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Nogueira TAC, Kaefer IL, Sartim MA, Pucca MB, Sachett J, Barros AL, Júnior MBA, Baía-da-Silva DC, Bernarde PS, Koolen HHF, Monteiro WM. The Amazonian kambô frog Phyllomedusa bicolor (Amphibia: Phyllomedusidae): Current knowledge on biology, phylogeography, toxinology, ethnopharmacology and medical aspects. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:997318. [PMID: 36278168 PMCID: PMC9582840 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.997318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Phyllomedusa bicolor (Phyllomedusidae), popularly known as the kambô in Brazil, is a tree frog that is widely distributed in South American countries and is known for producing a skin secretion that is rich in bioactive peptides, which are often used in indigenous rituals. The biological effects of the skin secretion were observed in the first studies with indigenous communities. Over the last six decades, researchers have been studying the chemical composition in detail, as well as the potential pharmacological applications of its constituents. For this reason, indigenous communities and health agents fear the misuse of the kambô, or the inappropriate use of the species, which can result in health complications or even death of users. This article seeks to provide a transdisciplinary review that integrates knowledge regarding the biology of P. bicolor, ethnoknowledge about the ritual of the kambô, and the chemistry and pharmacology of the skin secretion of this species, in addition to medical aspects of the indiscriminate use of the kambô. Furthermore, this review seeks to shed light on perspectives on the future of research related to the kambô.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thais A. C. Nogueira
- Departamento de Ensino e Pesquisa, Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
- Grupo de Pesquisas em Metabolômica e Espectrometria de Massas, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - Igor Luis Kaefer
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Igor Luis Kaefer, ; Wuelton M. Monteiro,
| | - Marco A. Sartim
- Departamento de Ensino e Pesquisa, Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
- Grupo de Pesquisas em Metabolômica e Espectrometria de Massas, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
- Departamento de Pós-Graduação, Universidade Nilton Lins, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - Manuela B. Pucca
- Curso de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Roraima, Boa Vista, Roraima, Brazil
| | - Jacqueline Sachett
- Departamento de Ensino e Pesquisa, Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
- Grupo de Pesquisas em Metabolômica e Espectrometria de Massas, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
- Departamento de Ensino e Pesquisa, Fundação Alfredo da Matta, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - André L. Barros
- Grupo de Pesquisas em Metabolômica e Espectrometria de Massas, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - Moysés B. A. Júnior
- Grupo de Pesquisas em Metabolômica e Espectrometria de Massas, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
- Instituto de Ciências Exatas e Tecnologia, Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Itacoatiara, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - Djane C. Baía-da-Silva
- Departamento de Ensino e Pesquisa, Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
- Grupo de Pesquisas em Metabolômica e Espectrometria de Massas, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - Paulo S. Bernarde
- Laboratório de Herpetologia, Campus Floresta, Universidade Federal do Acre, Cruzeiro do Sul, Acre, Brazil
| | - Hector H. F. Koolen
- Grupo de Pesquisas em Metabolômica e Espectrometria de Massas, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - Wuelton M. Monteiro
- Departamento de Ensino e Pesquisa, Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
- Grupo de Pesquisas em Metabolômica e Espectrometria de Massas, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Igor Luis Kaefer, ; Wuelton M. Monteiro,
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Modified chaihu shugan powder for functional dyspepsia: meta-analysis for randomized controlled trial. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2013; 2013:791724. [PMID: 23762161 PMCID: PMC3666434 DOI: 10.1155/2013/791724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2013] [Revised: 04/04/2013] [Accepted: 04/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Context. Modified Chaihu Shugan powder (MCSP) is a popular traditional Chinese herbal formula for functional dyspepsia, which is revised from Chaihu Shugan San and recorded in a medical classic works of China. However, its role and effect in treating functional dyspepsia have not been well established. Objective. To assess the effect and safety of modified Chaihu Shugan powder for functional dyspepsia. Methods. We searched the published and unpublished studies up to August 2012. Only RCTs of modified Chaihu Shugan powder with or without prokinetic drugs versus prokinetic drugs in the patients diagnosed with functional dyspepsia were included. Results. Twenty-two clinical trials involving 1998 participants were included. There were evidences that modified Chaihu Shugan powder (RR = 1.20, 95%, CI 1.14 to 1.27) and modified Chaihu Shugan powder plus prokinetic drugs (RR = 1.18, 95%, CI 1.11 to 1.25) were significantly better treatment options than prokinetic drugs alone in improving symptoms. No serious adverse events were described in the included trials. Conclusions. This meta-analysis showed that modified Chaihu Shugan powder alone or in combination with prokinetic drugs might be more effective than prokinetic drugs alone. However, with poor methodological quality, all the included trials were at high risk of bias. Further large-scale high-quality trials are required for assessment.
