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French JD. Immunotherapy for advanced thyroid cancers - rationale, current advances and future strategies. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2020; 16:629-641. [PMID: 32839578 DOI: 10.1038/s41574-020-0398-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In the past decade, the field of cancer immunotherapy has been revolutionized by immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) technologies. Success across a broad spectrum of cancers has led to a paradigm shift in therapy for patients with advanced cancer. Early data are now accumulating in progressive thyroid cancers treated with single-agent ICB therapies and combination approaches that incorporate ICB technologies. This Review discusses our current knowledge of the immune response in thyroid cancers, the latest and ongoing immune-based approaches, and the future of immunotherapies in thyroid cancer. Physiologically relevant preclinical mouse models and human correlative research studies will inform development of the next stage of immune-based therapies for patients with advanced thyroid cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jena D French
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, USA.
- University of Colorado Cancer Center, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, USA.
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2
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Liu D, Li P, Wang X, Wang W. hsa-miR-195-5p inhibits cell proliferation of human thyroid carcinoma cells via modulation of p21/cyclin D1 axis. Transl Cancer Res 2020; 9:5190-5199. [PMID: 35117886 PMCID: PMC8799136 DOI: 10.21037/tcr-20-1083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Background Based on existing evidence, microRNAs (miRs) are gene regulators that undertake key functions in the oncogenesis and tumor progression of every single human malignant disease, such as thyroid carcinoma (TC). Previous clinical findings showed that expression of miR-195 is down-regulated in TC, which implies that miR-195 may be practically involved in TC pathogenesis. Nevertheless, the function of hsa-miR-195-5p in TC is still largely unclear. Herein, we detected the conceivable involvement of hsa-miR-195-5p in TC cell proliferation. Methods Real time PCR examination was performed to assess the expression level of hsa-miR-195-5p in TC cell lines TPC-1 and B-CPAP. TPC-1 cells were transfected with either hsa-miR-195-5p mimics or hsa-miR-195-5p inhibitor. After confirmation of transfection efficiency, the effect of hsa-miR-195-5p on proliferation and cell cycle of TPC-1 cells was assessed. The expression of cyclin D1 and p21 was simultaneously detected by western blotting. Moreover, targetScan 6.2 was used to predict hsa-miR-195-5p target genes. Subsequently, luciferase reporter was performed to examine whether there is a possible binding of hsa-miR-195-5p to 3’-UTR of cyclin D1 mRNA. Furthermore, cyclin D1 mRNA and protein levels were measured to check whether hsa-miR-195-5p exerts its function at the post-transcriptional level. In addition, to explore the function of cyclin D1 in TPC-1 cells overexpressing hsa-miR-195-5p, cyclin D1 siRNA was used to silence the expression of cyclin D1 in TPC-1 cells overexpressing hsa-miR-195-5p. Results We quantified the expression of hsa-miR-195-5p in TC cells and normal thyroid cells and found a remarkable decrease in hsa-miR-195-5p expression in TC cells. Over-expression of hsa-miR-195-5p obviously resulted in downgraded proliferation of TC cells. Moreover, hsa-miR-195-5p caused cell arrest at the GO/G1 phase. Further in silico analyses and the dual-luciferase reporter assay confirmed that 3’-UTR of cyclin D1 is a direct target of hsa-miR-195-5p. Western blot analysis uncovered that hsa-miR-195-5p over-expression led to decreased levels of cyclin D1 and p21. In mechanistic analyses, we found that silencing of cyclin D1 reversed the inhibitory effect of hsa-miR-195-5p on the proliferation of TC cells, which indicates that hsa-miR-195-5p suppresses TC cell proliferation by adversely regulating cyclin D1. Conclusions We concluded that hsa-miR-195-5p is a candidate tumor-suppressor miRNA in TC and that the hsa-miR-195-5p/p21/cyclin D1 pathway could be a potential therapeutic target for TC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dexin Liu
- Department of Radiology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, China
| | - Ping Li
- Department of Radiology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, China
| | - Xiaodong Wang
- Department of Radiology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Radiology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, China
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3
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Meng X, Wang H, Zhao J, Hu L, Zhi J, Wei S, Ruan X, Hou X, Li D, Zhang J, Yang W, Qian B, Wu Y, Zhang Y, Meng Z, Guan L, Zhang H, Zheng X, Gao M. Apatinib Inhibits Cell Proliferation and Induces Autophagy in Human Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma via the PI3K/Akt/mTOR Signaling Pathway. Front Oncol 2020; 10:217. [PMID: 32219060 PMCID: PMC7078169 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.00217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Patients with metastatic radioiodine-refractory papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) have limited treatment options and a poor prognosis. There is an urgent need to develop new drugs targeting PTC for clinical application. Apatinib, a novel small-molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI), is highly selective for vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 (VEGFR2) and exhibits antitumor effects in a variety of solid tumors. Although apatinib has been shown to be safe and efficacious in radioiodine-refractory differentiated thyroid cancer, the mechanism underlying its antitumor effect is unclear. In this report, we explored the effects of apatinib on PTC in vitro and in vivo. Methods: VEGFR2 expression levels were evaluated by immunohistochemistry (IHC), qPCR, and western blotting (WB). The effects of apatinib on cell viability, colony formation, and migration in the Transwell assay were assessed in vitro, and its effect on tumor growth rate was assessed in vivo. In addition, the levels of proteins in signaling pathways were determined by WB. Finally, the autophagy level was assessed by WB, immunofluorescence (IF), and transmission electron microscopy. Results: We found that high VEGFR2 expression is associated with tumor size, T stage, and lymph node metastasis in patients with PTC and that apatinib inhibits PTC cell growth, promotes apoptosis, and induces cell cycle arrest through the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway. Moreover, apatinib induces autophagy, and pharmacological inhibition of autophagy or small interfering RNA (siRNA)-mediated targeting of autophagy-associated gene 5 (ATG5) can further increase PTC cell apoptosis. Conclusion: Our data suggest that apatinib can induce apoptosis and autophagy via the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway for the treatment of PTC and that autophagy is a potential novel target for future therapy in resistant PTC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangrui Meng
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Department of Lymphoma, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Huijuan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Department of Thyroid and Neck Tumor, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Jingzhu Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Department of Thyroid and Neck Tumor, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Linfei Hu
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Department of Thyroid and Neck Tumor, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Jingtai Zhi
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Department of Thyroid and Neck Tumor, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Songfeng Wei
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Department of Thyroid and Neck Tumor, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Xianhui Ruan
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Department of Thyroid and Neck Tumor, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiukun Hou
