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Moskalik MY, Astakhova VV. Triflamides and Triflimides: Synthesis and Applications. Molecules 2022; 27:5201. [PMID: 36014447 PMCID: PMC9414225 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27165201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Among the variety of sulfonamides, triflamides (CF3SO2NHR, TfNHR) occupy a special position in organic chemistry. Triflamides are widely used as reagents, efficient catalysts or additives in numerous reactions. The reasons for the widespread use of these compounds are their high NH-acidity, lipophilicity, catalytic activity and specific chemical properties. Their strong electron-withdrawing properties and low nucleophilicity, combined with their high NH-acidity, makes it possible to use triflamides in a vast variety of organic reactions. This review is devoted to the synthesis and use of N-trifluoromethanesulfonyl derivatives in organic chemistry, medicine, biochemistry, catalysis and agriculture. Part of the work is a review of areas and examples of the use of bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (triflimide, (CF3SO2)2NH, Tf2NH). Being one of the strongest NH-acids, triflimide, and especially its salts, are widely used as catalysts in cycloaddition reactions, Friedel-Crafts reactions, condensation reactions, heterocyclization and many others. Triflamides act as a source of nitrogen in C-amination (sulfonamidation) reactions, the products of which are useful building blocks in organic synthesis, catalysts and ligands in metal complex catalysis, and have found applications in medicine. The addition reactions of triflamide in the presence of oxidizing agents to alkenes and dienes are considered separately.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikhail Y. Moskalik
- Irkutsk Institute of Chemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 664033 Irkutsk, Russia
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Li Y, Orahoske CM, Dano R, Zhang W, Li B, Su B. Pharmacokinetic study of an anti-trypanosome agent with different formulations and administration routes in mice by HPLC-MS/MS. Biomed Chromatogr 2021; 35:e5169. [PMID: 33978959 PMCID: PMC8434948 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.5169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Revised: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Previously compound 12 showed great anti-trypanosome activity without toxicity in an in vivo study. In the current study, a sensitive and rapid high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) method was developed and validated to investigate its pharmacokinetics in mouse plasma. A protein precipitation method was applied to extract the compound, and it was then separated using a Kinetex C18 column with mobile phase consisting of acetonitrile-0.1% formic acid water (50:50, v/v) at a flow rate of 300 μl/min. The analytes were detected with the multiple reaction monitoring in negative electrospray ionization source for quantitative response of the compounds. Compound 12 was detected at m/z 477.0 → 367.2, while the internal standard compound 14 was detected at m/z 499.2 → 268.2. Inter- and intra-day precision was <5.22 and 2.79% respectively, while the accuracy range was within ±9.65%. The method was successfully applied to evaluate the pharmacokinetics of compound 12 in mouse plasma with two formulations (20% Cremophor EL or sesame oil) and drug administration routes (oral and intraperitoneal injection). We observed a better drug serum concentration with the Cremophor formulation, and the two different drug administration routes did not show significant differences from the drug distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaxin Li
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Gene Regulation in Health and Disease, College of Sciences and Health Professions, Cleveland State University, 2121 Euclid Ave., Cleveland, OH, 44115, USA
| | - Cody M Orahoske
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Gene Regulation in Health and Disease, College of Sciences and Health Professions, Cleveland State University, 2121 Euclid Ave., Cleveland, OH, 44115, USA
| | - Raina Dano
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Gene Regulation in Health and Disease, College of Sciences and Health Professions, Cleveland State University, 2121 Euclid Ave., Cleveland, OH, 44115, USA
| | - Wenjing Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Gene Regulation in Health and Disease, College of Sciences and Health Professions, Cleveland State University, 2121 Euclid Ave., Cleveland, OH, 44115, USA
| | - Bibo Li
- Department of Biological, Geological, and Environmental Sciences, Center for Gene Regulation in Health and Disease, College of Sciences and Health Professions, Cleveland State University, 2121 Euclid Ave., Cleveland, OH, 44115, USA
| | - Bin Su
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Gene Regulation in Health and Disease, College of Sciences and Health Professions, Cleveland State University, 2121 Euclid Ave., Cleveland, OH, 44115, USA
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Sulaiman FA, Iyiola OA, Anifowoshe TA, Sulaiman AA, Bello OK, Akinyele TJ, Jimoh AM, Maimako RF, Otohinoyi DA, Osemwegie OO, Adeyemi OS. Anti-Trypanosoma and toxicity potential of the extracts of Acacia nilotica, Bombax buonopozense and Khaya senegalensis. ADVANCES IN TRADITIONAL MEDICINE 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s13596-020-00438-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Kryshchyshyn A, Kaminskyy D, Karpenko O, Gzella A, Grellier P, Lesyk R. Thiazolidinone/thiazole based hybrids - New class of antitrypanosomal agents. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 174:292-308. [PMID: 31051403 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.04.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Revised: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Different compounds have been investigated as potent drugs for trypanosomiasis treatment, but no new drug has been marketed in the past 3 decades. 4-Thiazolidinone/thiazole as privileged structures and thiosemicarbazides cyclic analogs are well known scaffolds in novel antitrypanosomal agent design. We present here the design and synthesis of new hybrid molecules bearing thiazolidinone/thiazole cores linked by the hydrazone group with various molecular fragments. Structure optimization led to compounds with phenyl-indole or phenyl-imidazo[2,1-b][1,3,4]thiadiazole moieties showing excellent antitrypanosomal activity towards Trypanosoma brucei brucei and Trypanosoma brucei gambiense. Biological study allowed identifying compounds with the submicromolar levels of IC50, good selectivity indexes and relatively low cytotoxicity upon human primary fibroblasts as well as low acute toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Kryshchyshyn
- Department of Pharmaceutical, Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, Danylo Halytsky Lviv National Medical University, Pekarska 69, Lviv, 79010, Ukraine
| | - Danylo Kaminskyy
- Department of Pharmaceutical, Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, Danylo Halytsky Lviv National Medical University, Pekarska 69, Lviv, 79010, Ukraine
| | | | - Andrzej Gzella
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Grunwaldzka 6, Poznan, 60-780, Poland
| | - Philippe Grellier
- National Museum of Natural History, UMR 7245 CNRS-MNHN, Team BAMEE, CP 52, 57 Rue Cuvier, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Roman Lesyk
- Department of Pharmaceutical, Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, Danylo Halytsky Lviv National Medical University, Pekarska 69, Lviv, 79010, Ukraine; Department of Public Health, Dietetics and Lifestyle Disorders, Faculty of Medicine, University of Information Technology and Management in Rzeszow, Sucharskiego 2, 35-225 Rzeszow, Poland.