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Papazacharias S, Magafa V, Bernad N, Pairas G, Spyroulias GA, Martinez J, Cordopatis P. Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of New CRH Analogues. Bioinorg Chem Appl 2010; 2010:252348. [PMID: 20689735 PMCID: PMC2905701 DOI: 10.1155/2010/252348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2010] [Accepted: 04/20/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of 7 new human/rat Corticotropin Releasing Hormone (h/r-CRH) analogues were synthesized. The induced alterations include substitution of Phe at position 12 with D-Phe, Leu at positions 14 and 15 with Aib and Met at positions 21 and 38 with Cys(Et) and Cys(Pr). The analogues were tested regarding their binding affinity to the CRH-1 receptor and their activity which is represented by means of percentage of maximum response in comparison to the native molecule. The results indicated that the introduction of Aib, or Cys derivatives although altering the secondary structure of the molecule, did not hinder receptor recognition and binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Spyridon Papazacharias
- Laboratory of Pharmacognosy and Chemistry of Natural Products, Department of Pharmacy, University of Patras, 26500 Patras, Greece
| | - Vassiliki Magafa
- Laboratory of Pharmacognosy and Chemistry of Natural Products, Department of Pharmacy, University of Patras, 26500 Patras, Greece
| | - Nicole Bernad
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM), UMR-CNRS, Faculté de Pharmacie, Universités Montpellier 1 et 2, 15 Av. C. Flahault, 34093 Montpellier, France
| | - George Pairas
- Laboratory of Pharmacognosy and Chemistry of Natural Products, Department of Pharmacy, University of Patras, 26500 Patras, Greece
| | - Georgios A. Spyroulias
- Laboratory of Pharmacognosy and Chemistry of Natural Products, Department of Pharmacy, University of Patras, 26500 Patras, Greece
| | - Jean Martinez
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM), UMR-CNRS, Faculté de Pharmacie, Universités Montpellier 1 et 2, 15 Av. C. Flahault, 34093 Montpellier, France
| | - Paul Cordopatis
- Laboratory of Pharmacognosy and Chemistry of Natural Products, Department of Pharmacy, University of Patras, 26500 Patras, Greece
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Vrudhula VM, Dasgupta B, Pin SS, Burris KD, Balanda LA, Fung LK, Fiedler T, Browman KE, Taber MT, Zhang J, Macor JE, Dubowchik GM. Design, synthesis and evaluation of constrained tetrahydroimidazopyrimidine derivatives as antagonists of corticotropin-releasing factor type 1 receptor (CRF1R). Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2010; 20:1905-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2010.01.127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2009] [Revised: 01/26/2010] [Accepted: 01/28/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Chao GQ, Lv B, Meng LN, Zhang S, Zhang L, Guo Y. Effect of Changyanning Tangjiang on the expression of corticotropin releasing factor in spinal cord and brain of rats with visceral hypersensitivity. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2008; 16:2112-2118. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v16.i19.2112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate the distribution and expression of corticotropin releasing factor in spinal cord and brain of rats with visceral hypersensitivity, and to explore the mechnism of Changyanning Tangjiang treating irritable bowel syndrome.
METHODS: Forty female SD rats were divided randomly into 3 groups: blank control group (n = 8), model 1 group (n = 16, sensitized with intra-peritoneal injection of chicken ovalbumin) and model 2 group (n = 16, sensitized in turn with conditional stimulation and non-conditional stimulation). After the intestinal hypersensitivity was evaluated, the rats in the two model groups were divided into 2 subgroups: model control group (n = 8) and Changyanning group (n = 8). The rats in the blank control group and model group were treated with normal saline, and those in Changyanning group were intragastrically treated with Changyanning Tangjiang for 4 wk. Then spinal cord and brain were collected for immunohistochemical staining, and the distribution and expression of CRF were observed.
