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Vezenkov LT, Danalev DL, Iwanov I, Lozanov V, Atanasov A, Todorova R, Vassilev N, Karadjova V. Synthesis and biological study of new galanthamine-peptide derivatives designed for prevention and treatment of Alzheimer 's disease. Amino Acids 2022; 54:897-910. [PMID: 35562605 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-022-03167-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The Alzheimer's disease leads to neurodegenerative processes and affecting negatively million people worldwide. The treatment of the disease is still difficult and incomplete in practice. Galanthamine is one of the most commonly used drugs against the illness. The main aim of this work is design and synthesis of new derivatives of galanthamine comprising peptide moiety as well as study of their β-secretase inhibitory activity and the anti-aggregating effect. All new derivatives of galanthamine containing analogues of Leu-Val-Phe-Phe (Aβ17-Aβ20) were synthesized in solution using fragment and consecutive condensation approaches. The new derivatives were characterized by melting points, NMR, and HPLC/MS. They were tested in vitro for β-secretase inhibition activity by means of fluorescent method and were investigated in vitro for anti-aggregation activity on sheep platelet-rich plasma. Although the new compounds do not contain a structural element responsible for the β-secretase inhibition, five of them show high or good β-secretase inhibitory activity between 19.98 and 51.19% with IC50 between 1.95 and 5.26 nM. Four of the new molecules were able to inhibit platelet aggregation between 55.0 and 90.0% with IC50 between 0.69 and 1.36 µM. Four of the compounds were able to inhibit platelet aggregation and two of them have high anti-aggregating effects.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dancho L Danalev
- University of Chemical Technology and Metallurgy, Sofia, 1756, Bulgaria.
| | - Iwan Iwanov
- University of Chemical Technology and Metallurgy, Sofia, 1756, Bulgaria
| | - Valentin Lozanov
- Department of Medical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Medical University of Sofia, Sofia, 1000, Bulgaria
| | - Atanas Atanasov
- Medical Faculty, Trakia University, Stara Zagora, 6000, Bulgaria
| | - Rumyana Todorova
- Medical Faculty, Trakia University, Stara Zagora, 6000, Bulgaria
| | - Nikolay Vassilev
- Institute of Organic Chemistry with Centre of Phytochemistry, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, 1113, Bulgaria
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2
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Wang L, Zeng R, Pang X, Gu Q, Tan W. The mechanisms of flavonoids inhibiting conformational transition of amyloid-β42monomer: a comparative molecular dynamics simulation study. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra12328c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Flavonoids can bind Aβ42to inhibit the aggregation of Aβ42monomer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Fermentation and Enzyme Engineering
- School of Bioscience and Bioengineering
- South China University of Technology
- Guangzhou 510006
- China
| | - Ranran Zeng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Fermentation and Enzyme Engineering
- School of Bioscience and Bioengineering
- South China University of Technology
- Guangzhou 510006
- China
| | - Xiaoqian Pang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Fermentation and Enzyme Engineering
- School of Bioscience and Bioengineering
- South China University of Technology
- Guangzhou 510006
- China
| | - Qiong Gu
- Research Center for Drug Discovery
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Sun Yat-Sen University
- Guangzhou 510006
- China
| | - Wen Tan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Fermentation and Enzyme Engineering
- School of Bioscience and Bioengineering
- South China University of Technology
- Guangzhou 510006
- China
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3
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Abstract
Wider use of pharmacological models would facilitate the development of new drugs for Alzheimer's disease (AD), The two main models currently used are based on the cholinergic and glutamatergic hypotheses of AD, Although they lead to some of the attention and memory impairment observed in AD, they do not fully reproduce the AD pattern. The few studies that used a combination modeling approach, ie, the simultaneous administration of several drugs with the aim of impairing several neurotransmitters or different aspects of a single system, have reported no or marginal cumulative effect. On the basis of current understanding of glutamate and acetylcholine involvement in AD pathophysiology, we suggest that models using selective muscarinic-1 (M(1)) receptor blockers would better mimic the status of the cholinergic system in AD, This kind of model might be suitable for the assessment of drugs that do not act directly on the cholinergic system.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Gilles
- CNS Aging Research, FORENAP - Institute for Research in Neuroscience and Neuropsychiatry, Rouffach, France
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4
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Lewis SJ, Smith AL, Neduvelil JG, Stevenson GI, Lindon MJ, Jones AB, Shearman MS, Beher D, Clarke E, Best JD, Peachey JE, Harrison T, Castro JL. A novel series of potent gamma-secretase inhibitors based on a benzobicyclo[4.2.1]nonane core. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2005; 15:373-8. [PMID: 15603957 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2004.10.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2004] [Revised: 10/18/2004] [Accepted: 10/21/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
A new series of gamma-secretase inhibitors was developed from an in-house screening hit based on a benzobicyclo[4.2.1]nonane core. Lead optimisation studies led to the development of a series of potent inhibitors and in vivo efficacy was demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen J Lewis
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Sharp & Dohme Research Laboratories, The Neuroscience Research Centre, Terlings Park, Harlow, Essex CM20 2QR, UK.
