Tanshinone II-A: new perspectives for old remedies

Tanshinone IIA suppresses ferroptosis to attenuate renal podocyte injury in diabetic nephropathy through the embryonic lethal abnormal visual-like protein 1 and acyl-coenzyme A synthetase long-chain family member 4 signaling pathway

AIMS/INTRODUCTION

Tanshinone IIA (TIIA) is one of the main components of the root of the red-rooted Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying TIIA-mediated protective effects in diabetic nephropathy (DN) are still unclear.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

High glucose (HG)-induced mouse podocyte cell line (MPC5) cells were used as the in vitro model of DN and treated with TIIA. Cell viability, proliferation and apoptosis were detected using 3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazolyl-2)-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide, 5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine and flow cytometry assays. The protein levels were assessed using western blot assay. The levels of inflammatory factors were deleted by enzyme-linked immunoassay. Fe+ level, reactive oxygen species, malondialdehyde and glutathione products were detected using special assay kits. After ENCORI prediction, the interaction between embryonic lethal abnormal visual-like protein 1 (ELAVL1) and acyl-coenzyme A synthetase long-chain family member 4 (ACSL4) was verified using co-immunoprecipitation assay and dual-luciferase reporter assays. ACSL4 messenger ribonucleic acid expression was measured using real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction.

RESULTS

TIIA repressed HG-induced MPC5 cell apoptosis, inflammatory response and ferroptosis. ACSL4 upregulation relieved the repression of TIIA on HG-mediated MPC5 cell injury and ferroptosis. ELAVL1 is bound with ACSL4 to positively regulate the stability of ACSL4 messenger ribonucleic acid. TIIA hindered HG-triggered MPC5 cell injury and ferroptosis by regulating the ELAVL1-ACSL4 pathway. TIIA blocked DN progression in in vivo research.

CONCLUSION

TIIA treatment restrained HG-caused MPC5 cell injury and ferroptosis partly through targeting the ELAVL1-ACSL4 axis, providing a promising therapeutic target for DN treatment.

Natural bioactive compounds targeting DNA methyltransferase enzymes in cancer: Mechanisms insights and efficiencies

The regulation of gene expression is fundamental to health and life and is essentially carried out at the promoter region of the DNA of each gene. Depending on the molecular context, this region may be accessible or non-accessible (possibility of integration of RNA polymerase or not at this region). Among enzymes that control this process, DNA methyltransferase enzymes (DNMTs), are responsible for DNA demethylation at the CpG islands, particularly at the promoter regions, to regulate transcription. The aberrant activity of these enzymes, i.e. their abnormal expression or activity, can result in the repression or overactivation of gene expression. Consequently, this can generate cellular dysregulation leading to instability and tumor development. Several reports highlighted the involvement of DNMTs in human cancers. The inhibition or activation of DNMTs is a promising therapeutic approach in many human cancers. In the present work, we provide a comprehensive and critical summary of natural bioactive molecules as primary inhibitors of DNMTs in human cancers. The active compounds hold the potential to be developed as anti-cancer epidrugs targeting DNMTs.

Tanshinone-IIA mediated neuroprotection by modulating neuronal pathways

The progression of neurological diseases is mainly attributed to oxidative stress, apoptosis, inflammation, and trauma, making them a primary public concern. Since no drugs can stop these neurological disorders from happening, active phytochemical intervention has been suggested as a possible treatment. Among the several phytochemicals being studied for their potential health advantages, tanshinone-IIA (Tan-IIA ) stands out due to its wide range of therapeutic effects. Tan-IIA, derived from the Salvia miltiorrhiza plant, is a phenanthrenequinone. The pharmacological characteristics of Tan-IIAagainst various neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric illnesses have led researchers to believe that the compound possesses neuroprotective potential. Tan-IIA has therapeutic potential in treating neurological diseases due to its capacity to cross the blood-brain barrier and its broad range of activities. In treating neurological disorders, Tan-IIA has been shown to have neuroprotective effects such as anti-apoptotic, anti-inflammatory, BBB protectant, and antioxidant properties. This article concisely summarises the latest scientific findings about the cellular and molecular aspects of Tan-IIA neuroprotection in relation to various neurological diseases. The results of preclinical studies on Tan-IIA provide insight into its potential application in future therapeutic development. This molecule rapidly establishes as a prominent bioactive compound for clinical research.

Tanshinone IIA inhibits endometrial carcinoma growth through the MAPK/ERK/TRIB3 pathway

Endometrial carcinoma is the most common gynecological tumor in developed countries. Tanshinone IIA is a traditional herbal medicine which is to treat cardiovascular disease and has been shown to have various biological effects, such as anti-inflammatory, antioxidative and antitumor activities. However, there has been no study about the effect of tanshinone IIA on endometrial carcinoma. Thus, the aim of this study was to determine the antitumor activity of tanshinone IIA against endometrial carcinoma and investigate the associated molecular mechanism. We demonstrated that tanshinone IIA induced cell apoptosis and inhibited migration. We further demonstrated that tanshinone IIA activated the intrinsic (mitochondrial) apoptotic pathway. Mechanistically, tanshinone IIA induced apoptosis by upregulating TRIB3 expression and inhibiting the MAPK/ERK signaling pathway. In addition, knockdown of TRIB3 with an shRNA lentivirus accelerated proliferation and attenuated inhibition mediated by tanshinone IIA. Finally, we further demonstrated that tanshinone IIA inhibited tumor growth by inducing TRIB3 expression in vivo. In conclusion, these findings suggest that tanshinone IIA has a significant antitumor effect by inducing apoptosis and may be used as a drug for the treatment of endometrial carcinoma.

Tanshinone IIA mediates protection from diabetes kidney disease by inhibiting oxidative stress induced pyroptosis

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Salvia miltiorrhiza is widely used traditional Chinese medicine in the treatment of diabetes kidney disease (DKD). Tanshinone IIA (Tan IIA) are one of the main components of the root of red-rooted Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge. However, whether tanshinones delay the progression of DKD and the underlying mechanisms are unknown.

AIM OF THE STUDY

Clarify the mechanisms underlying the occurrence and progression of DKDs from a novel viewpoint and confirm the function and mechanism of Tan IIA.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

We experimented with models of DKD (db/db mice) and cultured human renal glomerular endothelial cells (HRGECs). We measured the biochemical indicators of mouse blood and urine to confirmed that Tan IIA exerted protective effects on the kidneys of db/db mice. Renal histopathology and immunohistochemical staining were used to determine the role of Tan IIA. High glucose-induced HRGECs pyroptosis based on the results of Western blot, CCK-8 cell viability test, calcein/PI staining, ROS/superoxide anion generation and transmission electron microscope. We also confirmed that Tan IIA alleviated HRGEC pyroptosis through the same methods. The relationships between oxidative induction and regulation of NOD-like receptor family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome activation were investigated using Western blot following the application of an NLRP3 inhibitor and oxidative stress inhibitor.

RESULTS

Tan IIA alleviated kidney injury and improved the levels of urine, blood indicators, the expression of NLRP3 and thioredoxin-interacting protein (Txnip) in db/db mice kidney. In vitro, high glucose inhibited HRGECs viability, increased ROS generation, enhanced the proportion of propidium iodide-stained cells. In addition, we discovered the expression of GSDMD-NT, NLRP3, cleaved IL-1β, cleaved caspase-1, and Txnip increased, but the expression of Trx1 decreased after treated by high glucose. These changes were partially ameliorated by Tan IIA.

CONCLUSION

Hyperglycemia could induce pyroptosis in renal glomerular endothelial cells. However, Tan IIA could delay the progression of DKD by inhibiting pyroptosis by regulating the Txnip/NLRP3 inflammasome.

Novel therapeutic opportunities for Toxoplasma gondii, Trichomonas vaginalis and Giardia intestinalis infections

INTRODUCTION

Toxoplasma gondii, Trichomonas vaginalis and Giardia intestinalis are the causative agents of Toxoplasmosis, Trichomoniasis and Giardiasis, three important infections threatening human health and affecting millions of people worldwide. Although drugs and treatment are available to fight these protozoan parasites, side-effects and increasing drug resistance, require continuous efforts for the development of novel effective drugs.

