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Madhubala D, Mahato R, Khan MR, Bala A, Mukherjee AK. Neurotrophin peptidomimetics for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. Drug Discov Today 2024; 29:104156. [PMID: 39233307 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2024.104156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2024] [Revised: 08/21/2024] [Accepted: 08/29/2024] [Indexed: 09/06/2024]
Abstract
Neurotrophins, such as nerve growth factor and brain-derived neurotrophic factor, play an essential role in the survival of neurons. However, incorporating better features can increase their therapeutic efficacy in neurodegenerative diseases (NDs). Peptidomimetics, which mimic these neurotrophins, show potential for treating NDs. This study emphasizes the use of peptidomimetics from neurotrophins for treating NDs and their benefits. By improving bioavailability and stability, these molecules can completely transform the therapy for NDs. This in-depth review guides researchers and pharmaceutical developers, providing insight into the changing field of neurodegenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dev Madhubala
- Microbial Biotechnology and Protein Research Laboratory, Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Tezpur University, Tezpur 784028, Assam, India; Division of Life Sciences, Institute of Advanced Study in Science and Technology, Vigyan Path, Paschim Boragaon, Garchuk, Guwahati 781035, Assam, India
| | - Rosy Mahato
- Division of Life Sciences, Institute of Advanced Study in Science and Technology, Vigyan Path, Paschim Boragaon, Garchuk, Guwahati 781035, Assam, India; Faculty of Science, Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Mojibur R Khan
- Division of Life Sciences, Institute of Advanced Study in Science and Technology, Vigyan Path, Paschim Boragaon, Garchuk, Guwahati 781035, Assam, India; Faculty of Science, Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Asis Bala
- Division of Life Sciences, Institute of Advanced Study in Science and Technology, Vigyan Path, Paschim Boragaon, Garchuk, Guwahati 781035, Assam, India; Faculty of Science, Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Ashis K Mukherjee
- Microbial Biotechnology and Protein Research Laboratory, Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Tezpur University, Tezpur 784028, Assam, India; Division of Life Sciences, Institute of Advanced Study in Science and Technology, Vigyan Path, Paschim Boragaon, Garchuk, Guwahati 781035, Assam, India; Faculty of Science, Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, Uttar Pradesh, India.
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Thompson T, Pewklang T, Piyanuch P, Wanichacheva N, Kamkaew A, Burgess K. A fluorescent electrophile for CLIPS: self indicating TrkB binders. Org Biomol Chem 2024; 22:506-512. [PMID: 38111346 PMCID: PMC10863675 DOI: 10.1039/d3ob01654d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2023]
Abstract
Combination of cysteine-containing peptides with electrophiles provides efficient access to cyclo-organopeptides. However, there are no routes to intrinsically fluorescent cyclo-organopeptides containing robust, brilliant fluorophores emitting at wavelengths longer than cellular autofluorescence. We show such fluorescent cyclo-organopeptides can be made via SNAr reactions of cysteine-containing peptides with a BODIPY system. Seven compounds of this type were prepared to test as probes; six contained peptide sequences corresponding to loop regions in brain-derived neurotrophic factor and neurotrophic factor 4 (BDNF and NT-4) which bind tropomyocin receptor kinase B (TrkB). Cellular assays in serum-free media indicated two of the six key compounds induced survival of HEK293 cells stably transfected with TrkB whereas a control did not. The two compounds inducing cell survival bound TrkB on those cells (Kd ∼40 and 47 nM), illustrating how intrinsically fluorescent cyclo-organopeptides can be assayed for quantifiable binding to surface receptors in cell membrane environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tye Thompson
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A & M University, Box 30012, College Station, TX 77842-3012, USA.
| | - Thitima Pewklang
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A & M University, Box 30012, College Station, TX 77842-3012, USA.
- School of Chemistry, Institute of Science, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand
| | - Pornthip Piyanuch
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Silpakorn University, Nakhon Pathom 73000, Thailand
| | - Nantanit Wanichacheva
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Silpakorn University, Nakhon Pathom 73000, Thailand
| | - Anyanee Kamkaew
- School of Chemistry, Institute of Science, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand
| | - Kevin Burgess
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A & M University, Box 30012, College Station, TX 77842-3012, USA.
