1
|
Pettersson M, Johnson DS, Humphrey JM, Am Ende CW, Butler TW, Dorff PH, Efremov IV, Evrard E, Green ME, Helal CJ, Kauffman GW, Mullins PB, Navaratnam T, O'Donnell CJ, O'Sullivan TJ, Patel NC, Stepan AF, Stiff CM, Subramanyam C, Trapa P, Tran TP, Vetelino BC, Yang E, Xie L, Pustilnik LR, Steyn SJ, Wood KM, Bales KR, Hajos-Korcsok E, Verhoest PR. Discovery of Clinical Candidate PF-06648671: A Potent γ-Secretase Modulator for the Treatment of Alzheimer's Disease. J Med Chem 2024. [PMID: 38848667 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.4c00580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2024]
Abstract
Herein, we describe the design and synthesis of γ-secretase modulator (GSM) clinical candidate PF-06648671 (22) for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. A key component of the design involved a 2,5-cis-tetrahydrofuran (THF) linker to impart conformational rigidity and lock the compound into a putative bioactive conformation. This effort was guided using a pharmacophore model since crystallographic information was not available for the membrane-bound γ-secretase protein complex at the time of this work. PF-06648671 achieved excellent alignment of whole cell in vitro potency (Aβ42 IC50 = 9.8 nM) and absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) parameters. This resulted in favorable in vivo pharmacokinetic (PK) profile in preclinical species, and PF-06648671 achieved a human PK profile suitable for once-a-day dosing. Furthermore, PF-06648671 was found to have favorable brain availability in rodent, which translated into excellent central exposure in human and robust reduction of amyloid β (Aβ) 42 in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Pettersson
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Douglas S Johnson
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - John M Humphrey
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | | | - Todd W Butler
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Peter H Dorff
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Ivan V Efremov
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Edelweiss Evrard
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Michael E Green
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Christopher J Helal
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Gregory W Kauffman
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Patrick B Mullins
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Thayalan Navaratnam
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | | | - Theresa J O'Sullivan
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Nandini C Patel
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Antonia F Stepan
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Cory M Stiff
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | | | - Patrick Trapa
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Tuan P Tran
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Beth Cooper Vetelino
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Eddie Yang
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Longfei Xie
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Leslie R Pustilnik
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Stefanus J Steyn
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Kathleen M Wood
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Kelly R Bales
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Eva Hajos-Korcsok
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Patrick R Verhoest
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Small molecules targeting γ-secretase and their potential biological applications. Eur J Med Chem 2022; 232:114169. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2022.114169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Revised: 01/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
|
3
|
Li R, Wang X, Liu Y, Zhang S, Hanif O. Research status and collaboration analysis based on big data mining: an empirical study of Alzheimer's disease. TECHNOLOGY ANALYSIS & STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/09537325.2020.1815693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rongrong Li
- School of Economics and Management, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao, People’s Republic of China
- School of Management & Economics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Haidian District, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xuefeng Wang
- School of Management & Economics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Haidian District, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuqin Liu
- School of Journalism and Publication, Beijing Institue of Graphic Communication, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shuo Zhang
- School of Management & Economics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Haidian District, People’s Republic of China
| | - Omer Hanif
- School of Management & Economics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Haidian District, People’s Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Rynearson KD, Buckle RN, Herr RJ, Mayhew NJ, Chen X, Paquette WD, Sakwa SA, Yang J, Barnes KD, Nguyen P, Mobley WC, Johnson G, Lin JH, Tanzi RE, Wagner SL. Design and synthesis of novel methoxypyridine-derived gamma-secretase modulators. Bioorg Med Chem 2020; 28:115734. [PMID: 33007551 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2020.115734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Revised: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The evolution of gamma-secretase modulators (GSMs) through the introduction of novel heterocycles with the goal of aligning activity for reducing the levels of Aβ42 and properties consistent with a drug-like molecule are described. The insertion of a methoxypyridine motif within the tetracyclic scaffold provided compounds with improved activity for arresting Aβ42 production as well as improved properties, including solubility. In vivo pharmacokinetic analysis demonstrated that several compounds within the novel series were capable of crossing the BBB and accessing the therapeutic target. Treatment with methoxypyridine-derived compound 64 reduced Aβ42 levels in the plasma of J20 mice, in addition to reducing Aβ42 levels in the plasma and brain of Tg2576 mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kevin D Rynearson
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0624, United States.
| | - Ronald N Buckle
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, AMRI, East Campus, 3 University Place, Rensselaer, NY 12144, United States
| | - R Jason Herr
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, AMRI, East Campus, 3 University Place, Rensselaer, NY 12144, United States
| | - Nicholas J Mayhew
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, AMRI, East Campus, 3 University Place, Rensselaer, NY 12144, United States
| | - Xinchao Chen
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, AMRI, East Campus, 3 University Place, Rensselaer, NY 12144, United States
| | - William D Paquette
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, AMRI, East Campus, 3 University Place, Rensselaer, NY 12144, United States
| | - Samuel A Sakwa
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, AMRI, East Campus, 3 University Place, Rensselaer, NY 12144, United States
| | - Jinhai Yang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, AMRI, East Campus, 3 University Place, Rensselaer, NY 12144, United States
| | - Keith D Barnes
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, AMRI, East Campus, 3 University Place, Rensselaer, NY 12144, United States
| | - Phuong Nguyen
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0624, United States
| | - William C Mobley
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0624, United States
| | - Graham Johnson
- NuPharmAdvise, 3 Lakeside Drive, Sanbornton, NH 03269, United States
| | - Juinn H Lin
- Biopharm Consulting Partners, 2 Willet Drive, Ambler, PA 19002, United States
| | - Rudolph E Tanzi
- Genetics and Aging Research Unit, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA 02129, United States
| | - Steven L Wagner
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0624, United States; Veterans Administrative San Diego Healthcare System, La Jolla, CA 92161, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Rodríguez Sarmiento RM, Bissantz C, Bylund J, Limberg A, Neidhart W, Jakob-Roetne R, Wang L, Baumann K. Stepwise Design of γ-Secretase Modulators with an Advanced Profile by Judicious Coordinated Structural Replacements and an Unconventional Phenyl Ring Bioisostere. J Med Chem 2020; 63:8534-8553. [PMID: 32706964 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c00909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Starting from RO6800020 (1), our former γ-secretase modulator (GSM) lead compound, we utilized sequential structural replacements to improve the potency (IC50), pharmacokinetic properties including the free fraction (fraction unbound (fu)) in plasma, and in vivo efficacy. Importantly, we used novel CF3-alkoxy groups as bioisosteric replacements of a fluorinated phenyl ring and properties such as lipophilicity, solubility, metabolic stability, and free fraction could be balanced, maintaining low Pgp efflux needed for CNS penetration. In addition, by reducing aromaticity, we prevented phototoxicity. Additional substitution in the triazolopyridine core disturbed the binding to phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase, catalytic β (PIK4CB). We also introduced less lipophilic head heterocycles devoid of covalent binding (CVB) liability. After these changes, further modifications to the trifluoroethoxy bioisosteric replacement allowed rebalancing of properties, such as lipophilicity, and also potency. Our optimization strategy culminated with in vivo active RO7101556 (18B) having excellent properties and being selected as an advanced candidate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rosa María Rodríguez Sarmiento
- Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, F. Hoffmann-La Roche AG, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Caterina Bissantz
- Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, F. Hoffmann-La Roche AG, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Johan Bylund
- Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, F. Hoffmann-La Roche AG, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Anja Limberg
- Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, F. Hoffmann-La Roche AG, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Werner Neidhart
- Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, F. Hoffmann-La Roche AG, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Roland Jakob-Roetne
- Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, F. Hoffmann-La Roche AG, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Lisha Wang
- Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, F. Hoffmann-La Roche AG, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Karlheinz Baumann
- Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, F. Hoffmann-La Roche AG, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Nie P, Vartak A, Li YM. γ-Secretase inhibitors and modulators: Mechanistic insights into the function and regulation of γ-Secretase. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2020; 105:43-53. [PMID: 32249070 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2020.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Revised: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Over two decades, γ-secretase has been the target for extensive therapeutic development due to its pivotal role in pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease and cancer. However, it has proven to be a challenging task owing to its large set of substrates and our limited understanding of the enzyme's structural and mechanistic features. The scientific community is taking bigger strides towards solving this puzzle with recent advancement in techniques like cryogenic electron microscopy (cryo-EM) and photo-affinity labelling (PAL). This review highlights the significance of the PAL technique with multiple examples of photo-probes developed from γ-secretase inhibitors and modulators. The binding of these probes into active and/or allosteric sites of the enzyme has provided crucial information on the γ-secretase complex and improved our mechanistic understanding of this protease. Combining the knowledge of function and regulation of γ-secretase will be a decisive factor in developing novel γ-secretase modulators and biological therapeutics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pengju Nie
- Chemical Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA; Pharmacology program, Weill Graduate School of Medical Sciences of Cornell University, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Abhishek Vartak
- Chemical Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Yue-Ming Li
- Chemical Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA; Pharmacology program, Weill Graduate School of Medical Sciences of Cornell University, New York, NY 10021, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Design and synthesis of a novel series of cyanoindole derivatives as potent γ-secretase modulators. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2019; 29:1737-1745. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2019.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Revised: 05/12/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
|
8
|
Maia MA, Sousa E. BACE-1 and γ-Secretase as Therapeutic Targets for Alzheimer's Disease. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2019; 12:ph12010041. [PMID: 30893882 PMCID: PMC6469197 DOI: 10.3390/ph12010041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Revised: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a growing global health concern with a massive impact on affected individuals and society. Despite the considerable advances achieved in the understanding of AD pathogenesis, researchers have not been successful in fully identifying the mechanisms involved in disease progression. The amyloid hypothesis, currently the prevalent theory for AD, defends the deposition of β-amyloid protein (Aβ) aggregates as the trigger of a series of events leading to neuronal dysfunction and dementia. Hence, several research and development (R&D) programs have been led by the pharmaceutical industry in an effort to discover effective and safety anti-amyloid agents as disease modifying agents for AD. Among 19 drug candidates identified in the AD pipeline, nine have their mechanism of action centered in the activity of β or γ-secretase proteases, covering almost 50% of the identified agents. These drug candidates must fulfill the general rigid prerequisites for a drug aimed for central nervous system (CNS) penetration and selectivity toward different aspartyl proteases. This review presents the classes of γ-secretase and beta-site APP cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE-1) inhibitors under development, highlighting their structure-activity relationship, among other physical-chemistry aspects important for the successful development of new anti-AD pharmacological agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Miguel A Maia
- Laboratory of Organic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Emília Sousa
- Laboratory of Organic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Boy KM, Guernon JM, Zuev DS, Xu L, Zhang Y, Shi J, Marcin LR, Higgins MA, Wu YJ, Krishnananthan S, Li J, Trehan A, Smith D, Toyn JH, Meredith JE, Burton CR, Kimura SR, Zvyaga T, Zhuo X, Lentz KA, Grace JE, Denton R, Morrison JS, Mathur A, Albright CF, Ahlijanian MK, Olson RE, Thompson LA, Macor JE. Identification and Preclinical Evaluation of the Bicyclic Pyrimidine γ-Secretase Modulator BMS-932481. ACS Med Chem Lett 2019; 10:312-317. [PMID: 30891132 PMCID: PMC6421538 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.8b00541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
A triazine hit identified from a screen of the BMS compound collection was optimized for potency, in vivo activity, and off-target profile to produce the bicyclic pyrimidine γ-secretase modulator BMS-932481. The compound showed robust reductions of Aβ1-42 and Aβ1-40 in the plasma, brain, and cerebrospinal fluid of mice and rats. Consistent with the γ-secretase modulator mechanism, increases in Aβ1-37 and Aβ1-38 were observed, with no change in the total amount of Aβ1-x produced. No Notch-based toxicity was observed, and the overall preclinical profile of BMS-932481 supported its further evaluation in human clinical trials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth M. Boy
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, United States
| | - Jason M. Guernon
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, United States
| | - Dmitry S. Zuev
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, United States
| | - Li Xu
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, United States
| | - Yunhui Zhang
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, United States
| | - Jianliang Shi
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, United States
| | | | - Mendi A. Higgins
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, United States
| | - Yong-Jin Wu
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, United States
| | | | - Jianqing Li
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, United States
| | - Ashok Trehan
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, United States
| | - Daniel Smith
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, United States
| | - Jeremy H. Toyn
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, United States
| | - Jere E. Meredith
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, United States
| | | | - S. Roy Kimura
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, United States
| | - Tatyana Zvyaga
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, United States
| | - Xiaoliang Zhuo
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, United States
| | | | - James E. Grace
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, United States
| | - Rex Denton
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, United States
| | - John S. Morrison
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, United States
| | - Arvind Mathur
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | | | | | - Richard E. Olson
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, United States
| | | | - John E. Macor
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, United States
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Xie L, Am Ende CW, Pettersson M, Rankic DA, Sach NW, Sakya S, Humphrey JM. Synthesis of Pyridopyrazine-1,6-dione γ-Secretase Modulators via Selective 4-Methylimidazole N 1-Buchwald Arylation. J Org Chem 2019; 84:4921-4925. [PMID: 30620601 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.8b02953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
An efficient synthesis of pyridopyrazine-1,6-dione γ-secretase modulators (GSMs) is described. Our route features the construction of a crystalline lactone intermediate via a selective palladium-catalyzed 4-methylimidazole N1-arylation using the Buchwald Xantphos Pd G4 precatalyst, which does not require a preactivation step. The weak inorganic base KHCO3 was employed to minimize saponification of a particularly sensitive lactone substrate. Additional key transformations include DABAL-Me3-mediated lactone aminolysis and a mild TBD/ethyl trifluoroacetate mediated lactam ring closure to afford a representative GSM in high yield.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Longfei Xie
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development , Eastern Point Road , Groton , Connecticut 06340 , United States
| | - Christopher W Am Ende
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development , Eastern Point Road , Groton , Connecticut 06340 , United States
| | - Martin Pettersson
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development , 1 Portland Street , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02139 , United States
| | - Danica A Rankic
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development , Eastern Point Road , Groton , Connecticut 06340 , United States
| | - Neal W Sach
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development , 10770 Science Center Drive , San Diego , California 92121 , United States
| | - Subbas Sakya
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development , Eastern Point Road , Groton , Connecticut 06340 , United States
| | - John M Humphrey
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development , Eastern Point Road , Groton , Connecticut 06340 , United States
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Discovery of tetrahydroindazoles as a novel class of potent and in vivo efficacious gamma secretase modulators. Bioorg Med Chem 2018; 26:3227-3241. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2018.04.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Revised: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
|
12
|
Johnson DS, Li YM, Pettersson M, St George-Hyslop PH. Structural and Chemical Biology of Presenilin Complexes. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2017; 7:cshperspect.a024067. [PMID: 28320827 PMCID: PMC5710098 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a024067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The presenilin proteins are the catalytic subunits of a tetrameric complex containing presenilin 1 or 2, anterior pharynx defective 1 (APH1), nicastrin, and PEN-2. Other components such as TMP21 may exist in a subset of specialized complexes. The presenilin complex is the founding member of a unique class of aspartyl proteases that catalyze the γ, ɛ, ζ site cleavage of the transmembrane domains of Type I membrane proteins including amyloid precursor protein (APP) and Notch. Here, we detail the structural and chemical biology of this unusual enzyme. Taken together, these studies suggest that the complex exists in several conformations, and subtle long-range (allosteric) shifts in the conformation of the complex underpin substrate access to the catalytic site and the mechanism of action for allosteric inhibitors and modulators. Understanding the mechanics of these shifts will facilitate the design of γ-secretase modulator (GSM) compounds that modulate the relative efficiency of γ, ɛ, ζ site cleavage and/or substrate specificity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Douglas S. Johnson
