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Valuev-Elliston VT, Kochetkov SN. Novel HIV-1 Non-nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors: A Combinatorial Approach. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2018. [PMID: 29523068 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297917130107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) is one of the most effective means for fighting against HIV-infection. HAART primarily targets HIV-1 reverse transcriptase (RT), and 14 of 28 compounds approved by the FDA as anti-HIV drugs act on this enzyme. HIV-1 non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) hold a special place among HIV RT inhibitors owing to their high specificity and unique mode of action. Nonetheless, these drugs show a tendency to decrease their efficacy due to high HIV-1 variability and formation of resistant virus strains tolerant to clinically applied HIV NNRTIs. A combinatorial approach based on varying substituents within various fragments of the parent molecule that results in development of highly potent compounds is one of the approaches aimed at designing novel HIV NNRTIs. Generation of HIV NNRTIs based on pyrimidine derivatives explicitly exemplifies this approach, which is discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- V T Valuev-Elliston
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119991, Russia.
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2
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Chimirri A, Grasso S, Molica C, Monforte AM, Monforte P, Zappalà M, Bruno G, Nicolò F, Witvrouw M, Jonckeere H, Balzarini J, De Clercq E. Structural Features and Anti-Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Activity of the Isomers of 1-(2′,6′-Difluorophenyl)-1H,3H-Thiazolo[3,4-a]Benzimidazole, a Potent Non-Nucleoside HIV-1 Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitor. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/095632029700800409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The structural features, including the absolute configuration, of the enantiomers of 1-(2′,6′-difluorophenyl)-1 H,3 H-thiazolo[3,4- a]benzimidazole (TBZ; NSC 625487), the lead compound of a new class of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs), are described. Diffractometric analysis revealed that TBZ, like other NNRTIs, assumes a butterfly-like conformation in which the phenyl ring at C1 is in an orthogonal orientation relative to the thiazolobenzimidazole system, and the 2′,6′-fluorine atoms form two intramolecular hydrogen bonds with H1 and one of the methylene protons at C3, respectively. The stereochemistry in solution, as confirmed by lanthanide shift reagent-assisted ‘H NMR, paralleled the situation present in the solid state. The in vitro anti-HIV activity of the two enantiomers was also evaluated and the results obtained showed that the R-(+) is more active than the S-(−) isomer in inhibiting HIV-1 replication. Resistance and cross-resistance to other NNRTIs as well as inhibitory effects on HIV-1 reverse transcriptase activity are also reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Chimirri
- Departimento Farmaco-Chimico, Università di Messina, Viale Annunziata, 98168 Messina, Italy
| | - S Grasso
- Departimento Farmaco-Chimico, Università di Messina, Viale Annunziata, 98168 Messina, Italy
| | - C Molica
- Departimento Farmaco-Chimico, Università di Messina, Viale Annunziata, 98168 Messina, Italy
| | - A-M Monforte
- Departimento Farmaco-Chimico, Università di Messina, Viale Annunziata, 98168 Messina, Italy
| | - P Monforte
- Departimento Farmaco-Chimico, Università di Messina, Viale Annunziata, 98168 Messina, Italy
| | - M Zappalà
- Departimento Farmaco-Chimico, Università di Messina, Viale Annunziata, 98168 Messina, Italy
| | - G Bruno
- Dipartimento di Chimica Inorganica, Analitica e Struttura Molecolare, Università di Messina, Salita Sperone 31, 98166 Messina, Italy
| | - F Nicolò
- Dipartimento di Chimica Inorganica, Analitica e Struttura Molecolare, Università di Messina, Salita Sperone 31, 98166 Messina, Italy
| | - M Witvrouw
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - H Jonckeere
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - J Balzarini
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - E De Clercq
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium