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Nakada M. Research on the Efficient Enantioselective Total Synthesis of Useful Bioactive Polycyclic Compounds. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 2022. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.20210329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Masahisa Nakada
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University, 3-4-1, Okubo, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 119-8555
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4
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Nakada M. Enantioselective Total Syntheses of Cyathane Diterpenoids. CHEM REC 2014; 14:641-62. [DOI: 10.1002/tcr.201402019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Masahisa Nakada
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; School of Advanced Science and Engineering; Waseda University; 3-4-1 Ohkubo, Shinjuku-ku Tokyo 169-8555 Japan
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Yang Y, Haskins CW, Zhang W, Low PL, Dai M. Divergent total syntheses of lyconadins A and C. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 53:3922-5. [PMID: 24596132 PMCID: PMC4113559 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201400416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Divergent and concise total syntheses of two lycopodium alkaloids, lyconadins A and C have been developed. The synthesis of lyconadin A, having potent neurotrophic activity, features an efficient one-pot ketal removal and formal aza-[4+2] cyclization to form the cagelike core structure. A tandem ketal removal/Mannich reaction was developed to build the tricyclic structure of lyconadin C. Both lyconadins A and C were synthesized from a pivotal intermediate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907 (USA), Homepage: http://www.chem.purdue.edu/dai/
| | - Christopher W. Haskins
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907 (USA), Homepage: http://www.chem.purdue.edu/dai/
| | - Wandi Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907 (USA), Homepage: http://www.chem.purdue.edu/dai/
| | - Pui Leng Low
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907 (USA), Homepage: http://www.chem.purdue.edu/dai/
| | - Mingji Dai
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907 (USA), Homepage: http://www.chem.purdue.edu/dai/
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6
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Brahimi F, Ko E, Malakhov A, Burgess K, Saragovi HU. Combinatorial assembly of small molecules into bivalent antagonists of TrkC or TrkA receptors. PLoS One 2014; 9:e89617. [PMID: 24603864 PMCID: PMC3945644 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0089617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2013] [Accepted: 01/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
A library of peptidomimetics was assembled combinatorially into dimers on a triazine-based core. The pharmacophore corresponds to β-turns of the neurotrophin polypeptides neurotrophin-3 (NT-3), nerve growth factor (NGF), or brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). These are the natural ligands for TrkC, TrkA, and TrkB receptors, respectively. The linker length and the side-chain orientation of each monomer within the bivalent mimics were systematically altered, and the impact of these changes on the function of each ligand was evaluated. While the monovalent peptidomimetics had no detectable binding or bioactivity, four bivalent peptidomimetics (2c, 2d, 2e, 3f) are selective TrkC ligands with antagonistic activity, and two bivalent peptidomimetics (1a, 1b) are TrkC and TrkA ligands with antagonistic activity. All these bivalent compounds block ligand-dependent receptor activation and cell survival, without affecting neuritogenic differentiation. This work adds to our understanding of how the neurotrophins function through Trk receptors, and demonstrates that peptidomimetics can be designed to selectively disturb specific biological signals, and may be used as pharmacological probes or as therapeutic leads. The concept of altering side-chain, linker length, and sequence orientation of a subunit within a pharmacophore provides an easy modular approach to generate larger libraries with diversified bioactivity.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Blotting, Western
- Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor/chemistry
- Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor/pharmacology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Survival/drug effects
- Cells, Cultured
- Combinatorial Chemistry Techniques/methods
- Humans
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Models, Chemical
- Molecular Structure
- NIH 3T3 Cells
- Nerve Growth Factor/chemistry
- Nerve Growth Factor/pharmacology
- Neurotrophin 3/chemistry
- Neurotrophin 3/pharmacology
- PC12 Cells
- Peptidomimetics/chemical synthesis
- Peptidomimetics/chemistry
- Peptidomimetics/pharmacology
- Rats
- Receptor, trkA/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptor, trkA/genetics
- Receptor, trkA/metabolism
- Receptor, trkC/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptor, trkC/genetics
- Receptor, trkC/metabolism
- Small Molecule Libraries/chemical synthesis
- Small Molecule Libraries/chemistry
- Small Molecule Libraries/pharmacology