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
| | - Yue-Ming Li
- Chemical Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065
| | - Martin Pettersson
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
| | - Peter H. St George-Hyslop
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Wellcome Trust MRC Building, Addenbrookes Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0XY, United Kingdom,Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases and Departments of Medicine, Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, and Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5T 2S8, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Gordillo Guerra P, Clerici P, Micouin L. Modular Access to N-Substituted cis 5-Amino-3-hydroxypiperidines. J Org Chem 2017; 82:7689-7694. [PMID: 28665596 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.7b01485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A sequence of oxidative cleavage/reductive amination/reductive cleavage enables the preparation of N-substituted cis 5-amino-3-hydroxypiperidines from a readily available bicyclic adduct. This new route provides straightforward and versatile access to drug-relevant scaffolds or fragments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paola Gordillo Guerra
- Laboratoire de Chimie et de Biochimie Pharmacologiques et Toxicologiques, Faculté des Sciences Fondamentales et Bio-médicales, UMR 8601, CNRS-Paris Descartes University , 45 rue des Saints Pères, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Paolo Clerici
- Laboratoire de Chimie et de Biochimie Pharmacologiques et Toxicologiques, Faculté des Sciences Fondamentales et Bio-médicales, UMR 8601, CNRS-Paris Descartes University , 45 rue des Saints Pères, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Laurent Micouin
- Laboratoire de Chimie et de Biochimie Pharmacologiques et Toxicologiques, Faculté des Sciences Fondamentales et Bio-médicales, UMR 8601, CNRS-Paris Descartes University , 45 rue des Saints Pères, 75006 Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Pettersson M, Johnson DS, Rankic DA, Kauffman GW, Am Ende CW, Butler TW, Boscoe B, Evrard E, Helal CJ, Humphrey JM, Stepan AF, Stiff CM, Yang E, Xie L, Bales KR, Hajos-Korcsok E, Jenkinson S, Pettersen B, Pustilnik LR, Ramirez DS, Steyn SJ, Wood KM, Verhoest PR. Discovery of cyclopropyl chromane-derived pyridopyrazine-1,6-dione γ-secretase modulators with robust central efficacy. MEDCHEMCOMM 2017; 8:730-743. [PMID: 30108792 PMCID: PMC6071960 DOI: 10.1039/c6md00406g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2016] [Accepted: 10/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Herein we describe the discovery of a novel series of cyclopropyl chromane-derived pyridopyrazine-1,6-dione γ-secretase modulators for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Using ligand-based design tactics such as conformational analysis and molecular modeling, a cyclopropyl chromane unit was identified as a suitable heterocyclic replacement for a naphthyl moiety that was present in the preliminary lead 4. The optimized lead molecule 44 achieved good central exposure resulting in robust and sustained reduction of brain amyloid-β42 (Aβ42) when dosed orally at 10 mg kg-1 in a rat time-course study. Application of the unpaced isolated heart Langendorff model enabled efficient differentiation of compounds with respect to cardiovascular safety, highlighting how minor structural changes can greatly impact the safety profile within a series of compounds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Pettersson
- Neuroscience and Pain Medicinal Chemistry , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02139 , USA . ; Tel: +(617) 395 0705
| | - Douglas S Johnson
- Neuroscience and Pain Medicinal Chemistry , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02139 , USA . ; Tel: +(617) 395 0705
| | - Danica A Rankic
- Neuroscience and Pain Medicinal Chemistry , Groton , Connecticut 06340 , USA . ; Tel: +(860) 441 4354
| | - Gregory W Kauffman
- Neuroscience and Pain Medicinal Chemistry , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02139 , USA . ; Tel: +(617) 395 0705
| | - Christopher W Am Ende
- Neuroscience and Pain Medicinal Chemistry , Groton , Connecticut 06340 , USA . ; Tel: +(860) 441 4354
| | - Todd W Butler
- Neuroscience and Pain Medicinal Chemistry , Groton , Connecticut 06340 , USA . ; Tel: +(860) 441 4354
| | - Brian Boscoe
- Neuroscience and Pain Medicinal Chemistry , Groton , Connecticut 06340 , USA . ; Tel: +(860) 441 4354
| | - Edelweiss Evrard
- Neuroscience and Pain Medicinal Chemistry , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02139 , USA . ; Tel: +(617) 395 0705
| | - Christopher J Helal
- Neuroscience and Pain Medicinal Chemistry , Groton , Connecticut 06340 , USA . ; Tel: +(860) 441 4354
| | - John M Humphrey
- Neuroscience and Pain Medicinal Chemistry , Groton , Connecticut 06340 , USA . ; Tel: +(860) 441 4354
| | - Antonia F Stepan
- Neuroscience and Pain Medicinal Chemistry , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02139 , USA . ; Tel: +(617) 395 0705
| | - Cory M Stiff
- Neuroscience and Pain Medicinal Chemistry , Groton , Connecticut 06340 , USA . ; Tel: +(860) 441 4354
| | - Eddie Yang
- Neuroscience and Pain Medicinal Chemistry , Groton , Connecticut 06340 , USA . ; Tel: +(860) 441 4354
| | - Longfei Xie
- Neuroscience and Pain Medicinal Chemistry , Groton , Connecticut 06340 , USA . ; Tel: +(860) 441 4354
| | - Kelly R Bales
- Neuroscience and Pain Research Unit , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02139 , USA
| | - Eva Hajos-Korcsok
- Neuroscience and Pain Research Unit , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02139 , USA
| | - Stephen Jenkinson
- Global Safety Pharmacology , Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development , La Jolla , California 92121 , USA
| | - Betty Pettersen
- Drug Safety R&D , Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development , Groton , Connecticut 06340 , USA
| | | | - David S Ramirez
- Global Safety Pharmacology , Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development , La Jolla , California 92121 , USA
| | - Stefanus J Steyn
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism , Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02139 , USA
| | - Kathleen M Wood
- Neuroscience and Pain Research Unit , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02139 , USA
| | - Patrick R Verhoest
- Neuroscience and Pain Medicinal Chemistry , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02139 , USA . ; Tel: +(617) 395 0705
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Bursavich MG, Harrison BA, Acharya R, Costa DE, Freeman EA, Hodgdon HE, Hrdlicka LA, Jin H, Kapadnis S, Moffit JS, Murphy DA, Nolan S, Patzke H, Tang C, Wen M, Koenig G, Blain JF, Burnett DA. Design, Synthesis, and Evaluation of a Novel Series of Oxadiazine Gamma Secretase Modulators for Familial Alzheimer’s Disease. J Med Chem 2017; 60:2383-2400. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b01620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew G. Bursavich
- FORUM Pharmaceuticals, 225 Second Avenue, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Verhelst SHL. Intramembrane proteases as drug targets. FEBS J 2017; 284:1489-1502. [PMID: 27889944 DOI: 10.1111/febs.13979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2016] [Revised: 11/14/2016] [Accepted: 11/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Proteases are considered attractive drug targets. Various drugs targeting classical, soluble proteases have been approved for treatment of human disease. Intramembrane proteases (IMPs) are a more recently discovered group of proteolytic enzymes. They are embedded in lipid bilayers and their active sites are located in the plane of a membrane. All four mechanistic families of IMPs have been linked to disease, but currently, no drugs against IMPs have entered the market. In this review, I will outline the function of IMPs with a focus on the ones involved in human disease, which includes Alzheimer's disease, cancer, and infectious diseases by microorganisms. Inhibitors of IMPs are known for all mechanistic classes, but are not yet very potent or selective - aside from those targeting γ-secretase. I will here describe the different features of IMP inhibitors and discuss a list of issues that need attention in the near future in order to improve the drug development for IMPs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Steven H L Verhelst
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Belgium.,AG Chemical Proteomics, Leibniz Institute for Analytical Sciences ISAS, Dortmund, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
γ-Secretase Modulators as Aβ42-Lowering Pharmacological Agents to Treat Alzheimer’s Disease. TOPICS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/7355_2016_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
|
18
|
Pollinger J, Merk D. Therapeutic applications of the versatile fatty acid mimetic WY14643. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2016; 27:517-525. [DOI: 10.1080/13543776.2017.1272578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Julius Pollinger
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Daniel Merk
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Schröder B, Saftig P. Intramembrane proteolysis within lysosomes. Ageing Res Rev 2016; 32:51-64. [PMID: 27143694 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2016.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2016] [Revised: 04/01/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Regulated intramembrane proteolysis is of pivotal importance in a diverse set of developmental and physiological processes. Altered intramembrane substrate turnover may be associated with neurodegeneration, cancer and impaired immune function. In this review we will focus on the intramembrane proteases which have been localized in the lysosomal membrane. Members of the γ-secretase complex and γ-secretase activity are found in the lysosomal membrane and are discussed to contribute to intracellular amyloid β production. Mutant or deficient γ-secretase may cause disturbed lysosomal function. The signal peptide peptidase-like (SPPL) protease 2a is a lysosomal membrane component and cleaves CD74, the invariant chain of the MHC II complex, as well as FasL, TNF, ITM2B and TMEM106, type II transmembrane proteins involved in the regulation of immunity and neurodegeneration. Therefore, it can be concluded, that not only proteolysis within the lysosomal lumen but also within lysosomal membranes regulates important cellular functions and contributes essentially to proteostasis of membrane proteins what may become increasingly compromised in the aged individual.