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Teall M, Oakley P, Harrison T, Shaw D, Kay E, Elliott J, Gerhard U, Castro JL, Shearman M, Ball RG, Tsou NN. Aryl sulfones: a new class of γ-secretase inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2005; 15:2685-8. [PMID: 15863342 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2004.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2004] [Revised: 11/23/2004] [Accepted: 12/08/2004] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The development of a novel series of 4-aryl, 4-phenylsulfonyl cyclohexananone-derived gamma-secretase inhibitors for the potential treatment of Alzheimer's disease is described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Teall
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Sharp & Dohme Research Laboratories, The Neuroscience Research Centre, Terlings Park, Eastwick Road, Harlow, Essex CM20 2QR, UK.
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6
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Owens AP, Nadin A, Talbot AC, Clarke EE, Harrison T, Lewis HD, Reilly M, Wrigley JDJ, Castro JL. High affinity, bioavailable 3-Amino-1,4-benzodiazepine-Based γ-Secretase inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2003; 13:4143-5. [PMID: 14592525 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2003.07.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we describe the development of a novel series of high affinity, orally bioavailable 3-amino-1,4 benzodiazepine-based gamma-secretase inhibitors for the potential treatment of Alzheimer's disease. We disclose structure-activity relationships based around the 1, 3 and 5 positions of the benzodiazepine core structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew P Owens
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Sharp & Dohme Research Laboratories, The Neuroscience Research Centre, Terlings Park, Eastwick Road, Harlow, Essex CM20 2QR, UK.
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7
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Allain H, Bentué-Ferrer D, Tribut O, Gauthier S, Michel BF, Drieu-La Rochelle C. Alzheimer's disease: the pharmacological pathway. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 2003; 17:419-28. [PMID: 12914543 DOI: 10.1046/j.1472-8206.2003.00153.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The current pharmacological treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD) comes down to four marketed drugs (tacrine, donepezil, rivastigmine and galantamine) all of which are cholinesterase inhibitors, conforming to the cholinergic hypothesis. The future is clearly directed at new biological targets closely linked to the pathophysiology of the disease and more precisely, the pathological hallmark of AD which includes widespread neuronal degeneration, neuritic plaques containing beta-amyloid and tau-rich neurofibrillary tangles. For clinicians, this means that new curative drugs will have to be prescribed early in the course of the disease. This review describes the main entry pathways for drug discovery in AD: (1) supplementation therapy, (2) anti-apoptotic compounds, (3) substances with a mitochondrial impact, (4) anti-amyloid substances, (5) anti-protein aggregation and (6) lipid-lowering drugs. The rapidity at which these compounds will be at our disposal is highly dependent on the policy of the pharmaceutical companies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hervé Allain
- Laboratoire de Pharmacologie Expérimentale et Clinique, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Rennes I, CS 34317, 35043 Rennes cedex, France.
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Nadin A, Owens AP, Castro JL, Harrison T, Shearman MS. Synthesis and gamma-secretase activity of APP substrate-based hydroxyethylene dipeptide isosteres. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2003; 13:37-41. [PMID: 12467612 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(02)00840-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Two new APP substrate-based hydroxyethylene isosteres (AT and VI) were prepared and their dipeptide conjugates shown not to inhibit the gamma-secretase-mediated formation of either Abeta1-40 or Abeta1-42. The FG isostere and a des-hydroxy hydroxyethylene isostere also gave inactive compounds. Conversely, a number of compounds containing the intact substrate-unrelated Phe-Phe (FF) hydroxyethylene isostere were shown to be potent inhibitors (ED(50)=14-732 nM). These results show that the factors governing the substrate-based design of gamma-secretase inhibitors are more complicated than first thought.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan Nadin
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Sharp & Dohme Research Laboratories, The Neuroscience Research Centre, Terlings Park, Harlow, Essex CM20 2QR, UK.