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Affiliation(s)
- Fouad Brahimi
- Lady Davis Institute-Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Eunhwa Ko
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University. Texas, United States of America
| | - Andrey Malakhov
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University. Texas, United States of America
| | - Kevin Burgess
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University. Texas, United States of America
| | - H. Uri Saragovi
- Lady Davis Institute-Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Oncology and the Cancer Center, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- * E-mail:
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7
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Yang Y, Haskins CW, Zhang W, Low PL, Dai M. Divergent Total Syntheses of Lyconadins A and C. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201400416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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8
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Kobayakawa Y, Nakada M. Total Syntheses of (−)-Scabronines G and A, and (−)-Episcabronine A. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201303224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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9
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Kobayakawa Y, Nakada M. Total Syntheses of (−)-Scabronines G and A, and (−)-Episcabronine A. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013; 52:7569-73. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201303224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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10
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Baeza JL, de la Torre BG, Santiveri CM, Almeida RD, García-López MT, Gerona-Navarro G, Jaffrey SR, Jiménez MÁ, Andreu D, González-Muñiz R, Martín-Martínez M. Cyclic amino acid linkers stabilizing key loops of brain derived neurotrophic factor. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2011; 22:444-8. [PMID: 22119467 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2011.10.107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2011] [Revised: 10/28/2011] [Accepted: 10/30/2011] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
Based on β-turn-like BDNF loops 2 and 4, involved in receptor interaction, cyclic peptide replicas were designed, synthesized and tested. In addition to the native turn residues, the cyclic peptides include a linker unit between the N- and C-termini, selected by molecular modeling among various non-proteinogenic cyclic amino acids. NMR conformational studies showed that most of the cyclic peptides were able to adopt turn-like structures. Several of the analogues displayed significant inhibition of the BDNF-induced TrkB receptor phosphorylation, and hence could be useful templates for developing improved antagonists for this receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Luis Baeza
- Instituto de Química Médica (IQM-CSIC), Juan de la Cierva 3, Madrid 28006, Spain
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11
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Abstract
This paper concerns peptidomimetic scaffolds that can present side chains in conformations resembling those of amino acids in secondary structures without incurring excessive entropic or enthalpic penalties. Compounds of this type are referred to here as minimalist mimics. The core hypothesis of this paper is that small sets of such scaffolds can be designed to analogue local pairs of amino acids (including noncontiguous ones) in any secondary structure; i.e., they are universal peptidomimetics. To illustrate this concept, we designed a set of four peptidomimetic scaffolds. Libraries based on them were made bearing side chains corresponding to many of the protein-derived amino acids. Modeling experiments were performed to give an indication of kinetic and thermodynamic accessibilities of conformations that can mimic secondary structures. Together, peptidomimetics based on these four scaffolds can adopt conformations that resemble almost any combination of local amino acid side chains in any secondary structure. Universal peptidomimetics of this kind are likely to be most useful in the design of libraries for high-throughput screening against diverse targets. Consequently, data arising from submission of these molecules to the NIH Molecular Libraries Small Molecule Repository (MLSMR) are outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunhwa Ko
- Department of Chemistry and Laboratory for Molecular Simulation, Texas A&M University, Box 30012, College Station, Texas 77842, United States
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12