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Heinisch G, Huber E, Leitner C, Matuszczak B, Maurer A, Pachler S, Prillinger U. Pyridazino[3,4-b][1,5]Benzodiazepin-5-Ones: Synthesis and Biological Evaluation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/095632029700800410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Starting from 3,6-dichloropyridazine-4-carboxylic acid chloride, a series of pyridazino[3,4- b][1,5]benzodiazepin-5-ones bearing various substituents in positions 3, 6, 8 and 11 was prepared via N-alkyl-3-alkylamino-6-chloro- N-(2-chloro-5-nitrophenyl)-pyridazine-4-carboxamides. The latter were smoothly accessible by treatment of N-alkyl-3,6-dichloro-N-(2-fluorophenyl)-pyridazine-4-carboxamides with primary aliphatic amines. The new tricyclic compounds, which are structurally related to nevirapine and congeners were screened as human immunodeficiency virus type 1 reverse transcriptase inhibitors; the influence of the substitution pattern on inhibitory potency is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Heinisch
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 52a, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - E Huber
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 52a, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - C Leitner
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 52a, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - B Matuszczak
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 52a, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - A Maurer
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 52a, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - S Pachler
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 52a, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - U Prillinger
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 52a, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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Barth B, Dierich M, Heinisch G, Jenny V, Matuszczak B, Mereiter K, Planer R, Schöpf I, Stoiber H, Traugott T, Aufschnaiter PV. Pyridazino[3,4-b][1,5]Benzoxazepin-5(6H)-ones: Synthesis and Biological Evaluation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/095632029600700603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Starting from 3,6-dichloro-4-pyridazinecarboxylic acid chloride a series of novel pyridazino[3,4- b][1,5]benzoxazepin-5(6 H)-ones as 1,2-diazine isosters of nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors was prepared via N-(2-hydroxyphenyl)-3,6-dichloro-4-pyridazinecarboxamides. The inhibition of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase was evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- B. Barth
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 52a, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - M. Dierich
- Institute of Hygiene/Ludwig-Boltzmann Institute for AIDS-Research, University of Innsbruck, Fritz-Pregl-Strasse 3, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - G. Heinisch
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 52a, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - V. Jenny
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 52a, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - B. Matuszczak
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 52a, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - K. Mereiter
- Institute of Mineralogy, Crystallography and Structural Chemistry, Technical University of Vienna, Getreidemarkt 9, A-1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - R. Planer
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 52a, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - I. Schöpf
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 52a, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - H. Stoiber
- Institute of Hygiene/Ludwig-Boltzmann Institute for AIDS-Research, University of Innsbruck, Fritz-Pregl-Strasse 3, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - T. Traugott
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 52a, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - P. v. Aufschnaiter
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 52a, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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Pagano PJ, Chong KT. Synergistic Inhibition of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Replication in Vitro by Two- and Three-Drug Combinations of Delavirdine, Lamivudine and Zidovudine. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/095632029700800406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Delavirdine (DLV), a non-nucleoside human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) reverse transcriptase inhibitor, was evaluated in two- and three-drug combination regimens with lamivudine (3TC) and zidovudine (ZDV). The effect of continuous drug treatment on HIV-1JR-CSF replication in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells was measured by an ELISA for p24 core antigen. Drug synergy, estimated by the combination index method and the method of Pritchard & Shipman, was observed when DLV was combined with 3TC over a range of drug concentrations (DLV at 1, 3, 10, 30 and 100 nM; 3TC at 3, 10, 30, 100 and 300 nM). Two-drug combinations of ZDV and DLV at a 1: 3 ratio or ZDV and 3TC at a 1: 10 ratio were synergistic at greater than 75% inhibition levels. Three-drug combinations of ZDV, DLV and 3TC (ZDV at 0.3, 1, 3 and 10 nM; DLV at 1, 3, 10 and 30 nM; 3TC at 3, 10, 30 and 100 nM) at the ratio of 1: 3: 10 also yielded significant synergistic effects. None of the combinations studied showed significant additive or synergistic drug toxicity. These in vitro data suggest that DLV should be evaluated in two- and three-drug combinations with 3TC and ZDV in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- PJ Pagano