Collapse
|
20
|
Tatarnikova OG, Orlov MA, Bobkova NV. Beta-Amyloid and Tau-Protein: Structure, Interaction, and Prion-Like Properties. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2016; 80:1800-19. [PMID: 26878581 DOI: 10.1134/s000629791513012x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
During the last twenty years, molecular genetic investigations of Alzheimer's disease (AD) have significantly broadened our knowledge of basic mechanisms of this disorder. However, still no unambiguous concept on the molecular bases of AD pathogenesis has been elaborated, which significantly impedes the development of AD therapy. In this review, we analyze issues concerning processes of generation of two proteins (β-amyloid peptide and Tau-protein) in the cell, which are believed to play the key role in AD genesis. Until recently, these agents were considered independently of each other, but in light of the latest studies, it becomes clear that it is necessary to study their interaction and combined effects. Studies of mechanisms of toxic action of these endogenous compounds, beginning from their interaction with known receptors of main neurotransmitters to specific peculiarities of functioning of signal intracellular pathways upon development of this pathology, open the way to development of new pharmaceutical substances directed concurrently on key mechanisms of interaction of toxic proteins inside the cell and on the pathways of their propagation in the extracellular space.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- O G Tatarnikova
- Institute of Cell Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow Region, 142290, Russia.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Guo XD, Sun GL, Zhou TT, Xu X, Zhu ZY, Rukachaisirikul V, Hu LH, Shen X. Small molecule LX2343 ameliorates cognitive deficits in AD model mice by targeting both amyloid β production and clearance. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2016; 37:1281-1297. [PMID: 27569389 PMCID: PMC5057240 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2016.80] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Accepted: 05/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM Streptozotocin (STZ) is widely used to induce oxidative damage and to impair glucose metabolism, apoptosis, and tau/Aβ pathology, eventually leading to cognitive deficits in both in vitro and in vivo models of Alzheimer's disease (AD). In this study, we constructed a cell-based platform using STZ to induce stress conditions mimicking the complicated pathologies of AD in vitro, and evaluated the anti-amyloid effects of a small molecule, N-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-2-[5-chloro-2-methoxy(phenylsulfonyl)anilino]acetamide (LX2343) in the amelioration of cognitive deficits in AD model mice. METHODS Cell-based assays for screening anti-amyloid compounds were established by assessing Aβ accumulation in HEK293-APPsw and CHO-APP cells, and Aβ clearance in primary astrocytes and SH-SY5Y cells after the cells were treated with STZ in the presence of the test compounds. Autophagic flux was observed using confocal laser scanning microscopy. APP/PS1 transgenic mice were administered LX2343 (10 mg·kg-1·d-1, ip) for 100 d. After LX2343 administration, cognitive ability of the mice was evaluated using Morris water maze test, and senile plaques in the brains were detected using Thioflavine S staining. ELISA assay was used to evaluate Aβ and sAPPβ levels, while Western blot analysis was used to measure the signaling proteins in both cell and animal brains. RESULTS LX2343 (5-20 μmol/L) dose-dependently decreased Aβ accumulation in HEK293-APPsw and CHO-APP cells, and promoted Aβ clearance in SH-SY5Y cells and primary astrocytes. The anti-amyloid effects of LX2343 were attributed to suppressing JNK-mediated APPThr668 phosphorylation, thus inhibiting APP cleavage on one hand, and inhibiting BACE1 enzymatic activity with an IC50 value of 11.43±0.36 μmol/L, on the other hand. Furthermore, LX2343 acted as a non-ATP competitive PI3K inhibitor to negatively regulate AKT/mTOR signaling, thus promoting autophagy, and increasing Aβ clearance. Administration of LX2343 in APP/PS1 transgenic mice significantly ameliorated cognitive deficits and markedly ameliorated the Aβ pathology in their brains. CONCLUSION LX2343 ameliorates cognitive dysfunction in APP/PS1 transgenic mice via both Aβ production inhibition and clearance promotion, which highlights the potential of LX2343 in the treatment of AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-dan Guo
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Guang-long Sun
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ting-ting Zhou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xin Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhi-yuan Zhu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Vatcharin Rukachaisirikul
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90112, Thailand
| | - Li-hong Hu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xu Shen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Discovery of novel 5,6,7,8-tetrahydro[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a]pyridine derivatives as γ-secretase modulators (Part 2). Bioorg Med Chem 2016; 24:3192-206. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2016.05.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2016] [Revised: 05/18/2016] [Accepted: 05/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
23
|
Bogstedt A, Groves M, Tan K, Narwal R, McFarlane M, Höglund K. Development of Immunoassays for the Quantitative Assessment of Amyloid-β in the Presence of Therapeutic Antibody: Application to Pre-Clinical Studies. J Alzheimers Dis 2016; 46:1091-101. [PMID: 26402635 PMCID: PMC4878309 DOI: 10.3233/jad-142988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Utilizing decision making biomarkers in drug development requires thorough assay validation. Special considerations need to be taken into account when monitoring biomarkers using immunoassays in the presence of therapeutic antibodies. We have developed robust and sensitive assays to assess target engagement and proof of mechanism to support the clinical progression of a human monoclonal antibody against the neurotoxic amyloid-β (Aβ)42 peptide. Here we present the introduction of novel pre-treatment steps to ensure drug-tolerant immunoassays and describe the validation of the complete experimental procedures to measure total Aβ42 concentration (bound and unbound) in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and plasma, free Aβ42 concentration (unbound) in CSF, and Aβ40 concentration in CSF. The difference in composition of the matrices (CSF and plasma) and antigen levels therein, in combination with the hydrophobic properties of Aβ protein, adds to the complexity of validation. Monitoring pharmacodynamics of an Aβ42 specific monoclonal antibody in a non-human primate toxicology study using these assays, we demonstrated a 1500-fold and a 3000-fold increase in total Aβ42 in plasma, a 4-fold and 8-fold increase in total Aβ42 in CSF together with a 95% and 96% reduction of free Aβ42 in CSF following weekly intravenous injections of 10 mg/kg and 100 mg/kg, respectively. Levels of Aβ40 were unchanged. The accuracy of these data is supported by previous pre-clinical studies as well as predictive pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamics modeling. In contrast, when analyzing the same non-human primate samples excluding the pre-treatment steps, we were not able to distinguish between free and total Aβ42. Our data clearly demonstrate the importance of thorough evaluation of antibody interference and appropriate validation to monitor different types of biomarkers in the presence of a therapeutic antibody.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Bogstedt
- AstraZeneca Translational Science Center, Personalized Healthcare & Biomarkers AstraZeneca R&D Innovative Medicines and Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Solna, Sweden; Science for Life Laboratory, Karolinska Institutet, Sweden
| | - Maria Groves
- Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering, MedImmune Limited, Granta Park, Cambridge, UK
| | - Keith Tan
- Translational Science, MedImmune Limited, Granta Park Cambridge, UK
| | - Rajesh Narwal
- Clinical Pharmacology & DMPK, MedImmune Limited, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Mary McFarlane
- Biologics Safety Assessment, Translational Science, MedImmune Limited, Cambridge, UK
| | - Kina Höglund
- AstraZeneca Translational Science Center, Personalized Healthcare & Biomarkers AstraZeneca R&D Innovative Medicines and Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Solna, Sweden; Science for Life Laboratory, Karolinska Institutet, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Pettersson M, Hou X, Kuhn M, Wager TT, Kauffman GW, Verhoest PR. Quantitative Assessment of the Impact of Fluorine Substitution on P-Glycoprotein (P-gp) Mediated Efflux, Permeability, Lipophilicity, and Metabolic Stability. J Med Chem 2016; 59:5284-96. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b00027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Pettersson
- Worldwide
Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Xinjun Hou
- Worldwide
Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Max Kuhn
- Research
Statistics, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Travis T. Wager
- Worldwide
Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Gregory W. Kauffman
- Computational
ADME Group, Department of Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Patrick R. Verhoest
- Worldwide
Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Soares HD, Gasior M, Toyn JH, Wang JS, Hong Q, Berisha F, Furlong MT, Raybon J, Lentz KA, Sweeney F, Zheng N, Akinsanya B, Berman RM, Thompson LA, Olson RE, Morrison J, Drexler DM, Macor JE, Albright CF, Ahlijanian MK, AbuTarif M. The γ-Secretase Modulator, BMS-932481, Modulates Aβ Peptides in the Plasma and Cerebrospinal Fluid of Healthy Volunteers. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2016; 358:138-50. [PMID: 27189973 PMCID: PMC4931877 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.116.232256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2016] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, safety, and tolerability of BMS-932481, a γ-secretase modulator (GSM), were tested in healthy young and elderly volunteers after single and multiple doses. BMS-932481 was orally absorbed, showed dose proportionality after a single dose administration, and had approximately 3-fold accumulation after multiple dosing. High-fat/caloric meals doubled the Cmax and area under the curve and prolonged Tmax by 1.5 hours. Consistent with the preclinical pharmacology of GSMs, BMS-932481 decreased cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) Aβ39, Aβ40, and Aβ42 while increasing Aβ37 and Aβ38, thereby providing evidence of γ-secretase enzyme modulation rather than inhibition. In plasma, reductions in Aβ40 and Aβ42 were observed with no change in total Aβ; in CSF, modest decreases in total Aβ were observed at higher dose levels. Increases in liver enzymes were observed at exposures associated with greater than 70% CSF Aβ42 lowering after multiple dosing. Although further development was halted due to an insufficient safety margin to test the hypothesis for efficacy of Aβ lowering in Alzheimer’s disease, this study demonstrates that γ-secretase modulation is achievable in healthy human volunteers and supports further efforts to discover well tolerated GSMs for testing in Alzheimer’s disease and other indications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Holly D Soares
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, Lawrence Township, New Jersey (H.D.S., J.R., K.A.L., N.Z., B.A., J.M., J.E.M., M.A.); Teva Pharmaceuticals, Frazer, Pennsylvania (M.G.); Bristol-Myers Squibb, Wallingford, Connecticut (J.H.T., L.A.T., R.E.O., D.M.D., C.F.A., M.K.A.); GSK Consumer Healthcare, Parsippany, New Jersey (J.-S.W.); Eisai, Woodcliff Lake, New Jersey (Q.H.); Kyowa Hakko Kirin Pharma, Princeton, New Jersey (F.B.); FORUM Pharmaceuticals, Waltham, Massachusetts (M.T.F.); Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut (F.S.); and Biohaven Medical Services, New Haven, Connecticut (R.M.B.)
| | - Maciej Gasior
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, Lawrence Township, New Jersey (H.D.S., J.R., K.A.L., N.Z., B.A., J.M., J.E.M., M.A.); Teva Pharmaceuticals, Frazer, Pennsylvania (M.G.); Bristol-Myers Squibb, Wallingford, Connecticut (J.H.T., L.A.T., R.E.O., D.M.D., C.F.A., M.K.A.); GSK Consumer Healthcare, Parsippany, New Jersey (J.-S.W.); Eisai, Woodcliff Lake, New Jersey (Q.H.); Kyowa Hakko Kirin Pharma, Princeton, New Jersey (F.B.); FORUM Pharmaceuticals, Waltham, Massachusetts (M.T.F.); Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut (F.S.); and Biohaven Medical Services, New Haven, Connecticut (R.M.B.)