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Brahimi F, Malakhov A, Lee HB, Pattarawarapan M, Ivanisevic L, Burgess K, Saragovi HU. A peptidomimetic of NT-3 acts as a TrkC antagonist. Peptides 2009; 30:1833-9. [PMID: 19647025 PMCID: PMC2755609 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2009.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2009] [Revised: 07/22/2009] [Accepted: 07/22/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Neurotrophins are a family of growth factors that regulate the peripheral and central nervous system. We designed and tested a mini-library of small molecules peptidomimetics based on beta-turns of the neurotrophin growth factor polypeptides NT-3, which is the natural ligand for TrkC receptors. Biological studies identified a peptidomimetic 2Cl that exhibited selective antagonism of TrkC. 2Cl reduces TrkC activation and signaling promoted by NT-3, and selectively blocks ligand-dependent cell survival. 2Cl also blocks ligand-independent TrkC activation and signals that take place when the receptor is over-expressed. This work adds to our understanding of how the neurotrophins function through Trk receptors, and demonstrates that peptidomimetics can be designed to selectively disturb neurotrophin-receptor interactions, and receptor activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fouad Brahimi
- Lady Davis Institute-Jewish General Hospital, McGill University
| | - Andrey Malakhov
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, Box 30012, College Station, TX 77841, USA
| | - Hong Boon Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, Box 30012, College Station, TX 77841, USA
| | - Mookda Pattarawarapan
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, Box 30012, College Station, TX 77841, USA
| | | | - Kevin Burgess
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, Box 30012, College Station, TX 77841, USA
| | - H. Uri Saragovi
- Lady Davis Institute-Jewish General Hospital, McGill University
- Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University
- Oncology and the Cancer Center. McGill University
- correspondance to: Dr. H. Uri Saragovi, Lady Davis Institute-Jewish General Hospital, 3755 Cote St. Catherine, E-535. Montreal. Quebec, Canada, H3T 1E2, (1)-(514) 340-8222 x 5055
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14
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Shi Z, Birman E, Saragovi HU. Neurotrophic rationale in glaucoma: A TrkA agonist, but not NGF or a p75 antagonist, protects retinal ganglion cellsin vivo. Dev Neurobiol 2007; 67:884-94. [PMID: 17506493 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.20360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Glaucoma is a major cause of vision impairment, which arises from the sustained and progressive apoptosis of retinal ganglion cells (RGC), with ocular hypertension being a major risk or co-morbidity factor. Because RGC death often continues after normalization of ocular hypertension, growth factor-mediated protection of compromised neurons may be useful. However, the therapeutic use of nerve growth factor (NGF) has not proven effective at delaying RGC death in glaucoma. We postulated that one cause for the failure of NGF may be related to its binding to two receptors, TrkA and p75. These receptors have distinct cellular distribution in the retina and in neurons they induce complex and sometimes opposing activities. Here, we show in an in vivo therapeutic model of glaucoma that a selective agonist of the pro-survival TrkA receptor was effective at preventing RGC death. RGC loss was fully prevented by combining the selective agonist of TrkA with intraocular pressure-lowering drugs. In contrast, neither NGF nor an antagonist of the pro-apoptotic p75 receptor protected RGCs. These results further a neurotrophic rationale for glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- ZhiHua Shi
- Lady Davis Institute-Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3T 1E2
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15
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Zaccaro MC, Lee HB, Pattarawarapan M, Xia Z, Caron A, L'Heureux PJ, Bengio Y, Burgess K, Saragovi HU. Selective Small Molecule Peptidomimetic Ligands of TrkC and TrkA Receptors Afford Discrete or Complete Neurotrophic Activities. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 12:1015-28. [PMID: 16183026 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2005.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2004] [Revised: 06/28/2005] [Accepted: 06/28/2005] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
We designed a minilibrary of 55 small molecule peptidomimetics based on beta-turns of the neurotrophin growth factor polypeptides neurotrophin-3 (NT-3) and nerve growth factor (NGF). Direct binding, binding competition, and biological screens identified agonistic ligands of the ectodomain of the neurotrophin receptors TrkC and TrkA. Agonism is intrinsic to the peptidomimetic ligand (in the absence of neurotrophins), and/or can also be detected as potentiation of neurotrophin action. Remarkably, some peptidomimetics afford both neurotrophic activities of cell survival and neuronal differentiation, while others afford discrete signals leading to either survival or differentiation. The high rate of hits identified suggests that focused minilibraries may be desirable for developing bioactive ligands of cell surface receptors. Small, selective, proteolytically stable ligands with defined biological activity may have therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Clara Zaccaro
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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16
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Larner AJ. Tau protein as a therapeutic target in Alzheimer’s disease and other neurodegenerative disorders. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2005. [DOI: 10.1517/13543776.9.10.1359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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19
