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Guilloux K, Hegde P, Wong SSW, Aimanianda V, Bayry J, Latgé JP. Comparative Analysis of the Aspergillus fumigatus Cell Wall Modification and Ensuing Human Dendritic Cell Responses by β-(1,3)-Glucan Synthase Inhibitors-Caspofungin and Enfumafungin. Mycopathologia 2024; 189:86. [PMID: 39302505 DOI: 10.1007/s11046-024-00894-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2024] [Accepted: 09/10/2024] [Indexed: 09/22/2024]
Abstract
Caspofungin, a lipopeptide, is an antifungal drug that belong to the class of echinocandin. It inhibits fungal cell wall β-(1,3)-glucan synthase activity and is the second-line of drug for invasive aspergillosis, a fatal infection caused mainly by Aspergillus fumigatus. On the other hand, Enfumafungin is a natural triterpene glycoside also with a β-(1,3)-glucan synthase inhibitory activity and reported to have antifungal potential. In the present study, we compared the growth as well as modifications in the A. fumigatus cell wall upon treatment with Caspofungin or Enfumafungin, consequentially their immunomodulatory capacity on human dendritic cells. Caspofungin initially inhibited the growth of A. fumigatus, but the effect was lost over time. By contrast, Enfumafungin inhibited this fungal growth for the duration investigated. Both Caspofungin and Enfumafungin caused a decrease in the cell wall β-(1,3)-glucan content with a compensatory increase in the chitin, and to a minor extent they also affected cell wall galactose content. Treatment with these two antifungals did not result in the exposure of β-(1,3)-glucan on A. fumigatus mycelial surface. Enzymatic digestion suggested a modification of β-(1,3)-glucan structure, specifically its branching, upon Enfumafungin treatment. While there was no difference in the immunostimulatory capacity of antifungal treated A. fumigatus conidia, alkali soluble-fractions from Caspofungin treated mycelia weakly stimulated the dendritic cells, possibly due to an increased content of immunosuppressive polysaccharide galactosaminogalactan. Overall, we demonstrate a novel mechanism that Enfumafungin not only inhibits β-(1,3)-glucan synthase activity, but also causes modifications in the structure of β-(1,3)-glucan in the A. fumigatus cell wall.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karine Guilloux
- Unité des Aspergillus, Institut Pasteur, 75015, Paris, France
| | - Pushpa Hegde
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Sorbonne Université, Université Paris Cité, 75006, Paris, France
| | - Sarah Sze Wah Wong
- Unité des Aspergillus, Institut Pasteur, 75015, Paris, France
- Immunobiologie d'Aspergillus, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Vishukumar Aimanianda
- Unité des Aspergillus, Institut Pasteur, 75015, Paris, France
- Immunobiologie d'Aspergillus, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Jagadeesh Bayry
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Sorbonne Université, Université Paris Cité, 75006, Paris, France.
- Department of Biological Sciences & Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Palakkad, Palakkad, 678623, India.
| | - Jean-Paul Latgé
- Unité des Aspergillus, Institut Pasteur, 75015, Paris, France.
- IMBB-FORTH, Heraklion, Greece.