- Infectious Diseases Research, Pharmacia & Upjohn, Kalamazoo, MI 49001, USA
| | - KT Chong
- Infectious Diseases Research, Pharmacia & Upjohn, Kalamazoo, MI 49001, USA
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Balzarini J, Jonckheere H, Harrison W, Dao D, Anné J, De Clercq E, Karlsson A. Oxathiin Carboxanilide Derivatives: A Class of Non-Nucleoside HIV-1-Specific Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors (NNRTIs) that are Active against Mutant HIV-1 Strains Resistant to other NNRTIs. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/095632029500600306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The HIV-1-specific oxathiin carboxanilide derivative 1-methylethyl 2-chloro-5-[[(5,6-dihydro-2-methyl-1,4-oxathiin-3-yl)carbonyl]amino]benzoate (NSC 615985) (designated UC84) has potent activity against HIV-1(IIIB) (50% effective concentration: 0.015 μg ml−1). UC84 was found to select for a 138-Lys mutant virus strain in HIV-1-infected CEM cell cultures. When the 138-Lys mutation was introduced solely in the p51 subunit of the p51/p66 reverse transcriptase (RT) heterodimer by site-directed mutagenesis, the enzyme proved 10-fold more resistant to UC84 than when the amino acid mutation was introduced solely in the p66 subunit of the p51/p66 RT heterodimer. These data provided clear evidence for a structural and functional role of the p51 subunit in the sensitivity/resistance of the enzyme to UC84. UC84 also proved to be virtually inactive against mutant HIV-1 strains containing the 100-lle, 106-Ala, 138-Lys or 181-Cys mutation in their RT. However, minor structural changes in the molecule, such as replacement of the oxygen of the amide moiety by sulfur, or the isopropyl ester moiety by cyclopentyl or a secondary butyl, or the methyl group of the oxathiin part by ethyl, made the compound markedly more inhibitory to one or several HIV-1 mutant strains. For example, compound 131 (1-methylethyl 2-chloro-5-[[(5,6-dihydro-2-methyl-1,4-oxathiin-3-yl)thioxomethyl]amino]benzoate was only 2-fold more active than the parent compound UC84 against wild-type HIV-1, but 30- to 100-fold more inhibitory to HIV-1 mutant strains that contained the 100-11e, 106-A1a, 138-Lys or 181-Cys in their RT. These findings should be taken into account when selecting suitable drug candidates for the treatment of HIV-1 infections, particularly those that have developed resistance to other non-nucleoside RT inhibitors (NNRTIs).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - H. Jonckheere
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, K. U. Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - W.A. Harrison
- Uniroyal Chemical Company, Ltd., Guelph, Ontario, N1E 5L7, Canada
| | - D.C. Dao
- Uniroyal Chemical Company, Ltd., Guelph, Ontario, N1E 5L7, Canada
| | - J. Anné
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, K. U. Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - E. De Clercq
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, K. U. Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - A. Karlsson
- Karolinska Institute, S-17177 Stockholm, Sweden
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7
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Heinisch G, Matuszczak B, Pachler S, Rakowitz D. The Inhibitory Activity of Diazinyl-Substituted Thiourea Derivatives on Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Reverse Transcriptase. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/095632029700800507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Starting from 2-(2-aminoethyl)pyridine, a series of N-diazinyl-N′-[2-(2-pyridyl)ethyl]thioureas was prepared via the (2-pyridyl)ethylisothiocyanate and was screened as non-nucleoside human immunodeficiency virus type 1 reverse transcriptase inhibitors. Derivatives bearing a 3-pyridazinyl or a 4-pyrimidinyl moiety turned out to be the most potent compounds. However, they exhibited less activity than nevirapine or trovirdine.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Heinisch
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 52a, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - B Matuszczak
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 52a, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - S Pachler
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 52a, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - D Rakowitz