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Department of Thyroid and Neck Tumor, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Dapeng Li
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Department of Thyroid and Neck Tumor, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Jun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Department of Thyroid and Neck Tumor, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Weiwei Yang
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Tianjin First Center Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Biyun Qian
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu Wu
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Department of Thyroid and Neck Tumor, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, China.,Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Fujian Cancer Hospital, Fujian Medical University Cancer Hospital, Fujian, China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Jiangsu Cancer Hospital, Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research, Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Cancer Hospital, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhaowei Meng
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Lizhao Guan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Huilai Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Department of Lymphoma, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiangqian Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Department of Thyroid and Neck Tumor, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Ming Gao
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Department of Thyroid and Neck Tumor, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, China
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Garcia C, Buffet C, El Khattabi L, Rizk-Rabin M, Perlemoine K, Ragazzon B, Bertherat J, Cormier F, Groussin L. MET overexpression and activation favors invasiveness in a model of anaplastic thyroid cancer. Oncotarget 2019; 10:2320-2334. [PMID: 31040922 PMCID: PMC6481343 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.26798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In thyroid cancers, MET receptor overexpression has been associated with higher risk of metastatic progression. In this study, it was shown that the anaplastic thyroid cancer (ATC)-derived TTA1 cell line overexpressed MET. By using FISH and relative quantification by qPCR, it was demonstrated that this overexpression resulted from a MET amplification with more than 20 copies. As expected, MET overexpression led to its constitutive activation and upregulated signaling towards the MAPK, PI3K/AKT, STAT3 and NF-κB pathways. Since the usual feature of MET-amplified cell lines is the "MET addiction" for their cell proliferation, the effect of the highly selective ATP competitive MET inhibitor PHA665752 was analyzed. While PHA665752 strongly inhibited the MAPK pathway, it did not reduce cell proliferation in TTA1 cells (IC50 = 4100 nM). This resistance to PHA665752 of the TTA1 cell line was demonstrated to be related to EGFR-MET functional cross-talk and PI3K/AKT and NF-κB signaling. Nevertheless, PHA665752 suppressed the anchorage-independent growth capacity of the TTA1 cell line and reduced cell migration and invasion in a transwell assay. The role of activated MET in these neoplastic properties of the TTA1 cells was also proved with si-MET-RNA targeting. Thus, this work highlights the TTA1 cell line as the first model of MET amplification in an ATC cell line, which leads to MET constitutive activation and underlies its neoplastic properties. Besides being a useful model for MET inhibitors screening, the TTA1 cell line also supports the argument for searching for MET amplification in ATC, as it could have therapeutic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cyril Garcia
- INSERM Unité 1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 8104, Institut Cochin, Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.,Hôpital d'Instruction des Armées BEGIN, Saint-Mandé, France
| | - Camille Buffet
- INSERM Unité 1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 8104, Institut Cochin, Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Laila El Khattabi
- INSERM Unité 1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 8104, Institut Cochin, Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.,Cytogenetics Laboratory, APHP, Cochin Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Marthe Rizk-Rabin
- INSERM Unité 1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 8104, Institut Cochin, Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Karine Perlemoine
- INSERM Unité 1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 8104, Institut Cochin, Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Bruno Ragazzon
- INSERM Unité 1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 8104, Institut Cochin, Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Jérôme Bertherat
- INSERM Unité 1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 8104, Institut Cochin, Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.,Department of Endocrinology, APHP, Cochin Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Françoise Cormier
- INSERM Unité 1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 8104, Institut Cochin, Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Lionel Groussin
- INSERM Unité 1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 8104, Institut Cochin, Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.,Department of Endocrinology, APHP, Cochin Hospital, Paris, France
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5
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Xu M, Casio M, Range DE, Sosa JA, Counter CM. Copper Chelation as Targeted Therapy in a Mouse Model of Oncogenic BRAF-Driven Papillary Thyroid Cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2018; 24:4271-4281. [PMID: 30065097 PMCID: PMC6125179 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-17-3705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Revised: 04/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: Sixty percent of papillary thyroid cancers (PTC) have an oncogenic (V600E) BRAF mutation. Inhibitors of BRAF and its substrates MEK1/2 are showing clinical promise in BRAFV600E PTC. PTC progression can be decades long, which is challenging in terms of toxicity and cost. We previously found that MEK1/2 require copper (Cu) for kinase activity and can be inhibited with the well-tolerated and economical Cu chelator tetrathiomolybdate (TM). We therefore tested TM for antineoplastic activity in BRAFV600E -positive PTC.Experimental Design: The efficacy of TM alone and in combination with current standard-of-care lenvatinib and sorafenib or BRAF and MEK1/2 inhibitors vemurafenib and trametinib was examined in BRAFV600E-positive human PTC cell lines and a genetically engineered mouse PTC model.Results: TM inhibited MEK1/2 kinase activity and transformed growth of PTC cells. TM was as or more potent than lenvatinib and sorafenib and enhanced the antineoplastic activity of sorafenib and vemurafenib. Activated ERK2, a substrate of MEK1/2, overcame this effect, consistent with TM deriving its antineoplastic activity by inhibiting MEK1/2. Oral TM reduced tumor burden and vemurafenib in a BrafV600E -positive mouse model of PTC. This effect was ascribed to a reduction of Cu in the tumors. TM reduced P-Erk1/2 in mouse PTC tumors, whereas genetic reduction of Cu in developing tumors trended towards a survival advantage. Finally, TM as a maintenance therapy after cessation of vemurafenib reduced tumor volume in the aforementioned PTC mouse model.Conclusions: TM inhibits BRAFV600E -driven PTC through inhibition of MEK1/2, supporting clinical evaluation of chronic TM therapy for this disease. Clin Cancer Res; 24(17); 4271-81. ©2018 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- MengMeng Xu
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
- Medical-Scientist Training Program, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Michael Casio
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke Pratt School of Engineering, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Danielle E Range
- Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Julie A Sosa
- Departments of Surgery and Medicine, Duke Cancer Institute and Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Christopher M Counter
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina.