AREAS COVERED

The patents search was carried out in September/October 2022 with four official scientific databases (Espacenet, Scifinder, Reaxys, Google Patents). Treatments for Toxoplasmosis, Trichomoniasis and Giardiasis (2015-2022) have been grouped according to their chemotypes. In particular, novel chemical entities have been reported and investigated for their structure-activity relationship, when accessible. On the other hand, drug repurposing, extensively exploited to obtain novel anti-protozoal treatment, has been in-depth described. Finally, natural metabolites and extracts have also been reported.

EXPERT OPINION

T. gondii, T. vaginalis and G. intestinalis are protozoan infections usually controlled by immune system in immunocompetent patients; however, they could represent a threatening health for immunocompromised people. The needs of novel effective drugs, endowed with new mechanisms of actions arises from the increasing drug resistance affecting antibiotic as well as antiprotozoal therapies. In this review different therapeutic approaches to treat protozoan infections have been reported.

Potential of natural products in combination with arsenic trioxide: Investigating cardioprotective effects and mechanisms

Over the past few decades, clinical trials conducted worldwide have demonstrated the efficacy of arsenic trioxide (ATO) in the treatment of relapsed acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL). Currently, ATO has become the frontline treatments for patients with APL. However, its therapeutic applicability is severely constrained by ATO-induced cardiac side effects. Any cardioprotective agents that can ameliorate the cardiac side effects and allow exploiting the full therapeutic potential of ATO, undoubtedly gain significant attention. The knowledge and use of natural products for evidence-based therapy have grown rapidly in recent years. Here we discussed the potential mechanism of ATO-induced cardiac side effects and reviewed the studies on cardiac side effects as well as the research history of ATO in the treatment of APL. Then, We summarized the protective effects and underlying mechanisms of natural products in the treatment of ATO-induced cardiac side effects. Based on the efficacy and safety of the natural product, it has a promising future in the development of cardioprotective agents against ATO-induced cardiac side effects.

MicroRNA in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Doxorubicin-Induced Cardiotoxicity

Doxorubicin (DOX), a broad-spectrum chemotherapy drug, is widely applied to the treatment of cancer; however, DOX-induced cardiotoxicity (DIC) limits its clinical therapeutic utility. However, it is difficult to monitor and detect DIC at an early stage using conventional detection methods. Thus, sensitive, accurate, and specific methods of diagnosis and treatment are important in clinical practice. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) belong to non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) and are stable and easy to detect. Moreover, miRNAs are expected to become biomarkers and therapeutic targets for DIC; thus, there are currently many studies focusing on the role of miRNAs in DIC. In this review, we list the prominent studies on the diagnosis and treatment of miRNAs in DIC, explore the feasibility and difficulties of using miRNAs as diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets, and provide recommendations for future research.

Tanshinone IIA Regulates Keap1/Nrf2 Signal Pathway by Activating Sestrin2 to Restrain Pulmonary Fibrosis

Tanshinone IIA (Tan-IIA) is a major component extracted from the traditional herbal medicine Danshen, which has shown antipulmonary fibrosis by suppress reactive oxygen species-mediated activation of myofibroblast. However, the exact mechanism of Tan-IIA against pulmonary fibrosis (PF) remains unclear. This work aimed to explore the underlying mechanism of the protective effects of Tan-IIA on PF. By using high-throughput RNA-Seq analysis, we have compared the genome-wide gene expression profiles and pathway enrichment of Tan-IIA-treated NIH-3T3 cells with or without transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-[Formula: see text]1) induction. In normal NIH-3T3 cells, Tan-IIA treatment up-regulated 181 differential expression genes (DEGs) and down-regulated 137 DEGs. In TGF-[Formula: see text]1-induced NIH-3T3 cells, Tan-IIA treatment up-regulated 709 DEGs and down-regulated 1075 DEGs, and these DEGs were enriched in extracellular matrix organization, collagen fibril organization, cell adhesion, ECM-receptor interaction, PI3K-Akt signaling pathway and P53 signaling pathway. Moreover, there were 207 co-expressed DEGs between Tan-IIA treatment vs. the Control and TGF-[Formula: see text]1 plus Tan-IIA treatment vs. TGF-[Formula: see text]1 alone treatment, some of which were related to anti-oxidative stress. In both normal and TGF-[Formula: see text]1-induced NIH-3T3 cells, protein-protein interaction network analysis indicated that Tan-IIA can regulate the expression of several common anti-oxidant genes including Heme oxygenase 1 (Ho-1, also known as Homx1), Sestrin2 (Sesn2), GCL modifier subunit (Gclm), GCL catalytic subunit (Gclc) and Sequestosome-1 (Sqstm1). Quantitative Real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis confirmed some DEGs specifically expressing on Tan-IIA treated cells, which provided new candidates for further functional studies of Tan-IIA. In both in vitro and in vivo PF models, the protein expression of Sesn2 was significantly enhanced by Tan-IIA treatment. Overexpression and knockdown experiments showed that Sesn2 is required for Tan-IIA against TGF-[Formula: see text]1-induced myofibroblast activation by reinforcing nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2)-mediated anti-oxidant response via downregulation of kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (Keap1). These results suggest Tan-IIA inhibits myofibroblast activation by activating Sesn2-Nrf2 signaling pathway, and provide a new insight into the essential role of Sesn2 in PF.

Development and structure-activity relationships of tanshinones as selective 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 1 inhibitors

11β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 1 (11β-HSD1) represents a promising drug target for metabolic syndrome, including obesity and type 2 diabetes. Our initial screen of a collection of natural products from Danshen led to the identification of tanshinones as the potent and selective 11β-HSD1 inhibitors. To improve the druggability and explore the structure-activity relationships (SARs), more than 40 derivatives have been designed and synthesized using tanshinone IIA and cryptotanshinone as the starting materials. More than 10 derivatives exhibited potent in vitro 11β-HSD1 inhibitory activity and good selectivity over 11β-HSD2 across human and mouse species. Based on the biological results, SARs were further discussed, which was also partially rationalized by a molecular docking model of 1 bound to the 11β-HSD1. Remarkably, compounds 1, 17 and 30 significantly inhibited 11β-HSD1 in 3T3-L1 adipocyte and in livers of ob/ob mice, which merits further investigations as anti-diabetic agents. This study not only provides a series of novel selective 11β-HSD1 inhibitors with promising therapeutic potentials in metabolic syndromes, but also expands the boundaries of the chemical and biological spaces of tanshinones.

Tanshinone IIA regulates expression of glucose transporter 1 via activation of the HIF‑1α signaling pathway

Tanshinone IIA (Tan 2A) is a lipid‑soluble compound extracted from the Chinese herb Danshen (Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge). It protects neuron and microvascular endothelial cells against hypoxia/ischemia both in vitro and in vivo however the mechanism is not fully known. Glucose transporter 1 (GLUT‑1) is ubiquitously expressed in all types of tissue in the human body and serves important physiological functions due to its glucose uptake ability. The present study evaluated the role of Tan 2A in regulating GLUT‑1 expression and its potential mechanism. RT‑PCR and western Blot were used to detect the expression of GLUT‑1. Si RNA mediated knockdown and CHIP assay were used to explore the mechanism of Tan 2A on GLUT‑1expression. Tan 2A treatment induced expression of GLUT‑1 and subsequently increased glucose uptake in endothelial cells (ECs). Furthermore, mRNA expression levels of vascular endothelial cell growth factor, BCL2 interacting protein 3 and enolase 2, which are target genes for hypoxia‑inducible factor‑1α (HIF‑1α), were significantly upregulated by Tan 2A. Co‑immunoprecipitation demonstrated that Tan 2A markedly increased the association of HIF‑1α with recombination signal‑binding protein for immunoglobulin κJ region (RBPJκ). Moreover, knockdown of HIF‑1α and RBPJκ significantly reversed the regulatory effect of Tan 2A on mRNA expression levels of these genes in ECs. The results of the present study suggested that HIF‑1α partially mediated the regulatory effect of Tan 2A on GLUT‑1 expression in ECs. Therefore, GLUT‑1 may be a potential therapeutic target for Tan 2A.