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5
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Zhao A, Li Y, Orahoske CM, Schnur B, Sabbagh A, Zhang W, Li B, Su B. Lead optimization of selective tubulin inhibitors as anti-trypanosomal agents. Bioorg Med Chem 2019; 27:1517-1528. [PMID: 30833159 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2019.02.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Revised: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Previously synthesized tubulin inhibitors showed promising in vitro selectivity and activity against Human African Trypanosomiasis. Current aim is to improve the ligand efficiency and reduce overall hydrophobicity of the compounds, by lead optimization. Via combinatorial chemistry, 60 new analogs were synthesized. For biological assay Trypanosoma brucei brucei Lister 427 cell line were used as the parasite model and for the host model human embryonic kidney cell line HEK-293 and mouse macrophage cell line RAW 264.7 were used to test efficacy. Of the newly synthesized compounds 5, 39, 40, and 57 exhibited IC50s below 5 µM inhibiting the growth of trypanosome cells and not harming the mammalian cells at equipotent concentration. Comparably, the newly synthesized compounds have a reduced amount of aromatic moieties resulting in a decrease in molecular weight. Due to importance of tubulin polymerization during protozoan life cycle its activity was assessed by western blot analyses. Our results indicated that compound 5 had a profound effect on tubulin function. A detailed structure activity relationship (SAR) was summarized that will be used to guide future lead optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anran Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Gene Regulation in Health and Disease, College of Sciences and Health Professions, Cleveland State University, 2121 Euclid Ave., Cleveland, OH 44115, USA
| | - Yaxin Li
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Gene Regulation in Health and Disease, College of Sciences and Health Professions, Cleveland State University, 2121 Euclid Ave., Cleveland, OH 44115, USA
| | - Cody M Orahoske
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Gene Regulation in Health and Disease, College of Sciences and Health Professions, Cleveland State University, 2121 Euclid Ave., Cleveland, OH 44115, USA
| | - Brittny Schnur
- Department of Biology, Geo. & Env. Sciences, Center for Gene Regulation in Health and Disease, College of Sciences and Health Professions, Cleveland State University, 2121 Euclid Ave., Cleveland, OH 44115, USA
| | - Abboud Sabbagh
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Gene Regulation in Health and Disease, College of Sciences and Health Professions, Cleveland State University, 2121 Euclid Ave., Cleveland, OH 44115, USA
| | - Wenjing Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Gene Regulation in Health and Disease, College of Sciences and Health Professions, Cleveland State University, 2121 Euclid Ave., Cleveland, OH 44115, USA
| | - Bibo Li
- Department of Biology, Geo. & Env. Sciences, Center for Gene Regulation in Health and Disease, College of Sciences and Health Professions, Cleveland State University, 2121 Euclid Ave., Cleveland, OH 44115, USA.
| | - Bin Su
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Gene Regulation in Health and Disease, College of Sciences and Health Professions, Cleveland State University, 2121 Euclid Ave., Cleveland, OH 44115, USA.
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Bobba V, Nanavaty V, Idippily ND, Zhao A, Li B, Su B. Synthesis and biological evaluation of selective tubulin inhibitors as anti-trypanosomal agents. Bioorg Med Chem 2017; 25:3215-3222. [PMID: 28428042 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2017.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2017] [Revised: 03/30/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
African trypanosomiasis is still a threat to human health due to the severe side-effects of current drugs. We identified selective tubulin inhibitors that showed the promise to the treatment of this disease, which was based on the tubulin protein structural difference between mammalian and trypanosome cells. Further lead optimization was performed in the current study to improve the efficiency of the drug candidates. We used Trypanosoma brucei brucei cells as the parasite model, and human normal kidney cells and mouse macrophage cells as the host model to evaluate the compounds. One new analog showed great potency with an IC50 of 70nM to inhibit the growth of trypanosome cells and did not affect the viability of mammalian cells. Western blot analyses reveal that the compound decreased tubulin polymerization in T. brucei cells. A detailed structure activity relationship (SAR) was summarized that will be used to guide future lead optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viharika Bobba
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Gene Regulation in Health and Disease, College of Sciences and Health Professions, Cleveland State University, 2121 Euclid Ave., Cleveland, OH 44115, USA
| | - Vishal Nanavaty
- Department of Biology, Geo. & Env. Sciences, Center for Gene Regulation in Health and Disease, College of Sciences and Health Professions, Cleveland State University, 2121 Euclid Ave., Cleveland, OH 44115, USA
| | - Nethrie D Idippily
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Gene Regulation in Health and Disease, College of Sciences and Health Professions, Cleveland State University, 2121 Euclid Ave., Cleveland, OH 44115, USA
| | - Anran Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Gene Regulation in Health and Disease, College of Sciences and Health Professions, Cleveland State University, 2121 Euclid Ave., Cleveland, OH 44115, USA
| | - Bibo Li
- Department of Biology, Geo. & Env. Sciences, Center for Gene Regulation in Health and Disease, College of Sciences and Health Professions, Cleveland State University, 2121 Euclid Ave., Cleveland, OH 44115, USA.
| | - Bin Su
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Gene Regulation in Health and Disease, College of Sciences and Health Professions, Cleveland State University, 2121 Euclid Ave., Cleveland, OH 44115, USA.
