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Liu YJ, Gao KX, Peng X, Wang Y, Wang JY, Hu MB. The great potential of polysaccharides from natural resources in the treatment of asthma: A review. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 260:129431. [PMID: 38237839 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.129431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Revised: 12/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 01/22/2024]
Abstract
Despite significant progress in diagnosis and treatment, asthma remains a serious public health challenge. The conventional therapeutic drugs for asthma often have side effects and unsatisfactory clinical efficacy. Therefore, it is very urgent to develop new drugs to overcome the shortcomings of conventional drugs. Natural polysaccharides provide enormous resources for the development of drugs or health products, and they are receiving a lot of attention from scientists around the world due to their safety, effective anti-inflammatory and immune regulatory properties. Increasing evidence shows that polysaccharides have favorable biological activities in the respiratory disease, including asthma. This review provides an overview of primary literature on the recent advances of polysaccharides from natural resources in the treatment of asthma. The mechanisms and practicability of polysaccharides, including polysaccharides from plants, fungus, bacteria, alga, animals and others are reviewed. Finally, the further research of polysaccharides in the treatment of asthma are discussed. This review can provide a basis for further study of polysaccharides in the treatment of asthma and provides guidance for the development and clinical application of novel asthma treatment drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Jie Liu
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Food Engineering, Shanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Processing, Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Jinzhong 030619, PR China
| | - Kui-Xu Gao
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Food Engineering, Shanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Processing, Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Jinzhong 030619, PR China
| | - Xi Peng
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Food Engineering, Shanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Processing, Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Jinzhong 030619, PR China
| | - Yao Wang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Food Engineering, Shanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Processing, Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Jinzhong 030619, PR China
| | - Jing-Ya Wang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Food Engineering, Shanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Processing, Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Jinzhong 030619, PR China
| | - Mei-Bian Hu
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Food Engineering, Shanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Processing, Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Jinzhong 030619, PR China.
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2
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Shute JK. Heparin, Low Molecular Weight Heparin, and Non-Anticoagulant Derivatives for the Treatment of Inflammatory Lung Disease. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:ph16040584. [PMID: 37111341 PMCID: PMC10141002 DOI: 10.3390/ph16040584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Unfractionated heparin has multiple pharmacological activities beyond anticoagulation. These anti-inflammatory, anti-microbial, and mucoactive activities are shared in part by low molecular weight and non-anticoagulant heparin derivatives. Anti-inflammatory activities include inhibition of chemokine activity and cytokine synthesis, inhibitory effects on the mechanisms of adhesion and diapedesis involved in neutrophil recruitment, inhibition of heparanase activity, inhibition of the proteases of the coagulation and complement cascades, inhibition of neutrophil elastase activity, neutralisation of toxic basic histones, and inhibition of HMGB1 activity. This review considers the potential for heparin and its derivatives to treat inflammatory lung disease, including COVID-19, ALI, ARDS, cystic fibrosis, asthma, and COPD via the inhaled route.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janis Kay Shute
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth PO1 2UP, UK
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3
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Hogwood J, Mulloy B, Lever R, Gray E, Page CP. Pharmacology of Heparin and Related Drugs: An Update. Pharmacol Rev 2023; 75:328-379. [PMID: 36792365 DOI: 10.1124/pharmrev.122.000684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Heparin has been used extensively as an antithrombotic and anticoagulant for close to 100 years. This anticoagulant activity is attributed mainly to the pentasaccharide sequence, which potentiates the inhibitory action of antithrombin, a major inhibitor of the coagulation cascade. More recently it has been elucidated that heparin exhibits anti-inflammatory effect via interference of the formation of neutrophil extracellular traps and this may also contribute to heparin's antithrombotic activity. This illustrates that heparin interacts with a broad range of biomolecules, exerting both anticoagulant and nonanticoagulant actions. Since our previous review, there has been an increased interest in these nonanticoagulant effects of heparin, with the beneficial role in patients infected with SARS2-coronavirus a highly topical example. This article provides an update on our previous review with more recent developments and observations made for these novel uses of heparin and an overview of the development status of heparin-based drugs. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: This state-of-the-art review covers recent developments in the use of heparin and heparin-like materials as anticoagulant, now including immunothrombosis observations, and as nonanticoagulant including a role in the treatment of SARS-coronavirus and inflammatory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Hogwood
- Sackler Institute of Pulmonary Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, London, United Kingdom (B.M., E.G., C.P.P.); National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, South Mimms, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom (J.H., E.G.) and School of Pharmacy, University College London, London, United Kingdom (R.L.)