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 52a, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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8
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Synthesis, biological evaluation and molecular modeling of 4,6-diarylpyrimidines and diarylbenzenes as novel non-nucleosides HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitors. Eur J Med Chem 2012; 58:485-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2012.10.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2012] [Revised: 10/15/2012] [Accepted: 10/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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9
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Chong K. Monthly Update: Anti-infectives: Recent advances in HIV-1 protease inhibitors. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2008. [DOI: 10.1517/13543784.5.1.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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10
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Ranise A, Spallarossa A, Cesarini S, Bondavalli F, Schenone S, Bruno O, Menozzi G, Fossa P, Mosti L, La Colla M, Sanna G, Murreddu M, Collu G, Busonera B, Marongiu ME, Pani A, La Colla P, Loddo R. Structure-Based Design, Parallel Synthesis, Structure−Activity Relationship, and Molecular Modeling Studies of Thiocarbamates, New Potent Non-Nucleoside HIV-1 Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitor Isosteres of Phenethylthiazolylthiourea Derivatives. J Med Chem 2005; 48:3858-73. [PMID: 15916438 DOI: 10.1021/jm049252r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In this paper we describe our structure-based ligand design, synthetic strategy, and structure-activity relationship (SAR) studies that led to the identification of thiocarbamates (TCs), a novel class of non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs), isosteres of phenethylthiazolylthiourea (PETT) derivatives. Assuming as a lead compound O-[2-(phthalimido)ethyl]phenylthiocarbamate 12, one of the precursors of the previously described acylthiocarbamates (Ranise, A.; et al. J. Med. Chem. 2003, 46, 768-781), two targeted solution-phase TC libraries were prepared by parallel synthesis. The lead optimization strategy led to para-substituted TCs 31, 33, 34, 39, 40, 41, 44, 45, and 50, which were active against wild-type HIV-1 in MT-4-based assays at nanomolar concentrations (EC50 range: 0.04-0.01 microM). The most potent congener 50 (EC50 = 0.01 microM) bears a methyl group at position 4 of the phthalimide moiety and a nitro group at the para position of the N-phenyl ring. Most of the TCs showed good selectivity indices, since no cytotoxic effect was detected at concentrations as high as 100 microM. TCs 31, 37, 39, 40, and 44 significantly reduced the multiplication of the Y181C mutant, but they were inactive against K103R and K103N + Y181C mutants. Nevertheless, the fold increase in resistance of 41 was not greater than that of efavirenz against the K103R mutant in enzyme assays. The docking model predictions were consistent with in vitro biological assays of the anti-HIV-1 activity of the TCs and related compounds synthesized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelo Ranise
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università di Genova, Viale Benedetto XV 3, I-16132 Genova, Italy.
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11
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Abstract
UNLABELLED Delavirdine, a bisheteroarylpiperazine derivative, is a non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI) that allosterically binds to HIV-1 reverse transcriptase, inhibiting both the RNA- and DNA-directed DNA polymerase functions of the enzyme. Delavirdine in combination with nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) produced sustained reductions in plasma viral loads and improvements in immunological responses in large randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled studies of 48 to 54 weeks' duration. In patients with advanced HIV infection, triple therapy with delavirdine, zidovudine and lamivudine, didanosine or zalcitabine for 1 year significantly prolonged the time to virological failure compared with dual therapy (delavirdine plus zidovudine or 2 NRTIs; p < 0.0001). After 50 weeks' treatment, plasma HIV RNA levels were below the limit of detection (LOD; <50 copies/ml) for 40% of patients receiving triple therapy but for only 6% of those receiving dual NRTI therapy. Preliminary results suggest that delavirdine also has beneficial effects on surrogate markers as a component of protease inhibitor-containing triple or quadruple regimens. At 16 to 48 weeks, the minimum mean reduction in plasma viral load from baseline was 2.5 log10 copies/ml and mean CD4+ counts increased by 100 to 313 cells/microl. The proportion of