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Rusiecki R, Witkowski J, Jaszczewska-Adamczak J. MDM2-p53 Interaction Inhibitors: The Current State-of-Art and Updated Patent Review (2010-Present). Recent Pat Anticancer Drug Discov 2020; 14:324-369. [DOI: 10.2174/1574892814666191022163540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2019] [Revised: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Background:
Mouse Double Minute 2 protein (MDM2) is a cellular regulator of p53 tumor
suppressor (p53). Inhibition of the interaction between MDM2 and p53 proteins is a promising anticancer
therapy.
Objective:
This updated patent review is an attempt to compile the research and achievements of the
various researchers working on small molecule MDM2 inhibitors from 2010 to date. We provide an
outlook into the future for therapy based on MDM2 inhibition by presenting an overview of the most
relevant patents which have recently appeared in the literature.
Methods:
Literature and recent patents focusing on the anticancer potential of MDM2-p53 interaction
inhibitors and its applications have been analyzed. We put the main emphasis on the most perspective
compounds which are or were examined in clinical trials.
Results:
Literature data indicated that MDM2 inhibitors are therapeutically effective in specific types
of cancer or non-cancer diseases. A great number of patents and research work around new MDM2-
p53 interaction inhibitors, possible combinations, new indications, clinical regimens in previous years
prove that this targeted therapy is in the scope of interest for many business and academic research
groups.
Conclusion:
Novel MDM2 inhibitors thanks to higher potency and better ADME properties have
shown effectiveness in preclinical and clinical development however the final improvement of therapeutic
potential for MDM2 inhibitors might depend on the useful combination therapy and exploring
new cancer and non-cancer indications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafał Rusiecki
- Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Noakowskiego 3, Warsaw 00-664, Poland
| | - Jakub Witkowski
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 1, Warsaw 02-093, Poland
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Chemical Variations on the p53 Reactivation Theme. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2016; 9:ph9020025. [PMID: 27187415 PMCID: PMC4932543 DOI: 10.3390/ph9020025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2016] [Revised: 05/06/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Among the tumor suppressor genes, p53 is one of the most studied. It is widely regarded as the "guardian of the genome", playing a major role in carcinogenesis. In fact, direct inactivation of the TP53 gene occurs in more than 50% of malignancies, and in tumors that retain wild-type p53 status, its function is usually inactivated by overexpression of negative regulators (e.g., MDM2 and MDMX). Hence, restoring p53 function in cancer cells represents a valuable anticancer approach. In this review, we will present an updated overview of the most relevant small molecules developed to restore p53 function in cancer cells through inhibition of the p53-MDMs interaction, or direct targeting of wild-type p53 or mutated p53. In addition, optimization approaches used for the development of small molecules that have entered clinical trials will be presented.
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Zak K, Pecak A, Rys B, Wladyka B, Dömling A, Weber L, Holak TA, Dubin G. Mdm2 and MdmX inhibitors for the treatment of cancer: a patent review (2011-present). Expert Opin Ther Pat 2013; 23:425-48. [PMID: 23374098 DOI: 10.1517/13543776.2013.765405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION One of the hallmarks of cancer cells is the inactivation of the p53 pathway either due to mutations in the p53 gene or over-expression of negative regulators, Mdm2 and/or MdmX. Pharmacological disruption of the Mdm2/X-p53 interaction to restore p53 activity is an attractive concept, aiming at a targeted and non-toxic cancer treatment. AREAS COVERED The introduction covers the biological role of p53 pathway and its regulation by Mdm2 and MdmX in normal and cancer cells and the current repertoire and development status of inhibitors of the Mdm2/X-p53 interaction for the treatment of cancer. The main part of the article covers patents and patent applications describing small molecule inhibitors of the Mdm2/X-p53 interaction published from 2011 until 2012. EXPERT OPINION The area of small molecule Mdm2/X-p53 interaction inhibitor development is progressing fast. Several Phase I clinical studies and preclinical programs are now in progress, however, the clinical proof concept has yet to be demonstrated. Multiple available compounds inhibit Mdm2-p53 interaction with nanomolar affinities, but MdmX is still missing such potent binders. Since research points to a complementary mode of Mdm2 and MdmX action, the future compound classes will possibly want to include dual actions versus Mdm2 and MdmX.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krzysztof Zak
- Jagiellonian University, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Kraków, Poland