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
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6
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Yin H, Meng T, Zhou L, Zhao F, Li X, Li Y, Hu M, Chen H, Song D. FOXD3 regulates anaplastic thyroid cancer progression. Oncotarget 2018; 8:33644-33651. [PMID: 28430585 PMCID: PMC5464897 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.16853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Anaplastic thyroid cancer (ATC) is an aggressive malignancy with poor prognosis. It was reported that Forkhead box D3 (FOXD3) transcription factor is associated with several cancers. We investigated its antitumorigenic role of ATC in this study. The ATC cell lines SW1736 and K18 exhibited lower FOXD3 expression than the Nthy-ori-3-1 normal thyroid cell line. FOXD3 downregulation in ATC cell lines promoted invasiveness and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and decreased cellular apoptosis. FOXD3 silencing also enhanced p-ERK levels in the ATC cell lines, suggesting it negatively regulated MAPK/ERK signaling. Silencing FOXD3 in SW1736 cells also led to generation of larger xenograft tumors with high p-ERK and low E-cadherin levels. Moreover, human ATC samples showed lower FOXD3 and higher p-ERK levels than samples of normal thyroid tissue. These findings demonstrate that FOXD3 acts as a tumor suppressor during anaplastic thyroid carcinogenesis and highlight its potential for clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huabin Yin
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Bone Tumor Institute, Shanghai General Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Tong Meng
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Bone Tumor Institute, Shanghai General Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Lei Zhou
- Department of Orthopedic Oncology, Changzheng Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Feixing Zhao
- Zhuji People's Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Zhuji, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Xiufang Li
- Zhuji People's Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Zhuji, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Yundong Li
- Department of General Surgery, Haiyang People's Hospital, Haiyang Shangdong, PR China
| | - Mengjun Hu
- Zhuji People's Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Zhuji, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Haiyan Chen
- Department of Rheumatology, Shanghai Guanghua Hospital of Integrated Traditional and Western Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Dianwen Song
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Bone Tumor Institute, Shanghai General Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, PR China
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7
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Vosgha H, Ariana A, Smith RA, Lam AKY. miR-205 targets angiogenesis and EMT concurrently in anaplastic thyroid carcinoma. Endocr Relat Cancer 2018; 25:323-337. [PMID: 29317480 DOI: 10.1530/erc-17-0497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The current study aims to evaluate for the first time the inhibitory roles of miR-205 in the pathogenesis of anaplastic thyroid carcinoma. In addition, we investigated the mechanisms by which miR-205 regulates angiogenesis and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in cancer. Two anaplastic thyroid carcinoma cell lines were transfected with the expression vector pCMV-MIR-205 Selected markers of angiogenesis and EMT including vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF-A) and zinc finger E-box-binding homeobox 1 (ZEB1) were investigated by Western blot. The interaction of miR-205 expression with EMT and angiogenesis were also investigated by assessment of matrix metalloproteinases 2 and 9 (MMP2 and MMP 9), SNAI1 (Snai1 family zinc finger 1), vimentin, E-cadherin and N-cadherin. The function of miR-205 was further tested with VEGF enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), wound healing, invasion and tube formation assays. Using an animal model, we studied the association of miR-205 with angiogenesis, proliferation and invasion. The following results were obtained. Permanent overexpression of miR-205 significantly suppressed angiogenesis and EMT by simultaneously targeting VEGF-A, ZEB1 and downstream products. Ectopic expression of miR-205 in cancer cells led to decreased migration, invasion and tube formation of endothelial cells. In addition, inhibition of tumour growth, vascularisation and invasion were noted in the mouse tumour xenografts. Our findings provide insights into simultaneous regulatory role of miR-205 in the pathogenesis of anaplastic thyroid carcinoma by suppressing both angiogenesis and EMT. This may open avenues to exploit miR-205 as an alternative cancer therapeutic strategy in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haleh Vosgha
- Cancer Molecular PathologySchool of Medicine, Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Armin Ariana
- Cancer Molecular PathologySchool of Medicine, Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Robert Anthony Smith
- Cancer Molecular PathologySchool of Medicine, Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
- Genomics Research CentreInstitute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Alfred King-Yin Lam
- Cancer Molecular PathologySchool of Medicine, Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
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8
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French JD, Bible K, Spitzweg C, Haugen BR, Ryder M. Leveraging the immune system to treat advanced thyroid cancers. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 2017; 5:469-481. [PMID: 27773653 DOI: 10.1016/s2213-8587(16)30277-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Revised: 09/02/2016] [Accepted: 09/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation has long been associated with the thyroid and with thyroid cancers, raising seminal questions about the role of the immune system in the pathogenesis of advanced thyroid cancers. With a growing understanding of dynamic tumour-immune cell interactions and the mechanisms by which tumour cells evade antitumour immunity, the field of cancer immunotherapy has been revolutionised. In this Review, we provide evidence to support the presence of an antitumour immune response in advanced thyroid cancers linked to cytotoxic T cells and NK cells. This antitumour response, however, is likely blunted by the presence of immunosuppressive pathways within the microenvironment, facilitated by tumour-associated macrophages or increased expression of negative regulators of cytotoxic T-cell function. Current and future efforts to incorporate immune-based therapies into existing tumour cell or endothelial-derived therapies-eg, with kinase inhibitors targeting tumour-associated macrophages or antibodies blocking negative regulators on T cells-could provide improved and durable responses for patients with disease that is otherwise refractory to treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jena D French
