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Lovering F, Aevazelis C, Chang J, Dehnhardt C, Fitz L, Han S, Janz K, Lee J, Kaila N, McDonald J, Moore W, Moretto A, Papaioannou N, Richard D, Ryan MS, Wan ZK, Thorarensen A. Imidazotriazines: Spleen Tyrosine Kinase (Syk) Inhibitors Identified by Free-Energy Perturbation (FEP). ChemMedChem 2015; 11:217-33. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201500333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Frank Lovering
- Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry; Pfizer Worldwide R&D; 610 Main Street Cambridge MA 02139 USA
| | - Cristina Aevazelis
- Inflammation and Immunity; Pfizer Worldwide R&D; 610 Main Street Cambridge MA 02139 USA
| | - Jeanne Chang
- Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry; Pfizer Worldwide R&D; Eastern Point Road Groton CT 06340 USA
| | - Christoph Dehnhardt
- Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry; Pfizer Worldwide R&D; 610 Main Street Cambridge MA 02139 USA
| | - Lori Fitz
- Inflammation and Immunity; Pfizer Worldwide R&D; 610 Main Street Cambridge MA 02139 USA
| | - Seungil Han
- Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry; Pfizer Worldwide R&D; Eastern Point Road Groton CT 06340 USA
| | - Kristin Janz
- Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry; Pfizer Worldwide R&D; 610 Main Street Cambridge MA 02139 USA
| | - Julie Lee
- Inflammation and Immunity; Pfizer Worldwide R&D; 610 Main Street Cambridge MA 02139 USA
| | - Neelu Kaila
- Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry; Pfizer Worldwide R&D; 610 Main Street Cambridge MA 02139 USA
| | - Joseph McDonald
- Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry; Pfizer Worldwide R&D; 610 Main Street Cambridge MA 02139 USA
| | - William Moore
- Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry; Pfizer Worldwide R&D; 610 Main Street Cambridge MA 02139 USA
| | - Alessandro Moretto
- Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry; Pfizer Worldwide R&D; 610 Main Street Cambridge MA 02139 USA
| | - Nikolaos Papaioannou
- Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry; Pfizer Worldwide R&D; 610 Main Street Cambridge MA 02139 USA
| | - David Richard
- Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry; Pfizer Worldwide R&D; 610 Main Street Cambridge MA 02139 USA
| | - Mark S. Ryan
- Inflammation and Immunity; Pfizer Worldwide R&D; 610 Main Street Cambridge MA 02139 USA
| | - Zhao-Kui Wan
- Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry; Pfizer Worldwide R&D; 610 Main Street Cambridge MA 02139 USA
| | - Atli Thorarensen
- Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry; Pfizer Worldwide R&D; 610 Main Street Cambridge MA 02139 USA
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Kaila N, Follows B, Leung L, Thomason J, Huang A, Moretto A, Janz K, Lowe M, Mansour TS, Hubeau C, Page K, Morgan P, Fish S, Xu X, Williams C, Saiah E. Discovery of Isoquinolinone Indole Acetic Acids as Antagonists of Chemoattractant Receptor Homologous Molecule Expressed on Th2 Cells (CRTH2) for the Treatment of Allergic Inflammatory Diseases. J Med Chem 2014; 57:1299-322. [DOI: 10.1021/jm401509e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Neelu Kaila
- Pfizer Research and Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02140, United States
| | - Bruce Follows
- Pfizer Research and Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02140, United States
| | - Louis Leung
- Pfizer Research and Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02140, United States
| | - Jennifer Thomason
- Pfizer Research and Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02140, United States
| | - Adrian Huang
- Pfizer Research and Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02140, United States
| | - Alessandro Moretto
- Pfizer Research and Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02140, United States
| | - Kristin Janz
- Pfizer Research and Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02140, United States
| | - Michael Lowe
- Pfizer Research and Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02140, United States
| | - Tarek S. Mansour
- Pfizer Research and Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02140, United States
| | - Cedric Hubeau
- Pfizer Research and Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02140, United States
| | - Karen Page
- Pfizer Research and Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02140, United States
| | - Paul Morgan
- Pfizer Research and Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02140, United States
| | - Susan Fish
- Pfizer Research and Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02140, United States