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Liu CY, Zhang L, Liu SX, Lu YF, Li C, Pei YH. A review of the fernane-type triterpenoids as anti-fungal drugs. Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:1447450. [PMID: 39234110 PMCID: PMC11371599 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1447450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2024] [Accepted: 08/08/2024] [Indexed: 09/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Human fungal pathogens could cause a broad plethora of infections in both the immunocompetent and immunocompromised host. Fungal infections have become important causes of morbidity and mortality in recent years, the current arsenal of anti-fungal therapies was restricted. Ibrexafungerp was a novel, highly bioavailable glucan synthase inhibitor formulated for both intravenous and oral administration being developed by Scynexis; it was also the first novel anti-fungal drug class approved in more than 20 years. Ibrexafungerp was one semi-synthetic derivative of enfumafungin, a natural product isolated from fungi. This review reported the discovery of enfumafungin and ibrexafungerp, their anti-fungal mechanism, summed up 63 fernane-type triterpenoids from natural products, including 49 from plants, 9 from fungi and 5 from lichen. In addition, the review summarized the progress of enzymes responsible for the biosynthesis of type II fernane triterpenoid (enfumafungin skeleton) and type I fernane triterpenoid (polytolypin skeleton). The good example kept our confidence up for searching for new leading compounds and discovering drugs from fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Yue Liu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Natural Medicine Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
- Department of Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Daqing, China
| | - Lu Zhang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Natural Medicine Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Si-Xuan Liu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Natural Medicine Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Yong-Fu Lu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Natural Medicine Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Chang Li
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Natural Medicine Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Yue-Hu Pei
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Natural Medicine Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
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Cao ZQ, Wang GQ, Luo R, Gao YH, Lv JM, Qin SY, Chen GD, Awakawa T, Bao XF, Mei QH, Yao XS, Hu D, Abe I, Gao H. Biosynthesis of Enfumafungin-type Antibiotic Reveals an Unusual Enzymatic Fusion Pattern and Unprecedented C-C Bond Cleavage. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:12723-12733. [PMID: 38654452 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c02415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Enfumafungin-type antibiotics, represented by enfumafungin and fuscoatroside, belong to a distinct group of triterpenoids derived from fungi. These compounds exhibit significant antifungal properties with ibrexafungerp, a semisynthetic derivative of enfumafungin, recently gaining FDA's approval as the first oral antifungal drug for treating invasive vulvar candidiasis. Enfumafungin-type antibiotics possess a cleaved E-ring with an oxidized carboxyl group and a reduced methyl group at the break site, suggesting unprecedented C-C bond cleavage chemistry involved in their biosynthesis. Here, we show that a 4-gene (fsoA, fsoD, fsoE, fsoF) biosynthetic gene cluster is sufficient to yield fuscoatroside by heterologous expression in Aspergillus oryzae. Notably, FsoA is an unheard-of terpene cyclase-glycosyltransferase fusion enzyme, affording a triterpene glycoside product that relies on enzymatic fusion. FsoE is a P450 enzyme that catalyzes successive oxidation reactions at C19 to facilitate a C-C bond cleavage, producing an oxidized carboxyl group and a reduced methyl group that have never been observed in known P450 enzymes. Our study thus sets the important foundation for the manufacture of enfumafungin-type antibiotics using biosynthetic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Qin Cao
- Department of Pharmacy, Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital, Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine Postdoctoral Research Station, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510317, China
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Natural Products, College of Pharmacy/Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of Traditional Chinese Medicine and New Drugs Research/International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development of Ministry of Education (MOE) of China, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Gao-Qian Wang
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Natural Products, College of Pharmacy/Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of Traditional Chinese Medicine and New Drugs Research/International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development of Ministry of Education (MOE) of China, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Rui Luo
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Natural Products, College of Pharmacy/Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of Traditional Chinese Medicine and New Drugs Research/International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development of Ministry of Education (MOE) of China, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Yao-Hui Gao
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Jian-Ming Lv
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Natural Products, College of Pharmacy/Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of Traditional Chinese Medicine and New Drugs Research/International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development of Ministry of Education (MOE) of China, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Sheng-Ying Qin
- Clinical Experimental Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Guo-Dong Chen
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Natural Products, College of Pharmacy/Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of Traditional Chinese Medicine and New Drugs Research/International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development of Ministry of Education (MOE) of China, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Takayoshi Awakawa
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Xue-Feng Bao
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Natural Products, College of Pharmacy/Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of Traditional Chinese Medicine and New Drugs Research/International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development of Ministry of Education (MOE) of China, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Qing-Hua Mei