patients with plasma HIV RNAlevels below the LOD (usually 200 to 500 copies/ml) ranged from 48 to 100% after > or = 16 weeks. Delavirdine was also effective as a component of saquinavir soft gel capsule-containing salvage regimens. Since delavirdine shares a common metabolic pathway (cytochrome P450 3A pathway) with other NNRTIs, HIV protease inhibitors and several drugs used to treat opportunistic infections in patients infected with HIV, the drug is associated with a number of pharmacokinetic interactions. Some of these drug interactions are clinically significant, necessitating dosage adjustments or avoidance of co-administration. Delavirdine is not recommended for use with lovastatin, simvastatin, rifabutin, rifampicin, sildenafil, ergot derivatives, quinidine, midazolam, carbamazepine, phenobarbital or phenytoin. Importantly, the drug favourably increases the plasma concentration of several protease inhibitors. Delavirdine is generally well tolerated. Skin rash is the most frequently reported adverse effect, occurring in 18 to 50% of patients receiving delavirdine-containing combination therapy in clinical trials. Although a high proportion of patients developed a rash, it was typically mild to moderate in intensity, did not result in discontinuation or adjustment of treatment in most patients and resolved quickly. The occurrence of Stevens-Johnson syndrome was rare (1 case in 1,000 patients). A retrospective analysis of pooled clinical trial data indicated that there was no significant difference in the incidence of liver toxicity, liver failure or noninfectious hepatitis between delavirdine-containing and non-delavirdine-containing antiretroviral treatment groups. In addition, the incidence of lipodystrophy, metabolic lipid disorders, hyperglycaemia and hypertriglyceridaemia was not significantly different between these 2 treatment groups. CONCLUSIONS In combination with NRTIs. delavirdine produces sustained improvements in surrogate markers of HIV disease and prolongs the time to virological failure in adult patients with HIV infection. Preliminary data of delavirdine as a component of protease inhibitor-containing triple or quadruple highly active antiretroviral therapy regimens indicate that patients achieve marked improvements in virological and immunological markers. The drug is generally well tolerated, with a transient skin rash, typically of mild to moderate intensity, being the most common adverse effect. Delavirdine is an effective component of recommended antiretroviral treatment strategies for adult patients with HIV infection and, in combination with 2 NRTIs as a first-line therapy, the drug has the advantage of sparing protease inhibitors for subsequent use. Since delavirdine favourably increases plasma concentrations of several protease inhibitors, the drug may also be beneficial as a component of salvage therapy in combination with protease inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- L J Scott
- Adis International Limited, Auckland, New Zealand.
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12
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Garg R, Gupta SP, Gao H, Babu MS, Debnath AK, Hansch C. Comparative Quantitative Structureminus signActivity Relationship Studies on Anti-HIV Drugs. Chem Rev 1999; 99:3525-3602. [PMID: 11849030 DOI: 10.1021/cr9703358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 204] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rajni Garg
- Department of Chemistry, Pomona College, Claremont, California 91711, Departments of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani 333031, India, Pharmacia & Upjohn, 301 Henrietta Street, Kalamazoo, Michigan 49007, and Biochemical Virology Laboratory, Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute of The New York Blood Center, 310 E. 67th Street, New York, New York 10021
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13
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Balzarini J, Naesens L, Verbeken E, Laga M, Van Damme L, Parniak M, Van Mellaert L, Anné J, De Clercq E. Preclinical studies on thiocarboxanilide UC-781 as a virucidal agent. AIDS 1998; 12:1129-38. [PMID: 9677161 DOI: 10.1097/00002030-199810000-00004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Thiocarboxanilide UC-781 is a highly potent and selective non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI) of HIV-1, which also has virucidal properties. Recent studies have shown that UC-781 would seem an ideal candidate for application as a vaginal virucide. OBJECTIVE To investigate the antiviral potency and stability of UC-781 in a lipophilic gel formulation. METHODS UC-781 was formulated in replens gel at different concentrations and administered intravaginally to rabbits at 5% in replens gel for 10 days. UC-781 was also exposed to temperatures of 4, 37 and 50 degrees C, and to low pH (6.0, 4.3, 2.0 and 