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Wang D, Cao Y, Meng M, Qiu J, Ni C, Guo X, Li Y, Liu S, Yu J, Guo M, Wang J, Du B, Qiu W, Xie C, Zhao B, Ma X, Cheng X, Xu L. FOXA3 regulates cholesterol metabolism to compensate for low uptake during the progression of lung adenocarcinoma. PLoS Biol 2024; 22:e3002621. [PMID: 38805565 PMCID: PMC11161053 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3002621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2024] [Revised: 06/07/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Cholesterol metabolism is vital for multiple cancer progression, while how cholesterol affects lung, a low-cholesterol tissue, for cancer metastasis and the underlying mechanism remain unclear. In this study, we found that metastatic lung adenocarcinoma cells acquire cellular dehydrocholesterol and cholesterol by endogenous cholesterol biosynthesis, instead of uptake upon cholesterol treatment. Besides, we demonstrated that exogenous cholesterol functions as signaling molecule to induce FOXA3, a key transcription factor for lipid metabolism via GLI2. Subsequently, ChIP-seq analysis and molecular studies revealed that FOXA3 transcriptionally activated Hmgcs1, an essential enzyme of cholesterol biosynthesis, to induce endogenous dehydrocholesterol and cholesterol level for membrane composition change and cell migration. Conversely, FOXA3 knockdown or knockout blocked cholesterol biosynthesis and lung adenocarcinoma metastasis in mice. In addition, the potent FOXA3 inhibitor magnolol suppressed metastatic gene programs in lung adenocarcinoma patient-derived organoids (PDOs). Altogether, our findings shed light onto unique cholesterol metabolism and FOXA3 contribution to lung adenocarcinoma metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongmei Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, the Affiliated Changzhou, No. 2 People’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou Medical Center, Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yuxiang Cao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Meiyao Meng
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jin Qiu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chao Ni
- Institute of Organoid Technology, BioGenous Biotechnology, Inc., Suzhou, China
| | - Xiaozhen Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shuang Liu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jian Yu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
- Joint Center for Translational Medicine, Fengxian District Central Hospital, Fengxian District, Shanghai, China
| | - Mingwei Guo
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiawen Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Bing Du
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenwei Qiu
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Cen Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Bing Zhao
- Institute of Organoid Technology, BioGenous Biotechnology, Inc., Suzhou, China
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Xinran Ma
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
- Joint Center for Translational Medicine, Fengxian District Central Hospital, Fengxian District, Shanghai, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Precision Optics, Chongqing Institute of East China Normal University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xinghua Cheng
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Lung Cancer Center, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lingyan Xu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
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Wang YJ, Yeh CJ, Gao ZH, Hwang E, Chen HH, Wu SN. Inhibitory Perturbations of Fluvastatin on Afterhyperpolarization Current, Erg-mediated K + Current, and Hyperpolarization-activated Cation Current in Both Pituitary GH 3 Cells and Primary Embryonic Mouse Cortical Neurons. Neuroscience 2023; 531:12-23. [PMID: 37661016 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2023.08.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Revised: 08/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
Fluvastatin (FLV), the first synthetically derived 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitor, is a potent inhibitor of cholesterol biosynthesis. While its primary mechanism of action is to reduce cholesterol levels, there is some evidence suggesting that it may also have effects on K+ channels. However, the overall effects of fluvastatin on ionic currents are not yet well understood. The whole-cell clamp recordings were applied to evaluate the ionic currents and action potentials of cells. Here, we have demonstrated that FLV can effectively inhibit the amplitude of erg-mediated K+ current (IK(erg)) in pituitary tumor (GH3) cells, with an IC50 of approximately 3.2 µM. In the presence of FLV, the midpoint in the activation curve of IK(erg) was distinctly shifted to a less negative potential by 10 mV, with minimal modification of the gating charge. However, the magnitude of hyperpolarization-activated cation current (Ih) elicited by long-lasting membrane hyperpolarization was progressively decreased, with an IC50 value of 8.7 µM, upon exposure to FLV. More interestingly, we also found that FLV (5 µM) could regulate the action potential and afterhyperpolarization properties in primary embryonic mouse cortical neurons. Our study presents compelling evidence indicating that FLV has the potential to impact both the amplitude and gating of the ion channels IK(erg) and Ih. We also provide credible evidence suggesting that this drug has the potential to modify the properties of action potentials and the afterhyperpolarization current in electrically excitable cells. However, the assumption that these findings translate to similar in-vivo results remains unclear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Jean Wang
- Department of Senior Services Industry Management, Minghsin University of Science and Technology, Hsinchu, Taiwan.