| | - Xin Xu
- Pfizer Research and Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02140, United States
| | - Cara Williams
- Pfizer Research and Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02140, United States
| | - Eddine Saiah
- Pfizer Research and Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02140, United States
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3
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Kaila N, Huang A, Moretto A, Follows B, Janz K, Lowe M, Thomason J, Mansour TS, Hubeau C, Page K, Morgan P, Fish S, Xu X, Williams C, Saiah E. Diazine indole acetic acids as potent, selective, and orally bioavailable antagonists of chemoattractant receptor homologous molecule expressed on Th2 cells (CRTH2) for the treatment of allergic inflammatory diseases. J Med Chem 2012; 55:5088-109. [PMID: 22651823 DOI: 10.1021/jm300007n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
New classes of CRTH2 antagonists, the pyridazine linker containing indole acetic acids, are described. The initial hit 1 had good potency but poor permeability, metabolic stability, and PK. Initial optimization led to compounds of type 2 with low oxidative metabolism but poor oral bioavailability. Poor permeability was identified as a liability for these compounds. Addition of a linker between the indole and diazine moieties afforded a series with good potency, low rates of metabolism, moderate permeability, and good oral bioavailability in rodents. 32 was identified as the development track candidate. It was potent in cell based, binding, and whole blood assays and exhibited good PK profile. It was efficacious in mouse models of contact hypersensitivity (1 mg/kg b.i.d.) and house dust (20 mg/kg q.d.) when dosed orally. In sheep asthma, administration at 1 mg/kg iv completely blocked the LAR and AHR and attenuated the EAR phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neelu Kaila
- BioTherapeutics Chemistry, Pfizer Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, 200 Cambridgepark Drive, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02140, United States.
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4
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Huang A, Moretto A, Janz K, Lowe M, Bedard PW, Tam S, Di L, Clerin V, Sushkova N, Tchernychev B, Tsao DHH, Keith JC, Shaw GD, Schaub RG, Wang Q, Kaila N. Discovery of 2-[1-(4-chlorophenyl)cyclopropyl]-3-hydroxy-8-(trifluoromethyl)quinoline-4-carboxylic acid (PSI-421), a P-selectin inhibitor with improved pharmacokinetic properties and oral efficacy in models of vascular injury. J Med Chem 2010; 53:6003-17. [PMID: 20718494 DOI: 10.1021/jm9013696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Previously, we reported the discovery of PSI-697 (1a), a C-2 benzyl substituted quinoline salicylic acid-based P-selectin inhibitor. It is active in a variety of animal models of cardiovascular disease. Compound 1a has also been shown to be well tolerated and safe in healthy volunteers at doses of up to 1200 mg in a phase 1 single ascending dose study. However, its oral bioavailability was low. Our goal was to identify a back up compound with equal potency, increased solubility, and increased exposure. We expanded our structure-activity studies in this series by branching at the alpha position of the C-2 benzyl side chain and through modification of substituents on the carboxylic A-ring of the quinoline. This resulted in discovery of PSI-421 with marked improvement in aqueous solubility and pharmacokinetic properties. This compound has shown oral efficacy in animal models of arterial and venous injury and was selected as a preclinical development compound for potential treatment of such diseases as atherosclerosis and deep vein thrombosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Huang
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, 200 Cambridge Park Drive, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02140, USA
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Janz K, Kaila N. Bromodecarboxylation of Quinoline Salicylic Acids: Increasing the Diversity of Accessible Substituted Quinolines. J Org Chem 2009; 74:8874-7. [DOI: 10.1021/jo9018232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kristin Janz
- Wyeth Research, Department of Chemical Sciences, 200 Cambridge Park Drive, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02140
| | - Neelu Kaila
- Wyeth Research, Department of Chemical Sciences, 200 Cambridge Park Drive, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02140