1.2). A number of microorganisms were exposed in culture to serial dilutions of UC-781. RESULTS The drug was stable under low pH conditions and did not lose its antiviral potency upon 4 h exposure to pH 3.5 (the estimated vaginal pH). UC-781 can be easily formulated into a lipophilic gel (replens; up to 5%) and proved fully stable at 50 degrees C for 30 days. There was no effect on the growth of microorganisms (i.e., Candida and Lactobacillus strains) that are present in the vaginal flora. Neither systemic side-effects, nor local inflammation or damage of the vaginal mucosa or epithelium were observed in rabbits to which 5% UC-781 in replens gel had been administered. UC-781, formulated as 0.5, 0.2 and 0.05% replens gel, and UC-38, alpha-APA and zidovudine, formulated as 0.5 or 0.2% replens gel, were effective in protecting CEM cells in the very beginning against productive HIV-1 replication. This points to an efficient diffusion of the drugs from the lipophilic gel to the hydrophilic culture medium. However, subsequent subcultivations at a dilution rate of 1:10 every 3-4 days resulted in a rapid breakthrough of virus with all drugs except UC-781 in its 0.5 and 0.2% gel formulation. These cultures were fully protected against HIV-1 and remained completely cleared from virus for at least 10 subcultivations. CONCLUSIONS The virus that emerged under 0.05% UC-781 remained highly sensitive to the NNRTI, including UC-781, in cell culture, suggesting a lack of resistance development under our experimental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Balzarini
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Belgium
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14
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Wishka DG, Graber DR, Kopta LA, Olmsted RA, Friis JM, Hosley JD, Adams WJ, Seest EP, Castle TM, Dolak LA, Keiser BJ, Yagi Y, Jeganathan A, Schlachter ST, Murphy MJ, Cleek GJ, Nugent RA, Poppe SM, Swaney SM, Han F, Watt W, White WL, Poel TJ, Thomas RC, Morris J. (-)-6-Chloro-2-[(1-furo[2, 3-c]pyridin-5-ylethyl)thio]-4-pyrimidinamine, PNU-142721, a new broad spectrum HIV-1 non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor. J Med Chem 1998; 41:1357-60. [PMID: 9554867 DOI: 10.1021/jm9801049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- D G Wishka
- Pharmacia & Upjohn, Inc., Kalamazoo, Michigan 49001, USA
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15
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Chong KT, Pagano PJ. Inhibition of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection in vitro by combination of delavirdine, zidovudine and didanosine. Antiviral Res 1997; 34:51-63. [PMID: 9107385 DOI: 10.1016/s0166-3542(96)01021-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Delavirdine (DLV), a non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (RTI) of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), was evaluated in two and three-drug combinations against acute and co-culture infections of HIV-1JRCSF in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. DLV combined with didanosine (DDI) at 1:10 and 1:30 ratios were statistically synergistic (combination indices (CI) < 1) at > 75% inhibition levels. However, at 1:100 ratio, the interaction appeared to be additive. Three-drug combinations of zidovudine (ZDV), DLV, and DDI (at a ratio of 1:2:333) were synergistic at 50-99% inhibition levels. The three-drug group also showed significantly (P < 0.01) lower p24 levels in acute cultures than two-drug combination groups (DLV + ZDV, DLV + DDI, ZDV + DDI). In co-culture studies, the extent of viral inhibition was dependent on drug dose and the duration of treatment. Combination of DLV, ZDV, and DDI at IC95 concentration of the individual drugs showed complete inhibition of viral growth in co-culture after 19 days, but not after 7 or 12 days of treatment. The combinations studied did not show additive or synergistic drug toxicity. These data provide an in vitro basis for beneficial use of DLV in combinations with DDI and ZDV in HIV-1 infected patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- K T Chong
- Pharmacia & Upjohn Company, Kalamazoo MI 49001-0199, USA
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16
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Heinisch G, Huber E, Matuszczak B, Maurer A, Prillinger U. Pyridazines 82. Synthesis of pyridazino [3,4-b][1,5]benzodiazepin-5-ones and their biological evaluation as non-nucleoside HIV reverse transcriptase inhibitors. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 1997; 330:29-34. [PMID: 9112812 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.19973300108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Starting from 3,6-dichloro-N-(2-chloro-5-nitrophenyl)-pyridazine-4-carboxamide (7) a series of 6,11-dialkylated pyridazino- [3,4-b][1,5]benzodiazepin-5-ones with a 3-chloro-8-nitro, 8-amino, 8-acetylamino, or 8-chloro substitution pattern was prepared via N-alkyl-3-alkylamino-6-chloro-N-(2-chloro-5-nitrophenyl) -pyridazine-4-carboxamides. The new compounds were screened as non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors. The influence of the substitution pattern in compounds 10-13 on inhibitory potency is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Heinisch