RESULTS: The visceral sensitivity of rats in the Changyanning groups was lower than that in the model groups (P < 0.01). Immunohistochemistry showed that CRF was obviously expressed in the lumbar intumescentia of spinal cord, hypothalamus and diaphragmatic surface of the third ventricle of cerebrum. The positive indexes in the model control groups were higher than those in the blank control group (hypothalamus: 0.037 ± 0.009, 0.037 ± 0.024 vs 0.005 ± 0.001; diaphragmatic surface: 0.038 ± 0.009, 0.040 ± 0.022 vs 0.005 ± 0.001; spinal cord: 0.028 ± 0.008, 0.024 ± 0.004 vs 0.002 ± 0.001; all P < 0.01). The positive indexes in the Changyanning groups (hypothalamus: 0.012 ± 0.005, 0.009 ± 0.005; diaphragmatic surface: 0.012 ± 0.005, 0.011 ± 0.006; spinal cord: 0.010 ± 0.003, 0.012 ± 0.005) were lower than that in the model groups. The positive index of CRF was also higher in the Changyanning groups than that in the blank control group (P < 0.05).
CONCLUSION: CRF plays an important role in the introduction of stimulation signal, while Changyanning Tangjiang can down-regulating the expression of CRF, which may be one of the mechnisms of Changyanning decreasing the visceral hypersensitivity in rats.
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Fekete ÉM, Zorrilla EP. Physiology, pharmacology, and therapeutic relevance of urocortins in mammals: ancient CRF paralogs. Front Neuroendocrinol 2007; 28:1-27. [PMID: 17083971 PMCID: PMC2730896 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2006.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2006] [Revised: 09/05/2006] [Accepted: 09/06/2006] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Urocortins, three paralogs of the stress-related peptide corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) found in bony fish, amphibians, birds, and mammals, have unique phylogenies, pharmacologies, and tissue distributions. As a result and despite a structural family resemblance, the natural functions of urocortins and CRF in mammalian homeostatic responses differ substantially. Endogenous urocortins are neither simply counterpoints nor mimics of endogenous CRF action. In their own right, urocortins may be clinically relevant molecules in the pathogenesis or management of many conditions, including congestive heart failure, hypertension, gastrointestinal and inflammatory disorders (irritable bowel syndrome, active gastritis, gastroparesis, and rheumatoid arthritis), atopic/allergic disorders (dermatitis, urticaria, and asthma), pregnancy and parturition (preeclampsia, spontaneous abortion, onset, and maintenance of effective labor), major depression and obesity. Safety trials for intravenous urocortin treatment have already begun for the treatment of congestive heart failure. Further understanding the unique functions of urocortin 1, urocortin 2, and urocortin 3 action may uncover other therapeutic opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Éva M. Fekete
- Molecular and Integrative Neurosciences Department, The Scripps
Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
- Pécs University Medical School, 7602 Pécs,
Hungary
| | - Eric P. Zorrilla
- Molecular and Integrative Neurosciences Department, The Scripps
Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
- Harold L. Dorris Neurological Research Institute, The Scripps
Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
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Grigoriadis DE. The corticotropin-releasing factor receptor: a novel target for the treatment of depression and anxiety-related disorders. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2007; 9:651-84. [PMID: 16083336 DOI: 10.1517/14728222.9.4.651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The treatment of mood disorders has been the subject of intense study for more than half a century and has resulted in the discovery and availability of a number of compounds that have seen tremendous success in the management of major depression and anxiety-related disorders. In spite of this success, these drugs have not provided a complete therapeutic solution for all patients and this has revitalised the need for a greater understanding of the underlying molecular mechanisms and targets involved in these disorders. Elucidation of these novel targets will enable the development of a better class of compounds which could benefit a greater majority of the patient population and be devoid of the current side effect liabilities. Towards that end, this review examines, in detail, the prospect of one such target, the corticotropin-releasing factor system, as having an enhanced therapeutic profile with the potential of a broader range of efficacy with reduced side effect liabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitri E Grigoriadis
- Department of Pharmacology and Lead Discovery, Neurocrine Biosciences, Inc., 12790 El Camino Real, San Diego, CA 92130, USA.