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Abstract
The pathology of Alzheimer's disease (AD) shows a significant correlation between beta-amyloid peptide (AbetaP) conformation and the clinical severity of dementia. For many years, efforts have been focused on the development of inhibitors of beta-amyloid (Abeta) formation and its related neurotoxic effects. The author has developed a new concept showing that site-directed antibodies may modulate formation of Abeta. The performance of anti-Abeta antibodies in transgenic mice models of AD showed that they are delivered to the central nervous system (CNS), preventing in vivo formation of Abeta. Moreover, these antibodies dissolve Abeta plaques and protect the mice from learning difficulties and age-related memory deficits. Experimental active immunisation with Abeta (1-42) in humans has been stopped in Phase II of their clinical trials. However, several new preparations, able to provide antibodies against Abeta by either active or passive routes, have been formulated and at least one of these is likely to reach clinical testing. These data support the hypothesis that AbetaP plays a central role in AD and antibodies which modulate Abeta conformation may lead to immunotherapy of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beka Solomon
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Biotechnology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel-Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, Tel-Aviv 69978, Israel.
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Guandalini L, Dei S, Manetti D, Romanelli MN, Scapecchi S, Teodori E, Varani K. Synthesis and pharmacological evaluation of some (pyridyl)cyclopropylmethyl amines and their methiodides as nicotinic receptor ligands. FARMACO (SOCIETA CHIMICA ITALIANA : 1989) 2002; 57:487-96. [PMID: 12088064 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-827x(02)01234-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
A series of 3- and (4-pyridyl)cyclopropylmethyl amines and their quaternary ammonium derivatives have been synthesized; they can be considered as rigid analogues of nicotine. The compounds have been tested on rat cerebral cortex to measure the affinity for the central nicotinic receptor. Only the methiodides show affinity in the micromolar range. The results obtained can provide useful information on the topography of the nicotinic receptor-binding site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Guandalini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università di Firenze, Florence, Italy
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Abstract
Amyloid diseases are a large group of a much larger family of misfolding diseases. This group includes pathologies as diverse as Alzheimer's disease, immunoglobulin-light-chain disease, reactive amyloid disease and the familial amyloid polyneuropathies. These diseases are generally incurable at present, although some drugs are known to transiently slow the progression of Alzheimer's disease. As we increase our understanding of the causative mechanisms of these disorders, the likelihood of success for a given therapeutic strategy will become clearer. This review will look at small-molecule and macromolecular approaches for intervention in amyloid diseases other than Alzheimer's disease, although select examples from Alzheimer's disease will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- James C Sacchettini
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, 2128 TAMU, College Station, Texas 77843-2128, USA.
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12
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Seiffert D, Mitchell T, Stern AM, Roach A, Zhan Y, Grzanna R. Positive-negative epitope-tagging of beta amyloid precursor protein to identify inhibitors of A beta processing. BRAIN RESEARCH. MOLECULAR BRAIN RESEARCH 2000; 84:115-26. [PMID: 11113538 DOI: 10.1016/s0169-328x(00)00230-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
In this report, a novel positive-negative epitope tagging approach was developed to study the cellular processing of beta amyloid precursor protein (beta APP). Amino acids centered around the alpha-secretase cleavage site within the A beta sequence were replaced with residues comprising an epitope for which high-affinity monoclonal antibodies are commercially available. The resulting mutant beta APP cDNAs were expressed in human embryonic kidney cells (HEK 293). Cleavage of labeled beta APP by beta- and gamma-secretase(s) results in the release of an epitope-tagged A beta peptide, whereas cleavage by alpha-secretase results in destruction of the epitope. Highly sensitive and specific immunoassays were developed to study processing of this labeled beta APP via the amyloidogenic pathway. Secretion of epitope-tagged A beta was prevented by MDL 28170, a previously described gamma-secretase inhibitor. Confocal microscopic studies revealed that processing and cellular trafficking of epitope-tagged beta APP was not different from wild-type beta APP. These results suggest that positive-negative epitope-tagged beta APP is normally processed within the cell and may be used to identify secretase inhibitors as therapeutics for Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Seiffert
- E400/3253, Department of Chemical Enzymology, DuPont Pharmaceuticals Company, 198880-0400, Wilmington, DE 19880-0400, USA.