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Takano M, Umino A, Nakada M. Synthetic Studies on Cyathins: Enantioselective Total Synthesis of (+)-Allocyathin B2. Org Lett 2004; 6:4897-900. [PMID: 15606094 DOI: 10.1021/ol048010i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
[reaction: see text] The enantioselective total synthesis of (+)-allocyathin B(2) has been achieved. Our approach features a convergent enantioselective construction of the 5-6-7 tricyclic core system using the originally developed chiral building blocks via asymmetric catalysis, the intramolecular aldol reaction in high yield, successful samarium diiodide-mediated ring expansion, and a newly developed double-bond installation method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masashi Takano
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science and Engineering, Waseda University, 3-4-1 Ohkubo, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan
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20
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Affiliation(s)
- Mookda Pattarawarapan
- Texas A & M University, Department of Chemistry, PO Box 30012, College Station, Texas 77841-3012, USA
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21
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Burgess K. Solid-phase syntheses of beta-turn analogues to mimic or disrupt protein-protein interactions. Acc Chem Res 2001; 34:826-35. [PMID: 11601967 DOI: 10.1021/ar9901523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Protein-protein interactions are difficult targets in medicinal chemistry, but they will become increasingly important as data from The Human Genome Project is interpreted. Our work focuses on beta-turn mimics that are designed to mimic or disrupt some of these interactions. Solid-phase syntheses and preferred conformations of beta-turn mimics that incorporate dipeptide units are discussed. The activity of one illustrative compound that potentiates the interaction of the nerve growth factor with its transmembrane tyrosine kinase receptor TrkA is outlined. Finally, the importance of dimeric turn mimics and some new approaches to these are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Burgess
- Chemistry Department, Texas A & M University, Box 30012, College Station, Texas 77842-3012, USA
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22
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Zaccaro MC, Ivanisevic L, Perez P, Meakin SO, Saragovi HU. p75 Co-receptors regulate ligand-dependent and ligand-independent Trk receptor activation, in part by altering Trk docking subdomains. J Biol Chem 2001; 276:31023-9. [PMID: 11425862 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m104630200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurotrophins signal via Trk tyrosine kinase receptors and a common receptor called p75. Nerve growth factor is the cognate ligand for TrkA, brain-derived neurotrophic factor for TrkB, and neurotrophin-3 (NT-3) for TrkC. NT-3 also binds TrkA and TrkB as a heterologous ligand. All neurotrophins bind p75, which regulates ligand affinity and Trk signals. Trk extracellular domain has five subdomains: a leucine-rich motif, two cysteine-rich clusters, and immunoglobulin-like subdomains IgG-C1 and IgG-C2. The IgG-C1 subdomain is surface exposed in the tertiary structure and regulates ligand-independent activation. The IgG-C2 subdomain is less exposed but regulates cognate ligand binding and Trk activation. NT-3 as a heterologous ligand of TrkA and TrkB optimally requires the IgG-C2 but also binds other subdomains of these receptors. When p75 is co-expressed, major changes are observed; NGF-TrkA activation can occur also via the cysteine 1 subdomain, and brain-derived neurotrophic factor-TrkB activation requires the TrkB leucine-rich motif and cysteine 2 subdomains. We propose a two-site model of Trk binding and activation, regulated conformationally by the IgG-C1 subdomain. Moreover, p75 affects Trk subdomain utilization in ligand-dependent activation, possibly by conformational or allosteric control.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Zaccaro
- Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec H3G 1Y6, Canada
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23
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Wender PA, Bi FC, Brodney MA, Gosselin F. Asymmetric synthesis of the tricyclic core of NGF-inducing cyathane diterpenes via a transition-metal-catalyzed [5 + 2] cycloaddition. Org Lett 2001; 3:2105-8. [PMID: 11418060 DOI: 10.1021/ol0160699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
[reaction: see text] A concise asymmetric synthesis of the tricyclic core of cyathane diterpenes is described, based on a novel transition-metal-catalyzed intramolecular [5 + 2] cycloaddition of ynone-vinylcyclopropane 10 (assembled from commercially available (S)-(-)-limonene), which proceeds in 90% yield with >95% selectivity. This strategy provides efficient access (14 steps and 13% overall yield) to potential analogues as well as precursors of nerve growth factor (NGF)-inducing diterpenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- P A Wender
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305-5080, USA.