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, USA; University of Colorado Cancer Center, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Keith Bible
- Division of Medical Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Christine Spitzweg
- Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital of Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Bryan R Haugen
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, USA; Department of Pathology, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, USA; University of Colorado Cancer Center, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Mabel Ryder
- Division of Medical Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA; Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Metabolism, and Nutrition, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
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9
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Bulotta S, Celano M, Costante G, Russo D. Emerging strategies for managing differentiated thyroid cancers refractory to radioiodine. Endocrine 2016; 52:214-21. [PMID: 26690657 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-015-0830-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2015] [Accepted: 12/08/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Efficient treatment of radio refractory thyroid cancer is still a major challenge. The recent identification of genetic and epigenetic alterations present in almost all differentiated tumors has revealed novel molecular targets, which can hopefully be exploited to create new treatments for these tumors. This review looks briefly at some of the innovative strategies currently being investigated for the treatment the radioiodine-resistant thyroid cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Bulotta
- Department of Health Sciences, University "Magna Graecia" of Catanzaro, Campus "S. Venuta", 88100, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Marilena Celano
- Department of Health Sciences, University "Magna Graecia" of Catanzaro, Campus "S. Venuta", 88100, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Costante
- Department of Health Sciences, University "Magna Graecia" of Catanzaro, Campus "S. Venuta", 88100, Catanzaro, Italy
- Endocrinology Clinic, Internal Medicine Department, Institut Jules Bordet Comprehensive Cancer Center, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Diego Russo
- Department of Health Sciences, University "Magna Graecia" of Catanzaro, Campus "S. Venuta", 88100, Catanzaro, Italy.
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10
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Menefee ME, Smallridge RC, Bible KC. Systemic therapeutic approaches to advanced thyroid cancers. Am Soc Clin Oncol Educ Book 2016:389-92. [PMID: 24451769 DOI: 10.14694/edbook_am.2012.32.31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Until only recently, few effective systemic therapies were available to treat patients with metastatic thyroid cancers. Recent advances in better understanding the pathogenesis and altered signaling pathways-especially in medullary and differentiated thyroid cancers (MTCs and DTCs)-have begun to change this situation substantially. Vandetanib, an orally bioavailable inhibitor of the RET kinase that is constitutively activated in MTC, has now been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for use in progressive and symptomatic metastatic MTC; it has been shown to delay time to progression relative to placebo in a randomized phase III trial. Further, vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGF-R) inhibitory agents including sorafenib, sunitinib, pazopanib, and axitinib that are already approved in the United States for use in advanced renal cell carcinoma have shown high response rates in treating advanced DTCs in multiple phase II trials, and have become commonly used in progressive radioiodine-refractory metastatic DTC. Yet additional agents are now in development, with several including XL184 (cabozantinib) also showing promise in DTC and MTC. In anaplastic thyroid cancer (ATC), progress has been slower, with the greatest apparent gains resulting more from the application of systemic therapies earlier in the disease course, especially when used in conjunction with initial surgical and radiation therapies. Despite recent progress, additional effective systemic therapeutic approaches remain sorely needed for treating metastatic MTC, DTC, and ATC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael E Menefee
- From the Division of Medical Oncology; Division of Endocrinology, Mayo Clinic Florida, Jacksonville, FL; Division of Medical Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Robert C Smallridge
- From the Division of Medical Oncology; Division of Endocrinology, Mayo Clinic Florida, Jacksonville, FL; Division of Medical Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Keith C Bible
- From the Division of Medical Oncology; Division of Endocrinology, Mayo Clinic Florida, Jacksonville, FL; Division of Medical Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
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Bible KC, Ryder M. Evolving molecularly targeted therapies for advanced-stage thyroid cancers. Nat Rev Clin Oncol 2016; 13:403-16. [PMID: 26925962 DOI: 10.1038/nrclinonc.2016.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Increased understanding of disease-specific molecular targets of therapy has led to the regulatory approval of two drugs (vandetanib and cabozantinib) for the treatment of medullary thyroid cancer (MTC), and two agents (sorafenib and lenvatinib) for the treatment of radioactive- iodine refractory differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC) in both the USA and in the EU. The effects of these and other therapies on overall survival and quality of life among patients with thyroid cancer, however, remain to be more-clearly defined. When applied early in the disease course, intensive multimodality therapy seems to improve the survival outcomes of patients with anaplastic thyroid cancer (ATC), but salvage therapies for ATC are of uncertain benefit. Additional innovative, rationally designed therapeutic strategies are under active development both for patients with DTC and for patients with ATC, with multiple phase II and phase III randomized clinical trials currently ongoing. Continued effort is being made to identify further signalling pathways with potential therapeutic relevance in thyroid cancers, as well as to elaborate on the complex interactions between signalling pathways, with the intention of translating these discoveries into effective and personalized therapies. Herein, we summarize the progress made in molecular medicine for advanced-stage thyroid cancers of different histotypes, analyse how these developments have altered - and might further refine - patient care, and identify open questions for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith C Bible
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Oncology, and Endocrine Malignancies Disease Oriented Group, Mayo Clinic Cancer Center, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA
| | - Mabel Ryder
