1
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Nucera F, Lo Bello F, Shen SS, Ruggeri P, Coppolino I, Di Stefano A, Stellato C, Casolaro V, Hansbro PM, Adcock IM, Caramori G. Role of Atypical Chemokines and Chemokine Receptors Pathways in the Pathogenesis of COPD. Curr Med Chem 2021; 28:2577-2653. [PMID: 32819230 DOI: 10.2174/0929867327999200819145327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) represents a heightened inflammatory response in the lung generally resulting from tobacco smoking-induced recruitment and activation of inflammatory cells and/or activation of lower airway structural cells. Several mediators can modulate activation and recruitment of these cells, particularly those belonging to the chemokines (conventional and atypical) family. There is emerging evidence for complex roles of atypical chemokines and their receptors (such as high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1), antimicrobial peptides, receptor for advanced glycosylation end products (RAGE) or toll-like receptors (TLRs)) in the pathogenesis of COPD, both in the stable disease and during exacerbations. Modulators of these pathways represent potential novel therapies for COPD and many are now in preclinical development. Inhibition of only a single atypical chemokine or receptor may not block inflammatory processes because there is redundancy in this network. However, there are many animal studies that encourage studies for modulating the atypical chemokine network in COPD. Thus, few pharmaceutical companies maintain a significant interest in developing agents that target these molecules as potential antiinflammatory drugs. Antibody-based (biological) and small molecule drug (SMD)-based therapies targeting atypical chemokines and/or their receptors are mostly at the preclinical stage and their progression to clinical trials is eagerly awaited. These agents will most likely enhance our knowledge about the role of atypical chemokines in COPD pathophysiology and thereby improve COPD management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Nucera
- Department of Biomedical, Dental, Morphological and Functional Imaging Sciences (BIOMORF), University of Messina, Pugliatti Square 1, 98122 Messina, Italy
| | - Federica Lo Bello
- Department of Biomedical, Dental, Morphological and Functional Imaging Sciences (BIOMORF), University of Messina, Pugliatti Square 1, 98122 Messina, Italy
| | - Sj S Shen
- Faculty of Science, Centre for Inflammation, Centenary Institute, University of Technology, Ultimo, Sydney, Australia
| | - Paolo Ruggeri
- Department of Biomedical, Dental, Morphological and Functional Imaging Sciences (BIOMORF), University of Messina, Pugliatti Square 1, 98122 Messina, Italy
| | - Irene Coppolino
- Department of Biomedical, Dental, Morphological and Functional Imaging Sciences (BIOMORF), University of Messina, Pugliatti Square 1, 98122 Messina, Italy
| | - Antonino Di Stefano
- Division of Pneumology, Cyto- Immunopathology Laboratory of the Cardio-Respiratory System, Clinical Scientific Institutes Maugeri IRCCS, Veruno, Italy
| | - Cristiana Stellato
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, Salerno Medical School, University of Salerno, Salerno, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Casolaro
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, Salerno Medical School, University of Salerno, Salerno, Italy
| | - Phil M Hansbro
- Faculty of Science, Centre for Inflammation, Centenary Institute, University of Technology, Ultimo, Sydney, Australia
| | - Ian M Adcock
- Airway Disease Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Gaetano Caramori
- Department of Biomedical, Dental, Morphological and Functional Imaging Sciences (BIOMORF), University of Messina, Pugliatti Square 1, 98122 Messina, Italy
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2
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Ti H, Zhou Y, Liang X, Li R, Ding K, Zhao X. Targeted Treatments for Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) Using Low-Molecular-Weight Drugs (LMWDs). J Med Chem 2019; 62:5944-5978. [PMID: 30682248 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b01520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a very common and frequently fatal airway disease. Current therapies for COPD depend mainly on long-acting bronchodilators, which cannot target the pathogenic mechanisms of chronic inflammation in COPD. New pharmaceutical therapies for the inflammatory processes of COPD are urgently needed. Several anti-inflammatory targets have been identified based on increased understanding of the pathogenesis of COPD, which raises new hopes for targeted treatment of this fatal respiratory disease. In this review, we discuss the recent advances in bioactive low-molecular-weight drugs (LMWDs) for the treatment of COPD and, in addition to the first-line drug bronchodilators, focus particularly on low-molecular-weight anti-inflammatory agents, including modulators of inflammatory mediators, inflammasome inhibitors, protease inhibitors, antioxidants, PDE4 inhibitors, kinase inhibitors, and other agents. We also provide new insights into targeted COPD treatments using LMWDs, particularly small-molecule agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huihui Ti
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & The Fifth Affiliated Hospital , Guangzhou Medical University , Guangzhou 511436 , P. R. China
| | - Yang Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & The Fifth Affiliated Hospital , Guangzhou Medical University , Guangzhou 511436 , P. R. China.,Division of Theoretical Chemistry and Biology, School of Biotechnology , Royal Institute of Technology (KTH) , AlbaNova University Center , Stockholm SE-100 44 , Sweden
| | - Xue Liang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & The Fifth Affiliated Hospital , Guangzhou Medical University , Guangzhou 511436 , P. R. China
| | - Runfeng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital , Guangzhou Medical University , Guangzhou 510120 , P. R. China
| | - Ke Ding
- International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development of Chinese Ministry of Education (MOE), Guangzhou City Key Laboratory of Precision Chemical Drug Development, School of Pharmacy , Jinan University , Guangzhou 510632 , P. R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital , Guangzhou Medical University , Guangzhou 510120 , P. R. China
| | - Xin Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & The Fifth Affiliated Hospital , Guangzhou Medical University , Guangzhou 511436 , P. R. China.,School of Life Sciences , The Chinese University of Hong Kong , Shatin, N.T. , Hong Kong SAR 999077 , P. R. China
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3
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Huang X, Brubaker J, Zhou W, Biju PJ, Xiao L, Shao N, Huang Y, Dong L, Liu Z, Bitar R, Buevich A, Jung J, Peterson SL, Butcher JW, Close J, Martinez M, MacCoss RN, Zhang H, Crawford S, McCormick KD, Aslanian R, Nargund R, Correll C, Gervais F, Qiu H, Yang X, Garlisi C, Rindgen D, Maloney KM, Siliphaivanh P, Palani A. Discovery of MK-8318, a Potent and Selective CRTh2 Receptor Antagonist for the Treatment of Asthma. ACS Med Chem Lett 2018; 9:679-684. [PMID: 30034600 PMCID: PMC6047040 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.8b00145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 06/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel series of tricyclic tetrahydroquinolines were identified as potent and selective CRTh2 receptor antagonists. The agonism and antagonism switch was achieved through structure-based drug design (SBDD) using a CRTh2 receptor homologue model. The challenge of very low exposures in pharmacokinetic studies was overcome by exhaustive medicinal chemistry lead optimization through focused SAR studies on the tricyclic core. Further optimization resulted in the identification of the preclinical candidate 4-(cyclopropyl((3aS,9R,9aR)-7-fluoro-4-(4-(trifluoromethoxy)benzoyl)-2,3,3a,4,9,9a-hexahydro-1H-cyclopenta[b]quinolin-9-yl)amino)-4-oxobutanoic acid (15c, MK-8318) with potent and selective CRTh2 antagonist activity and a favorable PK profile suitable for once daily oral dosing for potential treatment of asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianhai Huang
- Discovery
Chemistry, In Vitro Pharmacology, Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, and Process Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratory, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Jason Brubaker
- Discovery Chemistry and Immunology, Merck Research
Laboratory, 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Wei Zhou
- Discovery
Chemistry, In Vitro Pharmacology, Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, and Process Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratory, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Purakkattle J. Biju
- Discovery
Chemistry, In Vitro Pharmacology, Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, and Process Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratory, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Li Xiao
- Discovery
Chemistry, In Vitro Pharmacology, Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, and Process Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratory, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Ning Shao
- Discovery
Chemistry, In Vitro Pharmacology, Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, and Process Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratory, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Ying Huang
- Discovery
Chemistry, In Vitro Pharmacology, Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, and Process Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratory, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Li Dong
- Discovery
Chemistry, In Vitro Pharmacology, Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, and Process Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratory, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Zhidan Liu
- Discovery
Chemistry, In Vitro Pharmacology, Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, and Process Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratory, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Rema Bitar
- Discovery
Chemistry, In Vitro Pharmacology, Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, and Process Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratory, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Alexei Buevich