| | - Barbara Mulloy
- Sackler Institute of Pulmonary Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, London, United Kingdom (B.M., E.G., C.P.P.); National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, South Mimms, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom (J.H., E.G.) and School of Pharmacy, University College London, London, United Kingdom (R.L.)
| | - Rebeca Lever
- Sackler Institute of Pulmonary Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, London, United Kingdom (B.M., E.G., C.P.P.); National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, South Mimms, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom (J.H., E.G.) and School of Pharmacy, University College London, London, United Kingdom (R.L.)
| | - Elaine Gray
- Sackler Institute of Pulmonary Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, London, United Kingdom (B.M., E.G., C.P.P.); National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, South Mimms, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom (J.H., E.G.) and School of Pharmacy, University College London, London, United Kingdom (R.L.)
| | - Clive P Page
- Sackler Institute of Pulmonary Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, London, United Kingdom (B.M., E.G., C.P.P.); National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, South Mimms, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom (J.H., E.G.) and School of Pharmacy, University College London, London, United Kingdom (R.L.)
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4
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Cao M, Qiao M, Sohail M, Zhang X. Non-anticoagulant heparin derivatives for COVID-19 treatment. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 226:974-981. [PMID: 36528145 PMCID: PMC9749384 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.12.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2022] [Revised: 11/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The ongoing pandemic of COVID-19, caused by the infection of SARS-CoV-2, has generated significant harm to the world economy and taken numerous lives. This syndrome is characterized by an acute inflammatory response, mainly in the lungs and kidneys. Accumulated evidence suggests that exogenous heparin might contribute to the alleviation of COVID-19 severity through anticoagulant and various non-anticoagulant mechanisms, including heparanase inhibition, chemokine and cytokine neutralization, leukocyte trafficking interference, viral cellular-entry obstruction, and extracellular cytotoxic histone neutralization. However, the side effects of heparin and potential drawbacks of administering heparin therapy need to be considered. Here, the current heparin therapy drawbacks were covered in great detail: structure-activity relationship (SAR) mystery, potential contamination, and anticoagulant activity. Considering these unfavorable effects, specific non-anticoagulant heparin derivatives with antiviral activity could be promising candidates to treat COVID-19. Furthermore, a structurally diverse library of non-anticoagulant heparin derivatives, constructed by chemical modification and enzymatic depolymerization, would contribute to a deeper understanding of SAR mystery. In short, targeting non-anticoagulant mechanisms may produce better therapeutic effects, overcoming the side effects in patients suffering from COVID-19 and other inflammatory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Cao
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Wenyuan Road 1, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Meng Qiao
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Wenyuan Road 1, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Muhammad Sohail
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Wenyuan Road 1, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Xing Zhang
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Wenyuan Road 1, Nanjing 210023, China.
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5
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Caird R, Williamson M, Yusuf A, Gogoi D, Casey M, McElvaney NG, Reeves EP. Targeting of Glycosaminoglycans in Genetic and Inflammatory Airway Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23126400. [PMID: 35742845 PMCID: PMC9224208 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23126400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
In the lung, glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are dispersed in the extracellular matrix (ECM) occupying the interstitial space between the capillary endothelium and the alveolar epithelium, in the sub-epithelial tissue and in airway secretions. In addition to playing key structural roles, GAGs contribute to a number of physiologic processes ranging from cell differentiation, cell adhesion and wound healing. Cytokine and chemokine–GAG interactions are also involved in presentation of inflammatory molecules to respective receptors leading to immune cell migration and airway infiltration. More recently, pathophysiological roles of GAGs have been described. This review aims to discuss the biological roles and molecular interactions of GAGs, and their impact in the pathology of chronic airway diseases, such as cystic fibrosis and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Moreover, the role of GAGs in respiratory disease has been heightened by the current COVID-19 pandemic. This review underlines the essential need for continued research aimed at exploring the contribution of GAGs in the development of inflammation, to provide a better understanding of their biological impact, as well as leads in the development of new therapeutic agents.