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Oncology, and Endocrine Malignancies Disease Oriented Group, Mayo Clinic Cancer Center, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA.,Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA
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Haugen BR, Alexander EK, Bible KC, Doherty GM, Mandel SJ, Nikiforov YE, Pacini F, Randolph GW, Sawka AM, Schlumberger M, Schuff KG, Sherman SI, Sosa JA, Steward DL, Tuttle RM, Wartofsky L. 2015 American Thyroid Association Management Guidelines for Adult Patients with Thyroid Nodules and Differentiated Thyroid Cancer: The American Thyroid Association Guidelines Task Force on Thyroid Nodules and Differentiated Thyroid Cancer. Thyroid 2016; 26:1-133. [PMID: 26462967 PMCID: PMC4739132 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2015.0020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8384] [Impact Index Per Article: 1048.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Thyroid nodules are a common clinical problem, and differentiated thyroid cancer is becoming increasingly prevalent. Since the American Thyroid Association's (ATA's) guidelines for the management of these disorders were revised in 2009, significant scientific advances have occurred in the field. The aim of these guidelines is to inform clinicians, patients, researchers, and health policy makers on published evidence relating to the diagnosis and management of thyroid nodules and differentiated thyroid cancer. METHODS The specific clinical questions addressed in these guidelines were based on prior versions of the guidelines, stakeholder input, and input of task force members. Task force panel members were educated on knowledge synthesis methods, including electronic database searching, review and selection of relevant citations, and critical appraisal of selected studies. Published English language articles on adults were eligible for inclusion. The American College of Physicians Guideline Grading System was used for critical appraisal of evidence and grading strength of recommendations for therapeutic interventions. We developed a similarly formatted system to appraise the quality of such studies and resultant recommendations. The guideline panel had complete editorial independence from the ATA. Competing interests of guideline task force members were regularly updated, managed, and communicated to the ATA and task force members. RESULTS The revised guidelines for the management of thyroid nodules include recommendations regarding initial evaluation, clinical and ultrasound criteria for fine-needle aspiration biopsy, interpretation of fine-needle aspiration biopsy results, use of molecular markers, and management of benign thyroid nodules. Recommendations regarding the initial management of thyroid cancer include those relating to screening for thyroid cancer, staging and risk assessment, surgical management, radioiodine remnant ablation and therapy, and thyrotropin suppression therapy using levothyroxine. Recommendations related to long-term management of differentiated thyroid cancer include those related to surveillance for recurrent disease using imaging and serum thyroglobulin, thyroid hormone therapy, management of recurrent and metastatic disease, consideration for clinical trials and targeted therapy, as well as directions for future research. CONCLUSIONS We have developed evidence-based recommendations to inform clinical decision-making in the management of thyroid nodules and differentiated thyroid cancer. They represent, in our opinion, contemporary optimal care for patients with these disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Erik K. Alexander
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | | | - Susan J. Mandel
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | | | | | - Gregory W. Randolph
- Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Anna M. Sawka
- University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | | | | | - Julie Ann Sosa
- Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
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Abdel-Magid AF. RET Kinase Inhibitors May Treat Cancer and Gastrointestinal Disorders. ACS Med Chem Lett 2015; 6:13-4. [PMID: 25589919 DOI: 10.1021/ml500402t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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Smith N, Nucera C. Personalized therapy in patients with anaplastic thyroid cancer: targeting genetic and epigenetic alterations. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2015; 100:35-42. [PMID: 25347569 PMCID: PMC4283016 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2014-2803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Anaplastic thyroid cancer (ATC) is the most lethal of all thyroid cancers and one of the most aggressive human carcinomas. In the search for effective treatment options, research toward targeted, personalized therapies is proving to be a path with great potential. As we gain a deeper understanding of the genetic (eg, BRAF(V600E), PIK3CA, TP53, hTERT mutations, etc) and epigenetic (eg, histone methylation, histone de-acetylation, microRNA regulatory circuits, etc) alterations driving ATC, we are able to find targets when developing novel therapies to improve the lives of patients. Beyond development, we can look into the effectiveness of already approved targeted therapies (eg, anti-BRAF(V600E) selective inhibitors, tyrosine kinase inhibitors, histone deacetylase inhibitors, inhibitors of DNA methylation, etc) to potentially test in ATC after learning the molecular mechanisms that aid in tumor progression. DESIGN We performed a literature analysis in Medline through the PubMed web site for studies published between 2003 and 2014 using the following main keywords: anaplastic thyroid cancer, genetic and epigenetic alterations. OBJECTIVE Here, we outlined the common pathways that are altered in ATC, including the BRAF(V600E)/ERK1/2-MEK1/2 and PI3K-AKT pathways. We then examined the current research looking into personalized, potential targeted therapies in ATC, mentioning those that have been tentatively advanced into clinical trials and those with the potential to reach that stage. We also reviewed side effects of the current and potential targeted therapies used in patients with advanced thyroid cancer. CONCLUSIONS DNA and RNA next-generation sequencing analysis will be fundamental to unraveling a precise medicine and therapy in patients with ATC. Indeed, given the deep biological heterogeneity/complexity and high histological grade of this malignancy and its tumor microenvironment, personalized therapeutic approaches possibly based on the use of combinatorial targeted therapy will provide a rational approach when finding the optimal way to improve treatments for patients with ATC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neal Smith
- Laboratory of Human Thyroid Cancers Preclinical and Translational Research, Division of Cancer Biology and Angiogenesis, Department of Pathology, Center for Vascular Biology Research, Harvard Medical School, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts 02215