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8
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Abstract
Irritable bowel syndrome is a biopsychosocial disorder that results from dysregulation of central and enteric nervous system function. It manifests as dysmotility and/or visceral hypersensitivity, and is modified by psychosocial processes. The interaction of the biopsychosocial factors determines the experience of the illness. An understanding of the biopsychosocial model of illness requires a shift from concepts traditionally taught in Western medical schools (biomedical reductionism and dualism) to that of multicausality, where biologic and psychologic factors interact to determine the disease and its experience or illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albena Halpert
- Section of Gastroenterology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA.
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9
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Abstract
Preclinical studies suggest that the brain corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) systems mediate anxiety-like behavioural and somatic responses through actions at the CRF1 receptor. CRF1 antagonists block the anxiogenic-like effects of CRF and stress in animal models. Cerebrospinal fluid levels of CRF are elevated in some anxiety disorders and normalise with effective treatment, further implicating CRF systems as a therapeutic target. Prototypical CRF1 antagonists are highly lipophilic, non-competitive antagonists of peptide ligands. Modification of the chemotype and the identification of novel pharmacophores are yielding more drug-like structures with increased hydrophilicity at physiological pHs. Newer compounds exhibit improved solubility, pharmacokinetic properties, potency and efficacy. Several clinical candidates have entered Phase I/II trials. However, unmet challenges await resolution during further discovery, clinical development and therapeutic application of CRF1 antagonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric P Zorrilla
- Department of Neuropharmacology, The Scripps Research Institute, CVN-7, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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Ghia JE, Crenner F, Metz-Boutigue MH, Aunis D, Angel F. Effects of a chromogranin-derived peptide (CgA 47-66) in the writhing nociceptive response induced by acetic acid in rats. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 119:199-207. [PMID: 15120481 DOI: 10.1016/j.regpep.2004.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2003] [Revised: 01/16/2004] [Accepted: 02/05/2004] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Chromogranin A (CgA) is an acidic protein identified within a large variety of endocrine cells. Colocalized with catecholamines in chromaffin cells, CgA is a prohormone precursor of small biologically active peptides. Vasostatin (CgA 1-76) is the most conserved fragment of CgA and chromogranin A 47-66 peptide (CgA 47-66) possesses potent antimicrobial activities. The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that CgA 47-66 may be involved in mechanisms modulating nociception. Thus, we used acetic acid (AA) which produces a delayed inflammatory response and episodes of abdominal writhing, a marker of pain, when injected intraperitoneally (i.p.) to rats. Administration (i.p.) of CgA 47-66 induced specific opposite dose-dependent effects depending on concentration. That is, CgA 47-66 below 0.5 mg/kg produced antinociceptive effects, whereas at 2 mg/kg it produced a marked pronociceptive effect. The latter effect was blocked by diltiazem and indomethacin. CgA 47-66-induced antinociceptive effects on AA-induced responses were reversed when the corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) antagonist alpha-helical CRF 9-41 was i.p. injected to animals prior to AA and CgA 47-66 administration. The administration of i.p. calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) or substance P (SP) evoked dose-dependent abdominal writhing; this effect was abolished when CgA 47-66 was injected. The present data suggest, for the first time, that a fragment of CgA, CgA 47-66, possesses potent antinociceptive effects at low doses. Although the mechanism triggered by this peptide is unknown, CRF receptors are likely to be involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Eric Ghia
- INSERM Unit 575, Hôpital Civil Pavillon Poincaré, 1 place de l'Hôpital, 67091 Strasbourg, France
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CRF antagonists as novel treatment strategies for stress-related disorders. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/s0921-0709(05)80065-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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Martinez V, Wang L, Million M, Rivier J, Taché Y. Urocortins and the regulation of gastrointestinal motor function and visceral pain. Peptides 2004; 25:1733-44. [PMID: 15476940 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2004.