- Department of Pharmacy, Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital, Guangzhou 510317, China
| | - Xin-Sheng Yao
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Natural Products, College of Pharmacy/Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of Traditional Chinese Medicine and New Drugs Research/International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development of Ministry of Education (MOE) of China, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Dan Hu
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Natural Products, College of Pharmacy/Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of Traditional Chinese Medicine and New Drugs Research/International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development of Ministry of Education (MOE) of China, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Ikuro Abe
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Hao Gao
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Natural Products, College of Pharmacy/Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of Traditional Chinese Medicine and New Drugs Research/International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development of Ministry of Education (MOE) of China, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
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Cheng Z, Wu W, Liu Y, Chen S, Li H, Yang X, Zhu X, Chen X, Yan L, Chu Z, Sun P. Natural Enfumafungin Analogues from Hormonema carpetanum and Their Antifungal Activities. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2023; 86:2407-2413. [PMID: 37853717 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.3c00562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
Ibrexafungerp, an inhibitor of fungal β-(1,3)-d-glucan synthase, represents the first new class of antifungals to be approved in the last 20 years. Ibrexafungerp is a semisynthetic derivative of the naturally occurring triterpene glycoside enfumafungin. In order to search for new analogues of enfumafungin and to probe its biosynthesis, we undertook a reinvestigation of Hormonema carpetanum, which led to the isolation of two new analogues, enfumafungins B and C, together with enfumafungin. Due to the presence of a hemiacetal moiety in the structure, the enfumafungins appear as a mixture of two interconverting epimers during both the purification process and NMR data acquisition. The structure elucidation, including the differentiation of 25S* and 25R* epimers, was completed by combined analyses of NMR and MS spectroscopic data. The discovery of enfumafungins B and C may have implications for enfumafungin biosynthesis. The antifungal activity of enfumafungins B and C was significantly lower than that of enfumafungin, suggesting that the C-2 substituents and the C-19 carboxy acid are important for activity. Molecular docking simulations revealed significant hydrogen bond interactions between enfumafungins and β-(1,3)-d-glucan synthase, which may be useful for developing new antifungal agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Cheng
- School of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University, 325 Guo-He Road, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Wei Wu
- School of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University, 325 Guo-He Road, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Yu Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University, 325 Guo-He Road, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Shuo Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University, 325 Guo-He Road, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Hongji Li
- School of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University, 325 Guo-He Road, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Xingchi Yang
- School of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University, 325 Guo-He Road, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Xiaofan Zhu
- School of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University, 325 Guo-He Road, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Xuxiang Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University, 325 Guo-He Road, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Lan Yan
- School of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University, 325 Guo-He Road, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Zhiyong Chu
- Navy Medical Research Institute, Naval Medical University, 880 Xiangyin Road, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Peng Sun
- School of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University, 325 Guo-He Road, Shanghai 200433, China
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Friedman DZP, Schwartz IS. Emerging Diagnostics and Therapeutics for Invasive Fungal Infections. Infect Dis Clin North Am 2023; 37:593-616. [PMID: 37532392 DOI: 10.1016/j.idc.2023.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
Recently, there have been significant advances in the diagnosis and management of invasive fungal infections. Compared with traditional fungal diagnostics, molecular assays promise improved sensitivity and specificity, the ability to test a range of samples (including noninvasive samples, ie, blood), the detection of genetic mutations associated with antifungal resistance, and the potential for a faster turnaround time. Antifungals in late-stage clinical development include agents with novel mechanisms of action (olorofim and fosmanogepix) and new members of existing classes with distinct advantages over existing antifungals in toxicity, drug-drug interactions, and dosing convenience (oteseconazole, opelconazole, rezafungin, ibrexafungerp, encochleated amphotericin B).
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Z P Friedman
- Section of Infectious Diseases and Global Health, The University of Chicago, 5841 South Maryland Avenue, MC5065, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Ilan S Schwartz
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, 315 Trent Drive, Durham, NC 27705, USA.
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Abstract
On 2 June, 2021, the US Food and Drug Administration approved ibrexafungerp (formerly MK-3118 and SCY-078) for the treatment of vulvovaginal candidiasis, also known as vaginal yeast infection. Ibrexafungerp is the first drug approved in a novel antifungal class in more than two decades, and the Food and Drug Administration’s decision was based on positive results from two pivotal phase III studies in which oral ibrexafungerp proved both safe and effective in patients with vulvovaginal candidiasis. The decision was also based on substantial preclinical and clinical work in both the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of ibrexafungerp. This paper reviews that research and looks ahead to explore how this novel antifungal agent may be used in the future to address the expanding problem of drug-resistant mycotic infections.