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Alonso-Gordoa T, Díez JJ, Durán M, Grande E. Advances in thyroid cancer treatment: latest evidence and clinical potential. Ther Adv Med Oncol 2015; 7:22-38. [PMID: 25553081 PMCID: PMC4265091 DOI: 10.1177/1758834014551936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Advanced thyroid carcinoma is an infrequent tumor entity with limited treatment possibilities until recently. The extraordinary improvement in the comprehension of genetic and molecular alterations involving the RAS/RAF/mitogen-activated protein kinase and phosphatidylinositide 3-kinase/Akt/mammalian target of rapamycin signaling and interacting pathways that are involved in tumor survival, proliferation, differentiation, motility and angiogenesis have been the rationale for the development of new effective targeted therapies. Data coming from phase II clinical trials have confirmed the efficacy of those targeted agents against receptors in cell membrane and cytoplasmic molecules. Moreover, four of those investigational drugs, vandetanib, cabozantinib, sorafenib and lenvatinib, have reached a phase III clinical trial with favorable results in progression-free survival and overall survival in medullary thyroid carcinoma and differentiated thyroid carcinoma. Further analysis for an optimal approach has been conducted according to mutational profile and tumor subtypes. However, consistent results are still awaited and the research for adequate prognostic and predictive biomarkers is ongoing. The following report offers a comprehensive review from the rationale to the basis of targeted agents in the treatment of thyroid carcinoma. In addition, current and future therapeutic developments by the inhibition of further molecular targets are discussed in this setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Alonso-Gordoa
- Medical Oncology Department, Ramon y Cajal University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - J J Díez
- Endocrinology Department, Ramon y Cajal University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - M Durán
- Surgery Department, Rey Juan Carlos University Hospital, Mostoles, Spain
| | - Enrique Grande
- Servicio de Oncología Médica, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Carretera de Colmenar Km 9100, 28034 Madrid, Spain
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Bible KC, Ain KB, Rosenthal MS. Protein kinase inhibitor therapy in advanced thyroid cancer: ethical challenges and potential solutions. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENDOCRINE ONCOLOGY 2014. [DOI: 10.2217/ije.14.24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein kinase inhibitors (PKIs) have emerged as highly promising therapies in progressive metastatic radioiodine-refractory differentiated thyroid cancer and in medullary thyroid cancer; two were recently approved in the USA for use in medullary thyroid cancer (vandetanib, cabozantinib), and another for use in progressive metastatic radioiodine-refractory differentiated thyroid cancer (sorafenib). Although more than 90% of thyroid cancer patients fare well in response to conventional treatment, PKI therapy has the potential to provide benefit. Nonetheless, PKIs produce numerous side effects, may worsen quality of life, may hasten mortality (by 1–2%), require discerning clinical acumen, are not yet proven to improve thyroid cancer survival and are very costly. This raises questions about who should prescribe PKIs, and about whether their use in thyroid cancer is truly beneficent and ethically justified. Restraint should be exercised in their use in thyroid cancer, with potential risks and benefits carefully weighed and solutions devised to help ameliorate many of the problems associated with their use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith C Bible
- Division of Medical Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Kenneth B Ain
- University of Kentucky Medical Center, Division of Hematology & Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Rm CC455, 800 Rose Street, Lexington, KY 40536-0093, USA
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Gunda V, Frederick DT, Bernasconi MJ, Wargo JA, Parangi S. A potential role for immunotherapy in thyroid cancer by enhancing NY-ESO-1 cancer antigen expression. Thyroid 2014; 24:1241-50. [PMID: 24811699 PMCID: PMC4106380 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2013.0680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND NY-ESO-1 is one of the most immunogenic members of the cancer/testis antigen family and its levels can be increased after exposure to demethylating and deacetylating agents. This cytoplasmic antigen can serve as a potent target for cancer immunotherapy and yet has not been well studied in differentiated thyroid cancer cells. METHODS We studied the baseline expression of NY-ESO-1 messenger RNA and protein before and after exposure to 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine (DAC) (72 hours) in a panel of thyroid cancer cell lines using quantitative polymerase chain reaction and Western blot. HLA-A2+, NY-ESO-1+ thyroid cell lines were then co-cultured with peripheral blood lymphocytes transduced with NY-ESO-1 specific T-cell receptor (TCR) and assayed for interferon-gamma and Granzyme-B release in the medium. SCID mice injected orthotopically with BCPAP cells were treated with DAC to evaluate for NY-ESO-1 gene expression in vivo. RESULTS None of the thyroid cancer cell lines showed baseline expression of NY-ESO-1. Three cell lines, BCPAP, TPC-1, and 8505c, showed an increase in NY-ESO-1 gene expression with DAC treatment and were found to be HLA-A2 positive. DAC-treated target BCPAP and TPC-1 tumor cells with up-regulated NY-ESO-1 levels were able to mount an appropriate interferon-gamma and Granzyme-B response upon co-culture with the NY-ESO-1-TCR-transduced peripheral blood lymphocytes. In vivo DAC treatment was able to increase NY-ESO-1 expression in an orthotopic mouse model with BCPAP cells. CONCLUSION Our data suggest that many differentiated thyroid cancer cells can be pressed to express immune antigens, which can then be utilized in TCR-based immunotherapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viswanath Gunda
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Dennie T. Frederick
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Maria J. Bernasconi
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jennifer A. Wargo
- Department of Surgical Oncology and Genomic Medicine, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Sareh Parangi