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Jamal R, Shimogawara R, Yamamoto KI, Ohta N. Anti-trypanosome effects of nutritional supplements and vitamin D3: in vitro and in vivo efficacy against Trypanosoma brucei brucei. Trop Med Health 2016; 44:26. [PMID: 27579019 PMCID: PMC4989295 DOI: 10.1186/s41182-016-0024-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2016] [Accepted: 07/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous publications suggest that nutritional supplements have anti-trypanosome activity in vitro, although apparent efficacy was not noted in vivo. This study was conducted by experimentally infecting mice with Trypanosoma brucei brucei to assess the anti-trypanosome activity of various nutritional supplements with the hope of finding possible application in the treatment of African trypanosomiasis. METHODS Activities of nutritional supplements were screened in vitro against bloodstream forms of T. b. brucei. To evaluate selectivity, we used two mammalian cells, Jurkat cells and Vero cells. The IC50 values and selectivity index values were calculated, and supplements with promising efficacy in vitro were selected for further testing in vivo. Mice were infected intraperitoneally with 1 × 10(3) T. b. brucei. We observed parameters for disease progression such as parasitemia, red blood cell count, white blood cell count, survivability, and splenomegaly. Morphological profiles after the treatment were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy. RESULTS Vitamin D3 showed anti-trypanosome efficacies both in vitro and in vivo. It seemed to have suppressive effects on parasitemia, and spleen weight was also significantly lower in vitamin D3-treated mice when compared to non-treated control mice. There was, however, no significant prolonged survivability of infected mice treated with vitamin D3. Among green tea extracts, polyphenon-60 and epigallocatechin gallate had suppressive effects against T. b. brucei in vitro, but in vivo efficacies were marginal. CONCLUSIONS Treatment with nutritional supplements, vitamin D3, and polyphenon-60 seemed to have anti-trypanosome activity in vitro and protective activity to some extent in vivo, respectively, although those supplements themselves did not have curable effects. The exact mechanisms of action are not clear, but the significant efficacy in vitro suggested direct effects of supplements against African trypanosome parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ripa Jamal
- Department of Environmental Parasitology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8519 Japan
| | - Rieko Shimogawara
- Department of Environmental Parasitology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8519 Japan
| | - Ki-ichi Yamamoto
- Department of Environmental Parasitology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8519 Japan
| | - Nobuo Ohta
- Department of Environmental Parasitology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8519 Japan
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Voggu RR, Zhou X, Su B, Guo B. A Simple and Rapid LC-MS/MS Method for the Determination of BMCL26 a Novel Anti-Parasitic Agent in Rat Plasma. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 6. [PMID: 26823991 PMCID: PMC4727756 DOI: 10.4172/2155-9872.1000266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BMCL26 is a potential drug derived from nimesulide, which has exhibited the substantial anti-parasitic activity in various cell lines. To conduct various pharmacological and toxicological properties of this drug, we developed and validated a rapid LC-MS/MS method for its quantification in accordance with the FDA guidelines. Protein precipitation with 0.1% formic acid in acetonitrile was used to extract the analytes along with the internal standard (JCC76) from rat plasma. It was found that the calibration curve of the method had an excellent linearity (r2 ≥ 0.9993) for the analyte concentration ranging from 0.5 to 100 ng/mL with acceptable inter- and intra-assay, precision, accuracy and stability. The matrix effect and extraction recovery were in the range of 101.30-110.10% and 90.16- 105.00%, respectively. This LC-MS/MS method is simple and rapid and can be used in the future pharmaceutical studies of BMCL26.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Xiang Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, Cleveland State University, USA
| | - Bin Su
- Department of Chemistry, Cleveland State University, USA
| | - Baochuan Guo
- Department of Chemistry, Cleveland State University, USA
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Nanavaty V, Lama R, Sandhu R, Zhong B, Kulman D, Bobba V, Zhao A, Li B, Su B. Orally Active and Selective Tubulin Inhibitors as Anti-Trypanosome Agents. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0146289. [PMID: 26771307 PMCID: PMC4714897 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0146289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2015] [Accepted: 12/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives There is an urgent need to develop a safe, effective, orally active, and inexpensive therapy for African trypanosomiasis due to the drawbacks of current drugs. Selective tubulin inhibitors have the potential to be promising drug candidates for the treatment of this disease, which is based on the tubulin protein structural difference between mammalian and trypanosome cells. We propose to identify novel tubulin inhibitors from a compound library developed based on the lead compounds that selectively target trypanosomiasis. Methods We used Trypanosoma brucei brucei as the parasite model, and human normal kidney cells and mouse microphage cells as the host model. Growth rates of both trypanosomes and mammalian cells were determined as a means to screen compounds that selectively inhibit the proliferation of parasites. Furthermore, we examined the cell cycle profile of the parasite and compared tubulin polymerization dynamics before and after the treatment using identified compounds. Last, in vivo anti-parasite activities of these compounds were determined in T. brucei-infected mice. Results Three compounds were selected that are 100 fold more effective against the growth of T. brucei cells than mammalian cells. These compounds caused cell cycle progression defects in T. brucei cells. Western analyses indicated that these compounds decreased tubulin polymerization in T. brucei cells. The in vivo investigation revealed that these compounds, when admitted orally, inhibited T. brucei cell proliferation in mouse blood. However, they were not potent enough to clear up the infection completely. Conclusions These compounds are promising lead compounds as orally active agents for drug development of anti-trypanosome agents. A more detail structure activity relationship (SAR) was summarized that will be used to guide future lead optimization to improve the selectivity and potency of the current compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishal Nanavaty