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Curto MÁ, Butassi E, Ribas JC, Svetaz LA, Cortés JCG. Natural products targeting the synthesis of β(1,3)-D-glucan and chitin of the fungal cell wall. Existing drugs and recent findings. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 88:153556. [PMID: 33958276 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2021.153556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND During the last three decades systemic fungal infections associated to immunosuppressive therapies have become a serious healthcare problem. Clinical development of new antifungals is an urgent requirement. Since fungal but not mammalian cells are encased in a carbohydrate-containing cell wall, which is required for the growth and viability of fungi, the inhibition of cell wall synthesizing machinery, such as β(1,3)-D-glucan synthases (GS) and chitin synthases (CS) that catalyze the synthesis of β(1-3)-D-glucan and chitin, respectively, represent an ideal mode of action of antifungal agents. Although the echinocandins anidulafungin, caspofungin and micafungin are clinically well-established GS inhibitors for the treatment of invasive fungal infections, much effort must still be made to identify inhibitors of other enzymes and processes involved in the synthesis of the fungal cell wall. PURPOSE Since natural products (NPs) have been the source of several antifungals in clinical use and also have provided important scaffolds for the development of semisynthetic analogues, this review was devoted to investigate the advances made to date in the discovery of NPs from plants that showed capacity of inhibiting cell wall synthesis targets. The chemical characterization, specific target, discovery process, along with the stage of development are provided here. METHODS An extensive systematic search for NPs against the cell wall was performed considering all the articles published until the end of 2020 through the following scientific databases: NCBI PubMed, Scopus and Google Scholar and using the combination of the terms "natural antifungals" and "plant extracts" with "fungal cell wall". RESULTS The first part of this review introduces the state of the art of the structure and biosynthesis of the fungal cell wall and considers exclusively those naturally produced GS antifungals that have given rise to both existing semisynthetic approved drugs and those derivatives currently in clinical trials. According to their chemical structure, natural GS inhibitors can be classified as 1) cyclic lipopeptides, 2) glycolipids and 3) acidic terpenoids. We also included nikkomycins and polyoxins, NPs that inhibit the CS, which have traditionally been considered good candidates for antifungal drug development but have finally been discarded after enduring unsuccessful clinical trials. Finally, the review focuses in the most recent findings about the growing field of plant-derived molecules and extracts that exhibit activity against the fungal cell wall. Thus, this search yielded sixteen articles, nine of which deal with pure compounds and seven with plant extracts or fractions with proven activity against the fungal cell wall. Regarding the mechanism of action, seven (44%) produced GS inhibition while five (31%) inhibited CS. Some of them (56%) interfered with other components of the cell wall. Most of the analyzed articles refer to tests carried out in vitro and therefore are in early stages of development. CONCLUSION This report delivers an overview about both existing natural antifungals targeting GS and CS activities and their mechanisms of action. It also presents recent discoveries on natural products that may be used as starting points for the development of potential selective and non-toxic antifungal drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Ángeles Curto
- Instituto de Biología Funcional y Genómica and Departamento de Microbiología y Genética, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)/Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Estefanía Butassi
- Área Farmacognosia, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 531, 2000 Rosario, Argentina
| | - Juan C Ribas
- Instituto de Biología Funcional y Genómica and Departamento de Microbiología y Genética, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)/Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Laura A Svetaz
- Área Farmacognosia, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 531, 2000 Rosario, Argentina.
| | - Juan C G Cortés
- Instituto de Biología Funcional y Genómica and Departamento de Microbiología y Genética, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)/Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain.