| | - Che-Jui Yeh
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Bioengineering, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Zi-Han Gao
- Department of Physiology, National Cheng Kung University Medical College, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Eric Hwang
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Bioengineering, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan; Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan; Institute of Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Hwei-Hisen Chen
- Center for Neuropsychiatric Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan; Institute of Neuroscience, National Chengchi University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Sheng-Nan Wu
- Department of Physiology, National Cheng Kung University Medical College, Tainan, Taiwan; Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, National Cheng Kung University Medical College, Tainan, Taiwan; Department of Medical Research and Education, An Nan Hostpial, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Tainan, Taiwan.
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3
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Tusa I, Menconi A, Tubita A, Rovida E. Pathophysiological Impact of the MEK5/ERK5 Pathway in Oxidative Stress. Cells 2023; 12:cells12081154. [PMID: 37190064 DOI: 10.3390/cells12081154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress regulates many physiological and pathological processes. Indeed, a low increase in the basal level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is essential for various cellular functions, including signal transduction, gene expression, cell survival or death, as well as antioxidant capacity. However, if the amount of generated ROS overcomes the antioxidant capacity, excessive ROS results in cellular dysfunctions as a consequence of damage to cellular components, including DNA, lipids and proteins, and may eventually lead to cell death or carcinogenesis. Both in vitro and in vivo investigations have shown that activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 5/extracellular signal-regulated kinase 5 (MEK5/ERK5) pathway is frequently involved in oxidative stress-elicited effects. In particular, accumulating evidence identified a prominent role of this pathway in the anti-oxidative response. In this respect, activation of krüppel-like factor 2/4 and nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 emerged among the most frequent events in ERK5-mediated response to oxidative stress. This review summarizes what is known about the role of the MEK5/ERK5 pathway in the response to oxidative stress in pathophysiological contexts within the cardiovascular, respiratory, lymphohematopoietic, urinary and central nervous systems. The possible beneficial or detrimental effects exerted by the MEK5/ERK5 pathway in the above systems are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignazia Tusa
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences "Mario Serio", University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy
| | - Alessio Menconi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences "Mario Serio", University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy
| | - Alessandro Tubita
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences "Mario Serio", University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Rovida
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences "Mario Serio", University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy
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Wu J, Tongdee S, Cordier M, Darcel C. Selective Iron Catalyzed Synthesis of N-Alkylated Indolines and Indoles. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202201809. [PMID: 35700072 PMCID: PMC9796591 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202201809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Whereas iron catalysts usually promote catalyzed C3-alkylation of indole derivatives via a borrowing-hydrogen methodology using alcohols as the electrophilic partners, this contribution shows how to switch the selectivity towards N-alkylation. Thus, starting from indoline derivatives, N-alkylation was efficiently performed using a tricarbonyl(cyclopentadienone) iron complex as the catalyst in trifluoroethanol in the presence of alcohols leading to the corresponding N-alkylated indoline derivatives in 31-99 % yields (28 examples). The one-pot, two-step strategy for the selective N-alkylation of indolines is completed by an oxidation to give the corresponding N-alkylated indoles in 31-90 % yields (15 examples). This unprecedented oxidation methodology involves an iron salt catalyst associated with (2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-1-yl)oxyl (TEMPO) and a stoichiometric amount of t-BuOOH at room temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiajun Wu
- Univ RennesCNRSISCR (Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes) UMR 622635000RennesFrance
| | - Satawat Tongdee
- Univ RennesCNRSISCR (Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes) UMR 622635000RennesFrance
| | - Marie Cordier
- Univ RennesCNRSISCR (Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes) UMR 622635000RennesFrance
| | - Christophe Darcel
- Univ RennesCNRSISCR (Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes) UMR 622635000RennesFrance