Clinical Patterns of Traditional Chinese Medicine for Ischemic Heart Disease Treatment: A Population-Based Cohort Study

Background and objectives: Traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs) are widely prescribed to relieve ischemic heart disease (IHD); however, no cohort studies have been conducted on the use of TCMs for patients with IHD. The aim of the study was to analyze TCM prescription patterns for patients with IHD. Materials and Methods: The retrospective population-based study employed a randomly sampled cohort of 4317 subjects who visited TCM clinics. Data were obtained from the National Health Insurance Research Database (NHIRD) of Taiwan for the period covering 2000 to 2017. Data analysis focused on the top ten most commonly prescribed formulae and single TCMs. We also examined the most common two- and three-drug combinations of TCM in single prescriptions. Demographic characteristics included age and sex distributions. Analysis was performed on 22,441 prescriptions. Results: The majority of TCM patients were male (53.6%) and over 50 years of age (65.1%). Zhi-Gan-Cao-Tang (24.76%) was the most frequently prescribed formulae, and Danshen (28.89%) was the most frequently prescribed single TCM for the treatment of IHD. The most common two- and three-drug TCM combinations were Xue-Fu-Zhu-Yu-Tang and Danshen” (7.51%) and “Zhi-Gan-Cao-Tang, Yang-Xin-Tang, and Gua-Lou-Xie-Bai-Ban-Xia-Tang” (2.79%). Conclusions: Our results suggest that most of the frequently prescribed TCMs for IHD were Qi toning agents that deal with cardiovascular disease through the promotion of blood circulation. The widespread use of these drugs warrants large-scale, randomized clinical trials to investigate their effectiveness and safety.

Mentha pulegium L. (Pennyroyal, Lamiaceae) Extracts Impose Abortion or Fetal-Mediated Toxicity in Pregnant Rats; Evidenced by the Modulation of Pregnancy Hormones, MiR-520, MiR-146a, TIMP-1 and MMP-9 Protein Expressions, Inflammatory State, Certain Related Signaling Pathways, and Metabolite Profiling via UPLC-ESI-TOF-MS

Pregnant women usually turn to natural products to relieve pregnancy-related ailments which might pose health risks. Mentha pulegium L. (MP, Lamiaceae) is a common insect repellent, and the present work validates its abortifacient capacity, targeting morphological anomalies, biological, and behavioral consequences, compared to misoprostol. The study also includes untargeted metabolite profiling of MP extract and fractions thereof viz. methylene chloride (MecH), ethyl acetate (EtOAc), butanol (But), and the remaining liquor (Rem. Aq.) by UPLC-ESI-MS-TOF, to unravel the constituents provoking abortion. Administration of MP extract/fractions, for three days starting from day 15th of gestation, affected fetal development by disrupting the uterine and placental tissues, or even caused pregnancy termination. These effects also entailed biochemical changes where they decreased progesterone and increased estradiol serum levels, modulated placental gene expressions of both MiR-(146a and 520), decreased uterine MMP-9, and up-regulated TIMP-1 protein expression, and empathized inflammatory responses (TNF-α, IL-1β). In addition, these alterations affected the brain's GFAP, BDNF, and 5-HT content and some of the behavioral parameters escorted by the open field test. All these incidences were also perceived in the misoprostol-treated group. A total of 128 metabolites were identified in the alcoholic extract of MP, including hydroxycinnamates, flavonoid conjugates, quinones, iridoids, and terpenes. MP extract was successful in terminating the pregnancy with minimal behavioral abnormalities and low toxicity margins.

Targeting Oxidative Stress and Endothelial Dysfunction Using Tanshinone IIA for the Treatment of Tissue Inflammation and Fibrosis

Salvia miltiorrhiza Burge (Danshen), a member of the Lamiaceae family, has been used in traditional Chinese medicine for many centuries as a valuable medicinal herb with antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, and antifibrotic potential. Several evidence-based reports have suggested that Salvia miltiorrhiza and its components prevent vascular diseases, including myocardial infarction, myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury, arrhythmia, cardiac hypertrophy, and cardiac fibrosis. Tanshinone IIA (TanIIA), a lipophilic component of Salvia miltiorrhiza, has gained attention because of its possible preventive and curative activity against cardiovascular disorders. TanIIA, which possesses antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, and antifibrotic properties, could be a key component in the therapeutic potential of Salvia miltiorrhiza. Vascular diseases are often initiated by endothelial dysfunction, which is accompanied by vascular inflammation and fibrosis. In this review, we summarize how TanIIA suppresses tissue inflammation and fibrosis through signaling pathways such as PI3K/Akt/mTOR/eNOS, TGF-β1/Smad2/3, NF-κB, JNK/SAPK (stress-activated protein kinase)/MAPK, and ERK/Nrf2 pathways. In brief, this review illustrates the therapeutic value of TanIIA in the alleviation of oxidative stress, inflammation, and fibrosis, which are critical components of cardiovascular disorders.

Tanshinone IIA: New Perspective on the Anti-Tumor Mechanism of A Traditional Natural Medicine

The search for natural and efficacious antineoplastic drugs, with minimal toxicity and side effects, is an important part of antitumor drug research and development. Tanshinone IIA is the most evaluated lipophilic active component of Salvia miltiorrhiza. Tanshinone IIA is a path-breaking traditional drug applied in cardiovascular treatment. It has also been found that tanshinone IIA plays an important role in the digestive, respiratory and circulatory systems, as well as in other tumor diseases. Tanshinone IIA significantly inhibits the proliferation of several types of tumors, blocks the cell cycle, induces apoptosis and autophagic death, in addition to inhibiting cell migration and invasion. Among these, the regulation of tumor-cell apoptosis signaling pathways is the key breakthrough point in several modes of antitumor therapy. The PI3K/AKT/MTOR signaling pathway and the JNK pathway are the key pathways for tanshinone IIA to induce tumor cell apoptosis. In addition to glycolysis, reactive oxygen species and signal transduction all play an active role with the participation of tanshinone IIA. Endogenous apoptosis is considered the main mechanism of tumor apoptosis induced by tanshinone IIA. Multiple pathways and targets play a role in the process of endogenous apoptosis. Tanshinone IIA can protect chemotherapy drugs, which is mainly reflected in the protection of the side effects of chemotherapy drugs, such as neurotoxicity and inhibition of the hematopoietic system. Tanshinone IIA also has a certain regulatory effect on tumor angiogenesis, which is mainly manifested in the control of hypoxia. Our findings indicated that tanshinone IIA is an effective treatment agent in the cardiovascular field and plays a significant role in antitumor therapeutics. This paper reviews the pharmacological potential and inhibitory effect of tanshinone IIA on cancer. It is greatly anticipated that tanshinone IIA will be employed as an adjuvant in the treatment of various cancers.

Tanshinone IIA alleviates cardiac hypertrophy through m6A modification of galectin-3

Cardiac hypertrophy results from the adaptive response of the myocardium to pressure overload on the heart. Tanshinone IIA (Tan IIA) is the major active compound extracted from Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge, which possesses various pharmacological benefits. In the present study, the effect and mechanism of action of Tan IIA on cardiac hypertrophy were studied. Ang II–induced and transverse aortic constriction (TAC)-induced cardiomyocyte hypertrophy models were used to evaluate the effect of Tan IIA. An adenoviral vector system was utilized to overexpress galectin-3. The results revealed that Tan IIA significantly inhibited Ang II–induced hypertrophy in vitro and TAC-induced cardiac hypertrophy in vivo. Furthermore, Tan IIA notably inhibited the expression of galectin-3. Rescue experiments indicated that galectin-3 overexpression reversed the effects of Tan IIA, which further validated the interaction between Tan IIA and galectin-3. Additionally, Tan IIA suppressed alkB homolog 5, RNA demethylase (ALKBH5)-mediated N6-methyladenosine (m6A) modification of galectin-3. In summary, the results of the present study indicated that Tan IIA attenuates cardiac hypertrophy by targeting galectin-3, suggesting that galectin-3 plays a critical role in cardiac hypertrophy and represents a new therapeutic target.