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Bedard PW, Clerin V, Sushkova N, Tchernychev B, Antrilli T, Resmini C, Keith JC, Hennan JK, Kaila N, Debernardo S, Janz K, Wang Q, Crandall DL, Schaub RG, Shaw GD, Carter LL. Characterization of the novel P-selectin inhibitor PSI-697 [2-(4-chlorobenzyl)-3-hydroxy-7,8,9,10-tetrahydrobenzo[h] quinoline-4-carboxylic acid] in vitro and in rodent models of vascular inflammation and thrombosis. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2007; 324:497-506. [PMID: 18024786 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.107.128124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
P-selectin plays a significant and well documented role in vascular disease by mediating leukocyte and platelet rolling and adhesion. This study characterizes the in vitro activity, pharmacokinetic properties, and the anti-inflammatory and antithrombotic efficacy of the orally active P-selectin small-molecule antagonist PSI-697 [2-(4-chlorobenzyl)-3-hydroxy-7,8,9,10-tetrahydrobenzo[h] quinoline-4-carboxylic acid; molecular mass, 367.83]. Biacore and cell-based assays were used to demonstrate the ability of PSI-697 to dose dependently inhibit the binding of human P-selectin to human P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1, inhibiting 50% of binding at 50 to 125 microM. The pharmacokinetics of PSI-697 in rats were characterized by low clearance, short half-life, low volume of distribution, and moderate apparent oral bioavailability. A surgical inflammation model, using exteriorized rat cremaster venules, demonstrated that PSI-697 (50 mg/kg p.o.) significantly reduced the number of rolling leukocytes by 39% (P < 0.05) versus vehicle control. In a rat venous thrombosis model, PSI-697 (100 mg/kg p.o.) reduced thrombus weight by 18% (P < 0.05) relative to vehicle, without prolonging bleeding time. Finally, in a rat carotid injury model, PSI-697 (30 or 15 mg/kg p.o.) administered 1 h before arterial injury and once daily thereafter for 13 days resulted in dose-dependent decreases in intima/media ratios of 40.2% (P = 0.025) and 25.7% (P = 0.002) compared with vehicle controls. These data demonstrate the activity of PSI-697 in vitro and after oral administration in animal models of both arterial and venous injury and support the clinical evaluation of this novel antagonist of P-selectin in atherothrombotic and venous thrombotic indications.
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Green N, Hu Y, Janz K, Li HQ, Kaila N, Guler S, Thomason J, Joseph-McCarthy D, Tam SY, Hotchandani R, Wu J, Huang A, Wang Q, Leung L, Pelker J, Marusic S, Hsu S, Telliez JB, Hall JP, Cuozzo JW, Lin LL. Inhibitors of Tumor Progression Loci-2 (Tpl2) Kinase and Tumor Necrosis Factor α (TNF-α) Production: Selectivity and in Vivo Antiinflammatory Activity of Novel 8-Substituted-4-anilino-6-aminoquinoline-3-carbonitriles. J Med Chem 2007; 50:4728-45. [PMID: 17715908 DOI: 10.1021/jm070436q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Tumor progression loci-2 (Tpl2) (Cot/MAP3K8) is a serine/threonine kinase in the MAP3K family directly upstream of MEK. Recent studies using Tpl2 knockout mice have indicated an important role for Tpl2 in the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induced production of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) and other proinflammatory cytokines involved in diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis. Initial 4-anilino-6-aminoquinoline-3-carbonitrile leads showed poor selectivity for Tpl2 over epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) kinase. Using molecular modeling and crystallographic data of the EGFR kinase domain with and without an EGFR kinase-specific 4-anilinoquinazoline inhibitor (erlotinib, Tarceva), we hypothesized that we could diminish the inhibition of EGFR kinase by substitution at the C-8 position of our 4-anilino-6-aminoquinoline-3-carbonitrile leads. The 8-substituted-4-anilino-6-aminoquinoline-3-carbonitriles were prepared from the appropriate 2-substituted 4-nitroanilines. Modifications to the C-6 and C-8 positions led to the identification of compounds with increased inhibition of TNF-alpha release from LPS-stimulated rat and human blood, and these analogues were also highly selective for Tpl2 kinase over EGFR kinase. Further structure-activity based modifications led to the identification of 8-bromo-4-(3-chloro-4-fluorophenylamino)-6-[(1-methyl-1H-imidazol-4-yl)methylamino]quinoline-3-carbonitrile, which demonstrated in vitro as well as in vivo efficacy in inhibition of LPS-induced TNF-alpha production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neal Green
- Chemical and Screening Sciences, Wyeth Research, 200 Cambridge Park Drive, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02140, USA.