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Li T, Li L, Du F, Sun L, Shi J, Long M, Chen Z. Activity and Mechanism of Action of Antifungal Peptides from Microorganisms: A Review. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26113438. [PMID: 34198909 PMCID: PMC8201221 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26113438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Harmful fungi in nature not only cause diseases in plants, but also fungal infection and poisoning when people and animals eat food derived from crops contaminated with them. Unfortunately, such fungi are becoming increasingly more resistant to traditional synthetic antifungal drugs, which can make prevention and control work increasingly more difficult to achieve. This means they are potentially very harmful to human health and lifestyle. Antifungal peptides are natural substances produced by organisms to defend themselves against harmful fungi. As a result, they have become an important research object to help deal with harmful fungi and overcome their drug resistance. Moreover, they are expected to be developed into new therapeutic drugs against drug-resistant fungi in clinical application. This review focuses on antifungal peptides that have been isolated from bacteria, fungi, and other microorganisms to date. Their antifungal activity and factors affecting it are outlined in terms of their antibacterial spectra and effects. The toxic effects of the antifungal peptides and their common solutions are mentioned. The mechanisms of action of the antifungal peptides are described according to their action pathways. The work provides a useful reference for further clinical research and the development of safe antifungal drugs that have high efficiencies and broad application spectra.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianxi Li
- College of Animal Science & Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China; (T.L.); (L.L.); (F.D.)
| | - Lulu Li
- College of Animal Science & Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China; (T.L.); (L.L.); (F.D.)
| | - Fangyuan Du
- College of Animal Science & Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China; (T.L.); (L.L.); (F.D.)
| | - Lei Sun
- College of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou 121001, China;
| | - Jichao Shi
- Liaoning Agricultural Development Service Center, Shenyang 110032, China;
| | - Miao Long
- College of Animal Science & Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China; (T.L.); (L.L.); (F.D.)
- Correspondence: (M.L.); (Z.C.)
| | - Zeliang Chen
- College of Animal Science & Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China; (T.L.); (L.L.); (F.D.)
- Correspondence: (M.L.); (Z.C.)
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Abstract
Invasive fungal infections in humans are generally associated with high mortality, making the choice of antifungal drug crucial for the outcome of the patient. The limited spectrum of antifungals available and the development of drug resistance represent the main concerns for the current antifungal treatments, requiring alternative strategies. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), expressed in several organisms and used as first-line defenses against microbial infections, have emerged as potential candidates for developing new antifungal therapies, characterized by negligible host toxicity and low resistance rates. Most of the current literature focuses on peptides with antibacterial activity, but there are fewer studies of their antifungal properties. This review focuses on AMPs with antifungal effects, including their in vitro and in vivo activities, with the biological repercussions on the fungal cells, when known. The classification of the peptides is based on their mode of action: although the majority of AMPs exert their activity through the interaction with membranes, other mechanisms have been identified, including cell wall inhibition and nucleic acid binding. In addition, antifungal compounds with unknown modes of action are also described. The elucidation of such mechanisms can be useful to identify novel drug targets and, possibly, to serve as the templates for the synthesis of new antimicrobial compounds with increased activity and reduced host toxicity.
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Berzaghi R, Agócs A, Curto MA, Gulyás-Fekete G, Kocsis B, Ribas JC, Lóránd T. Novel Cell Wall Antifungals Reveal a Special Synergistic Activity in pbr1 Mutants Resistant to the Glucan Synthesis Antifungals Papulacandins and Echinocandins. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:1692. [PMID: 31428061 PMCID: PMC6689975 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