- Department of Biology, Geo. & Env. Sciences, College of Sciences and Health Professions, Cleveland State University, 2121 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio, 44115, United States of America
| | - Rati Lama
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences and Health Professions, Cleveland State University, 2121 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio, 44115, United States of America
| | - Ranjodh Sandhu
- Department of Biology, Geo. & Env. Sciences, College of Sciences and Health Professions, Cleveland State University, 2121 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio, 44115, United States of America
| | - Bo Zhong
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences and Health Professions, Cleveland State University, 2121 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio, 44115, United States of America
| | - Daniel Kulman
- Department of Biology, Geo. & Env. Sciences, College of Sciences and Health Professions, Cleveland State University, 2121 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio, 44115, United States of America
| | - Viharika Bobba
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences and Health Professions, Cleveland State University, 2121 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio, 44115, United States of America
| | - Anran Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences and Health Professions, Cleveland State University, 2121 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio, 44115, United States of America
| | - Bibo Li
- Department of Biology, Geo. & Env. Sciences, College of Sciences and Health Professions, Cleveland State University, 2121 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio, 44115, United States of America.,Center for Gene Regulation in Health and Disease, College of Sciences & Health Professions, Cleveland State University, 2121 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio, 44115, United States of America
| | - Bin Su
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences and Health Professions, Cleveland State University, 2121 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio, 44115, United States of America.,Center for Gene Regulation in Health and Disease, College of Sciences & Health Professions, Cleveland State University, 2121 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio, 44115, United States of America
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Potent antitrypanosomal triterpenoid saponins from Mussaenda luteola. Fitoterapia 2015; 107:114-121. [PMID: 26524249 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2015.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2015] [Revised: 10/24/2015] [Accepted: 10/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Five new triterpenoid saponins, heinsiagenin A 3-O-[α-l-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→2)-β-d-glucopyranosyl-(1→2)]-β-d-glucopyranoside (1), heinsiagenin A 3-O-[α-l-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→2)-β-d-glucopyranosyl-(1→2)]-[β-d-glucopyranosyl-(1→4)]-β-d-glucopyranoside (2), 2α-hydroxyheinsiagenin A 3-O-[α-l-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→2)-β-d-glucopyranosyl-(1→2)]-β-d-glucopyranoside (3), 2α-hydroxyheinsiagenin A 3-O-[β-d-glucopyranosyl-(1→2)]-[β-d-glucopyranosyl-(1→4)]-β-d-glucopyranoside (4) and N-(2S, 3R, 4R-3-methyl-4-pentanolid-2-yl)-18-hydroxylanosta-8 (9), 22E, 24E-trien-27-amide-3-O-[α-l-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→2)-β-d-glucopyranosyl-(1→2)]-[β-d-glucopyranosyl-(1→4)]-β-d-glucopyranoside (5) were isolated from the aerial parts of Mussaenda luteola Delile (Rubiaceae). Structural elucidation was based on the analysis of spectroscopic data (1D and 2D NMR) and HR-ESI-MS. Compound 1 showed potent antitrypanosomal activity with an IC50 value of 8.80μM. Compounds 2-4 showed highly potent antitrypanosomal activity with IC50 values ranging between (2.57-2.84μM) and IC90 values ranging between (3.36-4.35μM), which are 5 fold greater than the positive control DFMO (IC50 and IC90 values of 13.06 and 28.99μM, respectively). Compounds 1 and 2 showed moderate affinity to μ-opioid receptors with Ki values of 9.936μM and 0.872μM, respectively compared to a Ki value of 1.958nM for the positive control, naloxone HCl.
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Ndjakou Lenta B, Chouna JR, Nkeng-Efouet PA, Sewald N. Endiandric Acid Derivatives and Other Constituents of Plants from the Genera Beilschmiedia and Endiandra (Lauraceae). Biomolecules 2015; 5:910-42. [PMID: 26117852 PMCID: PMC4496702 DOI: 10.3390/biom5020910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants of the Lauraceae family are widely used in traditional medicine and are sources of various classes of secondary metabolites. Two genera of this family, Beilschmiedia and Endiandra, have been the subject of numerous investigations over the past decades because of their application in traditional medicine. They are the only source of bioactive endiandric acid derivatives. Noteworthy is that their biosynthesis contains two consecutive non-enzymatic electrocyclic reactions. Several interesting biological activities for this specific class of secondary metabolites and other constituents of the two genera have been reported, including antimicrobial, enzymes inhibitory and cytotoxic properties. This review compiles information on the structures of the compounds described between January 1960 and March 2015, their biological activities and information on endiandric acid biosynthesis, with 104 references being cited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Ndjakou Lenta
- Department of Chemistry, Higher Teacher Training College, University of Yaoundé 1, P.O. Box 47, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, Chemistry Department, Bielefeld University, P.O. Box 100131, 33501 Bielefeld, Germany; E-Mail:
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +2376-7509-7561
| | - Jean Rodolphe Chouna
- Department of Chemistry, University of Dschang, P.O. Box 67, Dschang, Cameroon; E-Mails: (J.R.C.); (P.A.N.-E.)
| | - Pepin Alango Nkeng-Efouet
- Department of Chemistry, University of Dschang, P.O. Box 67, Dschang, Cameroon; E-Mails: (J.R.C.); (P.A.N.-E.)