| | - Jeremy H Toyn
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, Lawrence Township, New Jersey (H.D.S., J.R., K.A.L., N.Z., B.A., J.M., J.E.M., M.A.); Teva Pharmaceuticals, Frazer, Pennsylvania (M.G.); Bristol-Myers Squibb, Wallingford, Connecticut (J.H.T., L.A.T., R.E.O., D.M.D., C.F.A., M.K.A.); GSK Consumer Healthcare, Parsippany, New Jersey (J.-S.W.); Eisai, Woodcliff Lake, New Jersey (Q.H.); Kyowa Hakko Kirin Pharma, Princeton, New Jersey (F.B.); FORUM Pharmaceuticals, Waltham, Massachusetts (M.T.F.); Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut (F.S.); and Biohaven Medical Services, New Haven, Connecticut (R.M.B.)
| | - Jun-Sheng Wang
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, Lawrence Township, New Jersey (H.D.S., J.R., K.A.L., N.Z., B.A., J.M., J.E.M., M.A.); Teva Pharmaceuticals, Frazer, Pennsylvania (M.G.); Bristol-Myers Squibb, Wallingford, Connecticut (J.H.T., L.A.T., R.E.O., D.M.D., C.F.A., M.K.A.); GSK Consumer Healthcare, Parsippany, New Jersey (J.-S.W.); Eisai, Woodcliff Lake, New Jersey (Q.H.); Kyowa Hakko Kirin Pharma, Princeton, New Jersey (F.B.); FORUM Pharmaceuticals, Waltham, Massachusetts (M.T.F.); Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut (F.S.); and Biohaven Medical Services, New Haven, Connecticut (R.M.B.)
| | - Quan Hong
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, Lawrence Township, New Jersey (H.D.S., J.R., K.A.L., N.Z., B.A., J.M., J.E.M., M.A.); Teva Pharmaceuticals, Frazer, Pennsylvania (M.G.); Bristol-Myers Squibb, Wallingford, Connecticut (J.H.T., L.A.T., R.E.O., D.M.D., C.F.A., M.K.A.); GSK Consumer Healthcare, Parsippany, New Jersey (J.-S.W.); Eisai, Woodcliff Lake, New Jersey (Q.H.); Kyowa Hakko Kirin Pharma, Princeton, New Jersey (F.B.); FORUM Pharmaceuticals, Waltham, Massachusetts (M.T.F.); Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut (F.S.); and Biohaven Medical Services, New Haven, Connecticut (R.M.B.)
| | - Flora Berisha
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, Lawrence Township, New Jersey (H.D.S., J.R., K.A.L., N.Z., B.A., J.M., J.E.M., M.A.); Teva Pharmaceuticals, Frazer, Pennsylvania (M.G.); Bristol-Myers Squibb, Wallingford, Connecticut (J.H.T., L.A.T., R.E.O., D.M.D., C.F.A., M.K.A.); GSK Consumer Healthcare, Parsippany, New Jersey (J.-S.W.); Eisai, Woodcliff Lake, New Jersey (Q.H.); Kyowa Hakko Kirin Pharma, Princeton, New Jersey (F.B.); FORUM Pharmaceuticals, Waltham, Massachusetts (M.T.F.); Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut (F.S.); and Biohaven Medical Services, New Haven, Connecticut (R.M.B.)
| | - Michael T Furlong
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, Lawrence Township, New Jersey (H.D.S., J.R., K.A.L., N.Z., B.A., J.M., J.E.M., M.A.); Teva Pharmaceuticals, Frazer, Pennsylvania (M.G.); Bristol-Myers Squibb, Wallingford, Connecticut (J.H.T., L.A.T., R.E.O., D.M.D., C.F.A., M.K.A.); GSK Consumer Healthcare, Parsippany, New Jersey (J.-S.W.); Eisai, Woodcliff Lake, New Jersey (Q.H.); Kyowa Hakko Kirin Pharma, Princeton, New Jersey (F.B.); FORUM Pharmaceuticals, Waltham, Massachusetts (M.T.F.); Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut (F.S.); and Biohaven Medical Services, New Haven, Connecticut (R.M.B.)
| | - Joseph Raybon
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, Lawrence Township, New Jersey (H.D.S., J.R., K.A.L., N.Z., B.A., J.M., J.E.M., M.A.); Teva Pharmaceuticals, Frazer, Pennsylvania (M.G.); Bristol-Myers Squibb, Wallingford, Connecticut (J.H.T., L.A.T., R.E.O., D.M.D., C.F.A., M.K.A.); GSK Consumer Healthcare, Parsippany, New Jersey (J.-S.W.); Eisai, Woodcliff Lake, New Jersey (Q.H.); Kyowa Hakko Kirin Pharma, Princeton, New Jersey (F.B.); FORUM Pharmaceuticals, Waltham, Massachusetts (M.T.F.); Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut (F.S.); and Biohaven Medical Services, New Haven, Connecticut (R.M.B.)
| | - Kimberley A Lentz
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, Lawrence Township, New Jersey (H.D.S., J.R., K.A.L., N.Z., B.A., J.M., J.E.M., M.A.); Teva Pharmaceuticals, Frazer, Pennsylvania (M.G.); Bristol-Myers Squibb, Wallingford, Connecticut (J.H.T., L.A.T., R.E.O., D.M.D., C.F.A., M.K.A.); GSK Consumer Healthcare, Parsippany, New Jersey (J.-S.W.); Eisai, Woodcliff Lake, New Jersey (Q.H.); Kyowa Hakko Kirin Pharma, Princeton, New Jersey (F.B.); FORUM Pharmaceuticals, Waltham, Massachusetts (M.T.F.); Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut (F.S.); and Biohaven Medical Services, New Haven, Connecticut (R.M.B.)
| | - Francis Sweeney
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, Lawrence Township, New Jersey (H.D.S., J.R., K.A.L., N.Z., B.A., J.M., J.E.M., M.A.); Teva Pharmaceuticals, Frazer, Pennsylvania (M.G.); Bristol-Myers Squibb, Wallingford, Connecticut (J.H.T., L.A.T., R.E.O., D.M.D., C.F.A., M.K.A.); GSK Consumer Healthcare, Parsippany, New Jersey (J.-S.W.); Eisai, Woodcliff Lake, New Jersey (Q.H.); Kyowa Hakko Kirin Pharma, Princeton, New Jersey (F.B.); FORUM Pharmaceuticals, Waltham, Massachusetts (M.T.F.); Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut (F.S.); and Biohaven Medical Services, New Haven, Connecticut (R.M.B.)
| | - Naiyu Zheng
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, Lawrence Township, New Jersey (H.D.S., J.R., K.A.L., N.Z., B.A., J.M., J.E.M., M.A.); Teva Pharmaceuticals, Frazer, Pennsylvania (M.G.); Bristol-Myers Squibb, Wallingford, Connecticut (J.H.T., L.A.T., R.E.O., D.M.D., C.F.A., M.K.A.); GSK Consumer Healthcare, Parsippany, New Jersey (J.-S.W.); Eisai, Woodcliff Lake, New Jersey (Q.H.); Kyowa Hakko Kirin Pharma, Princeton, New Jersey (F.B.); FORUM Pharmaceuticals, Waltham, Massachusetts (M.T.F.); Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut (F.S.); and Biohaven Medical Services, New Haven, Connecticut (R.M.B.)
| | - Billy Akinsanya
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, Lawrence Township, New Jersey (H.D.S., J.R., K.A.L., N.Z., B.A., J.M., J.E.M., M.A.); Teva Pharmaceuticals, Frazer, Pennsylvania (M.G.); Bristol-Myers Squibb, Wallingford, Connecticut (J.H.T., L.A.T., R.E.O., D.M.D., C.F.A., M.K.A.); GSK Consumer Healthcare, Parsippany, New Jersey (J.-S.W.); Eisai, Woodcliff Lake, New Jersey (Q.H.); Kyowa Hakko Kirin Pharma, Princeton, New Jersey (F.B.); FORUM Pharmaceuticals, Waltham, Massachusetts (M.T.F.); Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut (F.S.); and Biohaven Medical Services, New Haven, Connecticut (R.M.B.)
| | - Robert M Berman
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, Lawrence Township, New Jersey (H.D.S., J.R., K.A.L., N.Z., B.A., J.M., J.E.M., M.A.); Teva Pharmaceuticals, Frazer, Pennsylvania (M.G.); Bristol-Myers Squibb, Wallingford, Connecticut (J.H.T., L.A.T., R.E.O., D.M.D., C.F.A., M.K.A.); GSK Consumer Healthcare, Parsippany, New Jersey (J.-S.W.); Eisai, Woodcliff Lake, New Jersey (Q.H.); Kyowa Hakko Kirin Pharma, Princeton, New Jersey (F.B.); FORUM Pharmaceuticals, Waltham, Massachusetts (M.T.F.); Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut (F.S.); and Biohaven Medical Services, New Haven, Connecticut (R.M.B.)
| | - Lorin A Thompson
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, Lawrence Township, New Jersey (H.D.S., J.R., K.A.L., N.Z., B.A., J.M., J.E.M., M.A.); Teva Pharmaceuticals, Frazer, Pennsylvania (M.G.); Bristol-Myers Squibb, Wallingford, Connecticut (J.H.T., L.A.T., R.E.O., D.M.D., C.F.A., M.K.A.); GSK Consumer Healthcare, Parsippany, New Jersey (J.-S.W.); Eisai, Woodcliff Lake, New Jersey (Q.H.); Kyowa Hakko Kirin Pharma, Princeton, New Jersey (F.B.); FORUM Pharmaceuticals, Waltham, Massachusetts (M.T.F.); Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut (F.S.); and Biohaven Medical Services, New Haven, Connecticut (R.M.B.)