A series of 4-(arylmethylene)-3-isochromanones have been prepared with base-catalyzed Knoevenagel condensation starting from 3-isochromanone and aromatic aldehydes. The outcome of the reaction- the isomeric composition of the products depends on the aromatic aldehyde applied. These reactions afforded mostly the more stable E-diastereoisomer, but some condensations resulted in the Z-diastereoisomer or mixture of the stereoisomers (1-16). The products showed antifungal effect against some pathogenic fungi. We wanted to extend this study and to synthesize a new generation of 4-(arylmethylene)-3-isochromanones. These condensations led mostly to E-diastereoisomers (17-30). The structure verifications were performed by FT IR, 1H and13C NMR methods. Both the 1-16 and the novel 17-30 compounds have been screened against the three yeast models, fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe (wild-type, and pbr1-6 and pbr1-8 mutants resistant to specific cell wall synthesis inhibitors), budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae (wild-type and pbr1-1) and pathogenic yeast Candida albicans (wild-type, ATCC 26555, 90028 and SC5314). Osmotic protection with sorbitol attenuated the in vivo inhibition in living cells suggesting a cell wall-specific antifungal effect. Moreover, the S. pombe wild-type and mutant strains were tested for their resistant or sensitive in vitro β(1,3)-glucan synthase (GS) activity. We found both in vivo in living cells and in vitro in the enzymatic GS assay a synergistic effect of higher sensitivity of the pbr1 mutants resistant to the specific GS inhibitors papulacandins and echinocandins. These results may provide new insights into new strategies of combined antifungal therapy of GS inhibitors directed against spontaneous mutants resistant to echinocandins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Berzaghi
- Instituto de Biología Funcional y Genómica, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Attila Agócs
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, University of Pécs Medical School, Pécs, Hungary
| | - María A. Curto
- Instituto de Biología Funcional y Genómica, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Gergely Gulyás-Fekete
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, University of Pécs Medical School, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Béla Kocsis
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Pécs Medical School, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Juan C. Ribas
- Instituto de Biología Funcional y Genómica, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Tamás Lóránd
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, University of Pécs Medical School, Pécs, Hungary
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Cortés JCG, Curto MÁ, Carvalho VSD, Pérez P, Ribas JC. The fungal cell wall as a target for the development of new antifungal therapies. Biotechnol Adv 2019; 37:107352. [PMID: 30797093 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2019.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2018] [Revised: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 02/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
In the past three decades invasive mycoses have globally emerged as a persistent source of healthcare-associated infections. The cell wall surrounding the fungal cell opposes the turgor pressure that otherwise could produce cell lysis. Thus, the cell wall is essential for maintaining fungal cell shape and integrity. Given that this structure is absent in host mammalian cells, it stands as an important target when developing selective compounds for the treatment of fungal infections. Consequently, treatment with echinocandins, a family of antifungal agents that specifically inhibits the biosynthesis of cell wall (1-3)β-D-glucan, has been established as an alternative and effective antifungal therapy. However, the existence of many pathogenic fungi resistant to single or multiple antifungal families, together with the limited arsenal of available antifungal compounds, critically affects the effectiveness of treatments against these life-threatening infections. Thus, new antifungal therapies are required. Here we review the fungal cell wall and its relevance in biotechnology as a target for the development of new antifungal compounds, disclosing the most promising cell wall inhibitors that are currently in experimental or clinical development for the treatment of some invasive mycoses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Carlos G Cortés
- Instituto de Biología Funcional y Genómica and Departamento de Microbiología y Genética, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)/Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain.
| | - M-Ángeles Curto
- Instituto de Biología Funcional y Genómica and Departamento de Microbiología y Genética, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)/Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Vanessa S D Carvalho
- Instituto de Biología Funcional y Genómica and Departamento de Microbiología y Genética, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)/Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Pilar Pérez
- Instituto de Biología Funcional y Genómica and Departamento de Microbiología y Genética, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)/Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Juan Carlos Ribas
- Instituto de Biología Funcional y Genómica and Departamento de Microbiología y Genética, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)/Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain.