| | - Norbert Sewald
- Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, Chemistry Department, Bielefeld University, P.O. Box 100131, 33501 Bielefeld, Germany; E-Mail:
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Anti-trypanosomal activities and structural chemical properties of selected compound classes. Parasitol Res 2014; 114:501-12. [PMID: 25416330 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-014-4210-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2014] [Accepted: 10/30/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Potent compounds do not necessarily make the best drugs in the market. Consequently, with the aim to describe tools that may be fundamental for refining the screening of candidates for animal and preclinical studies and further development, molecules of different structural classes synthesized within the frame of a broad screening platform were evaluated for their trypanocidal activities, cytotoxicities against murine macrophages J774.1 and selectivity indices, as well as for their ligand efficiencies and structural chemical properties. To advance into their modes of action, we also describe the morphological and ultrastructural changes exerted by selected members of each compound class on the parasite Trypanosoma brucei. Our data suggest that the potential organelles targeted are either the flagellar pocket (compound 77, N-Arylpyridinium salt; 15, amino acid derivative with piperazine moieties), the endoplasmic reticulum membrane systems (37, bisquaternary bisnaphthalimide; 77, N-Arylpyridinium salt; 68, piperidine derivative), or mitochondria and kinetoplasts (88, N-Arylpyridinium salt; 68, piperidine derivative). Amino acid derivatives with fumaric acid and piperazine moieties (4, 15) weakly inhibiting cysteine proteases seem to preferentially target acidic compartments. Our results suggest that ligand efficiency indices may be helpful to learn about the relationship between potency and chemical characteristics of the compounds. Interestingly, the correlations found between the physico-chemical parameters of the selected compounds and those of commercial molecules that target specific organelles indicate that our rationale might be helpful to drive compound design toward high activities and acceptable pharmacokinetic properties for all compound families.
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Peña S, Fagundez C, Medeiros A, Comini M, Scarone L, Sellanes D, Manta E, Tulla-Puche J, Albericio F, Stewart L, Yardley V, Serra G. Synthesis of cyclohexapeptides as antimalarial and anti-trypanosomal agents. MEDCHEMCOMM 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4md00135d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Azolic and non-azolic cyclohexapeptides were obtained and/or evaluated as promising antimalarial and/or anti-trypanosomal agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Peña
- Cátedra de Química Farmacéutica
- (DQO)
- Facultad de Química
- Universidad de la República
- Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - C. Fagundez
- Cátedra de Química Farmacéutica
- (DQO)
- Facultad de Química
- Universidad de la República
- Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - A. Medeiros
- Group Redox Biology of Trypanosomes
- Institut Pasteur de Montevideo
- Montevideo, Uruguay
- Departamento de Bioquímica
- Facultad de Medicina
| | - M. Comini
- Group Redox Biology of Trypanosomes
- Institut Pasteur de Montevideo
- Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - L. Scarone
- Cátedra de Química Farmacéutica
- (DQO)
- Facultad de Química
- Universidad de la República
- Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - D. Sellanes
- Cátedra de Química Farmacéutica
- (DQO)
- Facultad de Química
- Universidad de la República
- Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - E. Manta
- Cátedra de Química Farmacéutica
- (DQO)
- Facultad de Química
- Universidad de la República
- Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - J. Tulla-Puche
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona)
- 08028-Barcelona, Spain
- Centre on Bioengineering
- Biomaterials and Nanomedicine
- Barcelona Science Park
| | - F. Albericio
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona)
- 08028-Barcelona, Spain
- Centre on Bioengineering
- Biomaterials and Nanomedicine
- Barcelona Science Park
| | - L. Stewart
- Faculty of Infectious & Tropical Disease
- LSHTM
- London, UK
| | - V. Yardley
- Faculty of Infectious & Tropical Disease
- LSHTM
- London, UK
| | - G. Serra
- Cátedra de Química Farmacéutica
- (DQO)
- Facultad de Química
- Universidad de la República
- Montevideo, Uruguay
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14
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Evaluation of the In Vitro Efficacy of Artemisia annua, Rumex abyssinicus, and Catha edulis Forsk Extracts in Cancer and Trypanosoma brucei Cells. ISRN BIOCHEMISTRY 2013; 2013:910308. [PMID: 25937964 PMCID: PMC4392988 DOI: 10.1155/2013/910308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2013] [Accepted: 08/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The current drugs against sleeping sickness are derived from cancer chemotherapeutic approaches. Herein, we aimed at evaluating the in vitro effect of alcoholic extracts of Artemisia annua (AMR), Rumex abyssinicus (RMA), and Catha edulis Forsk (CEF) on proliferation/viability of 1321N1 astrocytoma, MCF-7 breast cancer, THP-1 leukemia, and LNCaP, Du-145, and PC-3 prostate cancer cells and on Trypanosoma brucei cells. Proliferation of tumor cells was evaluated by WST-1 assay and viability/behaviour of T. brucei by cell counting and light microscopy. CEF was the most efficient growth inhibitor in comparison to AMR and RMA. Nevertheless, in LNCaP and THP-1 cells, all extracts significantly inhibited tumor growth at 3 μg/mL. All extracts inhibited proliferation of T. brucei cells in a concentration-dependent manner. Microscopic analysis revealed that 95% of the T. brucei cells died when exposed to 33 μg/mL CEF for 3 hrs. Similar results were obtained using 33 μg/mL AMR for 6 hrs. In case of RMA, however, higher concentrations were necessary to obtain similar effects on T. brucei. This demonstrates the antitumor efficacy of these extracts as well as their ability to dampen viability and proliferation of T. brucei, suggesting a common mechanism of action on highly proliferative cells, most probably by targeting cell metabolism.