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Voltan R, Secchiero P, Corallini F, Zauli G. Selective induction of TP53I3/p53-inducible gene 3 (PIG3) in myeloid leukemic cells, but not in normal cells, by Nutlin-3. Mol Carcinog 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/mc.21985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Voltan
- Department of Morphology and Embryology and LTTA Centre; University of Ferrara; Ferrara Italy
| | - Paola Secchiero
- Department of Morphology and Embryology and LTTA Centre; University of Ferrara; Ferrara Italy
| | - Federica Corallini
- Department of Morphology and Embryology and LTTA Centre; University of Ferrara; Ferrara Italy
| | - Giorgio Zauli
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health; IRCCS “Burlo Garofolo”; Trieste Italy
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Zhuang C, Miao Z, Zhu L, Zhang Y, Guo Z, Yao J, Dong G, Wang S, Liu Y, Chen H, Sheng C, Zhang W. Synthesis and biological evaluation of thio-benzodiazepines as novel small molecule inhibitors of the p53-MDM2 protein-protein interaction. Eur J Med Chem 2011; 46:5654-61. [PMID: 21996465 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2011.09.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2011] [Revised: 08/25/2011] [Accepted: 09/25/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A series of thio-benzodiazepine p53-MDM2 inhibitors were designed and synthesized based on the principle of bioisosterism. Most of the thio-benzodiazepines had nanomolar to micromolar affinity toward MDM2. Particularly, compounds 8a (K(i) = 0.52μM) and 8f (K(i) = 0.32 μM) showed binding activity comparable to the positive drug nutlin-3a (K(i) = 0.23 μM). Meanwhile, compound 8j exhibited excellent antitumor activity against the U-2 OS human osteosarcoma cell line with an IC(50) value of 1.06 μM, which was about 23 times higher than that of nutlin-3a. The docking model also successfully predicted that this class of compounds mimicked three p53 critical residues binding to MDM2. The thio-benzodiazepines represent a promising class of non-peptide inhibitors of the p53-MDM2 interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunlin Zhuang
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, 325 Guohe Road, Shanghai 200433, People's Republic of China
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Khoury K, Popowicz GM, Holak TA, Dömling A. The p53-MDM2/MDMX axis - A chemotype perspective. MEDCHEMCOMM 2011; 2:246-260. [PMID: 24466404 PMCID: PMC3898590 DOI: 10.1039/c0md00248h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The protein-protein interaction (PPI) of the tumor suppressor p53 and its negative regulator MDM2 consists of the most intense studied PPI with a group of small molecular weight antagonists described and many more disclosed in patent literature. Due to the Å-level structural insight into p53 interaction with MDM2 there is a reasonable understanding of the requirements of the molecules to bind. In contrast and despite the very close homology and 3-D similarity no potent MDMX antagonist has been disclosed up to date. The current review summarizes the different disclosed chemotypes for MDM2 including a discussion of the cocrystal structures. Structures and approaches to reconstitute functional p53 from mutated p53 are presented. Finally new screening methods and recent biotech deals based on p53 are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kareem Khoury
- University of Pittsburgh, Department of Pharmaceutical Science, Drug Discovery Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | | | - Tad A. Holak
- Max Planck Institut für Biochemie, München, Germany
| | - Alexander Dömling
- University of Pittsburgh, Department of Pharmaceutical Science, Drug Discovery Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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Kalinski C, Umkehrer M, Weber L, Kolb J, Burdack C, Ross G. On the industrial applications of MCRs: molecular diversity in drug discovery and generic drug synthesis. Mol Divers 2010; 14:513-22. [PMID: 20229364 DOI: 10.1007/s11030-010-9225-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2009] [Accepted: 01/19/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
During the last decades, multicomponent chemistry has gained much attention in pharmaceutical research, especially in the context of lead finding and optimization. Here, in particular, the main advantages of multicomponent reactions (MCRs) like ease of automation and high diversity generation were utilized. In consequence of these beneficial properties, a plethora of new MCRs combined with appropriate classical reaction sequences have been published, the accessible chemical space was extended steadily. In the meantime, the desired high diversity became a challenge itself, because by now the systematic use of this huge and unmanageable space for drug discovery was limited by the lack of suitable computational tools. Therefore, this article provides an insight for the rational use of this enormous chemical space in drug discovery and generic drug synthesis. In this context, a short overview of the applied chemo informatics, necessary for the virtual screening of the biggest available chemical space, is given. Furthermore, some examples for recently developed multicomponent sequences are presented.