- Discovery
Chemistry, In Vitro Pharmacology, Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, and Process Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratory, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Joon Jung
- Discovery Chemistry and Immunology, Merck Research
Laboratory, 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Scott L. Peterson
- Discovery Chemistry and Immunology, Merck Research
Laboratory, 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - John W. Butcher
- Discovery Chemistry and Immunology, Merck Research
Laboratory, 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Joshua Close
- Discovery Chemistry and Immunology, Merck Research
Laboratory, 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Michelle Martinez
- Discovery Chemistry and Immunology, Merck Research
Laboratory, 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Rachel N. MacCoss
- Discovery Chemistry and Immunology, Merck Research
Laboratory, 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Hongjun Zhang
- Discovery Chemistry and Immunology, Merck Research
Laboratory, 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Scott Crawford
- Discovery Chemistry and Immunology, Merck Research
Laboratory, 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Kevin D. McCormick
- Discovery
Chemistry, In Vitro Pharmacology, Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, and Process Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratory, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Robert Aslanian
- Discovery
Chemistry, In Vitro Pharmacology, Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, and Process Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratory, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Ravi Nargund
- Discovery
Chemistry, In Vitro Pharmacology, Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, and Process Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratory, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Craig Correll
- Discovery Chemistry and Immunology, Merck Research
Laboratory, 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Francois Gervais
- Discovery Chemistry and Immunology, Merck Research
Laboratory, 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Hongchen Qiu
- Discovery
Chemistry, In Vitro Pharmacology, Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, and Process Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratory, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Xiaoxin Yang
- Discovery
Chemistry, In Vitro Pharmacology, Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, and Process Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratory, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Charles Garlisi
- Discovery
Chemistry, In Vitro Pharmacology, Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, and Process Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratory, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Diane Rindgen
- Discovery
Chemistry, In Vitro Pharmacology, Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, and Process Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratory, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Kevin M. Maloney
- Discovery
Chemistry, In Vitro Pharmacology, Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, and Process Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratory, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Phieng Siliphaivanh
- Discovery Chemistry and Immunology, Merck Research
Laboratory, 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Anandan Palani
- Discovery
Chemistry, In Vitro Pharmacology, Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, and Process Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratory, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
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4
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Brunner PM, Guttman-Yassky E, Leung DYM. The immunology of atopic dermatitis and its reversibility with broad-spectrum and targeted therapies. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2017; 139:S65-S76. [PMID: 28390479 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2017.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 406] [Impact Index Per Article: 58.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Revised: 01/25/2017] [Accepted: 01/27/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD), the most common chronic inflammatory skin disease, is driven by both terminal keratinocyte differentiation defects and strong type 2 immune responses. In contrast to chronic plaque-type psoriasis, AD is now understood to be a much more heterogeneous disease, with additional activation of TH22, TH17/IL-23, and TH1 cytokine pathways depending on the subtype of the disease. In this review we discuss our current understanding of the AD immune map in both patients with early-onset and those with chronic disease. Clinical studies with broad and targeted therapeutics have helped to elucidate the contribution of various immune axes to the disease phenotype. Importantly, immune activation extends well beyond lesional AD because nonlesional skin and the blood component harbor AD-specific inflammatory changes. For this reason, future therapeutics will need to focus on a systemic treatment approach, especially in patients with moderate-to-severe disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick M Brunner
- Laboratory for Investigative Dermatology, Rockefeller University, New York, NY
| | - Emma Guttman-Yassky
- Department of Dermatology and Laboratory for Inflammatory Skin Diseases, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
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5
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Gangwar RS, Landolina N, Arpinati L, Levi-Schaffer F. Mast cell and eosinophil surface receptors as targets for anti-allergic therapy. Pharmacol Ther 2016; 170:37-63. [PMID: 27773785 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2016.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Roopesh Singh Gangwar
- Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics Unit, Institute for Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Nadine Landolina
- Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics Unit, Institute for Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Ludovica Arpinati
- Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics Unit, Institute for Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Francesca Levi-Schaffer
- Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics Unit, Institute for Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel.
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6
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Bergström CAS, Charman WN, Porter CJH. Computational prediction of formulation strategies for beyond-rule-of-5 compounds. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2016; 101:6-21. [PMID: 26928657 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2016.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Revised: 02/11/2016] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The physicochemical properties of some contemporary drug candidates are moving towards higher molecular weight, and coincidentally also higher lipophilicity in the quest for biological selectivity and specificity. These physicochemical properties move the compounds towards beyond rule-of-5 (B-r-o-5) chemical space and often result in lower water solubility. For such B-r-o-5 compounds non-traditional delivery strategies (i.e. those other than conventional tablet and capsule formulations) typically are required to achieve adequate exposure after oral administration. In this review, we present the current status of computational tools for prediction of intestinal drug absorption, models for prediction of the most suitable formulation strategies for B-r-o-5 compounds and models to obtain an enhanced understanding of the interplay between drug, formulation and physiological environment. In silico models are able to identify the likely molecular basis for low solubility in physiologically relevant fluids such as gastric and intestinal fluids. With this baseline information, a formulation scientist can, at an early stage, evaluate different orally administered, enabling formulation strategies. Recent computational models have emerged that predict glass-forming ability and crystallisation tendency and therefore the potential utility of amorphous solid dispersion formulations. Further, computational models of loading capacity in lipids, and therefore the potential for formulation as a lipid-based formulation, are now available. Whilst such tools are useful for rapid identification of suitable formulation strategies, they do not reveal drug localisation and molecular interaction patterns between drug and excipients. For the latter, Molecular Dynamics simulations provide an insight into the interplay between drug, formulation and intestinal fluid. These different computational approaches are reviewed. Additionally, we analyse the molecular requirements of different targets, since these can provide an early signal that enabling formulation strategies will be required. Based on the analysis we conclude that computational biopharmaceutical profiling can be used to identify where non-conventional gateways, such as prediction of 'formulate-ability' during lead optimisation and early development stages, are important and may ultimately increase the number of orally tractable contemporary targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christel A S Bergström
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia; Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala Biomedical Center, P.O. Box 580, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - William N Charman
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Christopher J H Porter
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia; ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Nano-Bio Science and Technology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
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7
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Structure-activity relationships (SAR) and structure-kinetic relationships (SKR) of sulphone-based CRTh2 antagonists. Eur J Med Chem 2016; 113:102-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2016.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2015] [Revised: 02/05/2016] [Accepted: 02/07/2016] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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8