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15
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Gehrke SS, Pinto EG, Steverding D, Pleban K, Tempone AG, Hider RC, Wagner GK. Conjugation to 4-aminoquinoline improves the anti-trypanosomal activity of Deferiprone-type iron chelators. Bioorg Med Chem 2012; 21:805-13. [PMID: 23266185 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2012.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2012] [Revised: 11/08/2012] [Accepted: 11/09/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Iron is an essential growth component in all living organisms and plays a central role in numerous biochemical processes due to its redox potential and high affinity for oxygen. The use of iron chelators has been suggested as a novel therapeutic approach towards parasitic infections, such as malaria, sleeping sickness and leishmaniasis. Known iron chelating agents such as Deferoxamine and the 3-hydroxypyridin-4-one (HPO) Deferiprone possess anti-parasitic activity but suffer from mammalian toxicity, relatively modest potency, and/or poor oral availability. In this study, we have developed novel derivatives of Deferiprone with increased anti-parasitic activity and reduced cytotoxicity against human cell lines. Of particular interest are several new derivatives in which the HPO scaffold has been conjugated, via a linker, to the 4-aminoquinoline ring system present in the known anti-malaria drug Chloroquine. We report the inhibitory activity of these novel analogues against four parasitic protozoa, Trypanosoma brucei, Trypanosoma cruzi, Leishmania infantum and Plasmodium falciparum, and, for direct comparison, against human cells lines. We also present data, which support the hypothesis that iron starvation is the major cause of growth inhibition of these new Deferiprone-Chloroquine conjugates in T. brucei.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian S Gehrke
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, School of Biomedical Sciences, King's College London, SE19NH, UK
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16
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Lama R, Sandhu R, Zhong B, Li B, Su B. Identification of selective tubulin inhibitors as potential anti-trypanosomal agents. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2012; 22:5508-16. [PMID: 22850214 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2012.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2012] [Revised: 07/05/2012] [Accepted: 07/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The potency of a series of sulfonamide tubulin inhibitors against the growth of Trypanosoma brucei (T. brucei), as well as human cancer and primary fibroblast cells were evaluated with the aim of determining whether compounds that selectively inhibit parasite proliferation could be identified. Several compounds showed excellent selectivity against T. brucei growth, and have the potential to be used for the treatment of Human African trypanosomiasis. A T. brucei tubulin protein homology model was built based on the crystal structure of the bovine tubulin. The colchicine-binding domain, which is also the binding site of the tested sulfonamide tubulin inhibitors, showed clear differences between the tubulin structures and presumably explained the selectivity of the compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rati Lama
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences and Health Professions, Cleveland State University, 2121 Euclid Ave., Cleveland, OH 44115, USA
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17
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Butler CE, Tyler KM. Membrane traffic and synaptic cross-talk during host cell entry by Trypanosoma cruzi. Cell Microbiol 2012; 14:1345-53. [PMID: 22646288 PMCID: PMC3428839 DOI: 10.1111/j.1462-5822.2012.01818.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2012] [Revised: 05/23/2012] [Accepted: 05/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
It is widely accepted that Trypanosoma cruzi can exploit the natural exocytic response of the host to cell damage, utilizing host cell lysosomes as important effectors. It is, though, increasingly clear that the parasite also exploits endocytic mechanisms which allow for incorporation of plasma membrane into the parasitophorous vacuole. Further, that these endocytic mechanisms are involved in cross-talk with the exocytic machinery, in the recycling of vesicles and in the manipulation of the cytoskeleton. Here we review the mechanisms by which T. cruzi exploits features of the exocytic and endocytic pathways in epithelial and endothelial cells and the evidence for cross-talk between these pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire E Butler
- Biomedical Research Centre, Norwich School of Medicine, University of East Anglia, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK
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18
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Brennand A, Gualdrón-López M, Coppens I, Rigden DJ, Ginger ML, Michels PA. Autophagy in parasitic protists: Unique features and drug targets. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2011; 177:83-99. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2011.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2010] [Revised: 01/30/2011] [Accepted: 02/02/2011] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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19
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Duszenko M, Ginger ML, Brennand A, Gualdrón-López M, Colombo MI, Coombs GH, Coppens I, Jayabalasingham B, Langsley G, de Castro SL, Menna-Barreto R, Mottram JC, Navarro M, Rigden DJ, Romano PS, Stoka V, Turk B, Michels PAM. Autophagy in protists. Autophagy 2011; 7:127-58. [PMID: 20962583 DOI: 10.4161/auto.7.2.13310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is the degradative process by which eukaryotic cells digest their own components using acid hydrolases within the lysosome. Originally thought to function almost exclusively in providing starving cells with nutrients taken from their own cellular constituents, autophagy is in fact involved in numerous cellular events including differentiation, turnover of macromolecules and organelles, and defense against parasitic invaders. During the last 10-20 years, molecular components of the autophagic machinery have been discovered, revealing a complex interactome of proteins and lipids, which, in a concerted way, induce membrane formation to engulf cellular material and target it for lysosomal degradation. Here, our emphasis is autophagy in protists. We discuss experimental and genomic data indicating that the canonical autophagy machinery characterized in animals and fungi appeared prior to the radiation of major eukaryotic lineages. Moreover, we describe how comparative bioinformatics revealed that this canonical machinery has been subject to moderation, outright loss or elaboration on multiple occasions in protist lineages, most probably as a consequence of diverse lifestyle adaptations. We also review experimental studies illustrating how several pathogenic protists either utilize autophagy mechanisms or manipulate host-cell autophagy in order to establish or maintain infection within a host. The essentiality of autophagy for the pathogenicity of many parasites, and the unique features of some of the autophagy-related proteins involved, suggest possible new targets for drug discovery. Further studies of the molecular details of autophagy in protists will undoubtedly enhance our understanding of the diversity and complexity of this cellular phenomenon and the opportunities it offers as a drug target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Duszenko
- Interfaculty Institute for Biochemistry, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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20
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Apt W. Current and developing therapeutic agents in the treatment of Chagas disease. Drug Des Devel Ther 2010; 4:243-53. [PMID: 20957215 PMCID: PMC2948934 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s8338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2010] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Chagas disease must be treated in all its stages: acute, indeterminate, chronic, and initial and middle determinant chronic, due to the fact that DNA of the parasite can be demonstrated by PCR in chronic cases, where optical microscopy does not detect parasites. Nifurtimox (NF) and benznidazole (BNZ) are the drugs accepted to treat humans based upon ethical considerations and efficiency. However, both the drugs produce secondary effects in 30% of the cases, and the treatment must be given for at least 30-60 days. Other useful drugs are itraconazole and posaconazole. The latter may be the drug to treat Chagas disease in the future when all the investigations related to it are finished. At present, there is no criterion of cure for chronic cases since in the majority, the serology remains positive, although it may decrease. In acute cases, 70% cure with NF and 75% with BNZ is achieved. In congenital cases, 100% cure is obtained if the treatment is performed during the first year of life. In chronic acquired cases, 20% cure and 50% improvement of the electrocardiographic changes are obtained with itraconazole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Werner Apt
- University of Chile, Faculty of Medicine, Santiago, Chile.