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Lu Y, Ma X, Pan J, Ma R, Jiang Y. Management of dyslipidemia after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Lipids Health Dis 2022; 21:65. [PMID: 35918766 PMCID: PMC9344644 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-022-01665-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Dyslipidemia is one of the complications after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT), and it is often underestimated and undertreated. Dyslipidemia in allo-HSCT recipients has been confirmed to be associated with endocrine dysfunction, acute and chronic graft-versus-host disease (aGVHD and cGVHD), immunosuppressive agent application, etc. However, few studies have illustrated the accurate molecular signaling pathways involved in dyslipidemia, and there are no standard guidelines for dyslipidemia management after HSCT. This review will discuss the pathogenesis of dyslipidemia, especially the association with aGVHD and/or cGVHD. Comprehensive treatment methods for dyslipidemia after HSCT will also be summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingxue Lu
- Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Xiaojing Ma
- Department of Cardiology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Jie Pan
- Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Rongqiang Ma
- Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Yujie Jiang
- Department of Hematology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China.
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Zhao F, Masci D, Ferla S, Varricchio C, Brancale A, Colonna S, Black GW, Turner NJ, Castagnolo D. Monoamine Oxidase (MAO-N) Biocatalyzed Synthesis of Indoles from Indolines Prepared via Photocatalytic Cyclization/Arylative Dearomatization. ACS Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.0c01351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fei Zhao
- School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, King’s College London, London SE1 9NH, United Kingdom
| | - Domiziana Masci
- School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, King’s College London, London SE1 9NH, United Kingdom
| | - Salvatore Ferla
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University, King Edward VII Avenue, Cardiff CF10 3NB, United Kingdom
| | - Carmine Varricchio
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University, King Edward VII Avenue, Cardiff CF10 3NB, United Kingdom
| | - Andrea Brancale
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University, King Edward VII Avenue, Cardiff CF10 3NB, United Kingdom
| | - Serena Colonna
- School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, King’s College London, London SE1 9NH, United Kingdom
| | - Gary W. Black
- Department of Applied Sciences, Northumbria University, Ellison Place, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 8ST, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas J. Turner
- School of Chemistry, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester M1 7DN, United Kingdom
| | - Daniele Castagnolo
- School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, King’s College London, London SE1 9NH, United Kingdom
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7
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Scuffham P. Use of fluvastatin following percutaneous coronary intervention. Expert Rev Pharmacoecon Outcomes Res 2014; 5:113-23. [DOI: 10.1586/14737167.5.2.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Xie F, Sun C, Sun LH, Li JY, Chen X, Che H, Lu GY, Yang BF, Ai J. Influence of fluvastatin on cardiac function and baroreflex sensitivity in diabetic rats. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2011; 32:321-8. [PMID: 21372824 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2010.221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To investigate whether fluvastatin is able to ameliorate the impaired cardiac function or baroreflex sensitivity (BRS) in rats with type 1 diabetes. METHODS Type 1 diabetic rats were induced by intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (STZ) and then administered fluvastatin (1.5, 3.0, and 6.0 mg·kg(-1)·d(-1)) for 30 d. Food and drink intake was recorded every day. Fasting blood glucose (FBG) level, blood lipid level, cardiac function and BRS were measured in diabetic rats after fluvastatin treatment for 30 d. RESULTS The polydipsia, polyphagia and abnormal biochemical indexes of blood were significantly ameliorated by the the 3.0- and 6.0-mg doses of fluvastatin in STZ-induced diabetic rats. FBG was decreased in diabetic rats after fluvastatin treatment for 30 d. The left ventricular systolic pressure (LVSP) and the maximum rate of change of left ventricular pressure in the isovolumic contraction and relaxation period (±dp/dt(max)) were elevated, and left ventricular diastolic pressure (LVEDP) was decreased by fluvastatin. The attenuated heart rate responses to arterial blood pressure (ABP) increase induced by phenylephrine (PE) and ABP decrease induced by sodium nitroprusside (SNP) were reversed by the 3.0-mg dose of fluvastatin. CONCLUSION Fluvastatin regulates blood lipid levels and decreases the FBG level in diabetic rats. These responses can protect the diabetic heart from complications by improving cardiac function and BRS.