| | - Richard E Olson
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, Lawrence Township, New Jersey (H.D.S., J.R., K.A.L., N.Z., B.A., J.M., J.E.M., M.A.); Teva Pharmaceuticals, Frazer, Pennsylvania (M.G.); Bristol-Myers Squibb, Wallingford, Connecticut (J.H.T., L.A.T., R.E.O., D.M.D., C.F.A., M.K.A.); GSK Consumer Healthcare, Parsippany, New Jersey (J.-S.W.); Eisai, Woodcliff Lake, New Jersey (Q.H.); Kyowa Hakko Kirin Pharma, Princeton, New Jersey (F.B.); FORUM Pharmaceuticals, Waltham, Massachusetts (M.T.F.); Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut (F.S.); and Biohaven Medical Services, New Haven, Connecticut (R.M.B.)
| | - John Morrison
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, Lawrence Township, New Jersey (H.D.S., J.R., K.A.L., N.Z., B.A., J.M., J.E.M., M.A.); Teva Pharmaceuticals, Frazer, Pennsylvania (M.G.); Bristol-Myers Squibb, Wallingford, Connecticut (J.H.T., L.A.T., R.E.O., D.M.D., C.F.A., M.K.A.); GSK Consumer Healthcare, Parsippany, New Jersey (J.-S.W.); Eisai, Woodcliff Lake, New Jersey (Q.H.); Kyowa Hakko Kirin Pharma, Princeton, New Jersey (F.B.); FORUM Pharmaceuticals, Waltham, Massachusetts (M.T.F.); Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut (F.S.); and Biohaven Medical Services, New Haven, Connecticut (R.M.B.)
| | - Dieter M Drexler
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, Lawrence Township, New Jersey (H.D.S., J.R., K.A.L., N.Z., B.A., J.M., J.E.M., M.A.); Teva Pharmaceuticals, Frazer, Pennsylvania (M.G.); Bristol-Myers Squibb, Wallingford, Connecticut (J.H.T., L.A.T., R.E.O., D.M.D., C.F.A., M.K.A.); GSK Consumer Healthcare, Parsippany, New Jersey (J.-S.W.); Eisai, Woodcliff Lake, New Jersey (Q.H.); Kyowa Hakko Kirin Pharma, Princeton, New Jersey (F.B.); FORUM Pharmaceuticals, Waltham, Massachusetts (M.T.F.); Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut (F.S.); and Biohaven Medical Services, New Haven, Connecticut (R.M.B.)
| | - John E Macor
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, Lawrence Township, New Jersey (H.D.S., J.R., K.A.L., N.Z., B.A., J.M., J.E.M., M.A.); Teva Pharmaceuticals, Frazer, Pennsylvania (M.G.); Bristol-Myers Squibb, Wallingford, Connecticut (J.H.T., L.A.T., R.E.O., D.M.D., C.F.A., M.K.A.); GSK Consumer Healthcare, Parsippany, New Jersey (J.-S.W.); Eisai, Woodcliff Lake, New Jersey (Q.H.); Kyowa Hakko Kirin Pharma, Princeton, New Jersey (F.B.); FORUM Pharmaceuticals, Waltham, Massachusetts (M.T.F.); Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut (F.S.); and Biohaven Medical Services, New Haven, Connecticut (R.M.B.)
| | - Charlie F Albright
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, Lawrence Township, New Jersey (H.D.S., J.R., K.A.L., N.Z., B.A., J.M., J.E.M., M.A.); Teva Pharmaceuticals, Frazer, Pennsylvania (M.G.); Bristol-Myers Squibb, Wallingford, Connecticut (J.H.T., L.A.T., R.E.O., D.M.D., C.F.A., M.K.A.); GSK Consumer Healthcare, Parsippany, New Jersey (J.-S.W.); Eisai, Woodcliff Lake, New Jersey (Q.H.); Kyowa Hakko Kirin Pharma, Princeton, New Jersey (F.B.); FORUM Pharmaceuticals, Waltham, Massachusetts (M.T.F.); Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut (F.S.); and Biohaven Medical Services, New Haven, Connecticut (R.M.B.)
| | - Michael K Ahlijanian
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, Lawrence Township, New Jersey (H.D.S., J.R., K.A.L., N.Z., B.A., J.M., J.E.M., M.A.); Teva Pharmaceuticals, Frazer, Pennsylvania (M.G.); Bristol-Myers Squibb, Wallingford, Connecticut (J.H.T., L.A.T., R.E.O., D.M.D., C.F.A., M.K.A.); GSK Consumer Healthcare, Parsippany, New Jersey (J.-S.W.); Eisai, Woodcliff Lake, New Jersey (Q.H.); Kyowa Hakko Kirin Pharma, Princeton, New Jersey (F.B.); FORUM Pharmaceuticals, Waltham, Massachusetts (M.T.F.); Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut (F.S.); and Biohaven Medical Services, New Haven, Connecticut (R.M.B.)
| | - Malaz AbuTarif
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, Lawrence Township, New Jersey (H.D.S., J.R., K.A.L., N.Z., B.A., J.M., J.E.M., M.A.); Teva Pharmaceuticals, Frazer, Pennsylvania (M.G.); Bristol-Myers Squibb, Wallingford, Connecticut (J.H.T., L.A.T., R.E.O., D.M.D., C.F.A., M.K.A.); GSK Consumer Healthcare, Parsippany, New Jersey (J.-S.W.); Eisai, Woodcliff Lake, New Jersey (Q.H.); Kyowa Hakko Kirin Pharma, Princeton, New Jersey (F.B.); FORUM Pharmaceuticals, Waltham, Massachusetts (M.T.F.); Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut (F.S.); and Biohaven Medical Services, New Haven, Connecticut (R.M.B.)
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Bursavich MG, Harrison BA, Blain JF. Gamma Secretase Modulators: New Alzheimer's Drugs on the Horizon? J Med Chem 2016; 59:7389-409. [PMID: 27007185 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b01960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The rapidly aging population desperately requires new therapies for Alzheimer's disease. Despite years of pharmaceutical research, limited clinical success has been realized, with several failed disease modification therapies in recent years. On the basis of compelling genetic evidence, the pharmaceutical industry has put a large emphasis on brain beta amyloid (Aβ) either through its removal via antibodies or by targeting the proteases responsible for its production. In this Perspective, we focus on the development of small molecules that improve the activity of one such protease, gamma secretase, through an allosteric binding site to preferentially increase the concentration of the shorter non-amyloidogenic Aβ species. After a few early failures due to poor drug-like properties, the industry is now on the cusp of delivering gamma secretase modulators for clinical proof-of-mechanism studies that combine potency and efficacy with improved drug-like properties such as lower cLogP, high central nervous system multiparameter optimization scores, and high sp(3) character.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew G Bursavich
- FORUM Pharmaceuticals , 225 Second Avenue, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - Bryce A Harrison
- FORUM Pharmaceuticals , 225 Second Avenue, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - Jean-François Blain
- FORUM Pharmaceuticals , 225 Second Avenue, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Wu YJ, Zhang Y, Toyn JH, Macor JE, Thompson LA. Synthesis of pyrimido[4,5-c]azepine- and pyrimido[4,5-c]oxepine-based γ-secretase modulators. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2016; 26:1554-1557. [PMID: 26898338 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2016.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2016] [Revised: 02/04/2016] [Accepted: 02/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This Letter describes an efficient ring-closing metathesis approach to 2-chloro-4-amino-pyrimido[4,5-c]azepines and 2-chloro-4-amino-pyrimido[4,5-c]oxepines. These chlorides were applied to the synthesis of several potent γ-secretase modulators (GSMs).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Jin Wu
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492, United States.
| | - Yunhui Zhang
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492, United States
| | - Jeremy H Toyn
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492, United States
| | - John E Macor
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492, United States
| | - Lorin A Thompson
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492, United States
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Montoliu-Gaya L, Villegas S. Protein structures in Alzheimer's disease: The basis for rationale therapeutic design. Arch Biochem Biophys 2015; 588:1-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2015.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2015] [Revised: 09/24/2015] [Accepted: 10/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
|
29
|
Takai T, Hoashi Y, Tomata Y, Morimoto S, Nakamura M, Watanabe T, Igari T, Koike T. Discovery of novel 5,6,7,8-tetrahydro[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a]pyridine derivatives as γ-secretase modulators. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2015; 25:4245-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2015.07.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2015] [Revised: 07/27/2015] [Accepted: 07/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
30
|
Fischer C, Zultanski SL, Zhou H, Methot JL, Shah S, Hayashi I, Hughes BL, Moxham CM, Bays NW, Smotrov N, Hill AD, Pan BS, Wu Z, Moy LY, Tanga F, Kenific C, Cruz JC, Walker D, Bouthillette M, Nikov GN, Deshmukh SV, Jeliazkova-Mecheva VV, Diaz D, Michener MS, Cook JJ, Munoz B, Shearman MS. Discovery of novel triazolobenzazepinones as γ-secretase modulators with central Aβ42 lowering in rodents and rhesus monkeys. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2015.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
|
31
|
Potent benzoazepinone γ-secretase modulators with improved bioavailability. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2015; 25:3495-500. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2015.06.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2015] [Revised: 06/04/2015] [Accepted: 06/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
32
|
Pirinixic acids: flexible fatty acid mimetics with various biological activities. Future Med Chem 2015; 7:1597-616. [DOI: 10.4155/fmc.15.87] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Pirinixic acid is a typical fatty acid mimetic and was developed as synthetic antihyperlipidemic agent. While its target remained unknown in the early development, it has later been characterized as dual PPARα/γ agonist. Based on this activity, pirinixic acid has served as a lead compound for several structure–activity relationship (SAR) studies addressing diverse targets for lipid mimetics. Many structural variants of pirinixic acid descendants have been developed and thereby potent agents on metabolic, inflammatory and neuroprotective targets were discovered of which some have proven in vivo efficacy. This article reviews pirinixic acid descendants along with their in vitro-pharmacological profiles, summarizes their in vivo data and finally gives a future perspective for this valuable class of fatty acid mimetics.