Potential of natural products in the treatment of myocardial infarction: focus on molecular mechanisms

Although conventional drugs are widely used in the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular disease (CVD), they are being used less frequently due to concerns about possible side effects over the long term. There has been a renewed research interest in medicinal plant products, and their role in protecting the cardiovascular system and treating CVD, which are now being considered as potential alternatives to modern drugs. The most important mechanism causing damage to the myocardium after heart attack and reperfusion, is increased levels of free radicals and oxidative stress. Therefore, treatment approaches often focus on reducing free radicals or enhancing antioxidant defense mechanism. It has been previously reported that bioactive natural products can protect the heart muscle in myocardial infarction (MI). Since these compounds are readily available in fruits and vegetables, they could prevent the risk of MI if they are consumed daily. Although the benefits of a healthy diet are well known, many scientific studies have focused on whether pure natural compounds can prevent and treat MI. In this review we summarize the effects of curcumin, resveratrol, quercitin, berberine, and tanshinone on MI and CVD, and focus on their proposed molecular mechanisms of action.

Tanshinone IIA alleviate rifampicin-induced cholestasis by regulating the expression and function of bile salt export pump

Objective: Rifampicin (RFP) induces cholestasis due to long-term tubercular therapy. Impairment of the canalicular bile acids efflux via the bile salt export pump (BSEP) is a well-recognized cause of cholestasis. Tanshinone IIA (TAN IIA) has a protective effect on the liver. However, there are limited studies on the effects of RFP and TAN IIA on BSEP. In present study, we aimed to elucidate the effects of RFP and TAN IIA on BSEP and provide evidence to support the treatment of RFP-induced cholestasis with TAN IIA. Methods: Firstly, liver histopathological examination and serum biochemical tests were evaluated in rats. Secondly, we evaluated BSEP expression by qRT-PCR and western blotting to explore whether RFP and TAN IIA influence liver function through BSEP. Thirdly, the accumulation of BSEP substrate taurocholic acid (TCA) in bile ducts was determined to investigate the effects of RFP and TAN IIA on BSEP function. Results: Apparent histopathological alterations and significantly increased serum biomarkers were observed in the RFP group (200 mg/kg), while these changes were attenuated in the combination groups. The mRNA and protein levels of BSEP were decreased by RFP. Whereas TAN IIA reversed the downward regulation of BSEP caused by RFP. And RFP primarily inhibited TCA excretion but co-administration of TAN IIA markedly induced TCA excretion mediated by BSEP. Conclusion: Our findings collectively demonstrated that RFP-induced cholestasis could be related to the inhibition of BSEP, and TAN IIA had the potential to prevent RFP-induced cholestasis by regulating BSEP.

Exploiting endophytic microbes as micro-factories for plant secondary metabolite production

Plant secondary metabolites have significant potential applications in a wide range of pharmaceutical, food, and cosmetic industries by providing new chemistries and compounds. However, direct isolation of such compounds from plants has resulted in over-harvesting and loss of biodiversity, currently threatening several medicinal plant species to extinction. With the breakthrough report of taxol production by an endophytic fungus of Taxus brevifolia, a new era in natural product research was established. Since then, the ability of endophytic microbes to produce metabolites similar to those produced by their host plants has been discovered. The plant "endosphere" represents a rich and unique biological niche inhabited by organisms capable of producing a range of desired compounds. In addition, plants growing in diverse habitats and adverse environmental conditions represent a valuable reservoir for obtaining rare microbes with potential applications. Despite being an attractive and sustainable approach for obtaining economically important metabolites, the industrial exploitation of microbial endophytes for the production and isolation of plant secondary metabolites remains in its infancy. The present review provides an updated overview of the prospects, challenges, and possible solutions for using microbial endophytes as micro-factories for obtaining commercially important plant metabolites.Key points• Some "plant" metabolites are rather synthesized by the associated endophytes.• Challenges: Attenuation, silencing of BGCs, unculturability, complex cross-talk.• Solutions: Simulation of in planta habitat, advanced characterization methods.

Salvia miltiorrhiza Injection Promotes the Adipogenic Differentiation of Human Adipose-Derived Stem Cells

BACKGROUND

Autologous fat grafting is a commonly used strategy to repair soft-tissue defects that has shown an approximately 40 percent increase in use in the past 5 years. However, the high reabsorption rates (average, 50 percent) often result in an unsatisfactory outcome. Current approaches aimed at increasing the blood supply of grafted fat have little clinical support. Here, we found that Salvia miltiorrhiza could improve fat graft survival by promoting adipogenic differentiation of adipose-derived stem cells by means of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) and CCAAT-enhancer binding protein alpha (C/EBPα) signaling.

METHODS

Adipose tissue was harvested from the thighs of two women. Adipose-derived stem cells were characterized by flow cytometry (CD29, CD90, and CD105). The samples (2 × 104 cells/liter) were incubated with or without S. miltiorrhiza injection (0.001, 0.005, 0.01, 0.05, 0.1, 0.5, 1, and 5 g/liter) during adipogenic differentiation. Oil Red O staining, triglyceride content, and adipogenic gene expression (PPARγ and C/EBPα) were performed to detect adipogenic differentiation.

RESULTS

The triglyceride content in the 0.5-g/liter group was increased significantly compared with that in control groups (0.231 ± 0.010, 76.90 percent versus control, p < 0.001, day 9; 0.303 ± 0.010, 91.28 percent versus control, p < 0.001, day 10; 0.361 ± 0.008, 86.65 percent versus control, p < 0.001, day 11). The expression levels of PPARγ and C/EBPα in the 0.5-g/liter group were both increased significantly compared with those in control groups (0.0097 ± 0.0015, 48.1 percent versus control, p < 0.05 for PPARγ; 0.0423 ± 0.003, 112 percent versus control, p < 0.001 for C/EBPα).

CONCLUSIONS

S. miltiorrhiza injection has a positive effect on adipogenesis of adipose-derived stem cells in vitro. The effect of this treatment on improving fat graft survival needs more in vivo research.

Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of tanshinone IIA-based analogues: Potent inhibitors of microtubule formation and angiogenesis

We report the structural optimization of tanshinone IIA, a natural product which possesses anti-tumor properties but low water-solubility, weak antiproliferative activity and poor PK properties. A new series of ring A/C/D modified tanshinone analogues were synthesized and studied for their antiproliferative capacities against six human cancer cell lines. SAR study revealed that ring A cleavage of tanshinone IIA led to improved anti-cancer activity. Introduction of a methoxy group to the phenyl ring could enhance the anti-cancer activity even further. Compound 2f with methoxy group at C-8 position was selected as an early lead with IC₅₀ values of 0.28-3.16 μM against six tested cell lines. 2f could bind to tubulin colchicine site, inhibit tubulin assembly and disrupt the normal formation of microtubule networks. Cellular mechanistic studies revealed that 2f induced apoptotic cell death of A549 cells in a dose-dependent manner. In vitro investigations showed that 2f impeded the tubule-formation of HUVECs and potently inhibited the proliferation, migration and invasion of A549 cells as well as HUVECs. Furthermore, the in vivo anti-angiogenic effect of 2f was confirmed via a zebrafish model test. The satisfactory physicochemical property and metabolic stability of 2f, as well as improved water-solubility, further suggested that 2f could serve as a promising tubulin inhibitor and anti-angiogenic agent.