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Erpenbeck VJ, Vets E, Gheyle L, Osuntokun W, Larbig M, Neelakantham S, Sandham D, Dubois G, Elbast W, Goldsmith P, Weiss M. Pharmacokinetics, Safety, and Tolerability of Fevipiprant (QAW039), a Novel CRTh2 Receptor Antagonist: Results From 2 Randomized, Phase 1, Placebo-Controlled Studies in Healthy Volunteers. Clin Pharmacol Drug Dev 2016; 5:306-13. [PMID: 27310331 PMCID: PMC5071756 DOI: 10.1002/cpdd.244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2015] [Revised: 11/19/2015] [Accepted: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
We evaluated the pharmacokinetics (PK), safety, and tolerability of a novel oral CRTh2 antagonist, fevipiprant (QAW039), in healthy subjects. Peak concentrations of fevipiprant in plasma were observed 1‒3 hours postdosing. Concentrations declined in a multiexponential manner, followed by an apparent terminal phase (t1/2, ∼20 hours). Steady state was achieved in 4 days with <2‐fold accumulation. Elimination was partly by renal excretion (≤30% of the dose) and glucuronidation. Food had minimal impact on the PK of fevipiprant, and it was well tolerated at single and multiple oral doses up to 500 mg/day. No dose‐dependent adverse events were observed, and all the events were mild or moderate in severity. Systemic concentrations were sufficiently high to achieve relevant target occupancy, considering in vitro pharmacology data. In summary, the data support further development as a once‐daily oral therapy for allergic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eva Vets
- SGS-Life Sciences, Antwerp, Belgium
| | | | - Wande Osuntokun
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Horsham, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - David Sandham
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Gerald Dubois
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Horsham, United Kingdom
| | | | - Paul Goldsmith
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Horsham, United Kingdom
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9
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Babu S, Nagarajan SK, Lee SH, Madhavan T. Structural characterization of human CRTh2: a combined homology modeling, molecular docking and 3D-QSAR-based in silico approach. Med Chem Res 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-016-1516-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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10
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Babu S, Kulkarni SA, Sohn H, Madhavan T. Identification of leads through in silico approaches utilizing benzylthio-1H-benzo[d]imidazol-1-yl acetic acid derivatives: A potent CRTh2 antagonist. J Mol Struct 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2015.08.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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11
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S. Strasser D, Farine H, Holdener M, Zisowsky J, Roscher R, Hoerner J, Gehin M, N. Sidharta P, Dingemanse J, M.A. Groenen P. Development of a decision-making biomarker for CRTH2 antagonism in clinical studies. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nhtm.2015.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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12
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Babu S, Sohn H, Madhavan T. Computational Analysis of CRTh2 receptor antagonist: A Ligand-based CoMFA and CoMSIA approach. Comput Biol Chem 2015; 56:109-21. [PMID: 25935115 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiolchem.2015.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2014] [Revised: 04/07/2015] [Accepted: 04/18/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
CRTh2 receptor is an important mediator of inflammatory effects and has attracted much attention as a therapeutic target for the treatment of conditions such as asthma, COPD, allergic rhinitis and atopic dermatitis. In pursuit of better CRTh2 receptor antagonist agents, 3D-QSAR studies were performed on a series of 2-(2-(benzylthio)-1H-benzo[d]imidazol-1-yl) acetic acids. There is no crystal structure information available on this protein; hence in this work, ligand-based comparative molecular field analysis (CoMFA) and comparative molecular similarity indices analysis (CoMSIA) were performed by atom by atom matching alignment using systematic search and simulated annealing methods. The 3D-QSAR models were generated with 10 different combinations of test and training set molecules, since the robustness and predictive ability of the model is very important. We have generated 20 models for CoMFA and 100 models for CoMSIA based on two different alignments. Each model was validated with statistical cut off values such as q(2)>0.4, r(2)>0.5 and r(2)pred>0.5. Based on better q(2) and r(2)pred values, the best predictions were obtained for the CoMFA (model 5 q(2)=0.488, r(2)pred=0.732), and CoMSIA (model 45 q(2)=0.525, r(2)pred=0.883) from systematic search conformation alignment. The high correlation between the cross-validated/predicted and experimental activities of a test set revealed that the CoMFA and CoMSIA models were robust. Statistical parameters from the generated QSAR models indicated the data is well fitted and have high predictive ability. The generated models suggest that steric, electrostatic, hydrophobic, H-bond donor and acceptor parameters are important for activity. Our study serves as a guide for further experimental investigations on the synthesis of new CRTh2 antagonist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sathya Babu
- Department of Bioinformatics, School of Bioengineering, SRM University, SRM Nagar, Kattankulathur, Chennai 603203, India
| | - Honglae Sohn
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Carbon Materials, Chosun University, Gwangju 501-759, South Korea.
| | - Thirumurthy Madhavan
- Department of Bioinformatics, School of Bioengineering, SRM University, SRM Nagar, Kattankulathur, Chennai 603203, India.
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13
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Alonso JA, Andrés M, Bravo M, Buil MA, Calbet M, Castro J, Eastwood PR, Eichhorn P, Esteve C, Gómez E, González J, Mir M, Petit S, Roberts RS, Vidal B, Vidal L, Vilaseca P, Zanuy M. Structure-activity relationships (SAR) and structure-kinetic relationships (SKR) of bicyclic heteroaromatic acetic acids as potent CRTh2 antagonists I. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2014; 24:5118-22. [PMID: 25437504 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2014.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2014] [Revised: 09/01/2014] [Accepted: 09/02/2014] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
A knowledge-based design strategy led to the discovery of several new series of potent and orally bioavailable CRTh2 antagonists where a bicyclic heteroaromatic ring serves as the central core. Structure-kinetic relationships (SKR) opened up the possibility of long receptor residence times.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Antonio Alonso
- Drug Discovery Division, Almirall R&D Centre, Laureano Miró, 408-410, 08980 Sant Feliu de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Miriam Andrés
- Drug Discovery Division, Almirall R&D Centre, Laureano Miró, 408-410, 08980 Sant Feliu de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mónica Bravo
- Drug Discovery Division, Almirall R&D Centre, Laureano Miró, 408-410, 08980 Sant Feliu de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maria Antonia Buil
- Drug Discovery Division, Almirall R&D Centre, Laureano Miró, 408-410, 08980 Sant Feliu de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marta Calbet
- Drug Discovery Division, Almirall R&D Centre, Laureano Miró, 408-410, 08980 Sant Feliu de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jordi Castro
- Drug Discovery Division, Almirall R&D Centre, Laureano Miró, 408-410, 08980 Sant Feliu de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Paul R Eastwood
- Drug Discovery Division, Almirall R&D Centre, Laureano Miró, 408-410, 08980 Sant Feliu de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Peter Eichhorn
- Drug Discovery Division, Almirall R&D Centre, Laureano Miró, 408-410, 08980 Sant Feliu de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cristina Esteve
- Drug Discovery Division, Almirall R&D Centre, Laureano Miró, 408-410, 08980 Sant Feliu de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Elena Gómez
- Drug Discovery Division, Almirall R&D Centre, Laureano Miró, 408-410, 08980 Sant Feliu de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jacob González
- Drug Discovery Division, Almirall R&D Centre, Laureano Miró, 408-410, 08980 Sant Feliu de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marta Mir
- Drug Discovery Division, Almirall R&D Centre, Laureano Miró, 408-410, 08980 Sant Feliu de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Silvia Petit
- Drug Discovery Division, Almirall R&D Centre, Laureano Miró, 408-410, 08980 Sant Feliu de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Richard S Roberts
- Drug Discovery Division, Almirall R&D Centre, Laureano Miró, 408-410, 08980 Sant Feliu de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Bernat Vidal
- Drug Discovery Division, Almirall R&D Centre, Laureano Miró, 408-410, 08980 Sant Feliu de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laura Vidal
- Drug Discovery Division, Almirall R&D Centre, Laureano Miró, 408-410, 08980 Sant Feliu de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pere Vilaseca
- Drug Discovery Division, Almirall R&D Centre, Laureano Miró, 408-410, 08980 Sant Feliu de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Miriam Zanuy
- Drug Discovery Division, Almirall R&D Centre, Laureano Miró, 408-410, 08980 Sant Feliu de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
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14