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Shastri MD, Chong WC, Dua K, Peterson GM, Patel RP, Mahmood MQ, Tambuwala M, Chellappan DK, Hansbro NG, Shukla SD, Hansbro PM. Emerging concepts and directed therapeutics for the management of asthma: regulating the regulators. Inflammopharmacology 2020; 29:15-33. [PMID: 33152094 DOI: 10.1007/s10787-020-00770-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Asthma is a common, heterogeneous and serious disease, its prevalence has steadily risen in most parts of the world, and the condition is often inadequately controlled in many patients. Hence, there is a major need for new therapeutic approaches. Mild-to-moderate asthma is considered a T-helper cell type-2-mediated inflammatory disorder that develops due to abnormal immune responses to otherwise innocuous allergens. Prolonged exposure to allergens and persistent inflammation results in myofibroblast infiltration and airway remodelling with mucus hypersecretion, airway smooth muscle hypertrophy, and excess collagen deposition. The airways become hyper-responsive to provocation resulting in the characteristic wheezing and obstructed airflow experienced by patients. Extensive research has progressed the understanding of the underlying mechanisms and the development of new treatments for the management of asthma. Here, we review the basis of the disease, covering new areas such as the role of vascularisation and microRNAs, as well as associated potential therapeutic interventions utilising reports from animal and human studies. We also cover novel drug delivery strategies that are being developed to enhance therapeutic efficacy and patient compliance. Potential avenues to explore to improve the future of asthma management are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhur D Shastri
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia
| | - Wai Chin Chong
- Department of Molecular and Translational Science, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - Kamal Dua
- Discipline of Pharmacy, Graduate School of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, Australia.,Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, School of Medicine and Public Health, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, Australia.,Centre for Inflammation, Centenary Institute, Sydney, NSW, 2050, Australia.,Faculty of Science, School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, 2007, Australia
| | - Gregory M Peterson
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia
| | - Rahul P Patel
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia
| | - Malik Q Mahmood
- Faculty of Health, School of Medicine, Deakin University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Murtaza Tambuwala
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, Ulster University, Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Dinesh K Chellappan
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Nicole G Hansbro
- Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, School of Medicine and Public Health, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, Australia.,Centre for Inflammation, Centenary Institute, Sydney, NSW, 2050, Australia.,Faculty of Science, School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, 2007, Australia
| | - Shakti D Shukla
- Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, School of Medicine and Public Health, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, Australia
| | - Philip M Hansbro
- Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, School of Medicine and Public Health, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, Australia. .,Centre for Inflammation, Centenary Institute, Sydney, NSW, 2050, Australia. .,Faculty of Science, School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, 2007, Australia.