Tanshinone IIA Stimulates Cystathionine γ-Lyase Expression and Protects Endothelial Cells from Oxidative Injury

Tanshinone IIA (Tan IIA), an active ingredient of Danshen, is a well-used drug to treat cardiovascular diseases. Currently, the mechanisms involved remain poorly understood. Given that many actions of Tan IIA could be similarly achieved by hydrogen sulfide (H2S), we speculated that Tan IIA might work through the induction of endogenous H2S. This study was to test this hypothesis. Exposure to endothelial cells to Tan IIA elevated H2S-synthesizing enzyme cystathionine γ-Lyase (CSE), associated with an increased level of endogenous H2S and free thiol activity. Further analysis revealed that this effect of Tan IIA was mediated by an estrogen receptor (ER) and cAMP signaling pathway. It stimulated VASP and CREB phosphorylation. Inhibition of ER or PKA abolished the CSE-elevating effect, whereas activation of ER or PKA mimicked the effect of Tan IIA. In an oxidative endothelial cell injury model, Tan IIA potently attenuated oxidative stress and inhibited cell death. In support of a role of endogenous H2S, inhibition of CSE aggerated oxidative cell injury. On the contrary, supplement of H2S attenuated cell injury. Collectively, our study characterized endogenous H2S as a novel mediator underlying the pharmacological actions of Tan IIA. Given the multifaceted functions of H2S, the H2S-stimulating property of Tan IIA could be exploited for treating many diseases.

Drug Repositioning for the Treatment of Hematologic Disease: Limits, Challenges and Future Perspectives

Drug repositioning is a strategy to identify new uses for approved or investigational drugs that are used off-label outside the scope of the original medical indication. In this review, we report the most relevant studies about drug repositioning in hematology, reporting the signalling pathways and molecular targets of these drugs, and describing the biological mechanisms which are responsible for their anticancer effects. Although the majority of studies on drug repositioning in hematology concern acute myeloid leukemia and multiple myeloma, numerous studies are present in the literature on the possibility of using these drugs also in other hematological diseases, such as acute lymphoblastic leukemia, chronic myeloid leukemia, and lymphomas. Numerous anti-infectious drugs and chemical entities used for the therapy of neurological or endocrine diseases, oral antidiabetics, statins and medications used to treat high blood pressure and heart failure, bisphosphonate and natural substance such as artemisin and curcumin, have found a place in the treatment of hematological diseases. Moreover, several molecules drastically reversed the resistance of the tumor cells to the chemotherapeutic drugs both in vitro and in vivo.

Tanshinone IIA: A phytochemical as a promising drug candidate for neurodegenerative diseases

Tanshinones, lipophilic diterpenes isolated from the rhizome of Salvia miltiorrhiza, have diverse pharmacological activities against human ailments including neurological diseases. In fact, tanshinones have been used to treat heart diseases, stroke, and vascular diseases in traditional Chinese medicine. During the last decade, tanshinones have been the most widely studied phytochemicals for their neuroprotective effects against experimental models of cerebral ischemia and Alzheimer's diseases. Importantly, tanshinone IIA, mostly studied tanshinone for biological activities, is recently reported to attenuate blood-brain barrier permeability among stroke patients, suggesting tanshinone IIA as an appealing therapeutic candidate for neurological diseases. Tanshinone I and IIA are also effective in experimental models of Parkinson's disease, Multiple sclerosis, and other neuroinflammatory diseases. In addition, several experimental studies suggested the pleiotropic neuroprotective effects of tanshinones such as anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-apoptotic, and BBB protectant further value aiding to tanshinone as an appealing therapeutic strategy in neurological diseases. Therefore, in this review, we aimed to compile the recent updates and cellular and molecular mechanisms of neuroprotection of tanshinone IIA in diverse neurological diseases.

The Skeletal Effects of Tanshinones: A Review

Background: Osteoporosis results from excessive bone resorption and reduced bone formation, triggered by sex hormone deficiency, oxidative stress and inflammation. Tanshinones are a class of lipophilic phenanthrene compounds found in the roots of Salvia miltiorrhiza with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities, which contribute to its anti-osteoporosis effects. This systematic review aims to provide an overview of the skeletal beneficial effects of tanshinones. Methods: A systematic literature search was conducted in January 2021 using Pubmed, Scopus and Web of Science from the inception of these databases. Original studies reporting the effects of tanshinones on bone through cell cultures, animal models and human clinical trials were considered. Results: The literature search found 158 unique articles on this topic, but only 20 articles met the inclusion criteria and were included in this review. The available evidence showed that tanshinones promoted osteoblastogenesis and bone formation while reducing osteoclastogenesis and bone resorption. Conclusions: Tanshinones modulates bone remodelling by inhibiting osteoclastogenesis and osteoblast apoptosis and stimulating osteoblastogenesis. Therefore, it might complement existing strategies to prevent bone loss.

Nrf2 Signaling Pathway in Chemoprotection and Doxorubicin Resistance: Potential Application in Drug Discovery

Doxorubicin (DOX) is extensively applied in cancer therapy due to its efficacy in suppressing cancer progression and inducing apoptosis. After its discovery, this chemotherapeutic agent has been frequently used for cancer therapy, leading to chemoresistance. Due to dose-dependent toxicity, high concentrations of DOX cannot be administered to cancer patients. Therefore, experiments have been directed towards revealing underlying mechanisms responsible for DOX resistance and ameliorating its adverse effects. Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) signaling is activated to increase levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in cells to protect them against oxidative stress. It has been reported that Nrf2 activation is associated with drug resistance. In cells exposed to DOX, stimulation of Nrf2 signaling protects cells against cell death. Various upstream mediators regulate Nrf2 in DOX resistance. Strategies, both pharmacological and genetic interventions, have been applied for reversing DOX resistance. However, Nrf2 induction is of importance for alleviating side effects of DOX. Pharmacological agents with naturally occurring compounds as the most common have been used for inducing Nrf2 signaling in DOX amelioration. Furthermore, signaling networks in which Nrf2 is a key player for protection against DOX adverse effects have been revealed and are discussed in the current review.

A Review of Plant Extracts and Plant-Derived Natural Compounds in the Prevention/Treatment of Neonatal Hypoxic-Ischemic Brain Injury

Neonatal hypoxic-ischemic (HI) brain injury is one of the major drawbacks of mortality and causes significant short/long-term neurological dysfunction in newborn infants worldwide. To date, due to multifunctional complex mechanisms of brain injury, there is no well-established effective strategy to completely provide neuroprotection. Although therapeutic hypothermia is the proven treatment for hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE), it does not completely chang outcomes in severe forms of HIE. Therefore, there is a critical need for reviewing the effective therapeutic strategies to explore the protective agents and methods. In recent years, it is widely believed that there are neuroprotective possibilities of natural compounds extracted from plants against HIE. These natural agents with the anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative, anti-apoptotic, and neurofunctional regulatory properties exhibit preventive or therapeutic effects against experimental neonatal HI brain damage. In this study, it was aimed to review the literature in scientific databases that investigate the neuroprotective effects of plant extracts/plant-derived compounds in experimental animal models of neonatal HI brain damage and their possible underlying molecular mechanisms of action.

Tanshinone IIA Suppresses Glioma Cell Proliferation, Migration and Invasion Both in vitro and in vivo Partially Through miR-16-5p/Talin-1 (TLN1) Axis

Background

Tanshinone IIA (TIIA) is one of the active constituents derived from the rhizome of Danshen, a traditional Chinese herbal. Recently, microRNAs (miRNAs) have been suggested to be associated with the anticancer role of TIIA. However, it remains vague of the interaction between miRNAs and TIIA in glioma, a common aggressive brain tumor in humans.

Methods

Expression of miRNA (miR)-16-5p and talin-1 (TLN1) was detected using reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction and Western blotting. Cell proliferation, migration and invasion were assessed with cell viability assay, transwell assay, Western blotting, and xenograft tumor experiment. The target binding between miR-16-5p and TLN1 was confirmed by dual-luciferase reporter assay and RNA pull-down assay.

Results

TIIA treatment inhibited cell viability, migration and invasion, and decreased Cyclin D1, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9 and Vimentin expression in glioma T98G and A172 cells both in vitro and in vivo. Thus, TIIA induced anti-glioma role, wherein miR-16-5p was upregulated and TLN1 was downregulated. Moreover, silencing miR-16-5p could abate TIIA-mediated suppression on glioma cell proliferation, migration and invasion in vitro and in vivo. TLN1 overexpression also exerted tumor-promoting effect in TIIA-treated T98G and A172 cells. Mechanically, miR-16-5p could regulate TLN1 expression via target binding, and depleting TLN1 could counteract the inhibitory effect of miR-16-5p knockdown on the curative effect of TIIA in T98G and A172 cells.