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Alonso JA, Andrés M, Bravo M, Buil MA, Calbet M, Castro J, Eastwood PR, Esteve C, Ferrer M, Forns P, Gómez E, González J, Lozoya E, Mir M, Moreno I, Petit S, Roberts RS, Sevilla S, Vidal B, Vidal L, Vilaseca P. Structure-activity relationships (SAR) and structure-kinetic relationships (SKR) of bicyclic heteroaromatic acetic acids as potent CRTh2 antagonists III: the role of a hydrogen-bond acceptor in long receptor residence times. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2014; 24:5127-33. [PMID: 25437506 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2014.08.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2014] [Revised: 08/07/2014] [Accepted: 08/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The correct positioning and orientation of an hydrogen bond acceptor (HBA) in the tail portion of the biaryl series of CRTh2 antagonists is a requirement for long receptor residence time. The HBA in combination with a small steric substituent in the core section (R(core) ≠ H) gives access to compounds with dissociation half-lives of ⩾ 24h.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Antonio Alonso
- Almirall R&D Centre, Laureano Miró, 408-410, 08980 Sant Feliu de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Miriam Andrés
- Almirall R&D Centre, Laureano Miró, 408-410, 08980 Sant Feliu de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mónica Bravo
- Almirall R&D Centre, Laureano Miró, 408-410, 08980 Sant Feliu de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maria Antonia Buil
- Almirall R&D Centre, Laureano Miró, 408-410, 08980 Sant Feliu de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marta Calbet
- Almirall R&D Centre, Laureano Miró, 408-410, 08980 Sant Feliu de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jordi Castro
- Almirall R&D Centre, Laureano Miró, 408-410, 08980 Sant Feliu de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Paul R Eastwood
- Almirall R&D Centre, Laureano Miró, 408-410, 08980 Sant Feliu de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cristina Esteve
- Almirall R&D Centre, Laureano Miró, 408-410, 08980 Sant Feliu de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Manel Ferrer
- Almirall R&D Centre, Laureano Miró, 408-410, 08980 Sant Feliu de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pilar Forns
- Almirall-Barcelona Science Park Unit, Barcelona Science Park, Josep Samitier 1-5, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Elena Gómez
- Almirall R&D Centre, Laureano Miró, 408-410, 08980 Sant Feliu de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jacob González
- Almirall R&D Centre, Laureano Miró, 408-410, 08980 Sant Feliu de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Estrella Lozoya
- Almirall R&D Centre, Laureano Miró, 408-410, 08980 Sant Feliu de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marta Mir
- Almirall R&D Centre, Laureano Miró, 408-410, 08980 Sant Feliu de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Imma Moreno
- Almirall R&D Centre, Laureano Miró, 408-410, 08980 Sant Feliu de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Silvia Petit
- Almirall R&D Centre, Laureano Miró, 408-410, 08980 Sant Feliu de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Richard S Roberts
- Almirall R&D Centre, Laureano Miró, 408-410, 08980 Sant Feliu de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Sara Sevilla
- Almirall R&D Centre, Laureano Miró, 408-410, 08980 Sant Feliu de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Bernat Vidal
- Almirall R&D Centre, Laureano Miró, 408-410, 08980 Sant Feliu de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laura Vidal
- Almirall R&D Centre, Laureano Miró, 408-410, 08980 Sant Feliu de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pere Vilaseca
- Almirall R&D Centre, Laureano Miró, 408-410, 08980 Sant Feliu de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
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15
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Alonso JA, Andrés M, Bravo M, Calbet M, Eastwood PR, Eichhorn P, Esteve C, Ferrer M, Gómez E, González J, Mir M, Moreno I, Petit S, Roberts RS, Sevilla S, Vidal B, Vidal L, Vilaseca P, Zanuy M. Structure-activity relationships (SAR) and structure-kinetic relationships (SKR) of bicyclic heteroaromatic acetic acids as potent CRTh2 antagonists II: lead optimization. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2014; 24:5123-6. [PMID: 25437505 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2014.08.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2014] [Revised: 08/07/2014] [Accepted: 08/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Extensive structure-activity relationship (SAR) and structure-kinetic relationship (SKR) studies in the bicyclic heteroaromatic series of CRTh2 antagonists led to the identification of several molecules that possessed both excellent binding and cellular potencies along with long receptor residence times. A small substituent in the bicyclic core provided an order of magnitude jump in dissociation half-lives. Selected optimized compounds demonstrated suitable pharmacokinetic profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Antonio Alonso
- Almirall R&D Centre, Laureano Miró, 408-410, 08980 Sant Feliu de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Miriam Andrés
- Almirall R&D Centre, Laureano Miró, 408-410, 08980 Sant Feliu de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mónica Bravo
- Almirall R&D Centre, Laureano Miró, 408-410, 08980 Sant Feliu de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marta Calbet
- Almirall R&D Centre, Laureano Miró, 408-410, 08980 Sant Feliu de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Paul R Eastwood
- Almirall R&D Centre, Laureano Miró, 408-410, 08980 Sant Feliu de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Peter Eichhorn
- Almirall R&D Centre, Laureano Miró, 408-410, 08980 Sant Feliu de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cristina Esteve
- Almirall R&D Centre, Laureano Miró, 408-410, 08980 Sant Feliu de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Manel Ferrer
- Almirall R&D Centre, Laureano Miró, 408-410, 08980 Sant Feliu de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Elena Gómez
- Almirall R&D Centre, Laureano Miró, 408-410, 08980 Sant Feliu de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jacob González
- Almirall R&D Centre, Laureano Miró, 408-410, 08980 Sant Feliu de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marta Mir
- Almirall R&D Centre, Laureano Miró, 408-410, 08980 Sant Feliu de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Imma Moreno
- Almirall R&D Centre, Laureano Miró, 408-410, 08980 Sant Feliu de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Silvia Petit
- Almirall R&D Centre, Laureano Miró, 408-410, 08980 Sant Feliu de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Richard S Roberts
- Almirall R&D Centre, Laureano Miró, 408-410, 08980 Sant Feliu de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sara Sevilla
- Almirall R&D Centre, Laureano Miró, 408-410, 08980 Sant Feliu de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Bernat Vidal
- Almirall R&D Centre, Laureano Miró, 408-410, 08980 Sant Feliu de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laura Vidal
- Almirall R&D Centre, Laureano Miró, 408-410, 08980 Sant Feliu de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pere Vilaseca
- Almirall R&D Centre, Laureano Miró, 408-410, 08980 Sant Feliu de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Miriam Zanuy
- Almirall R&D Centre, Laureano Miró, 408-410, 08980 Sant Feliu de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
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16
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Andrés M, Buil MA, Calbet M, Casado O, Castro J, Eastwood PR, Eichhorn P, Ferrer M, Forns P, Moreno I, Petit S, Roberts RS. Structure-activity relationships (SAR) and structure-kinetic relationships (SKR) of pyrrolopiperidinone acetic acids as CRTh2 antagonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2014; 24:5111-7. [PMID: 25437503 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2014.08.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2014] [Revised: 08/07/2014] [Accepted: 08/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Pyrrolopiperidinone acetic acids (PPAs) were identified as highly potent CRTh2 receptor antagonists. In addition, many of these compounds displayed slow-dissociation kinetics from the receptor. Structure-kinetic relationship (SKR) studies allowed optimisation of the kinetics to give potent analogues with long receptor residence half-lives of up to 23 h. Low permeability was a general feature of this series, however oral bioavailability could be achieved through the use of ester prodrugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Andrés
- Drug Discovery Division, Almirall R&D Centre, Laureano Miró, 408-410, 08980 Sant Feliu de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maria Antonia Buil
- Drug Discovery Division, Almirall R&D Centre, Laureano Miró, 408-410, 08980 Sant Feliu de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marta Calbet
- Drug Discovery Division, Almirall R&D Centre, Laureano Miró, 408-410, 08980 Sant Feliu de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Oscar Casado
- Almirall-Barcelona Science Park Unit, Barcelona Science Park, Josep Samitier 1-5, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jordi Castro
- Drug Discovery Division, Almirall R&D Centre, Laureano Miró, 408-410, 08980 Sant Feliu de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Paul R Eastwood
- Drug Discovery Division, Almirall R&D Centre, Laureano Miró, 408-410, 08980 Sant Feliu de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Peter Eichhorn
- Drug Discovery Division, Almirall R&D Centre, Laureano Miró, 408-410, 08980 Sant Feliu de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Manel Ferrer
- Drug Discovery Division, Almirall R&D Centre, Laureano Miró, 408-410, 08980 Sant Feliu de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pilar Forns
- Almirall-Barcelona Science Park Unit, Barcelona Science Park, Josep Samitier 1-5, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Imma Moreno
- Drug Discovery Division, Almirall R&D Centre, Laureano Miró, 408-410, 08980 Sant Feliu de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Silvia Petit
- Drug Discovery Division, Almirall R&D Centre, Laureano Miró, 408-410, 08980 Sant Feliu de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Richard S Roberts
- Drug Discovery Division, Almirall R&D Centre, Laureano Miró, 408-410, 08980 Sant Feliu de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain.