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2004] [Accepted: 05/08/2004] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Urocortin (Ucn) 1, 2 and 3 are corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF)-related peptides recently characterized in mammals. Urocortin 1 binds with high affinity to CRF type 1 (CRF1) and type 2 (CRF2) receptors while Ucn 2 and Ucn 3 are selective CRF2 ligands. They also have a distinct pattern of distribution, both in the brain and the gastrointestinal tract, compatible with a role mediating, with CRF, the response to stress. In rats and mice, Ucn 1 injected centrally or peripherally inhibited gastric emptying and stimulated colonic propulsive motor function, mimicking the effects of stress or exogenous CRF. Centrally administered Ucn 2 inhibited gastric emptying with similar potency as CRF, while Ucn 1 and Ucn 3 were less potent. However, after peripheral administration, Ucn 1 and Ucn 2 were more potent than CRF. In mice, centrally administered Ucn 1 and 2 stimulated colonic motility with lower potency than CRF, and Ucn 3 was inactive. Studies with selective CRF1 and CRF2 antagonists demonstrated that the gastric-inhibitory and colonic-stimulatory effects of exogenously administered Ucns are mediated through CRF2 and CRF1 receptors, respectively. In addition, Ucn 2 showed visceral anti-nociceptive activity associated with the selective activation of CRF2 receptors. These observations suggest that, acting centrally and peripherally, Ucns might play a significant role in the modulation of gastrointestinal motor and pain responses during stress and stress-related pathophysiological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vicente Martinez
- Department of Medicine, CURE/Digestive Diseases Research Center, Center for Neurovisceral Sciences and Women's Health, University of California, Los Angeles, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA 90073, USA
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Richard D, Baraboi D. Circuitries Involved in the Control of Energy Homeostasis and the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis Activity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 3:269-77. [PMID: 15330675 DOI: 10.2165/00024677-200403050-00001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The regulation of bodyweight is a complex process involving the interplay of neuronal circuitries controlling food intake and energy expenditure (thermogenesis) with endocrine secretions modulating the activity of the neurons making up those circuitries. The neurons controlling food intake and thermogenesis also modulate the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, the role of which in the regulation of energy balance has been acknowledged for some time. These neurons secrete various neuromolecules or neuropeptides including endocannabinoids, neuropeptide Y, agouti-related protein, melanin-concentrating hormone, orexins (hypocretins), melanocortins, cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript, thyrotropin-releasing hormone, corticotropin-releasing hormone, and urocortins. Among those peptides, neuropeptide Y, agouti-related peptide, melanin-concentrating hormone, orexins, and endocannabinoids have been classified as being anabolic molecules whereas melanocortins, cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript, thyrotropin-releasing hormone, and corticotropin-releasing hormone are referred to as catabolic peptides. The expression and secretion of these neuromolecules are known to be affected by the anabolic (corticosteroids and ghrelin) and catabolic (leptin, insulin, and glucagon-like peptide 1) peripheral hormones. A link is made between the pathways regulating energy balance and those modulating the activity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denis Richard
- D.B. Brown Obesity Research Chair, Centre de recherche, l'Hôpital Laval, Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie Québec, Québec, Canada.
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Million M, Grigoriadis DE, Sullivan S, Crowe PD, McRoberts JA, Zhou H, Saunders PR, Maillot C, Mayer EA, Taché Y. A novel water-soluble selective CRF1 receptor antagonist, NBI 35965, blunts stress-induced visceral hyperalgesia and colonic motor function in rats. Brain Res 2003; 985:32-42. [PMID: 12957366 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-8993(03)03027-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The stress response involves the activation of two corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) receptor subtypes. We investigated the role of CRF1 in stress-related visceral responses. A novel water-soluble tricyclic CRF1 antagonist, NBI 35965 was developed that displayed a high affinity for CRF1 (Ki approximately 4 nM) while having no binding affinity to CRF2. This antagonist also inhibited the stimulation of cAMP induced by sauvagine in CRF1 transfected cells. NBI 35965 administered per orally (p.o.) in rats (1, 3, 10 or 30 mg/kg) inhibited dose-dependently [125I]sauvagine binding selectively at brain sites of CRF1 distribution as shown by ex vivo receptor autoradiography. At the highest doses, NBI 35965 completely prevented [125I]sauvagine labeling in the cortex. NBI 35965 (10 mg/kg) administered p.o. or subcutaneously (s.c.) 1 h before intravenous CRF completely blocked the 81% shortening of distal colonic transit time induced by CRF. NBI 35965 (20 mg/kg s.c.) significantly reduced the defecation in response to water avoidance stress but not that induced by s.c. carbachol. In adult male Long-Evans rats that had undergone maternal separation, acute water avoidance stress significantly increased the visceromotor response to colorectal distention (20-80 mmHg) by 42+/-19% compared with the response before stress. Stress-induced visceral hyperalgesia was abolished by NBI 35965 (20 mg/kg, s.c.). The data show that NBI 35965 is a novel water-soluble selective CRF1 antagonist with bioavailability to the brain upon peripheral administration and that CRF1 receptor signaling pathways are involved in water avoidance stress-induced hyperalgesia to colorectal distention and stimulation of colonic transit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mulugeta Million
- CURE/Digestive Diseases Research Center and Center for Neurovisceral Sciences and Women's Health (CNS), West Los Angeles VA Medical Center, Department of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90073, USA.