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Seiffert D, Bradley JD, Rominger CM, Rominger DH, Yang F, Meredith JE, Wang Q, Roach AH, Thompson LA, Spitz SM, Higaki JN, Prakash SR, Combs AP, Copeland RA, Arneric SP, Hartig PR, Robertson DW, Cordell B, Stern AM, Olson RE, Zaczek R. Presenilin-1 and -2 are molecular targets for gamma-secretase inhibitors. J Biol Chem 2000; 275:34086-91. [PMID: 10915801 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m005430200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 248] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Presenilins are integral membrane protein involved in the production of amyloid beta-protein. Mutations of the presenilin-1 and -2 gene are associated with familial Alzheimer's disease and are thought to alter gamma-secretase cleavage of the beta-amyloid precursor protein, leading to increased production of longer and more amyloidogenic forms of A beta, the 4-kDa beta-peptide. Here, we show that radiolabeled gamma-secretase inhibitors bind to mammalian cell membranes, and a benzophenone analog specifically photocross-links three major membrane polypeptides. A positive correlation is observed among these compounds for inhibition of cellular A beta formation, inhibition of membrane binding and cross-linking. Immunological techniques establish N- and C-terminal fragments of presenilin-1 as specifically cross-linked polypeptides. Furthermore, binding of gamma-secretase inhibitors to embryonic membranes derived from presenilin-1 knockout embryos is reduced in a gene dose-dependent manner. In addition, C-terminal fragments of presenilin-2 are specifically cross-linked. Taken together, these results indicate that potent and selective gamma-secretase inhibitors block A beta formation by binding to presenilin-1 and -2.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Seiffert
- DuPont Pharmaceuticals Company, Wilmington, Delaware 19880, USA.
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14
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Affiliation(s)
- D S Knopman
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
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Moore CL, Leatherwood DD, Diehl TS, Selkoe DJ, Wolfe MS. Difluoro ketone peptidomimetics suggest a large S1 pocket for Alzheimer's gamma-secretase: implications for inhibitor design. J Med Chem 2000; 43:3434-42. [PMID: 10978191 DOI: 10.1021/jm000100f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The final step in the generation of the amyloid-beta protein (Abeta), implicated in the etiology of Alzheimer's disease, is proteolysis within the transmembrane region of the amyloid precursor protein (APP) by gamma-secretase. Although considered an important target for therapeutic design, gamma-secretase has been neither well-characterized nor definitively identified. Previous studies in our laboratory using substrate-based difluoro ketone and difluoro alcohol transition-state analogue inhibitors suggest that gamma-secretase is an aspartyl protease with loose sequence specificity. To further characterize the active site of gamma-secretase, we prepared a series of difluoro ketone peptide analogues with varying steric bulkiness in the P1 position and tested the ability of these compounds to inhibit Abeta production in APP-transfected cells. Incorporation of bulky, aliphatic P1 side chains, such as sec-butyl or cyclohexylmethyl, led to increased gamma-secretase inhibitory potency, suggesting a large S1 pocket to accommodate these substituents and providing further evidence for loose sequence specificity. The cyclohexylmethyl P1 substituent allowed N-terminal truncation to a low-molecular-weight compound (<600 Da) that effectively blocked Abeta production (IC(50) approximately 5 microM). This finding suggests that optimal S1 binding may allow the development of potent inhibitors with ideal pharmaceutical properties. Moreover, a difluoro alcohol analogue with a cyclohexylmethyl P1 substituent was equipotent with its difluoro ketone counterpart, providing strong evidence that gamma-secretase is an aspartyl protease. All new analogues inhibited total Abeta and Abeta(42) production with the same rank order of potency and increased Abeta(42) production at low concentrations, providing further evidence for distinct gamma-secretases that are nevertheless closely similar with respect to active site topology and mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- C L Moore
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tennessee, Memphis, Tennessee 38163, USA
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