeeb
- b Faculty of Pharmacy, Jamia Hamdard (Hamdard University) , M. B. Road, New Delhi , India
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Ahad A, Aqil M, Kohli K, Sultana Y, Mujeeb M. Nano vesicular lipid carriers of angiotensin II receptor blocker: Anti-hypertensive and skin toxicity study in focus. ARTIFICIAL CELLS NANOMEDICINE AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 2015; 44:1002-7. [PMID: 25707444 DOI: 10.3109/21691401.2015.1008509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Nanoethosomal carriers of valsartan have been previously prepared, characterized and optimized. A gel formulation of valsartan vesicular lipid carriers was composed of Carbopol(®) (1% w/w), polyethylene glycol-400 (15% w/w) and triethanolamine (0.5% w/w). The influence of the valsartan nanoethosomal formulation developed on the blood pressure of experimental hypertensive rats, and its potential for skin irritation, are presented in this report. MATERIALS AND METHODS The experimental rats were divided into three groups; the control group received no treatment (Group A). Group B was administered methyl prednisolone acetate (20 mg/kg/week) for two weeks (hypertensive control). Group C received methyl prednisolone acetate, followed by administration of the valsartan ethosomal formulation. The blood pressure of the rats was measured using a non-invasive rat blood pressure instrument based on the tail-cuff technique. The statistical analysis was performed using GraphPad InStat 3 software. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The treatment group showed a significant (P < 0.05) and constant fall in blood pressure, for up to 48 h. The valsartan ethosomal formulation was found to be effective, with a 34.11% reduction in blood pressure. The formulation's potential for skin irritation was assessed by the Draize irritation score test, which ruled out the possibility of any skin irritation caused by application of the formulation in rats. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that nanoethosomes are efficient carriers for transdermal delivery of valsartan, for the management of hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul Ahad
- a Department of Pharmaceutics , College of Pharmacy, King Saud University , Riyadh , 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohd Aqil
- b Faculty of Pharmacy, Jamia Hamdard (Hamdard University) , M. B. Road, New Delhi , 110062 , India
| | - Kanchan Kohli
- b Faculty of Pharmacy, Jamia Hamdard (Hamdard University) , M. B. Road, New Delhi , 110062 , India
| | - Yasmin Sultana
- b Faculty of Pharmacy, Jamia Hamdard (Hamdard University) , M. B. Road, New Delhi , 110062 , India
| | - Mohd Mujeeb
- b Faculty of Pharmacy, Jamia Hamdard (Hamdard University) , M. B. Road, New Delhi , 110062 , India
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Vashisth I, Ahad A, Aqil M, Agarwal SP. Investigating the potential of essential oils as penetration enhancer for transdermal losartan delivery: Effectiveness and mechanism of action. Asian J Pharm Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ajps.2014.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
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Goindi S, Arora P, Kumar N, Puri A. Development of novel ionic liquid-based microemulsion formulation for dermal delivery of 5-Fluorouracil. AAPS PharmSciTech 2014; 15:810-21. [PMID: 24668136 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-014-0103-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2013] [Accepted: 02/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study was aimed at synthesizing an imidazole-based ionic liquid 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide (BMIMBr) and subsequent development of a novel ionic liquid-in-oil (IL/o) microemulsion (ME) system for dermal delivery of a poorly permeating drug 5-fluorouracil (5-FU). A significant enhancement in the solubility of 5-FU was observed in BMIMBr. IL/o MEs of 5-FU were prepared using isopropyl myristate, Tween 80/Span 20, and BMIMBr. Results of ex vivo skin permeation studies through mice skin indicated that the selected IL/o ME exhibited 4-fold enhancement in percent drug permeation as compared to aqueous solution, 2.3-fold as compared to hydrophilic ointment, and 1.6-fold greater permeation than water in oil (w/o) ME. The results of in vivo studies against dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA)/12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA)-induced mice skin carcinogenesis demonstrated that the IL/o ME could effectively treat skin cancer in 4 weeks. In addition, the side effects such as erythema and irritation associated with the conventional formulations were not observed. Histopathological studies showed that the use of IL/o ME caused no anatomic and pathological changes in the skin structure of mice. These studies suggest that the use of IL-based ME system can efficiently enhance the solubility and permeability of 5-FU and hence its therapeutic efficacy.