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17
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Liu H, Zheng M, Qiao J, Dang Y, Zhang P, Jin X. Role of prostaglandin D2 /CRTH2 pathway on asthma exacerbation induced by Aspergillus fumigatus. Immunology 2014; 142:78-88. [PMID: 24329550 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2013] [Revised: 11/28/2013] [Accepted: 12/11/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Aspergillus fumigatus is often associated in asthmatic patients with the exacerbation of asthma symptoms. The pathomechanism of this phenomenon has not been fully understood. Here, we evaluated the immunological mechanisms and the role of the prostaglandin D2 / Chemoattractant Receptor-Homologous Molecule Expressed on Th2 Cells (CRTH2) pathway in the development of Aspergillus-associated asthma exacerbation. We studied the effects of A. fumigatus on airway inflammation and bronchial hyper-responsiveness in a rat model of chronic asthma. Inhalation delivery of A. fumigatus conidia increased the airway eosinophilia and bronchial hyper-responsiveness in ovalbumin-sensitized, challenged rats. These changes were associated with prostaglandin D2 synthesis and CRTH2 expression in the lungs. Direct inflammation occurred in ovalbumin-sensitized, challenged animals, whereas pre-treatment with an antagonist against CRTH2 nearly completely eliminated the A. fumigatus-induced worsening of airway eosinophilia and bronchial hyper-responsiveness. Our data demonstrate that production of prostaglandin D2 followed by eosinophil recruitment into the airways via a CRTH2 receptor are the major pathogenic factors responsible for the A. fumigatus-induced enhancement of airway inflammation and responsiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haixia Liu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Shanghai First People's Hospital Affiliated Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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18
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Sidharta PN, Diamant Z, Dingemanse J. Single- and multiple-dose tolerability and pharmacokinetics of the CRTH2 antagonist setipiprant in healthy male subjects. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 2014; 28:690-9. [PMID: 24734908 DOI: 10.1111/fcp.12079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2013] [Revised: 04/03/2014] [Accepted: 04/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Chemoattractant receptor-homologous molecule expressed on T helper (Th) 2 cells (CRTH2) is a G-protein-coupled receptor for prostaglandin D2 (PGD2), a key mediator in inflammatory disorders such as asthma and allergic rhinitis. In this study, we investigated the single- and multiple-dose tolerability and pharmacokinetics (PKs) of setipiprant, an orally active, potent, and selective CRTH2 antagonist. This randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study was performed in two parts in healthy male subjects. In study Part A, single oral doses of up to 2000 mg setipiprant or placebo were given to sequential groups of eight subjects each. Additionally, the impact of food on the PKs was investigated in one-dose group. In study Part B, two groups of subjects received 500 or 1000 mg setipiprant or placebo b.i.d. during 5.5 days. At regular intervals, tolerability variables and plasma and urine levels of setipiprant were determined. Setipiprant was well tolerated after single- and multiple-dose administration. Headache was the most frequently reported adverse event. No treatment effect on tolerability variables was observed. After single- and multiple-dose administration, setipiprant was rapidly absorbed and followed a biphasic elimination pattern with an elimination half-life between 10 and 18 h. Steady-state conditions were reached after 2-3 days and setipiprant did not accumulate. Exposure to setipiprant was lower in the presence of food. Urinary excretion of unchanged setipiprant did not exceed 7% of the administered dose. In this entry-into-human study, setipiprant showed good tolerability and a favorable PK profile, thus warranting its development in the treatment of inflammatory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia N Sidharta
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Actelion Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Gewerbestrasse 16, 4123, Allschwil, Switzerland
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19
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Xiao D, Zhu X, Yu Y, Shao N, Wu J, McCormick KD, Dhondi P, Qin J, Mazzola R, Tang H, Rao A, Siliphaivanh P, Qiu H, Yang X, Rivelli M, Garlisi CG, Eckel S, Mukhopadhyay G, Correll C, Rindgen D, Aslanian R, Palani A. Quality by design (QbD) of amide isosteres: 5,5-Disubstituted isoxazolines as potent CRTh2 antagonists with favorable pharmacokinetic and drug-like properties. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2014; 24:1615-20. [PMID: 24556380 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2014.01.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2013] [Revised: 01/10/2014] [Accepted: 01/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Isoxazoles are frequently used amide isosteres, as shown in the context of discovery of CRTh2 antagonists from amide 1 to isoxazole 2. However, persistent agonism and poor solubility in isoxazole series presented challenges to its further development. Based on the concept of quality by design (QbD), 5,5-disubstituted isoxazolines 3 were introduced. The chirality at 5 position of isoxazolines controlled the switch between two modes of actions, which led to a novel series of pure antagonists. This non-planar motif also conferred a change of shape of these molecules, which avoided flat structures and improved their physical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Xiao
- Discovery Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA.
| | - Xiaohong Zhu
- Discovery Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA
| | - Younong Yu
- Discovery Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA
| | - Ning Shao
- Discovery Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA
| | - Jie Wu
- Discovery Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA
| | - Kevin D McCormick
- Discovery Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA
| | - Pawan Dhondi
- Discovery Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA
| | - Jun Qin
- Discovery Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA
| | - Robert Mazzola
- Discovery Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA
| | - Haiqun Tang
- Discovery Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA
| | - Ashwin Rao
- Discovery Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA
| | - Phieng Siliphaivanh
- Discovery Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Hongchen Qiu
- In vitro Pharmacology, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA
| | - Xiaoxin Yang
- In vitro Pharmacology, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA
| | - Maria Rivelli
- In vitro Pharmacology, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA
| | - Charles G Garlisi
- In vitro Pharmacology, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA
| | - Steve Eckel
- Immunology, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA
| | - Gitali Mukhopadhyay
- Immunology, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA
| | - Craig Correll
- Immunology, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA
| | - Diane Rindgen
- Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics & Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA
| | - Robert Aslanian
- Discovery Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA
| | - Anandan Palani
- Discovery Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA
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20
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Andrés M, Bravo M, Buil MA, Calbet M, Castillo M, Castro J, Eichhorn P, Ferrer M, Lehner MD, Moreno I, Roberts RS, Sevilla S. 2-(1H-Pyrazol-1-yl)acetic acids as chemoattractant receptor-homologous molecule expressed on Th2 lymphocytes (CRTh2) antagonists. Eur J Med Chem 2014; 71:168-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2013.10.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2013] [Revised: 10/28/2013] [Accepted: 10/29/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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21
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Schmidt JA, Bell FM, Akam E, Marshall C, Dainty IA, Heinemann A, Dougall IG, Bonnert RV, Sargent CA. Biochemical and pharmacological characterization of AZD1981, an orally available selective DP2 antagonist in clinical development for asthma. Br J Pharmacol 2013; 168:1626-38. [PMID: 23146091 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2012] [Revised: 10/22/2012] [Accepted: 10/25/2012] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The discovery of DP2 as a second receptor for PGD2 has prompted the search for antagonists as potential novel therapies based on the associations between PGD2 and disease. Here we describe the biochemical and pharmacological properties of 4-(acetylamino)-3-[(4-chlorophenyl)thio]-2-methyl-1H-indole-1-acetic acid (AZD1981), a novel DP2 receptor antagonist. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Binding to DP2 , functional receptor pharmacology and selectivity were studied in both human and animal systems. KEY RESULTS AZD1981 displaced radio-labelled PGD2 from human recombinant DP2 with high potency (pIC50 = 8.4). Binding was reversible, non-competitive and highly selective against a panel of more than 340 other enzymes and receptors, including DP1 (>1000-fold selective). AZD1981 inhibited DP2 -mediated shape change and CD11b up-regulation in human eosinophils, shape change in basophils and chemotaxis of human eosinophils and Th2 cells with similar potency. AZD1981 exhibited good cross-species binding activity against mouse, rat, guinea pig, rabbit and dog DP2 . Evaluation in mouse, rat or rabbit cell systems was not possible as they did not respond to DP2 agonists. Agonist responses were seen in guinea pig and dog, and AZD1981 blocked DP2 -mediated eosinophil shape change. Such responses were more robust in the guinea pig, where AZD1981 also blocked DP2 -dependent eosinophil emigration from bone marrow. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS AZD1981 is a DP2 antagonist that blocks functional responses in eosinophils, Th2 cells and basophils. It exhibited similar potency irrespective of the cell type, DP2 agonist or species used. This selective orally active agent is currently under clinical evaluation as a potential therapeutic agent in respiratory diseases including asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Schmidt