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15
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas A Drossman
- UNC Center for Functional GI and Motility Disorders, Division of Digestive Diseases, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, USA
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Martínez V, Wang L, Rivier JE, Vale W, Taché Y. Differential actions of peripheral corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF), urocortin II, and urocortin III on gastric emptying and colonic transit in mice: role of CRF receptor subtypes 1 and 2. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2002; 301:611-7. [PMID: 11961064 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.301.2.611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Peripheral CRF inhibits gastric emptying and stimulates colonic motor function in rats. We investigated the role of CRF(1) and CRF(2) receptors in i.p. CRF-induced alterations of gut transit in conscious mice using selective CRF(1) and CRF(2) ligands injected i.p. Gastric emptying 2 h after ingestion of a solid chow meal and colonic transit (time to expel a bead inserted into the distal colon) were determined simultaneously. Rat/human (r/h)CRF, which has CRF(1) > CRF(2) binding affinity, decreased distal colonic transit time at lower doses (6-12 microg/kg) than those inhibiting gastric emptying (20-60 microg/kg). Ovine CRF, a preferential CRF(1) receptor agonist (6-60 microg/kg), reduced significantly the colonic transit time without altering gastric emptying, whereas the selective CRF(2) receptor agonists mouse urocortin II (20-60 microg/kg) and urocortin III (120 microg/kg) inhibited significantly gastric emptying without modifying colonic transit. The CRF(1)/CRF(2) receptor antagonist, astressin (30-120 microg/kg), dose dependently prevented r/hCRF (20 microg/kg)-induced inhibition of gastric emptying and reduction of colonic transit time. The selective CRF(1) receptor antagonists, NBI-27914 (C(18)H(20)Cl(4)N(4)C(7)H(8)O(3)S) and CP-154,526 (butyl-[2,5-dimethyl-7-(2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)-7H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidin-4-yl]ethylamine) (5-30 mg/kg), dose dependently blocked r/hCRF action on the colon without influencing the gastric response, whereas the CRF(2) receptor antagonist, antisauvagine-30 (30-100 microg/kg), dose dependently abolished r/hCRF-induced delayed gastric emptying and had no effect on colonic response. These data show that i.p. r/hCRF-induced opposite actions on upper and lower gut transit in conscious mice are mediated by different CRF receptor subtypes: the activation of CRF(1) receptors stimulates colonic propulsive activity, whereas activation of CRF(2) receptors inhibits gastric emptying.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vicente Martínez
- Center for Ulcer Research and Education: Digestive Diseases Research Center, Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Department of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, USA
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Miampamba M, Maillot C, Million M, Taché Y. Peripheral CRF activates myenteric neurons in the proximal colon through CRF(1) receptor in conscious rats. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2002; 282:G857-65. [PMID: 11960782 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00434.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) injected peripherally induces clustered spike-burst activity in the proximal colon through CRF(1) receptors in rats. We investigated the effect of intraperitoneal CRF on proximal colon ganglionic myenteric cell activity in conscious rats using Fos immunohistochemistry on the colonic longitudinal muscle/myenteric plexus whole mount preparation. In vehicle-pretreated rats, there were only a few Fos immunoreactive (IR) cells per ganglion (1.2 +/- 0.6). CRF (10 microg/kg ip) induced Fos expression in 19.6 +/- 2.1 cells/ganglion. The CRF(1)/CRF(2) antagonist astressin (33 microg/kg ip) and the selective CRF(1) antagonist CP-154,526 (20 mg/kg sc) prevented intraperitoneal CRF-induced Fos expression in the proximal colon (number of Fos-IR cells/ganglion: 2.7 +/- 1.2 and 1.0 +/- 1.0, respectively), whereas atropine (1 mg/kg sc) had no effect. Double labeling of Fos with protein gene product 9.5 revealed the neuronal identity of activated cells that were encircled by varicose fibers immunoreactive to vesicular acetylcholine transporter. Fos immunoreactivity was mainly present in choline acetyltransferase-IR nerve cell bodies but not in the NADPH-diaphorase-positive cells. These results indicate that peripheral CRF activates myenteric cholinergic neurons in the proximal colon through CRF(1) receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel Miampamba
- CURE: Digestive Diseases Research Center, Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System and University of California, Los Angeles, California 90073, USA.