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Kaila N, Green N, Li HQ, Hu Y, Janz K, Gavrin LK, Thomason J, Tam S, Powell D, Cuozzo J, Hall JP, Telliez JB, Hsu S, Nickerson-Nutter C, Wang Q, Lin LL. Identification of a novel class of selective Tpl2 kinase inhibitors: 4-Alkylamino-[1,7]naphthyridine-3-carbonitriles. Bioorg Med Chem 2007; 15:6425-42. [PMID: 17664070 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2007.06.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2007] [Revised: 06/20/2007] [Accepted: 06/26/2007] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
We have previously reported the discovery and initial SAR of the [1,7]naphthyridine-3-carbonitriles and quinoline-3-carbonitriles as Tumor Progression Loci-2 (Tpl2) kinase inhibitors. In this paper, we report new SAR efforts which have led to the identification of 4-alkylamino-[1,7]naphthyridine-3-carbonitriles. These compounds show good in vitro and in vivo activity against Tpl2 and improved pharmacokinetic properties. In addition they are highly selective for Tpl2 kinase over other kinases, for example, EGFR, MEK, MK2, and p38. Lead compound 4-cycloheptylamino-6-[(pyridin-3-ylmethyl)-amino]-[1,7]naphthyridine-3-carbonitrile (30) was efficacious in a rat model of LPS-induced TNF-alpha production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neelu Kaila
- Chemical and Screening Sciences, Wyeth Research, 200 CambridgePark Drive, Cambridge, MA 02140, USA.
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Kaila N, Janz K, Huang A, Moretto A, DeBernardo S, Bedard PW, Tam S, Clerin V, Keith JC, Tsao DHH, Sushkova N, Shaw GD, Camphausen RT, Schaub RG, Wang Q. 2-(4-Chlorobenzyl)-3-hydroxy-7,8,9,10-tetrahydrobenzo[H]quinoline-4-carboxylic Acid (PSI-697): Identification of a Clinical Candidate from the Quinoline Salicylic Acid Series of P-Selectin Antagonists. J Med Chem 2006; 50:40-64. [PMID: 17201409 DOI: 10.1021/jm060631p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
P-selectin-PSGL-1 interaction causes rolling of leukocytes on the endothelial cell surface, which subsequently leads to firm adherence and leukocyte transmigration through the vessel wall into the surrounding tissues. P-selectin is upregulated on the surface of both platelets and endothelium in a variety of atherosclerosis-associated conditions. Consequently, inhibition of this interaction by means of a small molecule P-selectin antagonist is an attractive strategy for the treatment of atherosclerosis. High-throughput screening and subsequent analoging had led to the identification of compound 1 as the lead candidate. Herein, we report the continuation of this work and the discovery of a second-generation series, the tetrahydrobenzoquinoline salicylic acids. These compounds have improved pharmacokinetic properties, and a number of them have shown oral efficacy in mouse and rat models of atherogenesis and vascular injury. The lead 31 (PSI-697), is currently in clinical development for the treatment of atherothrombotic vascular events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neelu Kaila
- Chemical and Screening Sciences, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease, Drug Safety and Metabolism, Wyeth Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02140, USA.
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Kaila N, Janz K, DeBernardo S, Bedard PW, Camphausen RT, Tam S, Tsao DHH, Keith JC, Nickerson-Nutter C, Shilling A, Young-Sciame R, Wang Q. Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Quinoline Salicylic Acids As P-Selectin Antagonists. J Med Chem 2006; 50:21-39. [PMID: 17201408 DOI: 10.1021/jm0602256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Leukocyte recruitment of sites of inflammation and tissue injury involves leukocyte rolling along the endothelial wall, followed by firm adherence of the leukocyte, and finally transmigration of the leukocyte across cell junctions into the underlying tissue. The initial rolling step is mediated by the interaction of leukocyte glycoproteins containing active moieties such as sialyl Lewisx (sLex) with P-selectin expressed on endothelial cells. Consequently, inhibition of this interaction by means of a small molecule P-selectin antagonist is an attractive strategy for the treatment of inflammatory diseases such as arthritis. High-throughput screening of the Wyeth chemical library identified the quinoline salicylic acid class of compounds (1) as antagonists of P-selectin, with potency in in vitro and cell-based assays far superior to that of sLex. Through iterative medicinal chemistry, we identified analogues with improved P-selectin activity, decreased inhibition of dihydrooratate dehydrogenase, and acceptable CYP profiles. Lead compound 36 was efficacious in the rat AIA model of rheumatoid arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neelu Kaila
- Chemical and Screening Sciences, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease, Drug Safety and Metabolism, Inflammation, Wyeth Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02140, USA.
