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Frati F, Scurati S, Puccinelli P, Morviducci C, Di Cara G, Boccardo R, Piergentili E, Milioni M, Bernardini R, Sambugaro R, Castellano F, Varricchio A, Manfredi G, Cordero L, Russello M, Guercio E, Mauro M, Incorvaia C. Inflammation in Respiratory Allergy Treated by Sublingual Immunotherapy. EUR J INFLAMM 2017. [DOI: 10.1177/1721727x0900700301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The most common allergic diseases, such as rhinitis, asthma and atopic dermatitis, are sustained by allergic inflammation, the treatment of which requires anti-inflammatory activity. Among the available treatments, allergen immunotherapy (IT) has a documented impact on allergic inflammation which persists after its discontinuation and modifies the natural course of allergy. The anti-inflammatory effects of IT, and particularly of sublingual IT (SLIT), are based on the ability to modify the phenotype of T cells which, in allergic subjects, are characterized by a prevalence of the Th2 type, with production of IL-4, IL-5, IL-13, IL-17, and IL-32 cytokines. IT-induced changes result in a Th1-type response (immune deviation) related to an increased IFN-gamma and IL-2 production or in a Th2 reduced activity, through a mechanism of anergy or tolerance. It is now known that T cell tolerance is characterized by the generation of allergen-specific Treg cells, which produce cytokines such as IL-10 and TGF-beta with immunosuppressant and/or immunoregulatory activity. Recent studies suggest that the anti-inflammatory mechanism of SLIT is similar to classical, subcutaneous IT, with a prominent role in SLIT for mucosal dendritic cells. The tolerance pattern induced by Treg accounts for the suppressed or reduced activity of inflammatory cells and for the isotypic switch of antibody synthesis from IgE to IgG, and especially to IgG4. Data obtained from biopsies clearly indicate that the pathophysiology of the oral mucosa plays a pivotal role in inducing tolerance to the sublingually administered allergen.
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Affiliation(s)
- F. Frati
- Pediatrics, University Department of Medical and Surgical Specialty and Public Health, Perugia
- Medical and Scientific Department, Stallergenes, Milan
| | - S. Scurati
- Medical and Scientific Department, Stallergenes, Milan
| | - P. Puccinelli
- Medical and Scientific Department, Stallergenes, Milan
| | | | - G. Di Cara
- Pediatrics, University Department of Medical and Surgical Specialty and Public Health, Perugia
| | - R. Boccardo
- Pediatrics, University Department of Medical and Surgical Specialty and Public Health, Perugia
| | - E. Piergentili
- Pediatrics, University Department of Medical and Surgical Specialty and Public Health, Perugia
| | - M. Milioni
- Pediatrics, University Department of Medical and Surgical Specialty and Public Health, Perugia
| | | | | | | | | | - G. Manfredi
- Clinical Immunology, Miulli Hospital, Acquaviva delle Fonti
| | - L. Cordero
- Pneumology Unit, University Hospital, Sassari
| | | | - E. Guercio
- General Hospital, Castrovillari, Cosenza
| | - M. Mauro
- Allergy Unit, Sant'Anna Hospital, Como
| | - C. Incorvaia
- Allergy/Pulmonary rehabilitation Unit, ICP Hospital, Milan, Italy
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Wang Y, Zheng QC, Kong CP, Tian Y, Zhan J, Zhang JL, Zhang HX. Heparin makes differences: a molecular dynamics simulation study on the human βII-tryptase monomer. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2014; 11:252-61. [PMID: 25366115 DOI: 10.1039/c4mb00381k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Human β-tryptase, an enzyme with trypsin-like activity in mast cells, is an important target for the treatment of inflammatory and allergy related diseases. Heparin has been inferred to play a vital role in the stabilization of the tryptase structure and the maintenance of its active form. Up to now, the structure-function relationship between heparin and the βII-tryptase monomer has not been studied with atomic resolution due to the lack of a complex structure of tryptase and heparin. To this end, the exact effect of heparin bonding to the βII-tryptase monomer structure has been investigated using molecular docking and molecular dynamics (MD) simulation. The MD simulation results combined with MM-GB/SA calculations showed that heparin stabilized the β-tryptase structure mainly through salt bridge interaction. The averaged noncovalent interaction (aNCI) method was employed for the visualization of nonbonding interactions. A crucial loop, which is located in the core region of βII-tryptase monomer structure, has been found. Arg188 and Asp189 from this loop act as a salt bridge intermediary between 4-mer heparin and 0GX. The observation of a salt bridge between Asp189 and P1 groups of 0GX confirms the supposed interaction between these two groups. These two residues have been proved to be responsible for the direction of the P1 group of 0GX. Our study revealed that how heparin affected the activity of the human βII-tryptase monomer (hBTM) through salt bridge interactions. The knowledge of heparin binding characteristics and the key residue contributions in this study may enlighten further the inhibitor design of this enzyme and may also improve our understanding of inflammatory and allergy related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130023, P. R. China.