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Marcos-Zambrano LJ, Gómez-Perosanz M, Escribano P, Bouza E, Guinea J. The novel oral glucan synthase inhibitor SCY-078 shows in vitro activity against sessile and planktonic Candida spp. J Antimicrob Chemother 2018; 72:1969-1976. [PMID: 28175309 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkx010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives We studied the antifungal activity of SCY-078 (an orally bioavailable 1,3-β -d- glucan synthesis inhibitor), micafungin and fluconazole against the planktonic and sessile forms of 178 Candida and non- Candida isolates causing fungaemia in patients recently admitted to a large European hospital. Methods The in vitro activity of SCY-078, micafungin and fluconazole against the planktonic form of the isolates was assessed using EUCAST EDef 7.3 and CLSI M27-A3. Antibiofilm activity was assessed using the XTT reduction assay. Results SCY-078 and micafungin showed potent in vitro activity against Candida and non- Candida isolates. The in vitro activity of both drugs was similar, but SYC-078 displayed significantly lower MIC values than micafungin against Candida parapsilosis and non- Candida isolates, whereas micafungin displayed significantly lower MIC values for the remaining species ( P <0.001). In contrast, SCY-078 and micafungin showed essentially the same activity against the biofilms with the exception of Candida glabrata , in which the micafungin sessile MIC values were significantly lower ( P <0.001). These observations were confirmed by assessing biofilm structure by scanning electron microscopy after antifungal treatment. Conclusions Our study showed that the high in vitro activity of SCY-078 against invasive Candida isolates in both sessile and planktonic forms is comparable to that of micafungin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Judith Marcos-Zambrano
- Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Gómez-Perosanz
- Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pilar Escribano
- Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
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Chang CC, Slavin MA, Chen SCA. New developments and directions in the clinical application of the echinocandins. Arch Toxicol 2017; 91:1613-1621. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-016-1916-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Accepted: 12/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Abstract
There has been a global upsurge in fungal infections due to rise in immunodeficiencies, debilitation and situations of violated anatomical barriers. The available antifungal repertoire has limited activity and is fraught with toxicity concerns. Drug resistance has also shown a rapid upward trend. This has resulted in increased treatment failures, mortality and health care costs. Novel effective and safe antimycotics are needed. Analogues of existing antifungal compounds and new molecules are being developed. New targets are being explored for their putative role in curtailing fungal infections. Newer antigens as vaccine candidates are being researched into. Focused efforts in this direction have yielded encouraging results. This review illuminates the various antifungal strategies which hold promise for the future.
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Ulbricht C. An Evidence-Based Systematic Review of Beta-Glucan by the Natural Standard Research Collaboration. J Diet Suppl 2014; 11:361-475. [DOI: 10.3109/09286586.2014.975066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Moriyama B, Gordon LA, McCarthy M, Henning SA, Walsh TJ, Penzak SR. Emerging drugs and vaccines for candidemia. Mycoses 2014; 57:718-33. [PMID: 25294098 DOI: 10.1111/myc.12265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2014] [Revised: 08/26/2014] [Accepted: 09/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Candidemia and other forms of invasive candidiasis are important causes of morbidity and mortality. The evolving challenge of antimicrobial resistance among fungal pathogens continues to highlight the need for potent, new antifungal agents. MEDLINE, EMBASE, Scopus and Web of Science searches (up to January 2014) of the English-language literature were performed with the keywords 'Candida' or 'Candidemia' or 'Candidiasis' and terms describing investigational drugs with activity against Candida spp. Conference abstracts and the bibliographies of pertinent articles were also reviewed for relevant reports. ClinicalTrials.gov was searched for relevant clinical trials. Currently available antifungal agents for the treatment of candidemia are summarised. Investigational antifungal agents with potential activity against Candida bloodstream infections and other forms of invasive candidiasis and vaccines for prevention of Candida infections are also reviewed as are selected antifungal agents no longer in development. Antifungal agents currently in clinical trials include isavuconazole, albaconazole, SCY-078, VT-1161 and T-2307. Further data are needed to determine the role of these compounds in the treatment of candidemia and other forms of invasive candidiasis. The progressive reduction in antimicrobial drug development may result in a decline in antifungal drug discovery. Still, there remains a critical need for new antifungal agents to treat and prevent invasive candidiasis and other life-threatening mycoses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brad Moriyama
- Pharmacy Department, NIH Clinical Center, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Karmakar R, Pahari P, Mal D. Phthalides and Phthalans: Synthetic Methodologies and Their Applications in the Total Synthesis. Chem Rev 2014; 114:6213-84. [DOI: 10.1021/cr400524q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 249] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Raju Karmakar
- Department
of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur 721302, India