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7
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Tejwani V, Andersen MR, Nam JH, Sharfstein ST. Glycoengineering in CHO Cells: Advances in Systems Biology. Biotechnol J 2018; 13:e1700234. [PMID: 29316325 DOI: 10.1002/biot.201700234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2017] [Revised: 12/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
For several decades, glycoprotein biologics have been successfully produced from Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. The therapeutic efficacy and potency of glycoprotein biologics are often dictated by their post-translational modifications, particularly glycosylation, which unlike protein synthesis, is a non-templated process. Consequently, both native and recombinant glycoprotein production generate heterogeneous mixtures containing variable amounts of different glycoforms. Stability, potency, plasma half-life, and immunogenicity of the glycoprotein biologic are directly influenced by the glycoforms. Recently, CHO cells have also been explored for production of therapeutic glycosaminoglycans (e.g., heparin), which presents similar challenges as producing glycoproteins biologics. Approaches to controlling heterogeneity in CHO cells and directing the biosynthetic process toward desired glycoforms are not well understood. A systems biology approach combining different technologies is needed for complete understanding of the molecular processes accounting for this variability and to open up new venues in cell line development. In this review, we describe several advances in genetic manipulation, modeling, and glycan and glycoprotein analysis that together will provide new strategies for glycoengineering of CHO cells with desired or enhanced glycosylation capabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijay Tejwani
- Colleges of Nanoscale Science and Engineering, SUNY Polytechnic Institute, 257 Fuller Road, Albany, NY, 12203, USA
| | - Mikael R Andersen
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | | | - Susan T Sharfstein
- Colleges of Nanoscale Science and Engineering, SUNY Polytechnic Institute, 257 Fuller Road, Albany, NY, 12203, USA
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8
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Heparin Mimetics: Their Therapeutic Potential. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2017; 10:ph10040078. [PMID: 28974047 PMCID: PMC5748635 DOI: 10.3390/ph10040078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Revised: 09/21/2017] [Accepted: 09/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Heparin mimetics are synthetic and semi-synthetic compounds that are highly sulfated, structurally distinct analogues of glycosaminoglycans. These mimetics are often rationally designed to increase potency and binding selectivity towards specific proteins involved in disease manifestations. Some of the major therapeutic arenas towards which heparin mimetics are targeted include: coagulation and thrombosis, cancers, and inflammatory diseases. Although Fondaparinux, a rationally designed heparin mimetic, is now approved for prophylaxis and treatment of venous thromboembolism, the search for novel anticoagulant heparin mimetics with increased affinity and fewer side effects remains a subject of research. However, increasingly, research is focusing on the non-anticoagulant activities of these molecules. Heparin mimetics have potential as anti-cancer agents due to their ability to: (1) inhibit heparanase, an endoglycosidase which facilitates the spread of tumor cells; and (2) inhibit angiogenesis by binding to growth factors. The heparin mimetic, PI-88 is in clinical trials for post-surgical hepatocellular carcinoma and advanced melanoma. The anti-inflammatory properties of heparin mimetics have primarily been attributed to their ability to interact with: complement system proteins, selectins and chemokines; each of which function differently to facilitate inflammation. The efficacy of low/non-anticoagulant heparin mimetics in animal models of different inflammatory diseases has been demonstrated. These findings, plus clinical data that indicates heparin has anti-inflammatory activity, will raise the momentum for developing heparin mimetics as a new class of therapeutic agent for inflammatory diseases.
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9
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Lima M, Rudd T, Yates E. New Applications of Heparin and Other Glycosaminoglycans. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22050749. [PMID: 28481236 PMCID: PMC6154012 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22050749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Revised: 04/24/2017] [Accepted: 04/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Heparin, the widely used pharmaceutical anticoagulant, has been in clinical use for well over half a century. Its introduction reduced clotting risks substantially and subsequent developments, including the introduction of low-molecular-weight heparin, made possible many major surgical interventions that today make heparin an indispensable drug. There has been a recent burgeoning of interest in heparin and related glycosaminoglycan (GAG) polysaccharides, such as chondroitin sulfates, heparan sulfate, and hyaluronate, as potential agents in various applications. This ability arises mainly from the ability of GAGs to interact with, and alter the activity of, a wide range of proteins. Here, we review new developments (since 2010) in the application of heparin and related GAGs across diverse fields ranging from thrombosis and neurodegenerative disorders to microbiology and biotechnology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo Lima
- Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), Vila Clementino, São Paulo, S.P. 04044-020, Brazil.
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK.
| | - Timothy Rudd
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK.
- National Institute of Biological Standards and Controls (NIBSC), Blanche Lane, Potters Bar, Herts EN6 3QG, UK.
| | - Edwin Yates
- Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), Vila Clementino, São Paulo, S.P. 04044-020, Brazil.
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK.