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Richard D, Lin Q, Timofeeva E. The corticotropin-releasing factor family of peptides and CRF receptors: their roles in the regulation of energy balance. Eur J Pharmacol 2002; 440:189-97. [PMID: 12007535 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-2999(02)01428-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) system could play a significant role in the regulation of energy balance. This system, which includes CRF, CRF-related peptides and CRF receptors, is part of a huge network of cells connected to central and peripheral pathways modulating energy metabolism. CRF and CRF-related peptides, which elicit their effects through G-protein-coupled receptors known in mammals as CRF(1) receptor and CRF(2) receptor, are capable of strong anorectic and thermogenic effects. Also supporting a role for the CRF system in the regulation of energy balance are findings demonstrating alterations in this system in obese and food-deprived animals that concur to facilitate energy deposition. In recent years, great progress has been made in understanding the specific physiological roles of the CRF system. In that respect, the discovery of urocortins II and III, two endogenous ligands of the CRF(2) receptor, and the development of selective and long-acting antagonists for the CRF receptors, have led to a better comprehension of the role of the CRF system in the regulation of energy balance. Although there are still important unresolved issues in the field of CRF research, the progress made recently warrants investigations aimed at evaluating the CRF system as a potential target for anti-obesity drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denis Richard
- D.B. Brown Chair on Obesity Research and Laval Hospital Research Center, Laval University, Quebec (Qué), Canada G1K 7P4.
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Million M, Maillot C, Saunders P, Rivier J, Vale W, Taché Y. Human urocortin II, a new CRF-related peptide, displays selective CRF(2)-mediated action on gastric transit in rats. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2002; 282:G34-40. [PMID: 11751155 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00283.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Human urocortin (hUcn) II is a new member of the corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) family that selectively binds to the CRF(2) receptor. We investigated the CRF receptors involved in mediating the effects of hUcn II and human/rat CRF (h/rCRF) on gut transit. Gastric emptying, 4 h after a solid meal, and distal colonic transit (bead expulsion time) were monitored simultaneously in conscious rats. CRF antagonists were given subcutaneously 30 min before intravenous injection of peptides or partial restraint (for 90 min). hUcn II (3 or 10 microg/kg i.v.) inhibited gastric emptying (by 45% and 55%, respectively) and did not influence distal colonic transit. The CRF(2) peptide antagonist astressin(2)-B blocked hUcn II action. h/rCRF, rat Ucn, and restraint delayed gastric emptying while accelerating distal colonic transit. The gastric response to intravenous h/rCRF and restraint was blocked by the CRF(2) antagonist but not by the CRF(1) antagonist CP-154,526, whereas the colonic response was blocked only by CP-154,526. None of the CRF antagonists influenced postprandial gut transit. These data show that intravenous h/rCRF and restraint stress-induced delayed gastric emptying involve CRF(2) whereas stimulation of distal colonic transit involves CRF(1). The distinct profile of hUcn II, only on gastric transit, is linked to its CRF(2) selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mulugeta Million
- CURE: Digestive Diseases Research Center, Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, University of California, Los Angeles 90073, USA.
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