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21
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Soeiro MNC, de Castro SL. Trypanosoma cruzitargets for new chemotherapeutic approaches. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2008; 13:105-21. [DOI: 10.1517/14728220802623881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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22
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Löfgren SE, Miletti LC, Steindel M, Bachère E, Barracco MA. Trypanocidal and leishmanicidal activities of different antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) isolated from aquatic animals. Exp Parasitol 2007; 118:197-202. [PMID: 17888907 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2007.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2007] [Revised: 06/13/2007] [Accepted: 07/31/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Most of the available animal antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) have been tested against bacteria and fungi, but very few against protozoan parasites. In the present study, we investigated the antiparasitic activity of different AMPs isolated from aquatic animals: tachyplesin (Tach, from Tachypleus tridentatus), magainin (Mag, from Xenopus laevis), clavanin (Clav, from Styela clava), penaeidin (Pen, from Litopenaeus vannamei), mytilin (Myt, from Mytilus edulis) and anti-lipopolysaccharide factor (ALF, from Penaeus monodon). The antiparasitic activity was evaluated against the promastigote form of Leishmania braziliensis and epi and trypomastigote forms of Trypanosoma cruzi, through the MTT method. Tach was the most potent peptide, killing completely L. braziliensis and trypomastigote T. cruzi from 12.5microM, whereas Pen and Clav were weakly active against trypomastigotes and Myt against L. braziliensis, only at a high concentration (100microM). Tach and Mag were markedly hemolytic at high concentrations, whereas the other peptides caused only a slight hemolysis (<10% up to 50microM). Our results point to Tach as the only potential candidate for further investigation and potential application as a therapeutic agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- S E Löfgren
- Laboratório de Imunologia Aplicada a Aqüicultura, Departamento de Biologia Celular, Embriologia e Genética, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, CP. 476, CEP 88040-900, Florianópolis/SC, Brazil
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23
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Sanchez-Burgos G, Mezquita-Vega RG, Escobedo-Ortegon J, Ramirez-Sierra MJ, Arjona-Torres A, Ouaissi A, Rodrigues MM, Dumonteil E. Comparative evaluation of therapeutic DNA vaccines against Trypanosoma cruzi in mice. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 50:333-41. [PMID: 17521394 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-695x.2007.00251.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Chagas disease, caused by the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma cruzi, is a major public health problem in most of Latin America. A key priority is the development of new treatments, due to the poor efficacy of current ones. We report here the comparative evaluation of therapeutic DNA vaccines encoding various T. cruzi antigens. ICR mice infected with 500 parasites intraperitoneally were treated at 5 and 12 days postinfection with 20 microg of plasmid DNA encoding T. cruzi antigens TSA-1, TS, ASP-2-like, Tc52 or Tc24. Treatment with plasmid encoding TS and/or ASP-2-like antigens had no significant effect on parasitemia or survival. Treatment with Tc52 DNA significantly reduced parasitemia, as well as cardiac parasite burden, and improved survival, although myocarditis was not significantly affected. Finally, treatment with plasmids encoding Tc24 and TSA-1 induced the most complete control of disease as evidenced by significant reductions in parasitemia, mortality, myocarditis and heart parasite burden. These data demonstrate that therapeutic vaccine efficacy is dependent on the antigen and suggest that DNA vaccines encoding Tc24, TSA-1, and Tc52 represent the best candidates for further studies of a therapeutic vaccine against Chagas disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilma Sanchez-Burgos
- Laboratorio de Parasitología, Centro de Investigaciones Regionales Dr Hideyo Noguchi, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
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24
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review focuses on recent developments on evaluation of 8-aminoquinoline analogs with broader efficacy and reduced toxicity, which would provide better drugs for treatment of protozoal infections. RECENT FINDINGS The earlier efforts towards development of 8-aminoquinoline analogs have been directed to extensive derivatization programs. This has led to discovery of tafenoquine for prophylaxis against malaria infections and sitamaquine with utility for treatment of visceral leishmaniasis. Bulaquine, a primaquine pro-drug, has shown reduced methemoglobin toxicity and better malaria-transmission-blocking activity than primaquine. Stereoselective pharmacologic and toxicologic characteristics of chiral 8-aminoquinolines provided the lead for enantiomeric separation of an 8-aminoquinoline analog NPC1161B, with greatly reduced toxicity and potent antimalarial action against blood as well as tissue stages of the parasite. NPC1161B has also shown promising use as an antileishmanial agent. Better understanding of the mechanisms of toxicity and efficacy may help in development of 8-aminoquinoline analogs with superior therapeutic actions, reduced toxicity and broader utility. SUMMARY Extensive derivatization approaches followed by better understanding of structure-activity relationships and biotransformation mechanisms of toxicity have provided 8-aminoquinoline analogs with better pharmacologic and reduced toxicologic profiles. The novel 8-aminoquinoline analogs may have broader utility in public health as future antiprotozoals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Babu L Tekwani
- National Center for Natural Products Research and Department of Pharmacology, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi 38677, USA.