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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Isham CR, Netzel BC, Bossou AR, Milosevic D, Cradic KW, Grebe SK, Bible KC. Development and characterization of a differentiated thyroid cancer cell line resistant to VEGFR-targeted kinase inhibitors. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2014; 99:E936-43. [PMID: 24628546 PMCID: PMC5393484 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2013-2658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vascular endothelial growth factor-targeted kinase inhibitors have emerged as highly promising therapies for radioiodine-refractory metastatic differentiated thyroid cancer. Unfortunately, drug resistance uniformly develops, limiting their therapeutic efficacies and thereby constituting a major clinical problem. APPROACH AND METHODS To study acquired drug resistance and elucidate underlying mechanisms in this setting, BHP2-7 human differentiated thyroid cancer cells were subjected to prolonged continuous in vitro selection with 18 μM pazopanib, a clinically relevant concentration; acquisition of pazopanib resistance was serially assessed, with the resulting resistant cells thereafter subcloned and characterized to assess potential mechanisms of acquired pazopanib resistance. RESULTS Stable 2- to 4-fold in vitro pazopanib resistance emerged in response to pazopanib selection associated with similar in vitro growth characteristics but with markedly more aggressive in vivo xenograft growth. Selected cells were cross-resistant to sunitinib and to a lesser extent sorafenib but not to MAPK kinase (MEK1/2) inhibition by GSK1120212. Genotyping demonstrated acquisition of a novel activating KRAS codon 13 GGC to GTT (glycine to valine) mutation, consistent with the observed resistance to upstream vascular endothelial growth factor receptor inhibition yet sensitivity to downstream MAPK kinase (MEK1/2) inhibition. CONCLUSIONS Selection of thyroid cancer cells with clinically utilized therapeutics can lead to acquired drug resistance and altered in vivo xenograft behavior that can recapitulate analogous drug resistance observed in patients. This approach has the potential to lead to insights into acquired treatment-related drug resistance in thyroid cancers that can be subjected to subsequent validation in serially collected patient samples and that has the potential to yield preemptive and responsive approaches to dealing with this important clinical problem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Crescent R Isham
- Division of Medical Oncology (C.R.I., A.R.B., K.C.B.), Department of Oncology, and Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology (B.C.N., D.M., K.W.C., S.K.B.), and the Endocrine Malignancies Disease Oriented Group (C.R.I., A.R.B., S.K.G., K.C.B.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905
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Fröhlich E, Wahl R. The current role of targeted therapies to induce radioiodine uptake in thyroid cancer. Cancer Treat Rev 2014; 40:665-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2014.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2013] [Revised: 01/11/2014] [Accepted: 01/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Wells SA, Santoro M. Update: the status of clinical trials with kinase inhibitors in thyroid cancer. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2014; 99:1543-55. [PMID: 24423326 PMCID: PMC5393476 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2013-2622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Thyroid cancer is usually cured by timely thyroidectomy; however, the treatment of patients with advanced disease is challenging because their tumors are mostly unresponsive to conventional therapies. Recently, the malignancy has attracted much interest for two reasons: the dramatic increase in its incidence over the last three decades, and the discovery of the genetic mutations or chromosomal rearrangements causing most histological types of thyroid cancer. OBJECTIVE This update reviews the molecular genetics of thyroid cancer and the clinical trials evaluating kinase inhibitors (KIs) in patients with locally advanced or metastatic disease. The update also reviews studies in other malignancies, which have identified mechanisms of efficacy, and also resistance, to specific KIs. This information has been critical both to the development of effective second-generation drugs and to the design of combinatorial therapeutic regimens. Finally, the update addresses the major challenges facing clinicians who seek to develop more effective therapy for patients with thyroid cancer. RESULTS PubMed was searched from January 2000 to November 2013 using the following terms: thyroid cancer, treatment of thyroid cancer, clinical trials in thyroid cancer, small molecule therapeutics, kinase inhibitors, and next generation sequencing. CONCLUSIONS A new era in cancer therapy has emerged based on the introduction of KIs for the treatment of patients with liquid and solid organ malignancies. Patients with thyroid cancer have benefited from this advance and will continue to do so with the development of drugs having greater specificity and with the implementation of clinical trials of combined therapeutics to overcome drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel A Wells
- Cancer Genetics Branch (S.A.W.), National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20892; and Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche (M.S.), Universita' di Napoli "Federico II," 80131 Napoli, Italy
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Hong JM, Park CS, Nam-Goong IS, Kim YS, Lee JC, Han MW, Choi JI, Kim YI, Kim ES. Curcumin Enhances Docetaxel-Induced Apoptosis of 8505C Anaplastic Thyroid Carcinoma Cells. Endocrinol Metab (Seoul) 2014; 29:54-61. [PMID: 24741455 PMCID: PMC3970277 DOI: 10.3803/enm.2014.29.1.54] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2013] [Accepted: 10/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anaplastic thyroid cancer (ATC) is one of the most aggressive malignancies in humans, and its progression is poorly controlled by existing therapeutic methods. Curcumin has been shown to suppress inflammation and angiogenesis. In this study, we evaluated whether curcumin could augment docetaxel-induced apoptosis of ATC cells. We also analyzed changes in nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression levels to delineate possible mechanisms of their combined action. METHODS ATC cells were cultured and treated with curcumin and docetaxel alone or in combination. The effects on cell viability were determined by MTS assay. Apoptosis was assessed by annexin V staining and confirmed by flow cytometric analysis. Caspase, COX-2, NF-κB levels were assayed by Western blotting. RESULTS Curcumin combined with docetaxel led to lower cell viability than treatment with docetaxel or curcumin alone. Annexin V staining followed by flow cytometric analysis demonstrated that curcumin treatment enhanced the docetaxel-induced apoptosis of ATC cells. Additionally, curcumin inhibited docetaxel-induced p65 activation and COX-2 expression. CONCLUSION We conclude that curcumin may enhance docetaxel's antitumor activity in ATC cells by interfering with NF-κB and COX-2. Our results suggest that curcumin may emerge as an attractive therapeutic candidate to enhance the antitumor activity of taxanes in ATC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung Min Hong
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ulsan University Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Ulsan, Korea
| | - Chan Sung Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ulsan University Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Ulsan, Korea
| | - Il Seong Nam-Goong
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ulsan University Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Ulsan, Korea