Conclusion

TIIA exerted the anti-proliferation, anti-migration and anti-invasion role in glioma cells both in vitro and in vivo partially through regulating miR-16-5p/TLN1 axis.

Pharmacological Activity and Mechanism of Tanshinone IIA in Related Diseases

Salvia miltiorrhiza: (Danshen) is a significant (traditional Chinese medication) natural remedy, enhancing blood circulation and clear blood stasis. In this view, it is widely used against several heart diseases, eg, cardiomyopathy, arrhythmia, and congenital heart defects. Tanshinone IIA (tan-IIA) is the main fat-soluble component of Salvia miltiorrhiza. Modern pharmacological study shows that tan-IIA has anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant activities. Tan-IIA induces remarkable cardioprotective effects via enhancing angiogenesis which may serve as an effective treatment against cardiovascular diseases (CVD). There is also evidence that tan-IIA has extensive immunomodulatory effects and plays a significant role in the development and function of immune cells. Tan-IIA reduces the production of inflammatory mediators and restores abnormal signaling pathways via regulating the function and activation of immune cells. It can also regulate signal transduction pathways, ie, TLR/NF-κB pathway and MAPKs/NF-κB pathway, thereby tan-IIA has an anti-inflammatory, anticoagulant, antithrombotic and neuroprotective role. It plays a protective role in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disorders (ie, atherosclerosis, hypertension) and Alzheimer’s disease. It has also been revealed that tan-IIA has an anti-tumor role by killing various tumor cells, inducing differentiation and apoptosis, and has potential activity against carcinoma progression. In the review of this fact, the tan-IIA role in different diseases and its mechanism have been summarized while its clinical applications are also explored to provide a new perspective of Salvia miltiorrhiza. An extensive study on the mechanism of action of tan-IIA is of great significance for the effective use of Chinese herbal medicine and the promotion of its status and influence on the world.

A Network Pharmacology Technique to Investigate the Synergistic Mechanisms of Salvia miltiorrhiza and Radix puerariae in Treatment of Cardio-Cerebral Vascular Diseases

Objective

This study is aimed to analyze the active ingredients, drug targets, and related pathways in the combination of Salvia miltiorrhiza (SM) and Radix puerariae (RP) in the treatment of cardio-cerebral vascular diseases (CCVDs).

Method

The ingredients and targets of SM and RP were obtained from Traditional Chinese Medicine Systems Pharmacology Database and Analysis Platform (TCMSP), and the disease targets were obtained from Therapeutic Target Database (TTD), National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI), and Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM) Database. The synergistic mechanisms of the SM and RP were evaluated by gene ontology (GO) enrichment analyses and Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes (KEGG) path enrichment analyses.

Result

A total of 61 active ingredients and 58 common targets were identified in this study. KEGG pathway enrichment analysis results showed that SM- and RP-regulated pathways were mainly inflammatory processes, immunosuppression, and cardiovascular systems. The component-target-pathway network indicated that SM and RP exert a synergistic mechanism for CCVDs through PTGS2 target in PI3k-Akt, TNF, and Jak-STAT signaling pathways.

Conclusion

In summary, this study clarified the synergistic mechanisms of SM and RP, which can provide a better understanding of effect in the treatment of CCVDs.

Roles of plant-derived bioactive compounds and related microRNAs in cancer therapy

Plant-derived bioactive compounds, often called phytochemicals, are active substances extracted from different plants. These bioactive compounds can release therapeutic potential abilities via reducing antitumor drugs side effects or directly killing cancer cells, and others also can adjust cancer initiation and progression via regulating microRNAs (miRNAs) expression, and miRNA can regulate protein-coding expression by restraining translation or degrading target mRNA. A mass of research showed that plant-derived bioactive compounds including tanshinones, astragaloside IV, berberine, ginsenosides and matrine can inhibit tumor growth and metastasis by rescuing aberrant miRNAs expression, which has influence on tumor progression, microenvironment and drug resistance in multifarious cancers. This review aims to provide a novel understanding of plant-derived bioactive compounds targeting miRNAs and shed light on their future clinical applications.

The Effect of Salvianolic Acid on Vascular Protection and Possible Mechanisms

Salvia miltiorrhiza (Danshen), as an important traditional Chinese medicinal plant, has been used in China for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases for hundreds of years. Salvianolic acids (salvianolic acid A and salvianolic acid B) as the most abundant water-soluble component extracted from Salvia miltiorrhiza have attracted more and more attention from cardiovascular scientists due to its comprehensive cardiovascular actions. In vivo and in vitro studies have rendered salvianolic acid an excellent drug candidate for the treatment and prevention of cardiovascular diseases. In this review, we surveyed the protective effects of salvianolic acid A and salvianolic acid B against cardiovascular diseases and the pharmacological basis, providing a strong scientific rationale for elucidating the important role of Salvia miltiorrhiza in cardiovascular therapy. More importantly, we also hope to provide new inspiration and perspectives on the development and innovation of small-molecule cardiovascular drugs based on salvianolic acid.

Combination of Tanshinone IIA and Cisplatin Inhibits Esophageal Cancer by Downregulating NF-κB/COX-2/VEGF Pathway

Cisplatin (DDP) represents one of the common drugs used for esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC), but side effects associated with DDP and drug resistance lead to the failure of treatment. This study aimed to understand whether tanshinone IIA (tan IIA) and DDP could generate a synergistic antitumor effect on ESCC cells. Tan IIA and DDP are demonstrated to restrain ESCC cell proliferation in a time- and dose-dependent mode. Tan IIA and DDP at a ratio of 2:1 present a synergistic effect on ESCC cells. The combination suppresses cell migration and invasion abilities, arrests the cell cycle, and causes apoptosis in HK and K180 cells. Molecular docking indicates that tan IIA and DDP could be docked into active sites with the tested proteins. In all treated groups, the expression levels of E-cadherin, β-catenin, Bax, cleaved caspase-9, P21, P27, and c-Fos were upregulated, and the expression levels of fibronectin, vimentin, Bcl-2, cyclin D1, p-Akt, p-ERK, p-JNK, P38, COX-2, VEGF, IL-6, NF-κB, and c-Jun proteins were downregulated. Among these, the combination induced the most significant difference. Our results suggest that tan IIA could be a novel treatment for combination therapy for ESCC.

Tanshinone IIA Ameliorates Progression of CAD Through Regulating Cardiac H9c2 Cells Proliferation and Apoptosis by miR-133a-3p/EGFR Axis

Background

Coronary artery disease (CAD) leads to the highest mortality worldwide, seriously threatening human health. Tanshinone IIA (Tan IIA), which could be extracted from Danshen, is applied in the treatment of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. MicroRNAs (miRNAs, miRs) play pivotal roles in cell proliferation and cell apoptosis of the cardiovascular system. The aim of the present study was to explore the role of Tan IIA in CAD in vitro and the underlying molecular mechanism.

Methods

Real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and Western blot were used for the detection of miRNA/mRNA and protein, respectively. Target genes of miR-133a-3p were searched in TargetScan, and the targeting relationship was verified by dual-luciferase reporter assay. Cell proliferation was determined using a Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) and EdU labeling. Cell apoptosis was detected by flow cytometry and TUNEL staining.

Results

In the present study, lower miR-133a-3p level and higher epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR; the target of miR-133a-3p) level were found in H₂O₂-induced H9c2 cells. In addition, Tan IIA upregulated miR-133a-3p and downregulated EGFR expression. Moreover, Tan IIA promoted cell proliferation and suppressed apoptosis and enhanced G0/G1, which was reversed by miR-133a-3p inhibitor, while siRNA-EGFR abolished the effects induced by miR-133a-3p in H₂O₂-induced H9c2 cells.