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10
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Hiebert LM. Repeated Oral or Subcutaneous LMWH Has similar Antithrombotic Activity in a Rat Venous Thrombosis Model: Antithrombotic Activity Correlates With Heparin on Endothelium When Orally Administered. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol Ther 2016; 22:264-272. [PMID: 27653610 DOI: 10.1177/1074248416667601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Low-molecular-weight heparins (LMWHs) endure as important drugs for thromboprophylaxis. Although clinical use relies on the subcutaneous (SC) route, our previous studies show that single-dose orally administered LMWHs have antithrombotic activity. Since thromboprophylaxis requires long-term treatment, we examined antithrombotic effects of subacute oral LMWHs in a rat venous thrombosis model and compared results to SC or single-dose oral administration. We measured LMWH in endothelium and plasma, weight change and complete blood counts (CBC). Oral LMWH tinzaparin (3 × 0.1 mg/kg/12 or 24 hours) or reviparin (3 × 0.025 mg/kg/24 hours) significantly decreased thrombosis compared to saline. In the subacute study (60 × 0.1 mg/kg/12 hours), oral or SC tinzaparin significantly reduced thrombosis compared to saline but not to single or 3 × 0.1 mg/kg/12 hours oral tinzaparin. Antithrombotic effects were similar between oral and SC administration. LMWH was found on endothelium following oral but not SC administration. Endothelial concentrations were significantly correlated with incidence of stable thrombi ( P = 0.021 and 0.04 for aortic and vena cava endothelium respectively, χ2 test) and total thrombi ( P = 0.003 for vena cava endothelium). Anti-Xa activity was significantly greater for oral or SC LMWH than saline and significantly greater for SC versus oral LMWH. Values for CBCs were within normal ranges (mean ± 2 SD). There was no evidence of bleeding. Weight gain was similar between groups. In conclusion, subacute oral and SC LMWH have similar antithrombotic effects. Antithrombotic activity with oral administration is correlated with endothelial LMWH concentrations but not with plasma anticoagulant activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda M Hiebert
- 1 Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
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11
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Mulloy B, Hogwood J, Gray E, Lever R, Page CP. Pharmacology of Heparin and Related Drugs. Pharmacol Rev 2016; 68:76-141. [PMID: 26672027 DOI: 10.1124/pr.115.011247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 221] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Heparin has been recognized as a valuable anticoagulant and antithrombotic for several decades and is still widely used in clinical practice for a variety of indications. The anticoagulant activity of heparin is mainly attributable to the action of a specific pentasaccharide sequence that acts in concert with antithrombin, a plasma coagulation factor inhibitor. This observation has led to the development of synthetic heparin mimetics for clinical use. However, it is increasingly recognized that heparin has many other pharmacological properties, including but not limited to antiviral, anti-inflammatory, and antimetastatic actions. Many of these activities are independent of its anticoagulant activity, although the mechanisms of these other activities are currently less well defined. Nonetheless, heparin is being exploited for clinical uses beyond anticoagulation and developed for a wide range of clinical disorders. This article provides a "state of the art" review of our current understanding of the pharmacology of heparin and related drugs and an overview of the status of development of such drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Mulloy
- Sackler Institute of Pulmonary Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, London, United Kingdom (B.M., C.P.P.); National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom (J.H., E.G.); and University College London School of Pharmacy, London, United Kingdom (R.L.)
| | - John Hogwood
- Sackler Institute of Pulmonary Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, London, United Kingdom (B.M., C.P.P.); National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom (J.H., E.G.); and University College London School of Pharmacy, London, United Kingdom (R.L.)
| | - Elaine Gray
- Sackler Institute of Pulmonary Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, London, United Kingdom (B.M., C.P.P.); National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom (J.H., E.G.); and University College London School of Pharmacy, London, United Kingdom (R.L.)
| | - Rebecca Lever
- Sackler Institute of Pulmonary Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, London, United Kingdom (B.M., C.P.P.); National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom (J.H., E.G.); and University College London School of Pharmacy, London, United Kingdom (R.L.)
| | - Clive P Page
- Sackler Institute of Pulmonary Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, London, United Kingdom (B.M., C.P.P.); National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom (J.H., E.G.); and University College London School of Pharmacy, London, United Kingdom (R.L.)