- Technical University of Braunschweig, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Pallab Pahari
- Department
of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur 721302, India
- Synthetic
Organic Chemistry Division, CSIR-North East Institute of Science and Technology, Jorhat 785006, Assam, India
| | - Dipakranjan Mal
- Department
of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur 721302, India
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Butler MS, Robertson AAB, Cooper MA. Natural product and natural product derived drugs in clinical trials. Nat Prod Rep 2014; 31:1612-61. [DOI: 10.1039/c4np00064a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 383] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The 25 Natural Product (NP)-derived drugs launched since 2008 and the 100 NP-derived compounds and 33 Antibody Drug Conjugates (ADCs) in clinical trials or in registration at the end of 2013 are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark S. Butler
- Division of Chemistry and Structural Biology
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience
- The University of Queensland
- Brisbane, Australia
| | - Avril A. B. Robertson
- Division of Chemistry and Structural Biology
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience
- The University of Queensland
- Brisbane, Australia
| | - Matthew A. Cooper
- Division of Chemistry and Structural Biology
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience
- The University of Queensland
- Brisbane, Australia
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The optimization of pyridazinone series of glucan synthase inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2012; 22:5268-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2012.06.091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2012] [Revised: 06/14/2012] [Accepted: 06/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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20
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Zych AJ, Lam SQ, Jenkins DM, Herr RJ, Ting PC, Lee JF, Kuang R, Wu H, Kim DW, Aslanian RG, Wainhaus S, Black TA, Cacciapuoti A, McNicholas PM, Xu Y, Walker SS. Lead optimization of a sulfonylurea-based piperazine pyridazinone series of glucan synthase inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2012; 22:4896-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2012.04.127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2012] [Accepted: 04/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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van der Kaaden M, Breukink E, Pieters RJ. Synthesis and antifungal properties of papulacandin derivatives. Beilstein J Org Chem 2012; 8:732-7. [PMID: 23015820 PMCID: PMC3388860 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.8.82] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2012] [Accepted: 04/24/2012] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Derivatives of an antifungal agent that targets the β-(1,3)-D-glucan synthase, papulacandin D, were synthesized and tested for activity. The papulacandin D structure contains a challenging benzannulated spiroketal unit, which is introduced in a palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling reaction of a glycal silanolate and an aryl iodide followed by an oxidative spiroketalization. Four different variants were made, differing in the nature of the acyl side chain with respect to the length, and in the number and stereochemistry of the double bonds. Moderate biological activity was observed for the derivatives with a side chain based on palmitic acid and linoleic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjolein van der Kaaden
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Chemical Biology. Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, P.O. Box 80082, 3508 TB Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Topological and mutational analysis of Saccharomyces cerevisiae Fks1. EUKARYOTIC CELL 2012; 11:952-60. [PMID: 22581527 DOI: 10.1128/ec.00082-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Fks1, with orthologs in nearly all fungi as well as plants and many protists, plays a central role in fungal cell wall formation as the putative catalytic component of β-1,3-glucan synthase. It is also the target for an important new antifungal group, the echinocandins, as evidenced by the localization of resistance-conferring mutations to Fks1 hot spots 1, 2, and 3 (residues 635 to 649, 1354 to 1361, and 690 to 700, respectively). Since Fks1 is an integral membrane protein and echinocandins are cyclic peptides with lipid tails, Fks1 topology is key to understanding its function and interaction with echinocandins. We used hemagglutinin (HA)-Suc2-His4C fusions to C-terminally truncated Saccharomyces cerevisiae Fks1 to experimentally define its topology and site-directed mutagenesis to test function of selected residues. Of the 15 to 18 transmembrane helices predicted in silico for Fks1 from evolutionarily diverse fungi, 13 were experimentally confirmed. The N terminus (residues 1 to 445) is cytosolic and the C terminus (residues 1823 to 1876) external; both are essential to Fks1 function. The cytosolic central domain (residues 715 to 1294) includes newly recognized homology to glycosyltransferases, and residues potentially involved in substrate UDP-glucose binding and catalysis are essential. All three hot spots are external, with hot spot 1 adjacent to and hot spot 3 largely embedded within the outer leaflet of the membrane. This topology suggests a model in which echinocandins interact through their lipid tails with hot spot 3 and through their cyclic peptides with hot spots 1 and 2.
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Catecholase activity investigation for pyridazinone- and thiopyridazinone-based ligands. RESEARCH ON CHEMICAL INTERMEDIATES 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s11164-012-0520-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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