| | - Yon Seon Kim
- Department of General Surgery, Ulsan University Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Ulsan, Korea
| | - Jong Cheol Lee
- Department of Otolaryngology, Ulsan University Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Ulsan, Korea
| | - Myung Weol Han
- Department of Otolaryngology, Ulsan University Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Ulsan, Korea
| | - Jung Il Choi
- Biomedical Research Center, Ulsan University Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Ulsan, Korea
| | - Young Il Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ulsan University Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Ulsan, Korea
| | - Eun Sook Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ulsan University Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Ulsan, Korea
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Gentile E, Cilurzo F, Di Marzio L, Carafa M, Anna Ventura C, Wolfram J, Paolino D, Celia C. Liposomal chemotherapeutics. Future Oncol 2013; 9:1849-59. [DOI: 10.2217/fon.13.146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently, six liposomal chemotherapeutics have received clinical approval and many more are in clinical trials or undergoing preclinical evaluation. Liposomes exhibit low toxicity and improve the biopharmaceutical features and therapeutic index of drugs, thereby increasing efficacy and reducing side effects. In this review we discuss the advantages of using liposomes for the delivery of chemotherapeutics. Gemcitabine and paclitaxel have been chosen as examples to illustrate how the performance of a metabolically unstable or poorly water-soluble drug can be greatly improved by liposomal incorporation. We look at the beneficial effects of liposomes in a variety of solid and blood-borne tumors, including thyroid cancer, pancreatic cancer, breast cancer and multiple myeloma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuela Gentile
- Department of Health Sciences, University ‘Magna Graecia‘ of Catanzaro, University Campus ‘S. Venuta‘, Building of BioSciences, V.le ‘S. Venuta‘ 88100 Germaneto – Catanzaro, Italy
- Department of Nanomedicine, The Methodist Hospital Research Institute, 6670 Bertner Ave., Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Felisa Cilurzo
- Department of Health Sciences, University ‘Magna Graecia‘ of Catanzaro, University Campus ‘S. Venuta‘, Building of BioSciences, V.le ‘S. Venuta‘ 88100 Germaneto – Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Luisa Di Marzio
- Department of Pharmacy, University ‘G. d‘Annunzio‘ of Chieti - Pescara, Via dei Vestini 31, 66013 Chieti, Italy
| | - Maria Carafa
- Department of Drug Chemistry & Technologies, University ‘La Sapienza‘ of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Cinzia Anna Ventura
- Department of Drug Science & Health Products, University of Messina, Viale Annunziata, 98168 Messina, Italy
| | - Joy Wolfram
- Department of Nanomedicine, The Methodist Hospital Research Institute, 6670 Bertner Ave., Houston, TX 77030, USA
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials & Nanosafety, National Center for Nanoscience & Technology of China, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Donatella Paolino
- Department of Health Sciences, University ‘Magna Graecia‘ of Catanzaro, University Campus ‘S. Venuta‘, Building of BioSciences, V.le ‘S. Venuta‘ 88100 Germaneto – Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Christian Celia
- Department of Nanomedicine, The Methodist Hospital Research Institute, 6670 Bertner Ave., Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Mise en place d’un secteur de pathologie moléculaire en oncologie au sein d’un laboratoire d’anatomie pathologique (LPCE, CHU de Nice). Ann Pathol 2013; 33:24-37. [DOI: 10.1016/j.annpat.2012.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2012] [Revised: 12/06/2012] [Accepted: 12/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Current World Literature. Curr Opin Oncol 2013; 25:99-104. [DOI: 10.1097/cco.0b013e32835c1381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Bulotta S, Corradino R, Celano M, Maiuolo J, D'Agostino M, Oliverio M, Procopio A, Filetti S, Russo D. Antioxidant and antigrowth action of peracetylated oleuropein in thyroid cancer cells. J Mol Endocrinol 2013; 51:181-9. [PMID: 23718964 DOI: 10.1530/jme-12-0241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The olive tree phenolic component oleuropein (OLE) and its derivatives have shown many biological properties, thus representing promising novel therapeutics for the treatment of several diseases, including neoplasia. In this study, we evaluated the activities of OLE and its peracetylated derivative (peracetylated oleuropein, Ac-OLE) against two thyroid tumor cell lines that host genotypic alterations detected in human papillary thyroid cancer. TPC-1 and BCPAP cells were treated with OLE and Ac-OLE, and the effects on viability were evaluated by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide, cell counting, and trypan blue exclusion assays. Antioxidant effects were analyzed by measuring the reactive oxygen species (ROS) in basal conditions and after treatment with hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). Activity of MAP kinase and PI3K-Akt signaling pathways was evaluated by examining the levels of phosphorylated ERK and Akt by western blot. We found that OLE significantly inhibited the proliferation of both cell lines. This effect was paralleled by a reduction of basal phospho-Akt and phospho-ERK levels and H2O2-induced ROS levels. A stronger effect was elicited by Ac-OLE either in inhibiting cell growth or as an antioxidant, in particular on BCPAP cells. Our results demonstrate that OLE and especially Ac-OLE inhibit in vitro thyroid cancer cell proliferation acting on growth-promoting signal pathways, as well as exerting antioxidant effects. Further studies will reveal the potential application as novel targeted therapeutics in thyroid cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Bulotta
- Department of Health Sciences, University Magna Græcia of Catanzaro, Viale Europa, Germaneto, Campus S. Venuta, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
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Anaplastic thyroid cancer: Rare, fatal, and neglected. Surgery 2012; 152:1088-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.surg.2012.08.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2012] [Accepted: 08/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Zhang L, Kebebew E. Repurposing existing drugs for the treatment of thyroid cancer. Expert Rev Endocrinol Metab 2012; 7:369-371. [PMID: 30754167 DOI: 10.1586/eem.12.28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Zhang
- a Endocrine Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, 10 Center Drive, MSC 1201, Rm. 3-3940, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Electron Kebebew
- b Endocrine Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, 10 Center Drive, MSC 1201, Rm. 3-3940, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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