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Voûte MT, Winkel TA, Poldermans D. Safety of fluvastatin in patients undergoing high-risk non-cardiac surgery. Expert Opin Drug Saf 2011; 9:793-800. [PMID: 20557267 DOI: 10.1517/14740338.2010.499120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE OF THE FIELD In patients undergoing vascular surgery there is a high incidence of adverse cardiac events, due to sudden coronary plaque rupture. The non-lipid lowering or pleiotropic effects of statins can help reduce adverse cardiovascular events associated with vascular surgery. AREAS COVERED IN THIS REVIEW The evidence for perioperative use of fluvastatin, as well as other statins, in high-risk surgery patients is summarized in this review. Data on pharmacokinetics and metabolism is presented, together with considerations on possible drug interactions in the perioperative period. WHAT THE READER WILL GAIN The reader will gain a comprehensive understanding of the existing safety and efficacy data for fluvastatin and other statins in the perioperative period. The practical considerations of perioperative fluvastatin therapy will be presented, including potential side-effects and management of the early non-oral phase immediately post surgery. Finally, advice on when to initiate therapy and safety recommendations are offered. TAKE HOME MESSAGE In patients scheduled for high-risk vascular surgery, fluvastatin improves postoperative outcome, reducing the incidence of myocardial damage by approximately 50% in the first 30 days following vascular surgery. In comparison with placebo, fluvastatin was not associated with a rise in liver enzymes or creatine kinase levels. To bridge the non-oral phase, an extended-release formula is recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michiel T Voûte
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Suite Z-838, Erasmus MC, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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11
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Mielcarek J, Grobelny P, Osmałek T. Identification of photoproducts of fluvastatin in solutions. JPC-J PLANAR CHROMAT 2009. [DOI: 10.1556/jpc.22.2009.2.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Statins are well established as first-line agents for cholesterol lowering in cardiovascular disease, with accumulating evidence supporting their initiation and guidelines recommending treatment to lower LDL levels. Although generally well tolerated with few side effects, including headaches and gastrointestinal symptoms, concerns are raised regarding myopathy, which may lead to fatal rhabdomyolysis. This review examines current evidence on statin interactions, mechanism of injury and toxicity. RECENT FINDINGS Significant myopathy is rare with an incidence of less than 0.5% of patients. Statin side effects may be dose-related, associated with other drug interactions that interfere with statin metabolic pathways through cytochrome p450 pathways or glucuronidation, or related to co-morbidities. Several theories have suggested that statin myotoxicity may be due to intracellular cholesterol depletion, or interference with oxidative phosphorylation pathways. Exact mechanisms are yet to be fully defined. Individuals with mixed dyslipidaemia may require combination therapy to achieve target lipid levels. No large-scale randomized trials have yet reported on the safety of combination therapy, although more recent studies may shed some light when they report. CONCLUSION As most individuals on statins are 'high-risk' patients, they tend to be on multiple agents for cardiovascular disease which may interact with their statin. Progression of myalgia or myositis to rhabdomyolysis is rare (one in 30-100,000 patient-years of exposure), but if progressive muscle symptoms are ignored then fatalities can occur. When prescribing statins, physicians should be alert to potential risks and educate patients to report any potentially significant symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasha Y A Mukhtar
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism, Royal United Hospital, Bath, UK
