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Lee G, Yoo K. A review of the emergence of antibiotic resistance in bioaerosols and its monitoring methods. RE/VIEWS IN ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND BIO/TECHNOLOGY 2022; 21:799-827. [PMID: 35694630 PMCID: PMC9169023 DOI: 10.1007/s11157-022-09622-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/30/2022] [Indexed: 04/18/2023]
Abstract
Despite significant public health concerns regarding infectious diseases in air environments, potentially harmful microbiological indicators, such as antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in bioaerosols, have not received significant attention. Traditionally, bioaerosol studies have focused on the characterization of microbial communities; however, a more serious problem has recently arisen due to the presence of ARGs in bioaerosols, leading to an increased prevalence of horizontal gene transfer (HGT). This constitutes a process by which bacteria transfer genes to other environmental media and consequently cause infectious disease. Antibiotic resistance in water and soil environments has been extensively investigated in the past few years by applying advanced molecular and biotechnological methods. However, ARGs in bioaerosols have not received much attention. In addition, ARG and HGT profiling in air environments is greatly limited in field studies due to the absence of suitable methodological approaches. Therefore, this study comprehensively describes recent findings from published studies and some of the appropriate molecular and biotechnological methods for monitoring antibiotic resistance in bioaerosols. In addition, this review discusses the main knowledge gaps regarding current methodological issues and future research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gihan Lee
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Korea Maritime and Ocean University, Busan, 49112 South Korea
- Interdisciplinary Major of Ocean Renewable Energy Engineering, Korea Maritime and Ocean University, Busan, 49112 South Korea
| | - Keunje Yoo
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Korea Maritime and Ocean University, Busan, 49112 South Korea
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The aim of this article is to review recent findings regarding the diagnosis and treatment of chronic recurrent multifocal osteomyelitis (CRMO). RECENT FINDINGS An adequate understanding of pathophysiology along with the new advances in MRI imaging make it possible to determine the extent of disease and establish early treatment. TNF-α inhibitors and bisphosphonates have shown to be a well-tolerated and efficient treatment for CRMO providing both symptomatic relief and normalization of bone morphology. SUMMARY The results of recent studies suggest that a better knowledge of the genetic and molecular factors will allow early diagnosis and the development of more effective individualized treatments in the future.
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Paul D, Das S, Goswami RK. Total Synthesis of Pestalotioprolide G and Putative Structure of Pestalotioprolide H. J Org Chem 2017; 82:7437-7445. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.7b01115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Debobrata Paul
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Jadavpur, Kolkata-700032, India
| | - Sayantan Das
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Jadavpur, Kolkata-700032, India
| | - Rajib Kumar Goswami
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Jadavpur, Kolkata-700032, India
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Schaller M, Schöfer H, Homey B, Gieler U, Lehmann P, Luger TA, Ruzicka T, Steinhoff M. State of the art: systemic rosacea management. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges 2017; 14 Suppl 6:29-37. [PMID: 27869374 DOI: 10.1111/ddg.13141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Based on numerous trials, oral tetracyclines and most commonly their second-generation derivative doxycycline have become the main pillar in systemic rosacea treatment. However, the only preparation that has been approved so far in this setting is 40 mg doxycycline in an anti-inflammatory dosage and with a modified release formulation. With the introduction of this once-daily, non-antibiotic dosing of doxycycline, oral therapy is more commonly prescribed as first-line treatment in moderate to severe papulopustular rosacea. In addition, topical and oral strategies are often used in combination due to the more substantial improvements compared to monotherapy. Although several other non-approved oral agents like macrolides, isotretinoin, and carvedilol have been evaluated for systemic treatment and showed promising results, yet the experience with these drugs in rosacea is limited, and thus they should be reserved for special situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Schaller
- Department of Dermatology, Tübingen University Hospital, Tübingen, Germany
| | - H Schöfer
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology, and Allergology, University Hospital, Goethe-University, Frankfurt/M, Germany
| | - B Homey
- Department of Dermatology, Medical Faculty, University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - U Gieler
- Clinics for Dermatology and Allergology, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany
| | - P Lehmann
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, HELIOS Hospital Wuppertal, Witten/Herdecke University, Germany
| | - T A Luger
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Münster, Germany
| | - T Ruzicka
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Ludwig-Maximilian University, Munich, Germany
| | - M Steinhoff
- Department of Dermatology and UCD Charles Institute for Translational Dermatology, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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Schaller M, Schöfer H, Homey B, Gieler U, Lehmann P, Luger TA, Ruzicka T, Steinhoff M. Aktueller Stand der systemischen Rosazea-Therapie. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges 2016; 14 Suppl 6:29-37. [DOI: 10.1111/ddg.13141_g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M Schaller
- Universitäts-Hautklinik; Klinikum der Universität Tübingen; Deutschland
| | - H Schöfer
- Klinik für Dermatologie, Venerologie und Allergologie; Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität; Frankfurt/Main Deutschland
| | - B Homey
- Klinik für Dermatologie; Universitätsklinikum Düsseldorf; Deutschland
| | - U Gieler
- Zentrum für Psychosomatische Medizin, Psychosomatische Dermatologie; Universitätsklinikum Gießen; Deutschland
| | - P Lehmann
- Zentrum für Dermatologie, Allergologie und Dermatochirurgie; Helios Kliniken Wuppertal, Universität Witten/Herdecke; Deutschland
| | - TA Luger
- Klinik für Hautkrankheiten, Allgemeine Dermatologie und Venerologie; Universitätsklinikum Münster; Deutschland
| | - T Ruzicka
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Dermatologie und Allergologie; Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München
| | - M Steinhoff
- Department of Dermatology and UCD Charles Institute for Translational Dermatology; University Collge Dublin; Dublin Irland