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Liang G, Choi-Sledeski YM, Shum P, Chen X, Poli GB, Kumar V, Minnich A, Wang Q, Tsay J, Sides K, Kang J, Zhang Y. A β-tryptase inhibitor with a tropanylamide scaffold to improve in vitro stability and to lower hERG channel binding affinity. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2012; 22:1606-10. [PMID: 22264487 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2011.12.127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2011] [Revised: 12/22/2011] [Accepted: 12/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Tropanylamide was investigated as a possible scaffold for β-tryptase inhibitors with a basic benzylamine P1 group and a substituted thiophene P4 group. Comparing to piperidinylamide, the tropanylamide scaffold is much more rigid, which presents less opportunity for the inhibitor to bind with off-target proteins, such as cytochrome P450, SSAO, and hERG potassium channel. The proposed binding mode was further confirmed by an in-house X-ray structure through co-crystallization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guyan Liang
- Molecular Innovative Therapeutics, Sanofi Pharmaceuticals, Bridgewater, NJ 08807, USA.
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Liang G, Choi-Sledeski YM, Poli GB, Chen X, Minnich A, Wang Q, Tsay J, Sides K, Vaz RJ. Structure-based design, synthesis, and profiling of a β-tryptase inhibitor with a spiro-piperidineamide scaffold, benzylamine P1 group, and a substituted indole P4 group. MEDCHEMCOMM 2011. [DOI: 10.1039/c1md00104c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Levell J, Astles P, Eastwood P, Cairns J, Houille O, Aldous S, Merriman G, Whiteley B, Pribish J, Czekaj M, Liang G, Maignan S, Guilloteau JP, Dupuy A, Davidson J, Harrison T, Morley A, Watson S, Fenton G, McCarthy C, Romano J, Mathew R, Engers D, Gardyan M, Sides K, Kwong J, Tsay J, Rebello S, Shen L, Wang J, Luo Y, Giardino O, Lim HK, Smith K, Pauls H. Structure based design of 4-(3-aminomethylphenyl)piperidinyl-1-amides: novel, potent, selective, and orally bioavailable inhibitors of betaII tryptase. Bioorg Med Chem 2005; 13:2859-72. [PMID: 15781396 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2005.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2005] [Revised: 02/08/2005] [Accepted: 02/09/2005] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Tryptase is a serine protease found almost exclusively in mast cells. It has trypsin-like specificity, favoring cleavage of substrates with an arginine (or lysine) at the P1 position, and has optimal catalytic activity at neutral pH. Current evidence suggests tryptase beta is the most important form released during mast cell activation in allergic diseases. It is shown to have numerous pro-inflammatory cellular activities in vitro, and in animal models tryptase provokes broncho-constriction and induces a cellular inflammatory infiltrate characteristic of human asthma. Screening of in-house inhibitors of factor Xa (a closely related serine protease) identified beta-amidoester benzamidines as potent inhibitors of recombinant human betaII tryptase. X-ray structure driven template modification and exchange of the benzamidine to optimize potency and pharmacokinetic properties gave selective, potent and orally bioavailable 4-(3-aminomethyl phenyl)piperidinyl-1-amides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian Levell
- Drug Innovation and Approval, Aventis Pharmaceuticals, 1041 Route 202-206, Mail Stop N-103A, Bridgewater, NJ 08807-6800, USA.
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Vaz RJ, Gao Z, Pribish J, Chen X, Levell J, Davis L, Albert E, Brollo M, Ugolini A, Cramer DM, Cairns J, Sides K, Liu F, Kwong J, Kang J, Rebello S, Elliot M, Lim H, Chellaraj V, Singleton RW, Li Y. Design of bivalent ligands using hydrogen bond linkers: synthesis and evaluation of inhibitors for human β-tryptase. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2004; 14:6053-6. [PMID: 15546728 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2004.09.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2004] [Revised: 09/23/2004] [Accepted: 09/23/2004] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
We exploit the concept of using hydrogen bonds to link multiple ligands for maintaining simultaneous interactions with polyvalent binding sites. This approach is demonstrated by the syntheses and evaluation of pseudo-bivalent ligands as potent inhibitors of human beta-tryptase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roy J Vaz
- Aventis Pharmaceuticals, 1041 Route 202/206 N, Bridgewater, NJ 088707, USA
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