Conclusion

Tan IIA reversed H₂O₂-induced cell proliferation reduction, cell apoptosis induction, and G0/G1 arrest reduction in H9c2 cells by miR-133a-3p/EGFR axis. The findings suggested a potential molecular basis of Tan IIA in treating patients with CAD.

Danlou Tablet () Improves Chronic Intermittent Hypoxia-induced Dyslipidemia and Arteriosclerosis by HIF-1 α-Angptl4 mRNA Signaling Pathway

OBJECTIVE

To detect whether Danlou Tablet (, DLT) regulates the hypoxia-induced factor (HIF)-1 α-angiopoietin-like 4 (Angptl4) mRNA signaling pathway and explore the role of DLT in treating chronic intermittent hypoxia (CIH)-induced dyslipidemia and arteriosclerosis.

METHODS

The mature adipocytes were obtained from 3T3-L1 cell culturation and allocated into 8 groups including control groups (Groups 1 and 5, 0.1 mL of cell culture grade water); DLT groups (Groups 2 and 6, 0.1 mL of 1,000 µg/mL DLT submicron powder solution); dimethyloxalylglycine (DMOG) groups (Groups 3 and 7, DMOG and 0.1 mL of cell culture grade water); DMOG plus DLT groups (Groups 4 and 8, DMOG and 0.1 mL of 1,000 µg/mL DLT submicron powder solution). Groups 1-4 used mature adipocytes and groups 5-8 used HIF-1 α-siRNA lentivirus-transfected mature adipocytes. After 24-h treatment, real-time polymerase chain reaction and Western blot were employed to determine the mRNA and protein expression levels of HIF-1 α and Angptl4. In animal experiments, the CIH model in ApoE^-/- mice was established. Sixteen mice were complete randomly divided into 4 groups including sham group, CIH model group [intermittent hypoxia and normal saline (2 mL/time) gavage once a day]; Angptl4 Ab group [intermittent hypoxia and Angptl4 antibody (30 mg/kg) intraperitoneally injected every week]; DLT group [intermittent hypoxia and DLT (250 mg/kg) once a day], 4 mice in each group. After 4-week treatment, enzyme linked immunosorbent assay was used to detect the expression levels of serum total cholesterol (TC) and triglyceride (TG). Hematoxylin-eosin and CD68 staining were used to observe the morphological properties of arterial plaques.

RESULTS

Angptl4 expression was dependent on HIF-1 α, with a reduction in mRNA expression and no response in protein level to DMOG or DLT treatment in relation to siHIF-1 α -transfected cells. DLT inhibited HIF-1 α and Angptl4 mRNA expression (P<0.05 or P<0.01) and reduced HIF-1 α and Angptl4 protein expressions with DMOG in mature adipocytes (all P<0.01), as the effect on HIF-1 α protein also existed in the presence of siHIF-1 α (P<0.01). ApoE^-/- mice treated with CIH had increased TG and TC levels (all P<0.01) and atherosclerotic plaque. Angptl4 antibody and DLT both reduce TG and TC levels (all P<0.01), as well as reducing atherosclerotic plaque areas, narrowing arterial wall thickness and alleviating atherosclerotic lesion symptoms to some extent.

CONCLUSION

DLT had positive effects in improving dyslipidemia and arteriosclerosis by inhibiting Angptl4 protein level through HIF-1 α-Angptl4 mRNA signaling pathway.

Inhibition of EGFR Signaling and Activation of Mitochondrial Apoptosis Contribute to Tanshinone IIA-Mediated Tumor Suppression in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Cells

Background

Deregulation of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signaling plays a critical role in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) tumorigenesis. The natural product Tanshinone IIA (Tan IIA) exhibits significant anti-tumor effect in various human cancers, however, the mechanism remains elusive.

Methods

The inhibitory effect of Tan IIA NSCLC cells was determined by MTS and soft agar assays. The activation of EGFR signaling and the protein level of myeloid cell leukemia 1 (Mcl-1) were examined by immunoblot (IB), immunohistochemical staining (IHC), and ubiquitination analysis. The in vivo anti-tumor effect was validated by the xenograft mouse model.

Results

Tan IIA inhibits NSCLC cells through suppression of EGFR signaling. Tan IIA decreases cell viability and colony formation in EGFR wild type and activating mutant cell lines. The IB data further confirmed that Tan IIA suppresses EGFR phosphorylation time- and dose-dependently. Tan IIA destabilizes Mcl-1 and shortens the half-life. Ubiquitination analysis showed that treatment with Tan IIA promotes Mcl-1 ubiquitination and degradation. Further study showed that the downregulation of EGFR-Akt signaling is required for Tan IIA-induced Mcl-1 reduction. Ectopic overexpression of constitutively activated Akt1 compromised these antitumor efficacies in Tan IIA-treated NSCLC cells. Finally, Tan IIA inhibited the in vivo tumor growth.

Conclusion

Our data indicate that Tan IIA acts as an EGFR signaling inhibitor, and targeting EGFR-Akt-Mcl1 axis could provide a new option for NSCLC treatment.

Impact of natural products on the cholesterol transporter ABCA1

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

In different countries and areas of the world, traditional medicine has been and is still used for the treatment of various disorders, including chest pain or liver complaints, of which we now know that they can be linked with altered lipid and cholesterol homeostasis. As ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1) plays an essential role in cholesterol metabolism, its modulation may be one of the molecular mechanisms responsible for the experienced benefit of traditional recipes. Intense research activity has been dedicated to the identification of natural products from traditional medicine that regulate ABCA1 expression.

AIMS OF THE REVIEW

This review surveys natural products, originating from ethnopharmacologically used plants, fungi or marine sources, which influence ABCA1 expression, providing a reference for future study.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Information on regulation of ABCA1 expression by natural compounds from traditional medicine was extracted from ancient and modern books, materia medica, and electronic databases (PubMed, Google Scholar, Science Direct, and ResearchGate).

RESULTS

More than 60 natural compounds from traditional medicine, especially traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), are reported to regulate ABCA1 expression in different in vitro and in vivo models (such as cholesterol efflux and atherosclerotic animal models). These active compounds belong to the classes of polyketides, terpenoids, phenylpropanoids, tannins, alkaloids, steroids, amino acids and others. Several compounds appear very promising in vivo, which need to be further investigated in animal models of diseases related to ABCA1 or in clinical studies.

CONCLUSION

Natural products from traditional medicine constitute a large promising pool for compounds that regulate ABCA1 expression, and thus may prevent/treat diseases related to cholesterol metabolism, like atherosclerosis or Alzheimer's disease. In many cases, the molecular mechanisms of these natural products remain to be investigated.

Tanshinone IIA synergistically enhances the antitumor activity of doxorubicin by interfering with the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway and inhibition of topoisomerase II: in vitro and molecular docking studies

Schematic diagram showing the pharmacophoric features of doxorubicin and tanshinone IIA as DNA intercalators, and their effects on cardiac tissues.

Improved tendon healing by a combination of Tanshinone IIA and miR-29b inhibitor treatment through preventing tendon adhesion and enhancing tendon strength

Background: Despite significant advances in the materials and methods development used in surgical repair and postoperative rehabilitation, the adhesion formation remains the most common clinical problem in tendon injuries. Therefore, the development of novel therapies is necessary for targeting at preventing tendon adhesion formation and improving tendon strength. Methods: We used rat fibroblasts for in vitro experiments to determine the optimal concentration of TSA in rats, and then set up negative control group, TSA intervention group, mir-29b interference adenovirus intervention group and TSA and mir-29b interference adenovirus co-intervention group. By comparing cell proliferation and protein expression in different group, we verified the effect and mechanism of drugs on fibroblast function. At the same time, the Sprague-Dawley rat Achilles tendon model in vivo was established in this study, which was divided into sham operation group and operation group. Afterwards in the operation group, mir-29b inhibitor and placebo were injected every 3 days respectively. Then the injection inhibitor group was divided into 5 groups which mean TSA was injected into the marked area at 0, 6, 24 and 72 hours after operation for 1 week, finally all of the rats were died at 3 weeks after operation. Through the observation of general properties, histological observation of Achilles tendon injury, biomechanical test and cell and protein expression in rats' tendon cell, the effect of drugs on tendon adhesion formation was analyzed. Results: We demonstrated that the combination of miR-29b inhibitor and tanshinone IIA(TSA) could prevent tendon adhesion and also enhance tendon strength. Mechanically, the miR-29b inhibitor could activate the TGF-β/Smad3 pathway to trigger endogenous pathways and induce a high proliferation of fibroblast. Subsequently, we also found adding TSA after 6 hours of miR-29b treatment gave less cell cytotoxicity in our rat model with better outcome of less tendon adhesion and enhanced strength. Conclusion: We conclude that the use of miR-29b inhibitor at the end of the tendon break could initiate endogenous repair mechanism and subsequently use of TSA should be able to inhibit the exogenous repair mechanism. Therefore, the combination of both treatments could prevent tendon adhesion and ensure tendon strength. Our findings suggested that this approach would be a feasible approach for tendon repair.