Collapse
|
33
|
Pettersson M, Johnson DS, Humphrey JM, Butler TW, am Ende CW, Fish BA, Green ME, Kauffman GW, Mullins PB, O’Donnell CJ, Stepan AF, Stiff CM, Subramanyam C, Tran TP, Vetelino BC, Yang E, Xie L, Bales KR, Pustilnik LR, Steyn SJ, Wood KM, Verhoest PR. Design of Pyridopyrazine-1,6-dione γ-Secretase Modulators that Align Potency, MDR Efflux Ratio, and Metabolic Stability. ACS Med Chem Lett 2015; 6:596-601. [PMID: 26005540 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.5b00070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2015] [Accepted: 03/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Herein we describe the design and synthesis of a series of pyridopyrazine-1,6-dione γ-secretase modulators (GSMs) for Alzheimer's disease (AD) that achieve good alignment of potency, metabolic stability, and low MDR efflux ratios, while also maintaining favorable physicochemical properties. Specifically, incorporation of fluorine enabled design of metabolically less liable lipophilic alkyl substituents to increase potency without compromising the sp(3)-character. The lead compound 21 (PF-06442609) displayed a favorable rodent pharmacokinetic profile, and robust reductions of brain Aβ42 and Aβ40 were observed in a guinea pig time-course experiment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Pettersson
- Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, 610 Main Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Douglas S. Johnson
- Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, 610 Main Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - John M. Humphrey
- Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Todd W. Butler
- Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Christopher W. am Ende
- Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Benjamin A. Fish
- Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Michael E. Green
- Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, 610 Main Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Gregory W. Kauffman
- Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Patrick B. Mullins
- Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Christopher J. O’Donnell
- Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Antonia F. Stepan
- Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, 610 Main Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Cory M. Stiff
- Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Chakrapani Subramanyam
- Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Tuan P. Tran
- Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Beth Cooper Vetelino
- Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Eddie Yang
- Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Longfei Xie
- Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Kelly R. Bales
- Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, 610 Main Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Leslie R. Pustilnik
- Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Stefanus J. Steyn
- Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, 610 Main Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Kathleen M. Wood
- Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, 610 Main Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Patrick R. Verhoest
- Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, 610 Main Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Design and synthesis of piperazine derivatives as a novel class of γ-secretase modulators that selectively lower Aβ42 production. Bioorg Med Chem 2015; 23:1923-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2015.03.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2015] [Revised: 03/20/2015] [Accepted: 03/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
35
|
Hubbs JL, Fuller NO, Austin WF, Shen R, Ma J, Gong Z, Li J, McKee TD, Loureiro RM, Tate B, Dumin JA, Ives J, Bronk BS. Minimization of drug–drug interaction risk and candidate selection in a natural product-based class of gamma-secretase modulators. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2015; 25:1621-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2015.01.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2014] [Revised: 01/20/2015] [Accepted: 01/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
36
|
Bohm C, Chen F, Sevalle J, Qamar S, Dodd R, Li Y, Schmitt-Ulms G, Fraser PE, St George-Hyslop PH. Current and future implications of basic and translational research on amyloid-β peptide production and removal pathways. Mol Cell Neurosci 2015; 66:3-11. [PMID: 25748120 PMCID: PMC4503820 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2015.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2015] [Revised: 02/26/2015] [Accepted: 02/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Inherited variants in multiple different genes are associated with increased risk for Alzheimer's disease (AD). In many of these genes, the inherited variants alter some aspect of the production or clearance of the neurotoxic amyloid β-peptide (Aβ). Thus missense, splice site or duplication mutants in the presenilin 1 (PS1), presenilin 2 (PS2) or the amyloid precursor protein (APP) genes, which alter the levels or shift the balance of Aβ produced, are associated with rare, highly penetrant autosomal dominant forms of Familial Alzheimer's Disease (FAD). Similarly, the more prevalent late-onset forms of AD are associated with both coding and non-coding variants in genes such as SORL1, PICALM and ABCA7 that affect the production and clearance of Aβ. This review summarises some of the recent molecular and structural work on the role of these genes and the proteins coded by them in the biology of Aβ. We also briefly outline how the emerging knowledge about the pathways involved in Aβ generation and clearance can be potentially targeted therapeutically. This article is part of Special Issue entitled "Neuronal Protein".
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Bohm
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, Departments of Medicine, Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology and Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Krembil Discovery Tower, 6th Floor-6KD417, 60 Leonard Avenue, Toronto, Ontario M5T 2S8, Canada
| | - F Chen
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, Departments of Medicine, Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology and Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Krembil Discovery Tower, 6th Floor-6KD417, 60 Leonard Avenue, Toronto, Ontario M5T 2S8, Canada
| | - J Sevalle
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, Departments of Medicine, Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology and Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Krembil Discovery Tower, 6th Floor-6KD417, 60 Leonard Avenue, Toronto, Ontario M5T 2S8, Canada
| | - S Qamar
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Wellcome Trust MRC Building, Addenbrookes Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
| | - R Dodd
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Wellcome Trust MRC Building, Addenbrookes Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Y Li
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Wellcome Trust MRC Building, Addenbrookes Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
| | - G Schmitt-Ulms
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, Departments of Medicine, Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology and Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Krembil Discovery Tower, 6th Floor-6KD417, 60 Leonard Avenue, Toronto, Ontario M5T 2S8, Canada
| | - P E Fraser
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, Departments of Medicine, Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology and Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Krembil Discovery Tower, 6th Floor-6KD417, 60 Leonard Avenue, Toronto, Ontario M5T 2S8, Canada
| | - P H St George-Hyslop
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, Departments of Medicine, Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology and Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Krembil Discovery Tower, 6th Floor-6KD417, 60 Leonard Avenue, Toronto, Ontario M5T 2S8, Canada; Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Wellcome Trust MRC Building, Addenbrookes Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Pettersson M, Johnson DS, Humphrey JM, am Ende CW, Evrard E, Efremov I, Kauffman GW, Stepan AF, Stiff CM, Xie L, Bales KR, Hajos-Korcsok E, Murrey HE, Pustilnik LR, Steyn SJ, Wood KM, Verhoest PR. Discovery of indole-derived pyridopyrazine-1,6-dione γ-secretase modulators that target presenilin. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2015; 25:908-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2014.12.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2014] [Revised: 12/13/2014] [Accepted: 12/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
|
38
|
Li Y, Bohm C, Dodd R, Chen F, Qamar S, Schmitt-Ulms G, Fraser PE, St George-Hyslop PH. Structural biology of presenilin 1 complexes. Mol Neurodegener 2014; 9:59. [PMID: 25523933 PMCID: PMC4326451 DOI: 10.1186/1750-1326-9-59] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2014] [Accepted: 12/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The presenilin genes were first identified as the site of missense mutations causing early onset autosomal dominant familial Alzheimer's disease. Subsequent work has shown that the presenilin proteins are the catalytic subunits of a hetero-tetrameric complex containing APH1, nicastrin and PEN-2. This complex (variously termed presenilin complex or gamma-secretase complex) performs an unusual type of proteolysis in which the transmembrane domains of Type I proteins are cleaved within the hydrophobic compartment of the membrane. This review describes some of the molecular and structural biology of this unusual enzyme complex. The presenilin complex is a bilobed structure. The head domain contains the ectodomain of nicastrin. The base domain contains a central cavity with a lateral cleft that likely provides the route for access of the substrate to the catalytic cavity within the centre of the base domain. There are reciprocal allosteric interactions between various sites in the complex that affect its function. For instance, binding of Compound E, a peptidomimetic inhibitor to the PS1 N-terminus, induces significant conformational changes that reduces substrate binding at the initial substrate docking site, and thus inhibits substrate cleavage. However, there is a reciprocal allosteric interaction between these sites such that prior binding of the substrate to the initial docking site paradoxically increases the binding of the Compound E peptidomimetic inhibitor. Such reciprocal interactions are likely to form the basis of a gating mechanism that underlies access of substrate to the catalytic site. An increasingly detailed understanding of the structural biology of the presenilin complex is an essential step towards rational design of substrate- and/or cleavage site-specific modulators of presenilin complex function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Peter H St George-Hyslop