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25
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Zhou W, Cross GAM, Nes WD. Cholesterol import fails to prevent catalyst-based inhibition of ergosterol synthesis and cell proliferation of Trypanosoma brucei. J Lipid Res 2006; 48:665-73. [PMID: 17127773 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m600404-jlr200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Trypanosoma brucei (TB) cultured in rat blood, bovine serum, or lipid-depleted serum generated distinct differences in cholesterol availability. Whereas cell proliferation of the parasite was relatively unaffected by cholesterol availability, the ratios of cellular ergostenols to cholesterol varied from close to unity to 3 orders of magnitude different with cholesterol as the major sterol (>99%) of bloodstream form cells. In the procyclic form cultured with lipid-depleted serum, 15 sterols at 52 fg/cell were identified by GC-MS. The structures of these sterols reveal a nonconventional ergosterol pathway consistent with the novel product diversity catalyzed by the recently cloned sterol methyltransferase (SMT). A potent transition state analog of the TB SMT C24 alkylation reaction, 25-azalanosterol (25-AL; inhibition constant Ki = 39 nM), was found to inhibit the growth of the procyclic and bloodstream forms at an IC(50) of approximately 1 microM. This previously unrecognized catalyst-specific inhibition of cell growth was unmasked further using the 25-AL-treated procyclic form, which, compared with control cultures, caused a change in cellular sterol content from ergostenols to cholesterol. However, growth of the bloodstream form disrupted by 25-AL was not rescued by cholesterol absorption from the host, suggesting an essential role for ergosterol (24-methyl sterol) in cell proliferation and that the SMT can be a new enzyme target for drug design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenxu Zhou
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409-1061, USA
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26
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Castro JA, de Mecca MM, Bartel LC. Toxic side effects of drugs used to treat Chagas' disease (American trypanosomiasis). Hum Exp Toxicol 2006; 25:471-9. [PMID: 16937919 DOI: 10.1191/0960327106het653oa] [Citation(s) in RCA: 366] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Chagas' disease (American trypanosomiasis) is an endemic parasitic disease in some areas of Latin America. About 16-18 million persons are infected with the aetiological agent of the disease, Trypanosoma cruzi, and more than 100 million are living at risk of infection. There are different modes of infection: (1) via blood sucking vector insects infected with T. cruzi, accounting for 80-90% of transmission of the disease; (2) via blood transfusion or congenital transmission, accounting for 0.5-8% of transmission; (3) other less common forms of infection, eg, from infected food or drinks or via infected organs used in transplants. The acute phase of the disease can last from weeks to months and typically is asymptomatic or associated with fever and other mild nonspecific manifestations. However, life-threatening myocarditis or meningoencephalitis can occur during the acute phase. The death rate for persons in this phase is about 10%. Approximately 10-50% of the survivors develop chronic Chagas' disease, which is characterized by potentially lethal cardiopathy and megacolon or megaoesophagus. There are two drugs available for the aetiological treatment of Chagas' disease: nifurtimox (Nfx) and benznidazole (Bz). Nfx is a nitrofurane and Bz is a nitroimidazole compound. The use of these drugs to treat the acute phase of the disease is widely accepted. However, their use in the treatment of the chronic phase is controversial. The undesirable side effects of both drugs are a major drawback in their use, frequently forcing the physician to stop treatment. The most frequent adverse effects observed in the use of Nfx are: anorexia, loss of weight, psychic alterations, excitability, sleepiness, digestive manifestations such as nausea or vomiting, and occasionally intestinal colic and diarrhoea. In the case of Bz, skin manifestations are the most notorious (e.g., hypersensitivity, dermatitis with cutaneous eruptions, generalized oedema, fever, lymphoadenopathy, articular and muscular pain), with depression of bone marrow, thrombocytopenic purpura and agranulocytosis being the more severe manifestations. Experimental toxicity studies with Nfx evidenced neurotoxicity, testicular damage, ovarian toxicity, and deleterious effects in adrenal, colon, oesophageal and mammary tissue. In the case of Bz, deleterious effects were observed in adrenals, colon and oesophagus. Bz also inhibits the metabolism of several xenobiotics biotransformed by the cytochrome P450 system and its reactive metabolites react with fetal components in vivo. Both drugs exhibited significant mutagenic effects and were shown to be tumorigenic or carcinogenic in some studies. The toxic side effects of both nitroheterocyclic derivatives require enzymatic reduction of their nitro group. Those processes are fundamentally mediated by cytochrome P450 reductase and cytochrome P450. Other enzymes such as xanthine oxidoreductase or aldehyde oxidase may also be involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- José A Castro
- Centro de Investigaciones Toxicológicas--CEITOX (CITEFA/CONICET), J.B. de La Salle 4397, Villa Martelli, Pcia. de Buenos Aires 1603, Argentina.
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27
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Broadhead R, Dawe HR, Farr H, Griffiths S, Hart SR, Portman N, Shaw MK, Ginger ML, Gaskell SJ, McKean PG, Gull K. Flagellar motility is required for the viability of the bloodstream trypanosome. Nature 2006; 440:224-7. [PMID: 16525475 DOI: 10.1038/nature04541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 373] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2005] [Accepted: 12/14/2005] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The 9 + 2 microtubule axoneme of flagella and cilia represents one of the most iconic structures built by eukaryotic cells and organisms. Both unity and diversity are present among cilia and flagella on the evolutionary as well as the developmental scale. Some cilia are motile, whereas others function as sensory organelles and can variously possess 9 + 2 and 9 + 0 axonemes and other associated structures. How such unity and diversity are reflected in molecular repertoires is unclear. The flagellated protozoan parasite Trypanosoma brucei is endemic in sub-Saharan Africa, causing devastating disease in humans and other animals. There is little hope of a vaccine for African sleeping sickness and a desperate need for modern drug therapies. Here we present a detailed proteomic analysis of the trypanosome flagellum. RNA interference (RNAi)-based interrogation of this proteome provides functional insights into human ciliary diseases and establishes that flagellar function is essential to the bloodstream-form trypanosome. We show that RNAi-mediated ablation of various proteins identified in the trypanosome flagellar proteome leads to a rapid and marked failure of cytokinesis in bloodstream-form (but not procyclic insect-form) trypanosomes, suggesting that impairment of flagellar function may provide a method of disease control. A postgenomic meta-analysis, comparing the evolutionarily ancient trypanosome with other eukaryotes including humans, identifies numerous trypanosome-specific flagellar proteins, suggesting new avenues for selective intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Broadhead
- Department of Biological Sciences, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, UK
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