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12
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Zyryanov SK, Ushkalova EA. [Enoxaparin is a low-molecular-weight heparin with a complex chemical structure and various non-anticoagulant properties]. TERAPEVT ARKH 2016. [PMID: 28635885 DOI: 10.17116/terarkh20168812109-115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The paper discusses the non-anticoagulant properties of unfractionated heparin and enoxaparin and their relation to their chemical structures. It is emphasized that enoxaparin has multiple, often interrelated, non-anticoagulant effects that can complement its antithrombotic activity and enhance the efficiency of therapy in patients receiving the drug for various indications. The realization of these effects requires the complex structure with the standard distribution of molecular weight (Mw) (average Mw, about 4500 Da, as well as Mw of less than 2000 Da (<20%), 2000 to 8000 Da (>68%), and more than 8000 Da (<18%), and with the standard content of 1.6-anhidro rings (15-25%), which is determined by the source of raw materials and by the production technology of the original drug and cannot be fully reproduced when designing its bioanalogues.
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Affiliation(s)
- S K Zyryanov
- Peoples' Friendship University of Russia, Moscow, Russia
| | - E A Ushkalova
- Peoples' Friendship University of Russia, Moscow, Russia
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13
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Rodriguez-Pintó I, Santacreu I, Cervera R, Espinosa G. What is the best strategy in treating catastrophic antiphospholipid syndrome? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.2217/ijr.15.25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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14
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Baik JY, Dahodwala H, Oduah E, Talman L, Gemmill TR, Gasimli L, Datta P, Yang B, Li G, Zhang F, Li L, Linhardt RJ, Campbell AM, Gorfien SF, Sharfstein ST. Optimization of bioprocess conditions improves production of a CHO cell-derived, bioengineered heparin. Biotechnol J 2015; 10:1067-81. [PMID: 26037948 DOI: 10.1002/biot.201400665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2014] [Revised: 05/06/2015] [Accepted: 06/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Heparin is the most widely used anticoagulant drug in the world today. Heparin is currently produced from animal tissues, primarily porcine intestines. A recent contamination crisis motivated development of a non-animal-derived source of this critical drug. We hypothesized that Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells could be metabolically engineered to produce a bioengineered heparin, equivalent to current pharmaceutical heparin. We previously engineered CHO-S cells to overexpress two exogenous enzymes from the heparin/heparan sulfate biosynthetic pathway, increasing the anticoagulant activity ∼100-fold and the heparin/heparan sulfate yield ∼10-fold. Here, we explored the effects of bioprocess parameters on the yield and anticoagulant activity of the bioengineered GAGs. Fed-batch shaker-flask studies using a proprietary, chemically-defined feed, resulted in ∼two-fold increase in integrated viable cell density and a 70% increase in specific productivity, resulting in nearly three-fold increase in product titer. Transferring the process to a stirred-tank bioreactor increased the productivity further, yielding a final product concentration of ∼90 μg/mL. Unfortunately, the product composition still differs from pharmaceutical heparin, suggesting that additional metabolic engineering will be required. However, these studies clearly demonstrate bioprocess optimization, in parallel with metabolic engineering refinements, will play a substantial role in developing a bioengineered heparin to replace the current animal-derived drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong Youn Baik
- Colleges of Nanoscale Science and Engineering, SUNY Polytechnic Institute, Albany, NY, USA
| | - Hussain Dahodwala
- Colleges of Nanoscale Science and Engineering, SUNY Polytechnic Institute, Albany, NY, USA
| | - Eziafa Oduah
- Colleges of Nanoscale Science and Engineering, SUNY Polytechnic Institute, Albany, NY, USA
| | - Lee Talman
- Colleges of Nanoscale Science and Engineering, SUNY Polytechnic Institute, Albany, NY, USA
| | - Trent R Gemmill
- Colleges of Nanoscale Science and Engineering, SUNY Polytechnic Institute, Albany, NY, USA.,Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Albany, NY, USA
| | - Leyla Gasimli
- Department of Biology and Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, USA
| | - Payel Datta
- Department of Biology and Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, USA
| | - Bo Yang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology and Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, USA
| | - Guoyun Li
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology and Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, USA
| | - Fuming Zhang
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering and Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, USA
| | - Lingyun Li
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology and Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, USA
| | - Robert J Linhardt
- Department of Biology and Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, USA.,Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology and Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, USA.,Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering and Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, USA
| | | | | | - Susan T Sharfstein
- Colleges of Nanoscale Science and Engineering, SUNY Polytechnic Institute, Albany, NY, USA.