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Ahad A, Al-Mohizea AM, Al-Jenoobi FI, Aqil M. Transdermal delivery of angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs), angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs) and others for management of hypertension. Drug Deliv 2014; 23:579-90. [PMID: 25065883 DOI: 10.3109/10717544.2014.942444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
CONTEXT Angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs), angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs) are some of the most commonly prescribed medications for hypertension. OBJECTIVE Most of all conventional dosage forms of ARBs and ACEIs undergo extensive first-pass metabolism, which significantly reduces bioavailability. Majority of ARBs and ACEIs are inherently short acting due to a rapid elimination half-life. In addition, oral dosage forms of ARBs and ACEIs have many high incidences of adverse effects due to variable absorption profiles, higher frequency of administration and poor patient compliance. METHODS Many attempts have been made globally at the laboratory level to investigate the skin permeation and to develop transdermal therapeutic systems of various ARBs, ACEIs and other anti-hypertensives, to circumvent the drawbacks associated with their conventional dosage form. RESULTS This manuscript presents an outline of the transdermal research specifically in the area of ARBs, ACEIs and other anti-hypertensives reported in various pharmaceutical journals. CONCLUSION The transdermal delivery has gained a significant importance for systemic treatment as it is able to avoid first-pass metabolism and major fluctuations of plasma levels typical of repeated oral administration. As we can experience from this review article that transdermal delivery of different ARBs and ACEIs improves bioavailability as well as patient compliance by many folds. In fact, the rationale development of some newer ARBs, ACEIs and other anti-hypertensives transdermal systems will provide new ways of treatment, circumventing current limitations for conventional dosage forms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul Ahad
- a Department of Pharmaceutics , College of Pharmacy, King Saud University , Riyadh , Saudi Arabia and
| | | | - Fahad Ibrahim Al-Jenoobi
- a Department of Pharmaceutics , College of Pharmacy, King Saud University , Riyadh , Saudi Arabia and
| | - Mohd Aqil
- b Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy , Jamia Hamdard (Hamdard University) , New Delhi , India
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Overview and appraisal of the current concept and technologies for improvement of sublingual drug delivery. Ther Deliv 2014; 5:807-16. [DOI: 10.4155/tde.14.50] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Sublingual drug delivery is capable of achieving high bioavailability by avoiding first-pass liver extraction and enzymatic degradation in the gastrointestinal tract, as well as achieving rapid onset of effect. Thus, this route of administration can offer attractive therapeutic advantages for certain drugs as a convenient substitute for parenteral administration and has been applied successfully to a number of therapeutic conditions, especially urgent cardiovascular conditions and acute severe pain control. However, due to inherent limitations such as small sublingual mucosa area for absorption, primarily passive mechanism of transport, short residence time, and potential local irritation, a relatively small number of sublingual products have been successfully developed to date. In this Review, key concepts and technologies for potential improvement of sublingual drug delivery are reviewed. The optimal application of these concepts and technologies, together with clinical need for non-parenteral delivery, will hopefully broaden the development of sublingual drug delivery in the future.