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Small-molecule inhibitors of MDM2 as new anticancer therapeutics. Semin Cancer Biol 2009; 20:10-8. [PMID: 19897042 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2009.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2008] [Accepted: 10/29/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
It has long been known that traditional anticancer radio- and chemotherapies in part work through direct or indirect activation of the p53 tumour suppressor pathway. However, many of these strategies are nonselective and genotoxic. The emerging understanding of the pathways that regulate p53 has led to the notion that it should be possible to activate the p53 pathway in ways that are inherently nongenotoxic. Important targets for pharmacological interference in this respect are MDM2 and MDMX, key negative regulators of p53. Genetic and pharmacologic studies suggest that blocking the physical interaction of these proteins with p53, or inhibiting the catalytic role of MDM2 in tagging p53 for proteasomal degradation, both of which lead to an increase in the transcriptional activity of p53, may indeed be an efficient and safe way to eradicate tumour cells that retain wild-type p53. Here we review the rationale for such strategies, as well as the current state in the discovery and development of drugs that reactivate p53 by inhibiting its inhibitors MDM2 and MDMX. The first compounds that have been shown in model systems to be able selectively to kill cancer cells in this way are now entering clinical trials and the promise of MDM2 inhibitors as a new therapeutic anticancer modality should therefore become clear in the not-too-distant future.
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Patel S, Player MR. Small-molecule inhibitors of the p53-HDM2 interaction for the treatment of cancer. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2009; 17:1865-82. [PMID: 19012502 DOI: 10.1517/13543780802493366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The hdm2 oncogene product, HDM2 (also known as MDM2), is an ubiquitin protein ligase that suppresses the transcriptional activity of the tumor suppressor p53 and promotes its degradation. Approximately 50% of all human tumors harbor mutations or deletions in the TP53 gene. In the remaining half of all human cancers that express the wild-type protein, aberrations of p53 regulators such as HDM2 account for p53 inhibition. Therefore, small-molecule inhibitors of the HDM2-p53 protein-protein interaction appear to offer an attractive strategy for cancer therapy. OBJECTIVE This review focuses on recent progress in the field of small-molecule inhibitors of the p53-HDM2 protein-protein interaction for the treatment of cancer. RESULTS/CONCLUSION The development of pharmacological inhibitors has been challenging. Although many small-molecule HDM2 inhibitors have shown potent in vitro activity, only a limited number of compounds have displayed acceptable pharmacokinetic properties for in vivo evaluation. To date, the most studied chemotypes have been cis-imidazolines (e.g., Nutlins), benzodiazepines (BDPs) and spiro-oxindoles. The cis-imidazolines were the first reported potent, selective small-molecule inhibitors of the p53-MDM2 interaction, and continue to show therapeutic potential. Additionally, p53-based strategies involving inhibition of MDM2-mediated p53 ubiquitylation and restoration of DNA-binding activity of mutant p53 protein, as well as combination therapies, will be briefly described. Finally, a structurally distinct chemotype currently in Phase I clinical trials will be presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharmila Patel
- Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Welsh and McKean Roads, Spring House, PA 19477, USA
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Rothweiler U, Czarna A, Krajewski M, Ciombor J, Kalinski C, Khazak V, Ross G, Skobeleva N, Weber L, Holak TA. Isoquinolin-1-one inhibitors of the MDM2-p53 interaction. ChemMedChem 2008; 3:1118-28. [PMID: 18428185 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.200800025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
p53 has been at the centre of attention for drug design since the discovery of its growth-suppressive and pro-apoptotic activity. Herein we report the design and characterisation of a new class of isoquinolinone inhibitors of the MDM2-p53 interaction. Our identification of druglike and selective inhibitors of this protein-protein interaction included a straightforward in silico compound-selection process, a recently reported NMR spectroscopic approach for studying the MDM2-p53 interaction, and selectivity screening assays using cells with the same genetic background. The selected inhibitors were all able to induce apoptosis and the expression of p53-related genes, but only the isoquinolin-1-one-based inhibitors stabilised p53. Our NMR experiments give a persuading explanation for these results, showing that isoquinolin-1-one derivates are able to dissociate the preformed MDM2-p53 complex in vitro, releasing a folded and soluble p53. The joint application of these methods provides a framework for the discovery of protein interaction inhibitors as a promising starting point for further drug design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulli Rothweiler
- Max Planck Institute for Biochemistry, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
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Galliford CV, Scheidt KA. Pyrrolidinyl-spirooxindole natural products as inspirations for the development of potential therapeutic agents. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2008; 46:8748-58. [PMID: 17943924 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200701342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2053] [Impact Index Per Article: 128.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The 3,3'-pyrrolidinyl-spirooxindole unit is a privileged heterocyclic motif that forms the core of a large family of alkaloid natural products with strong bioactivity profiles and interesting structural properties. Significant recent advances in the synthesis of this fused heterocyclic system have led to intense interest in the development of related compounds as potential medicinal agents or biological probes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris V Galliford
- Chemistry Department, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston IL 60201, USA
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Galliford C, Scheidt K. Natürliche Pyrrolidinylspirooxindole als Vorlagen für die Entwicklung medizinischer Wirkstoffe. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200701342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 497] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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