- Department of Bioscience, AstraZeneca R&D Charnwood, Loughborough, Leicestershire, UK
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22
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Snell N, Foster M, Vestbo J. Efficacy and safety of AZD1981, a CRTH2 receptor antagonist, in patients with moderate to severe COPD. Respir Med 2013; 107:1722-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rmed.2013.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2013] [Revised: 05/14/2013] [Accepted: 06/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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23
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2-(1H-Pyrazol-4-yl)acetic acids as CRTh2 antagonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2013; 23:3349-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2013.03.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2013] [Revised: 03/19/2013] [Accepted: 03/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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24
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Lamers C, Flesch D, Schubert-Zsilavecz M, Merk D. Novel prostaglandin receptor modulators: a patent review (2002 – 2012) – part I: non-EP receptor modulators. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2012; 23:47-77. [DOI: 10.1517/13543776.2013.736495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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25
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Norman P. Evaluation of WO2012078210 – development process for the preparation of a DP2 receptor antagonist; Ironwood's first development DP2 antagonist. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2012; 22:1257-61. [DOI: 10.1517/13543776.2012.708024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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26
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Abstract
Prostaglandin D2 (PGD2) plays a key role in many of the physiological markings of allergic inflammation including vasodilation, bronchoconstriction, vascular permeability and lymphocyte recruitment. The action of this molecule is elicited through its two primary receptors, DP and CRTH2. Activation of CRTH2 leads to lymphocyte chemotaxis, potentiation of histamine release from basophils, production of inflammatory cytokines (IL-4, IL-5 and IL-13) by Th2 cells, eosinophil degranulation and prevention of Th2 cell apoptosis. As such, antagonism of CRTH2 has been reported to ameliorate the symptoms associated with various allergen challenge animal models including murine antigen induced lung inflammation, murine cigarette smoke induced lung inflammation, murine allergic rhinitis, guinea pig PGD2-induced airflow obstruction, guinea pig airway hyper-responsiveness, sheep airway hyper-responsiveness and murine contact hypersensitivity. CRTH2 antagonists fall into four broad categories: tricyclic ramatroban analogues, indole acetic acids, phenyl/phenoxy acetic acids and non-acid-containing tetrahydroquinolines. Numerous CRTH2 antagonists have been advanced into the clinic and early reports from two Phase II trials suggest promising activity in the alleviation of atopic symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- L. NATHAN TUMEY
- Pfizer Global R&D Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, MS 8220-3563, 445 Eastern Point Rd Groton, CT 06340 USA
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Ballow M, Akdis CA, Casale TB, Wardlaw AJ, Wenzel SE, Ballas Z, Lötvall J. Immune response modifiers in the treatment of asthma: A PRACTALL document of the American Academy of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology and the European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2012; 130:311-24. [PMID: 22713596 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2012.04.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2012] [Accepted: 04/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mark Ballow
- Division of Allergy, Immunology & Pediatric Rheumatology, SUNY Buffalo School of Medicine, Buffalo, NY 14222, USA.
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Abid Masood M, Gardner M, Dack K, Winpenny D, Lunn G. Use of libraries to access new chemical space: Applications to CRTH2. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2012; 22:3682-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2012.04.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2011] [Revised: 04/06/2012] [Accepted: 04/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Kaila N, Huang A, Moretto A, Follows B, Janz K, Lowe M, Thomason J, Mansour TS, Hubeau C, Page K, Morgan P, Fish S, Xu X, Williams C, Saiah E. Diazine indole acetic acids as potent, selective, and orally bioavailable antagonists of chemoattractant receptor homologous molecule expressed on Th2 cells (CRTH2) for the treatment of allergic inflammatory diseases. J Med Chem 2012; 55:5088-109. [PMID: 22651823 DOI: 10.1021/jm300007n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
New classes of CRTH2 antagonists, the pyridazine linker containing indole acetic acids, are described. The initial hit 1 had good potency but poor permeability, metabolic stability, and PK. Initial optimization led to compounds of type 2 with low oxidative metabolism but poor oral bioavailability. Poor permeability was identified as a liability for these compounds. Addition of a linker between the indole and diazine moieties afforded a series with good potency, low rates of metabolism, moderate permeability, and good oral bioavailability in rodents. 32 was identified as the development track candidate. It was potent in cell based, binding, and whole blood assays and exhibited good PK profile. It was efficacious in mouse models of contact hypersensitivity (1 mg/kg b.i.d.) and house dust (20 mg/kg q.d.) when dosed orally. In sheep asthma, administration at 1 mg/kg iv completely blocked the LAR and AHR and attenuated the EAR phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neelu Kaila
- BioTherapeutics Chemistry, Pfizer Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, 200 Cambridgepark Drive, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02140, United States.
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Pettipher R, Whittaker M. Update on the development of antagonists of chemoattractant receptor-homologous molecule expressed on Th2 cells (CRTH2). From lead optimization to clinical proof-of-concept in asthma and allergic rhinitis. J Med Chem 2012; 55:2915-31. [PMID: 22224640 DOI: 10.1021/jm2013997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Roy Pettipher
- Oxagen Ltd., 91 Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RY, UK.
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31
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Lavoie JP, Lefebvre-Lavoie J, Leclere M, Lavoie-Lamoureux A, Chamberland A, Laprise C, Lussier J. Profiling of differentially expressed genes using suppression subtractive hybridization in an equine model of chronic asthma. PLoS One 2012; 7:e29440. [PMID: 22235296 PMCID: PMC3250435 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0029440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2011] [Accepted: 11/28/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Gene expression analyses are used to investigate signaling pathways involved in diseases. In asthma, they have been primarily derived from the analysis of bronchial biopsies harvested from mild to moderate asthmatic subjects and controls. Due to ethical considerations, there is currently limited information on the transcriptome profile of the peripheral lung tissues in asthma. Objective To identify genes contributing to chronic inflammation and remodeling in the peripheral lung tissue of horses with heaves, a naturally occurring asthma-like condition. Methods Eleven adult horses (6 heaves-affected and 5 controls) were studied while horses with heaves were in clinical remission (Pasture), and during disease exacerbation induced by a 30-day natural antigen challenge during stabling (Challenge). Large peripheral lung biopsies were obtained by thoracoscopy at both time points. Using suppression subtractive hybridization (SSH), lung cDNAs of controls (Pasture and Challenge) and asymptomatic heaves-affected horses (Pasture) were subtracted from cDNAs of horses with heaves in clinical exacerbation (Challenge). The differential expression of selected genes of interest was confirmed using quantitative PCR assay. Results Horses with heaves, but not controls, developed airway obstruction when challenged. Nine hundred and fifty cDNA clones isolated from the subtracted library were screened by dot blot array and 224 of those showing the most marked expression differences were sequenced. The gene expression pattern was confirmed by quantitative PCR in 15 of 22 selected genes. Novel genes and genes with an already defined function in asthma were identified in the subtracted cDNA library. Genes of particular interest associated with asthmatic airway inflammation and remodeling included those related to PPP3CB/NFAT, RhoA, and LTB4/GPR44 signaling pathways. Conclusions Pathways representing new possible targets for anti-inflammatory and anti-remodeling therapies for asthma were identified. The findings of genes previously associated with asthma validate this equine model for gene expression studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Pierre Lavoie
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada.