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24
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Zhang AJ, Khare S, Gokulan K, Linthicum DS, Burgess K. Dimeric beta-turn peptidomimetics as ligands for the neurotrophin receptor TrkC. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2001; 11:207-10. [PMID: 11206460 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(00)00618-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Twelve dimeric peptidomimetics 1 were prepared via a divergent-convergent strategy. These peptidomimetics incorporated the same amino acids as i +1 and i + 2 residues in key beta-turns of the neurotrophin NT-3. Cytosensor microphysiometry was used to gauge the effects of the dimers 1 on cells that overexpress the NT-3 receptor, TrkC. Increases in extracellular acidification rates were observed for some monomers 3, but the active dimers gave greater effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Zhang
- Texas A&M University, Chemistry Department, College Station, TX 77842-3012, USA
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Maliartchouk S, Debeir T, Beglova N, Cuello AC, Gehring K, Saragovi HU. Genuine monovalent ligands of TrkA nerve growth factor receptors reveal a novel pharmacological mechanism of action. J Biol Chem 2000; 275:9946-56. [PMID: 10744669 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.275.14.9946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Developing small molecule agonistic ligands for tyrosine kinase receptors has been difficult, and it is generally thought that such ligands require bivalency. Moreover, multisubunit receptors are difficult to target, because each subunit contributes to ligand affinity, and each subunit may have distinct and sometimes opposing functions. Here, the nerve growth factor receptor subunits p75 and the tyrosine kinase TrkA were studied using artificial ligands that bind specifically to their extracellular domain. Bivalent TrkA ligands afford robust signals. However, genuine monomeric and monovalent TrkA ligands afford partial agonism, activate the tyrosine kinase activity, cause receptor internalization, and induce survival and differentiation in cell lines and primary neurons. Monomeric and monovalent TrkA ligands can synergize with ligands that bind the p75 subunit. However, the p75 ligands used in this study must be bivalent, and monovalent p75 ligands have no effect. These findings will be useful in designing and developing screens of small molecules selective for tyrosine kinase receptors and indicate that strategies for designing agonists of multisubunit receptors require consideration of the role of each subunit. Last, the strategy of using anti-receptor mAbs and small molecule hormone mimics as receptor ligands could be applied to the study of many other heteromeric cell surface receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Maliartchouk
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec H3G 1Y6, Canada
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Saragovi HU, Gehring K. Development of pharmacological agents for targeting neurotrophins and their receptors. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2000; 21:93-8. [PMID: 10689362 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-6147(99)01444-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Neurotrophins comprise a family of protein growth factors that control the survival, growth, and/or differentiation of neurons and several other cell populations derived from the neuroectoderm. Neurotrophins and their receptors are important targets for the therapy of human disease, with potential applications ranging from the treatment of chronic or acute neurodegeneration to pain and cancer. Neurotrophins have been used clinically but are poor pharmacological agents. Consequently, approaches to develop pharmacological agents that target neurotrophins, their receptors or neurotrophin signaling pathways have been attempted.
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Affiliation(s)
- H U Saragovi
- Departments of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Oncology and the Cancer Center, McGill University, 3655 Drummond St. #1320, Montréal, QC, Canada H3G 1Y6.
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