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Thual N, Penven K, Chevallier JM, Dompmartin A, Leroy D. Dermatomyosite induite par la fluvastatine. Ann Dermatol Venereol 2005; 132:996-9. [PMID: 16446645 DOI: 10.1016/s0151-9638(05)79565-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dermatomyositis is a rare inflammatory dermatosis for which an iatrogenic origin has been described in very few cases. We report a case of dermatomyositis occurring after fluvastatin intake. CASE REPORT A 76-year-old male patient sought medical attention for a photodistributed rash and considerable muscular weakness present for one month. Two months earlier, fluvastatin had been introduced following the discovery of dyslipidemia. Serum creatine phosphokinase levels were elevated. Histological examination of a muscle biopsy was consistent with a diagnosis of dermatomyositis. Investigation for neoplasia and associated autoimmune disease proved negative. All clinical and laboratory abnormalities diminished spontaneously without recourse to corticosteroids within one month of the final intake of fluvastatin. After a follow-up period of three years, no recurrence was observed and no signs of neoplasia or connectivitis were found. DISCUSSION Iatrogenic dermatomyositis has only been reported in rare cases. Certain drugs have been incriminated, notably D-penicillamine. Six cases of drug-induced dermatomyositis have been described with statins: simvastatin, atorvastatin, pravastatin and lovastatin. Of these cases, only one resolved spontaneously after withdrawal of the drug alone without use of corticosteroids. Our case concerns intake of fluvastatin, an HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor with rare though well-known muscular side effects: elevated serum CPK, myalgia and rhabdomyolysis. Six cases of polymyositis have also been reported. Ours is the first case of dermatomyositis described with this category of statins. It is also the second reported case showing improvement after withdrawal of the lipid-lowering agent and without corticosteroids. Thus in cases of dermatomyositis, this iatrogenic picture should be sought routinely.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Thual
- Service de Dermatologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Caen
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14
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Bocci G, Fioravanti A, Orlandi P, Bernardini N, Collecchi P, Del Tacca M, Danesi R. Fluvastatin synergistically enhances the antiproliferative effect of gemcitabine in human pancreatic cancer MIAPaCa-2 cells. Br J Cancer 2005; 93:319-30. [PMID: 16052215 PMCID: PMC2361561 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6602720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The new combination between the nucleoside analogue gemcitabine and the cholesterol-lowering drug fluvastatin was investigated in vitro and in vivo on the human pancreatic tumour cell line MIAPaCa-2. The present study demonstrates that fluvastatin inhibits proliferation, induces apoptosis in pancreatic cancer cells harbouring a p21ras mutation at codon 12 and synergistically potentiates the cytotoxic effect of gemcitabine. The pharmacologic activities of fluvastatin are prevented by administration of mevalonic acid, suggesting that the shown inhibition of geranyl-geranylation and farnesylation of cellular proteins, including p21rhoA and p21ras, plays a major role in its anticancer effect. Fluvastatin treatment also indirectly inhibits the phosphorylation of p42ERK2/mitogen-activated protein kinase, the cellular effector of ras and other signal transduction peptides. Moreover, fluvastatin administration significantly increases the expression of the deoxycytidine kinase, the enzyme required for the activation of gemcitabine, and simultaneously reduces the 5′-nucleotidase, responsible for deactivation of gemcitabine, suggesting a possible additional role of these enzymes in the enhanced cytotoxic activity of gemcitabine. Finally, a significant in vivo antitumour effect on MIAPaCa-2 xenografts was observed with the simultaneous combination of fluvastatin and gemcitabine, resulting in an almost complete suppression and a marked delay in relapse of tumour growth. In conclusion, the combination of fluvastatin and gemcitabine is an effective cytotoxic, proapoptotic treatment in vitro and in vivo against MIAPaCa-2 cells by a mechanism of action mediated, at least in part, by the inhibition of p21ras and rhoA prenylation. The obtained experimental findings might constitute the basis for a novel translational research in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Bocci
- Division of Pharmacology and Chemotherapy, University of Pisa, Via Roma, I-56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - A Fioravanti
- Division of Pharmacology and Chemotherapy, University of Pisa, Via Roma, I-56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - P Orlandi
- Division of Pharmacology and Chemotherapy, University of Pisa, Via Roma, I-56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - N Bernardini