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Wellcome Trust MRC Building, Addenbrookes Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Zhang X, Li Y, Xu H, Zhang YW. The γ-secretase complex: from structure to function. Front Cell Neurosci 2014; 8:427. [PMID: 25565961 PMCID: PMC4263104 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2014.00427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2014] [Accepted: 11/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the most critical pathological features of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the accumulation of β-amyloid (Aβ) peptides that form extracellular senile plaques in the brain. Aβ is derived from β-amyloid precursor protein (APP) through sequential cleavage by β- and γ-secretases. γ-secretase is a high molecular weight complex minimally composed of four components: presenilins (PS), nicastrin, anterior pharynx defective 1 (APH-1), and presenilin enhancer 2 (PEN-2). In addition to APP, γ-secretase also cleaves many other type I transmembrane (TM) protein substrates. As a crucial enzyme for Aβ production, γ-secretase is an appealing therapeutic target for AD. Here, we summarize current knowledge on the structure and function of γ-secretase, as well as recent progress in developing γ-secretase targeting drugs for AD treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xian Zhang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, Xiamen University Xiamen, FJ, China
| | - Yanfang Li
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, Xiamen University Xiamen, FJ, China
| | - Huaxi Xu
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, Xiamen University Xiamen, FJ, China ; Degenerative Disease Research Program, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Yun-Wu Zhang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, Xiamen University Xiamen, FJ, China
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Velter AI, Bischoff FP, Berthelot D, De Cleyn M, Oehlrich D, Jaroskova L, Macdonald G, Minne G, Pieters S, Rombouts F, Van Brandt S, Van Roosbroeck Y, Surkyn M, Trabanco AA, Tresadern G, Wu T, Borghys H, Mercken M, Masungi C, Gijsen H. Anilinotriazoles as potent gamma secretase modulators. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2014; 24:5805-5813. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2014.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2014] [Revised: 10/02/2014] [Accepted: 10/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
|
41
|
Evidence of a novel mechanism for partial γ-secretase inhibition induced paradoxical increase in secreted amyloid β protein. PLoS One 2014; 9:e91531. [PMID: 24658363 PMCID: PMC3962361 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0091531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2014] [Accepted: 02/12/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACE1 (β-secretase) and α-secretase cleave the Alzheimer's amyloid β protein (Aβ) precursor (APP) to C-terminal fragments of 99 aa (CTFβ) and 83 aa (CTFα), respectively, which are further cleaved by γ-secretase to eventually secrete Aβ and Aα (a.k.a. P3) that terminate predominantly at residues 40 and 42. A number of γ-secretase inhibitors (GSIs), such as N-[N-(3,5-Difluorophenacetyl-L-alanyl)]-S-phenylglycine t-butyl ester (DAPT), have been developed with the goal of reducing Aβ to treat Alzheimer's disease (AD). Although most studies show that DAPT inhibits Aβ in a dose-dependent manner several studies have also detected a biphasic effect with an unexpected increase at low doses of DAPT in cell cultures, animal models and clinical trials. In this article, we confirm the increase in Aβ40 and Aβ42 in SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma cells treated with low doses of DAPT and identify one of the mechanisms for this paradox. We studied the pathway by first demonstrating that stimulation of Aβ, a product of γ-secretase, was accompanied by a parallel increase of its substrate CTFβ, thereby demonstrating that the inhibitor was not anomalously stimulating enzyme activity at low levels. Secondly, we have demonstrated that inhibition of an Aβ degrading activity, endothelin converting enzyme (ECE), yielded more Aβ, but abolished the DAPT-induced stimulation. Finally, we have demonstrated that Aα, which is generated in the secretory pathway before endocytosis, is not subject to the DAPT-mediated stimulation. We therefore conclude that impairment of γ-secretase can paradoxically increase Aβ by transiently skirting Aβ degradation in the endosome. This study adds to the growing body of literature suggesting that preserving γ-secretase activity, rather than inhibiting it, is important for prevention of neurodegeneration.
Collapse
|
42
|
Toyn JH, Ahlijanian MK. Interpreting Alzheimer's disease clinical trials in light of the effects on amyloid-β. ALZHEIMERS RESEARCH & THERAPY 2014; 6:14. [PMID: 25031632 PMCID: PMC4014014 DOI: 10.1186/alzrt244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The failure of several potential Alzheimer’s disease therapeutics in mid- to late-stage clinical development has provoked significant discussion regarding the validity of the amyloid hypothesis. In this review, we propose a minimum criterion of 25% for amyloid-β (Aβ) lowering to achieve clinically meaningful slowing of disease progression. This criterion is based on genetic, risk factor, clinical and preclinical studies. We then compare this minimum criterion with the degree of Aβ lowering produced by the potential therapies that have failed in clinical trials. If the proposed minimum Aβ lowering criterion is used, then the amyloid hypothesis has yet to be adequately tested in the clinic. Therefore, we believe that the amyloid hypothesis remains valid and remains to be confirmed or refuted in future clinical trials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy H Toyn
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, Neuroscience Biology, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, USA
| | - Michael K Ahlijanian
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, Neuroscience Biology, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, USA
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
The clearance of misfolded proteins in neurodegenerative diseases by zinc metalloproteases: An inorganic perspective. Coord Chem Rev 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2013.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
|
44
|
Pettersson M, Johnson DS, Subramanyam C, Bales KR, am Ende CW, Fish BA, Green ME, Kauffman GW, Mullins PB, Navaratnam T, Sakya SM, Stiff CM, Tran TP, Xie L, Zhang L, Pustilnik LR, Vetelino BC, Wood KM, Pozdnyakov N, Verhoest PR, O’Donnell CJ. Design, Synthesis, and Pharmacological Evaluation of a Novel Series of Pyridopyrazine-1,6-dione γ-Secretase Modulators. J Med Chem 2014; 57:1046-62. [DOI: 10.1021/jm401782h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Pettersson
- Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, 610 Main Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Douglas S. Johnson
- Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, 610 Main Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Chakrapani Subramanyam
- Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Kelly R. Bales
- Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, 610 Main Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Christopher W. am Ende
- Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Benjamin A. Fish
- Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Michael E. Green
- Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, 610 Main Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Gregory W. Kauffman
- Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, 610 Main Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Patrick B. Mullins
- Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Thayalan Navaratnam
- Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Subas M. Sakya
- Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Cory M. Stiff
- Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Tuan P. Tran
- Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Longfei Xie
- Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Liming Zhang
- Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Leslie R. Pustilnik
- Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Beth C. Vetelino
- Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Kathleen M. Wood
- Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, 610 Main Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Nikolay Pozdnyakov
- Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, 610 Main Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Patrick R. Verhoest
- Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, 610 Main Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Christopher J. O’Donnell
- Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Cacabelos R, Cacabelos P, Torrellas C, Tellado I, Carril JC. Pharmacogenomics of Alzheimer's disease: novel therapeutic strategies for drug development. Methods Mol Biol 2014; 1175:323-556. [PMID: 25150875 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-0956-8_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a major problem of health and disability, with a relevant economic impact on our society. Despite important advances in pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment, its primary causes still remain elusive, accurate biomarkers are not well characterized, and the available pharmacological treatments are not cost-effective. As a complex disorder, AD is a polygenic and multifactorial clinical entity in which hundreds of defective genes distributed across the human genome may contribute to its pathogenesis. Diverse environmental factors, cerebrovascular dysfunction, and epigenetic phenomena, together with structural and functional genomic dysfunctions, lead to amyloid deposition, neurofibrillary tangle formation, and premature neuronal death, the major neuropathological hallmarks of AD. Future perspectives for the global management of AD predict that genomics and proteomics may help in the search for reliable biomarkers. In practical terms, the therapeutic response to conventional drugs (cholinesterase inhibitors, multifactorial strategies) is genotype-specific. Genomic factors potentially involved in AD pharmacogenomics include at least five categories of gene clusters: (1) genes associated with disease pathogenesis; (2) genes associated with the mechanism of action of drugs; (3) genes associated with drug metabolism (phase I and II reactions); (4) genes associated with drug transporters; and (5) pleiotropic genes involved in multifaceted cascades and metabolic reactions. The implementation of pharmacogenomic strategies will contribute to optimize drug development and therapeutics in AD and related disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ramón Cacabelos
- Chair of Genomic Medicine, Camilo José Cela University, 28692, Villanueva de la Cañada, Madrid, Spain,
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Hall A, Patel TR. γ-Secretase modulators: current status and future directions. PROGRESS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2014; 53:101-45. [PMID: 24418609 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-63380-4.00003-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
This chapter reviews the current status of γ-secretase modulators, highlighting key compounds by each company involved in the area. The review focuses on the three main chemotypes: acids, imidazoles and related derivatives and natural products. A section on chemical biology and ligand-binding site elucidation studies is also included. The primary source of information is drawn from peer reviewed literature as this permits analysis of PK-PD relationships and subsequent comment. Discussion of the patent literature is included for completeness. From this analysis, the key issues and challenges in the area are highlighted. The review concludes with a summary of the clinical development status and comment on future prospects of the field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Hall
- Department of Chemistry, Discovery Research, Neuroscience and General Medicine Product Creation Unit, Eisai Ltd., EMEA Knowledge Centre, Mosquito Way, Hatfield, United Kingdom
| | - Toshal R Patel
- Department of BioPharmacology, Discovery Research, Neuroscience and General Medicine Product Creation Unit, Eisai Ltd., EMEA Knowledge Centre, Mosquito Way, Hatfield, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|