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Crosignani S, Jorand-Lebrun C, Campbell G, Prêtre A, Grippi-Vallotton T, Quattropani A, Bouscary-Desforges G, Bombrun A, Missotten M, Humbert Y, Frémaux C, Pâquet M, El Harkani K, Bradshaw CG, Cleva C, Abla N, Daff H, Schott O, Pittet PA, Arrighi JF, Gaudet M, Johnson Z. Discovery of a Novel Series of CRTH2 (DP2) Receptor Antagonists Devoid of Carboxylic Acids. ACS Med Chem Lett 2011; 2:938-42. [PMID: 24900284 DOI: 10.1021/ml200223s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2011] [Accepted: 10/10/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Antagonism of the CRTH2 receptor represents a very attractive target for a variety of allergic diseases. Most CRTH2 antagonists known to date possess a carboxylic acid moiety, which is essential for binding. However, potential acid metabolites O-acyl glucuronides might be linked to idiosynchratic toxicity in humans. In this communication, we describe a new series of compounds that lack the carboxylic acid moiety. Compounds with high affinity (K i < 10 nM) for the receptor have been identified. Subsequent optimization succeeded in reducing the high metabolic clearance of the first compounds in human and rat liver microsomes. At the same time, inhibition of the CYP isoforms was optimized, giving rise to stable compounds with an acceptable CYP inhibition profile (IC50 CYP2C9 and 2C19 > 1 μM). Taken together, these data show that compounds devoid of carboxylic acid groups could represent an interesting alternative to current CRTH2 antagonists in development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Gordon Campbell
- Merck Serono S.A., 9 chemin
des Mines, CH-1202 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Adeline Prêtre
- Merck Serono S.A., 9 chemin
des Mines, CH-1202 Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | - Anna Quattropani
- Merck Serono S.A., 9 chemin
des Mines, CH-1202 Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | - Agnes Bombrun
- Merck Serono S.A., 9 chemin
des Mines, CH-1202 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Marc Missotten
- Merck Serono S.A., 9 chemin
des Mines, CH-1202 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Yves Humbert
- Merck Serono S.A., 9 chemin
des Mines, CH-1202 Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | - Mikaël Pâquet
- Merck Serono S.A., 9 chemin
des Mines, CH-1202 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Kamel El Harkani
- Merck Serono S.A., 9 chemin
des Mines, CH-1202 Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | - Christophe Cleva
- Merck Serono S.A., 9 chemin
des Mines, CH-1202 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Nada Abla
- Merck Serono S.A., 9 chemin
des Mines, CH-1202 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Hamina Daff
- Merck Serono S.A., 9 chemin
des Mines, CH-1202 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Olivier Schott
- Merck Serono S.A., 9 chemin
des Mines, CH-1202 Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Marilène Gaudet
- Merck Serono S.A., 9 chemin
des Mines, CH-1202 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Zoë Johnson
- Merck Serono S.A., 9 chemin
des Mines, CH-1202 Geneva, Switzerland
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Pettipher R, Vinall SL, Xue L, Speight G, Townsend ER, Gazi L, Whelan CJ, Armer RE, Payton MA, Hunter MG. Pharmacologic profile of OC000459, a potent, selective, and orally active D prostanoid receptor 2 antagonist that inhibits mast cell-dependent activation of T helper 2 lymphocytes and eosinophils. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2011; 340:473-82. [PMID: 22106101 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.111.187203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
D prostanoid receptor 2 (DP₂) [also known as chemoattractant receptor-homologous molecule expressed on T helper 2 (Th2) cells (CRTH2)] is selectively expressed by Th2 lymphocytes, eosinophils, and basophils and mediates recruitment and activation of these cell types in response to prostaglandin D₂ (PGD₂). (5-Fluoro-2-methyl-3-quinolin-2-ylmethylindo-1-yl)-acetic acid (OC000459) is an indole-acetic acid derivative that potently displaces [³H]PGD₂ from human recombinant DP₂ (K(i) = 0.013 μM), rat recombinant DP₂ (K(i) = 0.003 μM), and human native DP₂ (Th2 cell membranes; K(i) = 0.004 μM) but does not interfere with the ligand binding properties or functional activities of other prostanoid receptors (prostaglandin E₁₋₄ receptors, D prostanoid receptor 1, thromboxane receptor, prostacyclin receptor, and prostaglandin F receptor). OC000459 inhibited chemotaxis (IC₅₀ = 0.028 μM) of human Th2 lymphocytes and cytokine production (IC₅₀ = 0.019 μM) by human Th2 lymphocytes. OC000459 competitively antagonized eosinophil shape change responses induced by PGD₂ in both isolated human leukocytes (pK(B) = 7.9) and human whole blood (pK(B) = 7.5) but did not inhibit responses to eotaxin, 5-oxo-eicosatetraenoic acid, or complement component C5a. OC000459 also inhibited the activation of Th2 cells and eosinophils in response to supernatants from IgE/anti-IgE-activated human mast cells. OC000459 had no significant inhibitory activity on a battery of 69 receptors and 19 enzymes including cyclooxygenase 1 (COX1) and COX2. OC000459 was found to be orally bioavailable in rats and effective in inhibiting blood eosinophilia induced by 13,14-dihydro-15-keto-PGD₂ (DK-PGD₂) in this species (ED₅₀ = 0.04 mg/kg p.o.) and airway eosinophilia in response to an aerosol of DK-PGD₂ in guinea pigs (ED₅₀ = 0.01 mg/kg p.o.). These data indicate that OC000459 is a potent, selective, and orally active DP₂ antagonist that retains activity in human whole blood and inhibits mast cell-dependent activation of both human Th2 lymphocytes and eosinophils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roy Pettipher
- Oxagen Ltd, 91 Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon, OX14 4RY, United Kingdom.
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Norman P. A novel DP2 receptor antagonist (AM-461): a patent evaluation of WO2011085033. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2011; 21:1931-6. [PMID: 22082220 DOI: 10.1517/13543776.2011.636738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
This application claims salts and crystalline forms of a previously disclosed DP2 receptor antagonist (2-[3-[2-(tert-butylsulfanylmethyl)-4-(2,2-dimethylpropanoylamino)phenoxy]-4-methoxy-phenyl]acetic acid (1)). It also claims compositions containing the free acid and its salts, especially the sodium salt and their use in the treatment of inflammatory and respiratory diseases, especially asthma. Notably, the application presents Phase I clinical data on compound (1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Norman
- Norman Consulting, 18 Pink Lane, Burnham, Bucks, SL1 8JW, UK.