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Non-Anticoagulant Fractions of Enoxaparin Suppress Inflammatory Cytokine Release from Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells of Allergic Asthmatic Individuals. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0128803. [PMID: 26046354 PMCID: PMC4457428 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0128803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2015] [Accepted: 04/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Enoxaparin, a low-molecular-weight heparin, is known to possess anti-inflammatory properties. However, its clinical exploitation as an anti-inflammatory agent is hampered by its anticoagulant effect and the associated risk of bleeding. OBJECTIVE The aim of the current study was to examine the ability of non-anticoagulant fractions of enoxaparin to inhibit the release of key inflammatory cytokines in primed peripheral blood mononuclear cells derived from allergic mild asthmatics. METHODS Peripheral blood mononuclear cells from allergic asthmatics were activated with phytohaemag glutinin (PHA), concanavalin-A (ConA) or phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) in the presence or absence of enoxaparin fractions before cytokine levels were quantified using specific cytokine bead arrays. Together with nuclear magnetic resonance analysis,time-dependent and target-specific effects of enoxaparin fractions were used to elucidate structural determinants for their anti-inflammatory effect and gain mechanistic insights into their anti-inflammatory activity. RESULTS Two non-anticoagulant fractions of enoxaparin were identified that significantly inhibited T-cell activation. A disaccharide fraction of enoxaparin inhibited the release of IL-4, IL-5, IL-13 and TNF-α by more than 57% while a tetrasaccharide fraction was found to inhibit the release of tested cytokines by more than 68%. Our data suggest that the observed response is likely to be due to an interaction of 6-O-sulfated tetrasaccharide with cellular receptor(s). CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE The two identified anti-inflammatory fractions lacked anticoagulant activity and are therefore not associated with risk of bleeding. The findings highlight the potential therapeutic use of enoxaparin-derived fractions, in particular tetrasaccharide, in patients with chronic inflammatory disorders.
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16
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Shastri MD, Stewart N, Horne J, Peterson GM, Gueven N, Sohal SS, Patel RP. In-vitro suppression of IL-6 and IL-8 release from human pulmonary epithelial cells by non-anticoagulant fraction of enoxaparin. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0126763. [PMID: 25961885 PMCID: PMC4427328 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0126763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2015] [Accepted: 04/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Enoxaparin, a mixture of anticoagulant and non-anticoagulant fractions, is widely used as an anticoagulant agent. However, it is also reported to possess anti-inflammatory properties. Our study indicated that enoxaparin inhibits the release of IL-6 and IL-8 from A549 pulmonary epithelial cells. Their release causes extensive lung tissue damage. The use of enoxaparin as an anti-inflammatory agent is hampered due to the risk of bleeding associated with its anticoagulant fractions. Therefore, we aimed to identify the fraction responsible for the observed anti-inflammatory effect of enoxaparin and to determine the relationship between its structure and biological activities. METHODS A549 pulmonary epithelial cells were pre-treated in the presence of enoxaparin and its fractions. The levels of IL-6 and IL-8 released from the trypsin-stimulated cells were measured by ELISA. The anticoagulant activity of the fraction responsible for the effect of enoxaparin was determined using an anti-factor-Xa assay. The fraction was structurally characterised using nuclear magnetic resonance. The fraction was 2-O, 6-O or N-desulfated to determine the position of sulfate groups required for the inhibition of interleukins. High-performance size-exclusion chromatography was performed to rule out that the observed effect was due to the interaction between the fraction and trypsin or interleukins. RESULTS Enoxaparin (60 μg/mL) inhibited the release of IL-6 and IL-8 by >30%. The fraction responsible for this effect of enoxaparin was found to be a disaccharide composed of α-L-iduronic-acid and α-D-glucosamine-6-sulfate. It (15 μg/mL) inhibited the release of interleukins by >70%. The 6-O sulphate groups were responsible for its anti-inflammatory effect. The fraction did not bind to trypsin or interleukins, suggesting the effect was not due to an artefact of the experimental model. CONCLUSION The identified disaccharide has no anticoagulant activity and therefore eliminates the risk of bleeding associated with enoxaparin. Future in-vivo studies should be designed to validate findings of the current study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhur D. Shastri