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Ahad A, Aqil M, Kohli K, Sultana Y, Mujeeb M. Design, formulation and optimization of valsartan transdermal gel containing iso-eucalyptol as novel permeation enhancer: preclinical assessment of pharmacokinetics in Wistar albino rats. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2014; 11:1149-62. [PMID: 24830648 DOI: 10.1517/17425247.2014.914027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to develop and optimize a transdermal gel formulation of valsartan using Box-Behnken design and to evaluate it for pharmacokinetic study. METHODS The independent variables were Carbopol 940 (X1), PEG 400 (X2) and ethanol (X3) while valsartan flux (Y1), Tlag (Y2) and gel viscosity (Y3) were the dependent variables. Iso-eucalyptol was added in all gel formulations as permeation enhancer except for control gel. RESULTS It was observed that the permeation rate of valsartan significantly increased in direct proportion to the ethanol concentration, but significantly decreased in direct proportion to polymer concentration. Lag time and viscosity decreased in reverse proportion to ethanol concentration. The optimized valsartan gel formulation (VGF-OPT) yielded flux of 143.27 ± 7.11 µg/cm(2)/h and 27.55 ± 2.51 µg/cm(2)/h across rat and human cadaver skin, respectively. In vivo pharmacokinetic study of VGF-OPT-transdermal therapeutic system containing iso-eucalyptol showed a significant increase in the bioavailability (2.52 times) compared with oral formulation of valsartan by virtue of better permeation through Wistar rat skin. CONCLUSION It was concluded that the developed transdermal gel accentuates the flux of valsartan and could be used as an antihypertensive dosage form for effective transdermal delivery of valsartan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul Ahad
- King Saud University, College of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutics , Riyadh 11451 , Saudi Arabia
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Ahad A, Raish M, Al-Mohizea AM, Al-Jenoobi FI, Alam MA. Enhanced anti-inflammatory activity of carbopol loaded meloxicam nanoethosomes gel. Int J Biol Macromol 2014; 67:99-104. [PMID: 24657163 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2014.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2014] [Revised: 03/05/2014] [Accepted: 03/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the current investigation is to develop nanoethosomes for transdermal meloxicam delivery. The ethosomes were prepared by varying the variables such as concentrations of phospholipids 90G, ethanol, and sonication time while entrapment efficiency, vesicle size and transdermal flux were the chosen responses. Results indicate that the nanoethosomes of meloxicam provides lesser vesicles size, better entrapment efficiency and improved flux for transdermal delivery as compared to rigid liposomes. The optimized formulation (MCEF-OPT) obtained was further evaluated for an in vivo anti-inflammatory activity in rats. Optimized nanoethosomal formulation with vesicles size of 142.3nm showed 78.25% entrapment efficiency and achieved transdermal flux of 10.42μg/cm(2)/h. Nanoethosomes proved to be significantly superior in terms of, amount of drug permeated into the skin, with an enhancement ratio of 3.77 when compared to rigid liposomes. In vivo pharmacodynamic study of carbopol(®) loaded nanoethosomal gel showed significant higher percent inhibition of rat paw edema compared with oral administration of meloxicam. Our results suggest that nanoethosomes are an efficient carrier for transdermal delivery of meloxicam.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul Ahad
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Mohammad Raish
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah M Al-Mohizea
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fahad I Al-Jenoobi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohd Aftab Alam
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
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Ahad A, Aqil M, Ali A. Investigation of antihypertensive activity of carbopol valsartan transdermal gel containing 1,8-cineole. Int J Biol Macromol 2014; 64:144-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2013.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2013] [Revised: 11/11/2013] [Accepted: 11/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Chaudhary H, Kohli K, Kumar V. A novel nano-carrier transdermal gel against inflammation. Int J Pharm 2014; 465:175-86. [PMID: 24548719 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2014.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2013] [Revised: 02/09/2014] [Accepted: 02/14/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The objective was to develop a stable, reproducible and patient non-infringing novel transdermal drug delivery system "nano-carrier transdermal gel" (NCTG) in combination of partial dose replacement of diclofenac diethylamine (DDEA) by curcumin (CRM). The drug content of gel was 99.30 and 97.57% for DDEA and CRM. Plasma samples were analyzed by liquid chromatography with triple-quadrupole tandem mass spectrometer (LC-MS/MS). Data were integrated with Analyst™ and analyzed by WinNonlin; stability parameters were analyzed using Tukey-Kramer multiple comparison test. Its average skin irritation scored 0.49 concluded to be non-irritant, safe for human use and in vivo studies revealed significantly greater extent of absorption and highly significant inhibition (%) of carrageenan induced paw edema. The results also demonstrated that encapsulation of drugs in nano-carrier increases its biological activity due to superior skin penetration potential. Hence, a novel once day transdermal gel of nano-carrier (nano-transfersomes; deformable vesicular) is achieved, to increase systemic availability, subsequent reduction in dose and toxicity of DDEA was developed for the treatment of inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kanchan Kohli
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India.