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35
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Scott JM, Baccei C, Bain G, Broadhead A, Evans JF, Fagan P, Hutchinson JH, King C, Lorrain DS, Lee C, Prasit P, Prodanovich P, Santini A, Stearns BA. Discovery and optimization of a biphenylacetic acid series of prostaglandin D2 receptor DP2 antagonists with efficacy in a murine model of allergic rhinitis. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2011; 21:6608-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2011.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2010] [Revised: 01/05/2011] [Accepted: 01/06/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Crosignani S, Prêtre A, Jorand-Lebrun C, Fraboulet G, Seenisamy J, Augustine JK, Missotten M, Humbert Y, Cleva C, Abla N, Daff H, Schott O, Schneider M, Burgat-Charvillon F, Rivron D, Hamernig I, Arrighi JF, Gaudet M, Zimmerli SC, Juillard P, Johnson Z. Discovery of Potent, Selective, and Orally Bioavailable Alkynylphenoxyacetic Acid CRTH2 (DP2) Receptor Antagonists for the Treatment of Allergic Inflammatory Diseases. J Med Chem 2011; 54:7299-317. [DOI: 10.1021/jm200866y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Adeline Prêtre
- Merck Serono S.A., 9 Chemin des Mines, CH-1202 Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | - Gaële Fraboulet
- Merck Serono S.A., 9 Chemin des Mines, CH-1202 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Jeyaprakashnarayanan Seenisamy
- Syngene International Ltd., Biocon Park, Plot No. 2 & 3, Bommasandra IV Phase, Bommasandra, Jigani Link Road, Bangalore 560 099, India
| | - John Kallikat Augustine
- Syngene International Ltd., Biocon Park, Plot No. 2 & 3, Bommasandra IV Phase, Bommasandra, Jigani Link Road, Bangalore 560 099, India
| | - Marc Missotten
- Merck Serono S.A., 9 Chemin des Mines, CH-1202 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Yves Humbert
- Merck Serono S.A., 9 Chemin des Mines, CH-1202 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Christophe Cleva
- Merck Serono S.A., 9 Chemin des Mines, CH-1202 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Nada Abla
- Merck Serono S.A., 9 Chemin des Mines, CH-1202 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Hamina Daff
- Merck Serono S.A., 9 Chemin des Mines, CH-1202 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Olivier Schott
- Merck Serono S.A., 9 Chemin des Mines, CH-1202 Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Delphine Rivron
- Merck Serono S.A., 9 Chemin des Mines, CH-1202 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Ingrid Hamernig
- Merck Serono S.A., 9 Chemin des Mines, CH-1202 Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | - Marilène Gaudet
- Merck Serono S.A., 9 Chemin des Mines, CH-1202 Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | - Pierre Juillard
- Merck Serono S.A., 9 Chemin des Mines, CH-1202 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Zoe Johnson
- Merck Serono S.A., 9 Chemin des Mines, CH-1202 Geneva, Switzerland
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Sedej M, Schröder R, Bell K, Platzer W, Vukoja A, Kostenis E, Heinemann A, Waldhoer M. D-type prostanoid receptor enhances the signaling of chemoattractant receptor-homologous molecule expressed on T(H)2 cells. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2011; 129:492-500, 500.e1-9. [PMID: 21930295 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2011.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2010] [Revised: 08/19/2011] [Accepted: 08/22/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prostaglandin (PG) D(2) is substantially involved in allergic responses and signals through the 7 transmembrane-spanning/G protein-coupled receptors, chemoattractant receptor-homologous molecule expressed on T(H)2 cells (CRTH2), and D-type prostanoid (DP) receptor. OBJECTIVE Although the proinflammatory function of CRTH2 is well recognized and CRTH2 is hence considered an important emerging pharmacotherapeutic target, the role of the DP receptor in mediating the biological effects of PGD(2) in patients with allergic inflammation has remained unclear. METHODS The cross-talk of CRTH2 and DP receptors was investigated by using both a recombinant HEK293 cell model and human eosinophils in Ca(2+) mobilization assays, coimmunoprecipitation, Western blotting, radioligand binding, and immunofluorescence. RESULTS We show that CRTH2 and DP receptors modulate one another's signaling properties and form CRTH2/DP heteromers without altering their ligand-binding capacities. We find that the DP receptor amplifies the CRTH2-induced Ca(2+) release from intracellular stores and coincidentally forfeits its own signaling potency. Moreover, desensitization or pharmacologic blockade of the DP receptor hinders CRTH2-mediated signal transduction. However, CRTH2 internalization occurs independently of the DP receptor. In cells that express both receptors, pharmacologic blockade of Gα(q/11) proteins abolishes the Ca(2+) response to both CRTH2 and DP agonists, whereas inhibition of Gα(i) proteins selectively attenuates the CRTH2-mediated response but not the DP signal. CONCLUSION Our data demonstrate the capacity of DP receptors to amplify the biological response to CRTH2 activation. Therefore the CRTH2/DP heteromer might not only represent a functional signaling unit for PGD(2) but also a potential target for the development of heteromer-directed therapies to treat allergic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Sedej
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
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Crosignani S, Jorand-Lebrun C, Page P, Campbell G, Colovray V, Missotten M, Humbert Y, Cleva C, Arrighi JF, Gaudet M, Johnson Z, Ferro P, Chollet A. Optimization of the Central Core of Indolinone-Acetic Acid-Based CRTH2 (DP2) Receptor Antagonists. ACS Med Chem Lett 2011; 2:644-9. [PMID: 24900359 DOI: 10.1021/ml2001196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2011] [Accepted: 06/09/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
New spiroindolinone antagonists of CRTH2 are described. Following identification of insufficient stability in human plasma as an important liability of the lead compounds, replacement of the spirosuccinimide core with a spirohydantoin or spiropyrrolidinone structure has yielded a compound that is fully stable in human plasma and with good potency in a human whole blood assay (IC50 = 69 nM) but shows a much lower oral bioavailability (6-9% in rodents) than the earlier compounds. Successive optimization aimed at restoring an acceptable oral bioavailability has yielded compound (S)-17a, which exhibits both stability in human plasma and a good oral bioavailability in rat (37%) and mouse (39%). This compound is also active in a mouse model of ovalbumin-induced lung inflammation following oral dosing at 30 mg/kg.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Patrick Page
- Merck Serono S.A., 9 chemin des Mines, CH-1202 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Gordon Campbell
- Merck Serono S.A., 9 chemin des Mines, CH-1202 Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | - Marc Missotten
- Merck Serono S.A., 9 chemin des Mines, CH-1202 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Yves Humbert
- Merck Serono S.A., 9 chemin des Mines, CH-1202 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Christophe Cleva
- Merck Serono S.A., 9 chemin des Mines, CH-1202 Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | - Marilène Gaudet
- Merck Serono S.A., 9 chemin des Mines, CH-1202 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Zoe Johnson
- Merck Serono S.A., 9 chemin des Mines, CH-1202 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Pamela Ferro
- Merck Serono S.A., 9 chemin des Mines, CH-1202 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - André Chollet
- Merck Serono S.A., 9 chemin des Mines, CH-1202 Geneva, Switzerland
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Allergic rhinitis: an update on disease, present treatments and future prospects. Int Immunopharmacol 2011; 11:1646-62. [PMID: 21784174 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2011.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2011] [Revised: 06/21/2011] [Accepted: 07/06/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Allergic rhinitis (AR) is an inflammation of nasal mucosa mediated by IgE-associated processes occurring independently, or concurrently with asthma. AR is characterized by sensitization-formation and expression of antigen specific IgE, followed by inflammation in two phases. The early phase response involves cross linking of IgE molecules leading to degranulation of mast cells and release of preformed mediators such as histamine and tryptase, or newly synthesized mediators such as prostaglandins and leukotrienes. The late phase response is predominated by the presence of eosinophils, lymphocytes, cytokines, and adhesion molecules. Newer insights reveal that the whole phenomenon of immunological inflammation is intricately knit with neural pathways, which strongly influence the process. Furthermore, AR can impact psychological health and vice versa. Classical pharmacotherapy of AR includes use of oral or topical antihistamines, oral antileukotrienes, topical corticosteroids, mast cell stabilizers, decongestants, and an anticholinergic agent. Among immunomodulatory treatments, immunotherapy is gaining widespread use, while antibody treatment is restricted mainly to resistant cases. Several small molecules with improved safety profile, or targeting novel mechanisms are in the clinical research. Newer antihistamines and corticosteroids with improved safety profile and antagonists of the prostaglandin D(2) (CRTH2) receptors are likely to be available for clinical use in the near future. Lack of properly validated animal models and complexities associated with clinical evaluation are some of the challenges facing the researchers in AR. Comprehensive understanding of immunological and neurological processes in AR would facilitate the future quest for more effective and safer management of this disease.
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Liu J(J, Cheng AC, Tang HL, Medina JC. Benzodiazepinone Derivatives as CRTH2 Antagonists. ACS Med Chem Lett 2011; 2:515-8. [PMID: 24900341 DOI: 10.1021/ml200019y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2011] [Accepted: 04/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple CRTH2 antagonists are currently evaluated in human clinical trials for asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). During our lead optimization for CRTH2 antagonists, an observation of an intramolecular hydrogen bond in ortho-phenylsulfonamido benzophenone derivatives led to the design and synthesis of conformationally constrained benzodiazepinones as potent CRTH2 antagonists. The benzodiazepinones are 2 orders of magnitude more potent than the original flexible bisaryl ethers in our binding assay. Selected benzodiazepinones, such as compound 6, were also potent in the human eosinophil shape change assay. Analysis of the rigid conformations of these benzodiazepinones and ortho-phenylsulfonamido benzophenones provided an explanation for the structure-activity relationship and revealed the possible bound conformations to CRTH2, which may be useful for building a pharmacophore model of CRTH2 antagonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiwen (Jim) Liu
- Amgen Inc., 1120 Veterans Boulevard, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Alan C. Cheng
- Amgen Inc., 1120 Veterans Boulevard, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - H. Lucy Tang
- Amgen Inc., 1120 Veterans Boulevard, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Julio C. Medina
- Amgen Inc., 1120 Veterans Boulevard, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
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Recent Advances in the Discovery and Development of CRTh2 Antagonists. ANNUAL REPORTS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-386009-5.00019-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/05/2023]
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