Targeting Foam Cell Formation in Atherosclerosis: Therapeutic Potential of Natural Products

Foam cell formation and further accumulation in the subendothelial space of the vascular wall is a hallmark of atherosclerotic lesions. Targeting foam cell formation in the atherosclerotic lesions can be a promising approach to treat and prevent atherosclerosis. The formation of foam cells is determined by the balanced effects of three major interrelated biologic processes, including lipid uptake, cholesterol esterification, and cholesterol efflux. Natural products are a promising source for new lead structures. Multiple natural products and pharmaceutical agents can inhibit foam cell formation and thus exhibit antiatherosclerotic capacity by suppressing lipid uptake, cholesterol esterification, and/or promoting cholesterol ester hydrolysis and cholesterol efflux. This review summarizes recent findings on these three biologic processes and natural products with demonstrated potential to target such processes. Discussed also are potential future directions for studying the mechanisms of foam cell formation and the development of foam cell-targeted therapeutic strategies.

Tanshinone IIA reverses EGF- and TGF-β1-mediated epithelial-mesenchymal transition in HepG2 cells via the PI3K/Akt/ERK signaling pathway

Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is an essential phenotypic conversion involved in cancer progression. Epidermal growth factor (EGF) and transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 are potent inducers of the EMT. Tanshinone IIA (Tan IIA) is a phenanthrenequinone extracted from the root of Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge, and its anticancer activity has been demonstrated in numerous studies. However, the mechanisms of action underlying Tan IIA in EGF- and TGF-β1-induced EMT in HepG2 cells remain unknown. Multiple assays were utilized in the present study, including colony formation, wound healing, Transwell invasion, immunofluorescence staining and western blotting, in order to assess the influence of Tan IIA on HepG2 cells induced by 20 ng/ml EGF and 10 ng/ml TGF-β1. The present study reported that Tan IIA treatment decreased EGF- and TGF-β1-enhanced cell colony numbers, migration and invasion, and inhibited EGF- and TGF-β1-induced decreases in the expression levels of E-cadherin, and increases in the expression levels of matrix metalloproteinase-2, N-cadherin, vimentin and Snail. In addition, it was observed that Tan IIA decreased the expression levels of phosphorylated (p)-Akt and p-ERK1/2 induced by EGF and TGF-β1. Furthermore, western blot analysis confirmed that blocking the function of PI3K/Akt and ERK with LY294002 and U0126 resulted in upregulation of E-cadherin expression, and downregulation of vimentin and Snail expression in EGF- and TGF-β1-treated HepG2 cells. In conclusion, to the best of our knowledge, the results of the present study are the first to indicate that Tan IIA may suppress EGF- and TGF-β1-induced EMT in HepG2 cells by deactivating the PI3K/Akt/ERK pathway.

Interactions of a medicinal climber Tinospora cordifolia with supportive interspecific plants trigger the modulation in its secondary metabolic profiles

Tinospora cordifolia (TC) is scientifically proven immunomodulatory drug being used for centuries. Ancient literature reported that inter-specific interactions change medicinal properties of TC. Thus, the current study is aimed to understand the influence of interspecific biotic interactions on chemo-profiles of TC. To explore it, TC samples collected from six co-occurring plants, i.e. Azarditchita indica, Acacia nilotica, Albezia lebbeck, Ficus benghalensis, Tamarandus indica and Acacia leucophloea were analyzed by HPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS. Mass data were subjected to multivariate analysis. Support vector machines (SVMs) was found to be best classifier (r² < 0.93). Data analysis showed the specific compounds in all TC due to inter-specific interactions. Data were further analyzed with SNK post-hoc test followed by permutative (n = 50) Bonferroni FDR multiple testing correction. The compound without any missing values reduced the number of variables to 133 (p < 0.01). Statistical analysis revealed that TC having interactions with A.lebbeck and A. nilotica formed the most distant groups. However, TC co-occurred with A. indica showed the highest number of up-regulated metabolites, including jatrorrhizine, chrysin, peonidin, 6-methylcoumarin and some terpenoids. Some metabolites, including jatrorrhizine and magnoflorine were quantified to confirm the accuracy of qualitative analysis. Results demonstrated the influence of inter-specific biotic interactions on TC chemo-profiles, hence its medicinal properties.

Organocatalytic atroposelective construction of axially chiral arylquinones

Atropisomeric biaryl motifs are ubiquitous in chiral catalysts and ligands. Numerous efficient strategies have been developed for the synthesis of axially chiral biaryls. In contrast, the asymmetric construction of o-quinone-aryl atropisomers has yet to be realized. Inspired by the rapid progress of the chemistry of biaryls, here we present our initial investigations about the atroposelective construction of axially chiral arylquinones by a bifunctional chiral phosphoric acid-catalyzed asymmetric conjugate addition and central-to-axial chirality conversion. With o-naphthoquinone as both the electrophile and the oxidant, three types of arylation counterparts, namely 2-naphthylamines, 2-naphthols and indoles, are utilized to assemble a series of atropisomeric scaffolds in good yields and excellent enantioselectivities. This approach not only expands the axially chiral library but also offers a route to a class of potential, chiral biomimetic catalysts.

Axially chiral compounds have widespread use in asymmetric catalysis. Here, the authors disclose a highly enantioselective synthesis of axially chiral o-naphthoquinones by chiral phosphoric acid catalysis and central-to-axial chirality conversion.

DNA Methylome and Transcriptome Alterations in High Glucose-Induced Diabetic Nephropathy Cellular Model and Identification of Novel Targets for Treatment by Tanshinone IIA

Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is a diabetes complication that comes from overactivation of Renin-Angiotensin System, excessive pro-inflammatory factors, reactive oxygen species (ROS) overproduction, and potential epigenetic changes. Tanshinone IIA (TIIA), a diterpene quinone phytochemical, has been shown to possess powerful antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, epigenetics, and protective effects against different diseases including DN by inhibiting ROS induced by high glucose (HG). However, epigenomic and transcriptomic study of DN and the protective effect of TIIA are lacking. In this study, next-generation sequencing of RNA and DNA methylation profiles on the potential underlying mechanisms of a DN model in mouse kidney mesangial mes13 cells challenged with HG and treatment with TIIA were conducted. Bioinformatic analysis coupled with Ingenuity Pathway analysis of RNA-seq was performed, and 1780 genes from HG/LG and 1416 genes from TIIA/HG were significantly altered. Several pro-inflammatory pathways like leukotriene biosynthesis and eicosanoid signaling pathways were activated by HG stimulation, while TIIA treatment would enhance glutathione-mediated detoxification pathway to overcome the excess oxidative stress and inflammation triggered by HG. Combination analysis of RNA-seq and Methyl-seq data sets, DNA methylation, and RNA expression of a list of DN associated genes, Nmu, Fgl2, Glo, and Kcnip2, were found to be altered in HG-induced mes13 DN model, and TIIA treatment would effectively restore the alterations. Taken together, these findings provide novel insights into the understanding of how epigenetic/epigenomic modifications could affect the progression of DN and the potential preventive effect of TIIA in DN.