- Department of Human Morphology and Applied Biology, University of Pisa, Via Roma, I-56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - P Collecchi
- Division of Pathological Anatomy, Department of Oncology, Transplants and Advanced Technologies in Medicine, University of Pisa, Via Roma, I-56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - M Del Tacca
- Division of Pharmacology and Chemotherapy, University of Pisa, Via Roma, I-56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - R Danesi
- Division of Pharmacology and Chemotherapy, University of Pisa, Via Roma, I-56126 Pisa, Italy
- Division of Pharmacology and Chemotherapy, University of Pisa, Via Roma, I-56126 Pisa, Italy. E-mail:
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Murata T, Kinoshita K, Hori M, Kuwahara M, Tsubone H, Karaki H, Ozaki H. Statin protects endothelial nitric oxide synthase activity in hypoxia-induced pulmonary hypertension. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2005; 25:2335-42. [PMID: 16166567 DOI: 10.1161/01.atv.0000186184.33537.48] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We investigated the effects of fluvastatin on hypoxia-induced (1 to 3 weeks, 10% O2) pulmonary hypertension with focus on endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) activity. METHODS AND RESULTS Oral fluvastatin treatment (1 mg/kg daily) prevented the causing and progression of pulmonary hypertension as determined by the right ventricular pressure, right ventricular hypertrophy, and muscularization of pulmonary artery. We also revealed that fluvastatin treatments prevented the hypoxia-induced decrease in cGMP production in the rat lung and restored the endothelium-dependent relaxation in the pulmonary artery. We revealed that this beneficial effect was not dependent on the increase in eNOS mRNA or protein expression, but was dependent on the inhibition of the eNOS-tight coupling with caveolin-1, the eNOS dissociation from heat shock protein 90, and the decrease in eNOS Ser1177-phosphorylation induced by hypoxia. Furthermore, in a whole-mount immunostaining the hypoxia-induced eNOS protein condensation with caveolin-1 of pulmonary endothelial cells was restored by the fluvastatin-treatment. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that the fluvastatin exerts beneficial effects on chronic hypoxia-induced pulmonary hypertension by protecting against the eNOS activity at the post-transcriptional level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahisa Murata
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology, Graduate School of Agriculture and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan.
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Abstract
The growing number of trials that have highlighted the benefit of intensive lowering of total- and low density lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol levels especially with statins has created a need for more efficacious agents. Pitavastatin is a new synthetic 3-hydroxy-3-methyl glutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitor, which was developed, and has been available in Japan since July 2003. Metabolism of pitavastatin by the cytochrome P450 (CYP) system is minimal, principally through CYP 2C9, with little involvement of the CYP 3A4 isoenzyme, potentially reducing the risk of drug-drug interactions between pitavastatin and other drugs known to inhibit CYP enzymes. To date, human and animal studies have shown pitavastatin to be potentially as effective in lowering LDL-cholesterol levels as rosuvastatin; although, head-to-head studies are yet to be conducted.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Y A Mukhtar
- Diabetes and Lipid Research, Wolfson Centre, Royal United Hospital, Coombe Park, Bath BA1 3NG, UK
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Song Y, Li C, Cai L. Fluvastatin prevents nephropathy likely through suppression of connective tissue growth factor-mediated extracellular matrix accumulation. Exp Mol Pathol 2004; 76:66-75. [PMID: 14738871 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2003.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Diabetic nephropathy is related to glomerular extracellular matrix (ECM) accumulation that leads to glomerulosclerosis. Fluvastatin as a lipid-lowering medicine significantly prevents diabetic nephropathy, probably not only through its lipid-lowering action, but also mainly through its direct suppression of glomerular ECM accumulation. To test this hypothesis, in the present study, a five-sixths nephrectomized (5/6Nx) rat model to induce a renal ECM accumulation without coexistence of hyperlipidemia was used to investigate the effect of fluvastatin on renal function, glomerular ECM accumulation and expression of connective tissue growth factor (CTGF). 