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11
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Gavrin LK, Green N, Hu Y, Janz K, Kaila N, Li HQ, Tam SY, Thomason JR, Gopalsamy A, Ciszewski G, Cuozzo JW, Hall JP, Hsu S, Telliez JB, Lin LL. Inhibition of Tpl2 kinase and TNF-alpha production with 1,7-naphthyridine-3-carbonitriles: synthesis and structure-activity relationships. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2005; 15:5288-92. [PMID: 16165349 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2005.08.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2005] [Revised: 08/11/2005] [Accepted: 08/11/2005] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis and structure-activity studies of a series of 6-substituted-4-anilino-[1,7]-naphthyridine-3-carbonitriles as inhibitors of Tpl2 kinase are described. The early exploratory work described here may lead to the discovery of compounds with significant therapeutic potential for treating rheumatoid arthritis and other inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lori Krim Gavrin
- Chemical and Screening Sciences, Wyeth Research, 200 Cambridge Park Drive, Cambridge, MA 02140, USA
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12
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Kaila N, Somers WS, Thomas BE, Thakker P, Janz K, DeBernardo S, Tam S, Moore WJ, Yang R, Wrona W, Bedard PW, Crommie D, Keith JC, Tsao DHH, Alvarez JC, Ni H, Marchese E, Patton JT, Magnani JL, Camphausen RT. Quinic Acid Derivatives as Sialyl Lewisx-Mimicking Selectin Inhibitors: Design, Synthesis, and Crystal Structure in Complex with E-Selectin. J Med Chem 2005; 48:4346-57. [PMID: 15974587 DOI: 10.1021/jm050049l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A search for noncarbohydrate sLe(x) mimics led to the development of quinic acid derivatives as selectin inhibitors. At Wyeth we solved the first cocrystal structure of a small molecule, quinic acid, with E-selectin. In the cocomplex two hydroxyls of quinic acid mimic the calcium-bound fucose of the tetrasaccharide sLe(x). The X-ray structure, together with structure based computational methods, was used to design quinic acid based libraries that were synthesized and evaluated for their ability to block the interaction of sLex with P-selectin. A large number of analogues were prepared using solution-phase parallel synthesis. Selected compounds showed decrease in leukocyte rolling in the IVM mouse model. Compound 2 inhibited neutrophil influx in the murine TIP model and demonstrated good plasma exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neelu Kaila
- Chemical & Screening Sciences and Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease Research, Wyeth, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02140, USA.
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13
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Janz K. Physical activity and bone development during childhood and adolescence. Implications for the prevention of osteoporosis. Minerva Pediatr 2002; 54:93-104. [PMID: 11981524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
Osteoporotic fractures are a debilitating and a frequently fatal health problem for older adults. A growing body of evidence indicates that osteoporosis has its origin in early life and that the level of development of bone mass during childhood and adolescence strongly influences the risk for osteoporotic fractures. The development of osteoporosis results from an interaction between 1) bone mass accrual via growth, remodeling, and modeling during childhood and adolescence and 2) the maintenance of bone mass (primarily via remodeling) during adulthood. Peak bone mass which occurs at the conclusion of growth may be the most important factor for preventing osteoporosis since as much bone is accrued during the adolescent years as most individuals will lose during all of adult life. In this review, I examine the contribution of physical activity as an important behavioral determinant of children's bone development, particularly of peak bone mass. Since it is a behavior, physical activity is a potentially modifiable determinant of peak bone mass; therefore, understanding activity's impact on bone health is central to developing primary prevention strategies for osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Janz
- Department of Health, Leisure, and Sport Studies, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.
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Swansburg S, Janz K, Jocys G, Pincock A, Pincock J. Facial selectivity in the addition of nucleophiles to the radical cations of substituted 2-methyleneadamantanes. CAN J CHEM 1998. [DOI: 10.1139/v97-201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The diphenylmethylenecyclohexane, 2, and the substituted 2-methyleneadamantanes, 3-7, have been prepared. The radical cation of each was generated by photochemical oxidation using 1,4-dicyanobenzene as the sensitizer, and their reactivity was examined in methanol-acetonitrile mixtures with added tetraethylammonium cyanide. Although compound 2 reacted only by tautomerization, the other compounds all gave addition products. For the monoaryl alkenes 3, 4, and 5, comparable yields of both methanol and HCN addition products were obtained, resulting from nucleophilic attack at either end of the alkene radical cation. For the diphenylalkenes 6 and 7, the regioselectivity favored nucleophilic attack at the adamantyl carbon, and the addition products were predominantly those of HCN addition. For the 5-methoxy compound 7, HCN addition was facially selective with a syn:anti ratio of 58:42.Key words: methyleneadamantanes, facial selectivity, radical cations.
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