- Pharmacy, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Niall Stewart
- Pharmacy, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - James Horne
- Central Science Laboratory, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Gregory M. Peterson
- Pharmacy, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
- Health Services Innovation Tasmania, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
- Breathe Well Centre of Research Excellence for Chronic Respiratory Disease and Lung Ageing, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Nuri Gueven
- Pharmacy, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Sukhwinder S. Sohal
- Breathe Well Centre of Research Excellence for Chronic Respiratory Disease and Lung Ageing, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
- School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Rahul P. Patel
- Pharmacy, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
- * E-mail:
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17
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Opposing effects of low molecular weight heparins on the release of inflammatory cytokines from peripheral blood mononuclear cells of asthmatics. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0118798. [PMID: 25738575 PMCID: PMC4349593 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0118798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2014] [Accepted: 01/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background T-cell-mediated inflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin (IL)-4, IL-5, IL-13 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), play an important role in the initiation and progression of inflammatory airways diseases. Low-molecular-weight heparins (LMWHs), widely used anticoagulants, possess anti-inflammatory properties making them potential treatment options for inflammatory diseases, including asthma. In the current study, we investigated the modulating effects of two LMWHs (enoxaparin and dalteparin) on the release of cytokines from stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of asthmatic subjects to identify the specific components responsible for the effects. Methods PBMCs from asthmatic subjects (consist of ~75% of T-cells) were isolated from blood taken from ten asthmatic subjects. The PBMCs were pre-treated in the presence or absence of different concentrations of LMWHs, and were then stimulated by phytohaemagglutinin for the release of IL-4, IL-5, IL-13 and TNF-α. LMWHs were completely or selectively desulfated and their anticoagulant effect, as well as the ability to modulate cytokine release, was determined. LMWHs were chromatographically fractionated and each fraction was tested for molecular weight determination along with an assessment of anticoagulant potency and effect on cytokine release. Results Enoxaparin inhibited cytokine release by more than 48%, whereas dalteparin increased their release by more than 25%. The observed anti-inflammatory effects of enoxaparin were independent of their anticoagulant activities. Smaller fractions, in particular dp4 (four saccharide units), were responsible for the inhibitory effect of enoxaparin. Whereas, the larger fractions, in particular dp22 (twenty two saccharide units), were associated with the stimulatory effect of dalteparin. Conclusion Enoxaparin and dalteparin demonstrated opposing effects on inflammatory markers. These observed effects could be due to the presence of structurally different components in the two LMWHs arising from different methods of depolymerisation. This study provides a platform for further studies investigating the usefulness of enoxaparin in various inflammatory diseases.
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Binding of anti–platelet factor 4/heparin antibodies depends on the thermodynamics of conformational changes in platelet factor 4. Blood 2014; 124:2442-9. [DOI: 10.1182/blood-2014-03-559518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Key Points
Besides clustering, platelet factor 4/polyanion complexes require input of energy to become immunogenic. Minute differences in chain length determine the induction of antigenicity of PF4.
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