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Systemic delivery of β-blockers via transdermal route for hypertension. Saudi Pharm J 2014; 23:587-602. [PMID: 26702253 PMCID: PMC4669430 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2013.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2013] [Accepted: 12/14/2013] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypertension is the most common cardiovascular disease worldwide. Moreover, management of hypertension requires long-term treatment that may result in poor patient compliance with conventional dosage forms due to greater frequency of drug administration. Although there is availability of a plethora of therapeutically effective antihypertensive molecules, inadequate patient welfare is observed; this arguably presents an opportunity to deliver antihypertensive agents through a different route. Ever since the transdermal drug delivery came into existence, it has offered great advantages including non-invasiveness, prolonged therapeutic effect, reduced side effects, improved bioavailability, better patient compliance and easy termination of drug therapy. Attempts were made to develop the transdermal therapeutic system for various antihypertensive agents, including β-blockers, an important antihypertensive class. β-blockers are potent, highly effective in the management of hypertension and other heart ailments by blocking the effects of normal amounts of adrenaline in the heart and blood vessels. The shortcomings associated with β-blockers such as more frequent dose administration, extensive first pass metabolism and variable bioavailability, make them an ideal candidate for transdermal therapeutic systems. The present article gives a brief view of different β-blockers formulated as transdermal therapeutic system in detail to enhance the bioavailability as well as to improve patient compliance. Constant improvement in this field holds promise for the long-term success in technologically advanced transdermal dosage forms being commercialized sooner rather than later.
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Kochhar JS, Quek TC, Soon WJ, Choi J, Zou S, Kang L. Effect of Microneedle Geometry and Supporting Substrate on Microneedle Array Penetration into Skin. J Pharm Sci 2013; 102:4100-8. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.23724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2013] [Revised: 08/09/2013] [Accepted: 08/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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De Spiegeleer B, Boonen J, Malysheva SV, Mavungu JDD, De Saeger S, Roche N, Blondeel P, Taevernier L, Veryser L. Skin penetration enhancing properties of the plant N-alkylamide spilanthol. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2013; 148:117-125. [PMID: 23583736 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2013.03.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2013] [Revised: 02/21/2013] [Accepted: 03/03/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Plants are often used for skin diseases in different ethnopharmacological systems. Local and systemic effects of topically applied compounds can be significantly increased by plant constituents having skin penetration enhancers. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this study, we examined the proposed penetration enhancing properties of spilanthol, an N-alkylamide abundantly present in several Asteraceae plants like Spilanthes acmella L., on three model drugs (caffeine, testosterone and ibuprofen). Moreover, as plants are frequently contaminated with toxic environmental substances, the mutual influence on the transdermal behavior between spilanthol and six model mycotoxins (aflatoxin B1, ochratoxin A, fumonisin B1, citrinin, zearalenone, T-2 toxin) was investigated. RESULTS Spilanthol exhibits component and concentration dependent penetration enhancing effects. No significant penetration enhancing effect for ibuprofen has been observed, but with increasing spilanthol concentration (from 0 up to 1w/V%), the permeability of caffeine increased, resulting in an enhancing ratio (ER) of 4.60. For testosterone, a maximal penetration enhancing concentration of 0.5% spilanthol was found (ER=4.13). Next to its beneficial applicability to increase local as well as systemic pharmacological effects of dermally co-administrated drug, this N-alkylamide negatively influences human health risk if spilanthol containing formulations are polluted with mycotoxins: the presence of spilanthol (0.3w/V%) induced a significant increase of permeability coefficient Kp of five investigated mycotoxins, with ER values ranging between 1.57 and 6.37. On the other hand, mycotoxins themselves do not significantly influence the transdermal behavior of spilanthol. CONCLUSIONS The existence of a significant mutual influence of compounds towards skin penetration should always be considered during the development or as part of the functional quality evaluation of topical products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bart De Spiegeleer
- Drug Quality and Registration (DruQuaR) group, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Harelbekestraat 72, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium.
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Ahad A, Al-Jenoobi FI, Al-Mohizea AM, Aqil M, Kohli K. Transdermal delivery of calcium channel blockers for hypertension. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2013; 10:1137-53. [DOI: 10.1517/17425247.2013.783562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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