5/6Nx induced a significant nephropathy in rats at 13 weeks, indicated by renal dysfunction including increases in blood urine nitrogen, creatinine and urinary protein excretion, and renal histopathological changes. Administration of fluvastatin significantly prevented the renal dysfunction and histological abnormalities in the 5/6Nx rats. Furthermore, both significant suppression of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) activity such as MMP-2 and significant activation of tissue inhibitors of MMP (TIMPs) such as TIMP-2 observed in the 5/6Nx rats were almost completely prevented by fluvastatin, resulting in a significant prevention of glomerular ECM accumulation. For upstream mediator of ECM accumulation, 5/6Nx significantly up-regulated CTGF mRNA expression, but fluvastatin treatment prevented CTGF up-regulation. These results suggest that fluvastatin, as one of well-known lipid-lowering agents, plays an important role in the prevention of nephropathy, likely through suppression of CTGF-mediated ECM accumulation. Therefore, fluvastatin may be a potential candidate for developing a pharmaceutical approach to the prevention of diabetic nephropathy due to its both lipid-lowering and direct anti-renal ECM accumulation actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Song
- Department of Pathology, Institute of Frontier Medical Science, Jilin University, Changchun, PR China
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Lesaffre E, Kocmanová D, Lemos PA, Disco CMC, Serruys PW. A retrospective analysis of the effect of noncompliance on time to first major adverse cardiac event in LIPS. Clin Ther 2003; 25:2431-47. [PMID: 14604742 DOI: 10.1016/s0149-2918(03)80285-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the main publication for LIPS (Lescol Intervention Prevention Study), a 22% relative risk (RR) reduction for major adverse cardiac events (MACE) was found among those who used fluvastatin after a successful first percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). However, intent-to-treat (ITT) analysis of clinical studies generally provides an observed treatment effect that is likely to underestimate what the treatment effect would be if compliance were perfect, because compliance in a clinical trial is invariably <100% during long-term follow-up. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to analyze the relationship between compliance and treatment effect in LIPS. METHODS In LIPS, patients who had undergone a successful first PCI were randomized to receive fluvastatin 40 mg BID or placebo BID for 3 to 5 years. The primary end point was survival time free of MACE (ie, cardiac death, nonfatal myocardial infarction, or reintervention procedure), and a Cox proportional hazards regression model with time-dependent covariates was used to predict the effect that fluvastatin would have had if trial medication had been continued. Logistic regression was used to determine factors influencing discontinuation of trial medication. RESULTS A total of 1677 patients were enrolled in LIPS: 844 in the fluvastatin group and 833 in the placebo group. In the fluvastatin group, 294 patients (34.8%) discontinued taking trial medication and 73 (8.6%) switched to another lipid-lowering medication, compared with 353 (42.4%) and 187 (22.4%) patients in the placebo group, respectively. The risk factor-adjusted RR of MACE with fluvastatin treatment was 0.74 (P = 0.004; 95% CI, 0.61-0.91). When also adjusted for noncompliance, the RR for fluvastatin versus placebo was 0.68 (P = 0.002; 95% CI, 0.53-0.86). Discontinuing fluvastatin without switching to another lipid-lowering medication increased the risk of MACE compared with that of patients who stayed on fluvastatin (RR = 2.27; P < 0.001; 95% CI, 1.60-3.23) and the increase in the risk of MACE was greater than that associated with discontinuing placebo (P = 0.032). CONCLUSIONS The present study found a 32% RR reduction for experiencing MACE during fluvastatin treatment after a successful PCI in LIPS, when analysis allowed for noncompliance. This suggests that the ITT analysis discussed in the main LIPS publication underestimated the benefit of fluvastatin treatment. Our survival model also provided tentative evidence that discontinuing lipid-lowering medication might lead to a potentially harmful rebound effect in this patient group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Lesaffre
- Biostatistical Centre, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
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