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Innsbruck, Austria
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Barth B, Dierich M, Heinisch G, Matuszczak B, Mereiter K, Soder J, Stoiber H. Pyridazines 79. Novel oxazolo[3',2':1,2]pyrrolo[3,4-d]pyridazines and imidazolo[1'2':1,2]pyrrolo[3,4-d]pyridazines: synthesis and biological evaluation. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 1996; 329:403-7. [PMID: 8915101 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.19963290806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- B Barth
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Innsbruck, Austria
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18
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What can be Expected from Non-nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors (NNRTIs) in the Treatment of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 (HIV-1) Infections? Rev Med Virol 1996; 6:97-117. [PMID: 10398452 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1099-1654(199606)6:2<97::aid-rmv168>3.0.co;2-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- J Saunders
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry II, Glaxo Research and Development Limited, Stevenage, Herts, UK
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20
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De Clercq E. Trends in the development of new antiviral agents for the chemotherapy of infections caused by herpesviruses and retroviruses. Rev Med Virol 1995. [DOI: 10.1002/rmv.1980050305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Rice WG, Bader JP. Discovery and in vitro development of AIDS antiviral drugs as biopharmaceuticals. ADVANCES IN PHARMACOLOGY (SAN DIEGO, CALIF.) 1995; 33:389-438. [PMID: 7495676 DOI: 10.1016/s1054-3589(08)60675-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The goal of developing an effective drug against HIV-1 and AIDS has been approached by several routes, with enough encouraging results to stimulate further efforts. Compounds active against HIV-1 have been discovered for many of the functions in the reproductive cycle recognized as virus-specific targets. Discoveries have been made in cell-based assays as well as mechanistic assays, and the value of both types of assays in the drug discovery process has been discussed. Although the final test of a drug's efficacy comes in the clinical experience, submission of an antiviral compound to an in vitro developmental gauntlet can save much time, effort, expense, and human resource in the in vivo developmental regimen required prior to human use. Emergence of viral resistance to drugs in several structural classes has compromised their clinical efficacy, suggesting that development of other potential drugs in those classes may not be good investments. Strains of HIV-1 resistant to specific compound classes are used to categorize new active discoveries for possible developmental exclusion, and defining the mechanism of action of such a new compound may confirm the discouraging judgement. On the other hand, novel compounds which exhibit a broad range of activity in drug-resistant and other HIV-1 strains deserve greater scrutiny. Clinicians most likely will be hesitant to treat patients with compounds shown to act on virus-cell surface interactions, given the failure in the past of several such compounds in clinical studies. But a compound shown to have a unique and novel mechanism of action will be looked upon more favorably, and surviving other tests of potency, solubility, and stability will be unhesitatingly presented for in vivo development. The partial successes of drugs currently in clinical use against AIDS offers great encouragement that other more-effective, less-toxic drugs will be found. Exquisite techniques for identifying new targets on virus gene products, the selection of compounds on activity paradigms, and the enormous variety of compounds becoming available through synthesis libraries, all offer opportunities for anti-HIV drug discovery, which, in our view, cannot fail to present potent antiviral compounds which will survive the rigorous preclinical and clinical tests leading to a drug effective against AIDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- W G Rice
- Laboratory of Antiviral Drug Mechanisms, National Cancer Institute, Frederick Cancer Research and Development Center, Maryland 21701-1201, USA
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