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Jelić D, Antolović R. From Erythromycin to Azithromycin and New Potential Ribosome-Binding Antimicrobials. Antibiotics (Basel) 2016; 5:antibiotics5030029. [PMID: 27598215 PMCID: PMC5039525 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics5030029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2016] [Revised: 08/19/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrolides, as a class of natural or semisynthetic products, express their antibacterial activity primarily by reversible binding to the bacterial 50S ribosomal subunits and by blocking nascent proteins’ progression through their exit tunnel in bacterial protein biosynthesis. Generally considered to be bacteriostatic, they may also be bactericidal at higher doses. The discovery of azithromycin from the class of macrolides, as one of the most important new drugs of the 20th century, is presented as an example of a rational medicinal chemistry approach to drug design, applying classical structure-activity relationship that will illustrate an impressive drug discovery success story. However, the microorganisms have developed several mechanisms to acquire resistance to antibiotics, including macrolide antibiotics. The primary mechanism for acquiring bacterial resistance to macrolides is a mutation of one or more nucleotides from the binding site. Although azithromycin is reported to show different, two-step process of the inhibition of ribosome function of some species, more detailed elaboration of that specific mode of action is needed. New macrocyclic derivatives, which could be more potent and less prone to escape bacterial resistance mechanisms, are also continuously evaluated. A novel class of antibiotic compounds—macrolones, which are derived from macrolides and comprise macrocyclic moiety, linker, and either free or esterified quinolone 3-carboxylic group, show excellent antibacterial potency towards key erythromycin-resistant Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial strains, with possibly decreased potential of bacterial resistance to macrolides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dubravko Jelić
- Fidelta Ltd., Prilaz baruna Filipovića 29, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Roberto Antolović
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Rijeka, Radmile Matejčić 2, HR-51000 Rijeka, Croatia.
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Sadarangani SP, Estes LL, Steckelberg JM. Non-anti-infective effects of antimicrobials and their clinical applications: a review. Mayo Clin Proc 2015; 90:109-27. [PMID: 25440726 DOI: 10.1016/j.mayocp.2014.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2014] [Revised: 09/17/2014] [Accepted: 09/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Antimicrobial agents are undoubtedly one of the key advances in the history of modern medicine and infectious diseases, improving the clinical outcomes of infection owing to their inhibitory effects on microbial growth. However, many antimicrobial agents also have biological activities stemming from their interactions with host receptors and effects on host inflammatory responses and other human or bacterial cellular biological pathways. These result in clinical uses of antimicrobial drugs that are distinct from their direct bacteriostatic or bactericidal properties. We reviewed the published literature regarding non-anti-infective therapeutic properties and proposed clinical applications of selected antimicrobials, specifically, macrolides, tetracyclines, sulfonamides, and ketoconazole. The clinical applications reviewed were varied, and we focused on uses that were clinically relevant (in terms of importance and burden of disease) and where published evidence exists. Such uses include chronic inflammatory pulmonary and skin disorders, chronic periodontitis, gastrointestinal dysmotility, rheumatoid arthritis, and cancer. Most of these potential therapeutic uses are not Food and Drug Administration approved. Clinicians need to weigh the use of antimicrobial agents for their non-anti-infective benefits, considering potential adverse effects and long-term effect on microbial resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lynn L Estes
- Hospital Pharmacy Services, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
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9
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Ištuk ZM, Vujasinovi I, Čikoš A, Kragol G. Regioselective 2-Imino-1,3-thiazolidine vs. 2-Imino-1,3-oxazolidine Formation from the Vicinalsec-Amino Alcohol of Desosamine. European J Org Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201300266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Novel desosamine-modified 14- and 15-membered macrolides without antibacterial activity. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2012; 22:3527-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2012.03.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2012] [Revised: 03/19/2012] [Accepted: 03/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Short-term roxithromycin treatment attenuates airway inflammation via MAPK/NF-κB activation in a mouse model of allergic asthma. Inflamm Res 2012; 61:749-58. [PMID: 22481373 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-012-0470-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2011] [Revised: 03/15/2012] [Accepted: 03/15/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We investigated whether roxithromycin reduces ovalbumin-specific allergic asthma symptoms in mice, and we further investigated the inhibitory mechanism of roxithromycin in ovalbumin-specific allergic asthma. METHODS Mice were divided into five groups (n = 10 for each): control group, roxithromycin-treated groups (5, 20 and 40 mg/kg) and ovalbumin-challenged group. We measured the recruitment of inflammatory cells into the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) or the lung tissues by Kwik-Diff and hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining, goblet cell hyperplasia by alcian blue-periodic acid-Schiff (AB-PAS) staining, airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) by whole-body plethysmograph chamber, cytokine and immunoglobulin E (IgE) levels by ELISA, and the activation of mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases and nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) in the lung tissues by Western blotting. RESULTS Treatment with roxithromycin resulted in fewer inflammatory cells in the BALF and peribronchial areas, and decreased AHR, goblet cell hyperplasia, IgE levels and inflammatory cytokines, as well as MAP kinases and NF-κB activation, which are increased in lung tissues of mice with ovalbumin-induced allergic asthma. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that oral administration of roxithromycin suppresses ovalbumin-induced airway inflammation and AHR by regulating the inflammatory cytokines via MAP kinases/NF-κB pathway in inflammatory cells. Based on these results, we suggest that roxithromycin may be used as a therapeutic agent for allergy-induced asthma.
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Bauer J, Vine M, Čorić I, Bosnar M, Pašalić I, Turkalj G, Lazarevski G, Čulić O, Kragol G. Impact of stereochemistry on the biological activity of novel oleandomycin derivatives. Bioorg Med Chem 2012; 20:2274-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2012.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2011] [Revised: 01/27/2012] [Accepted: 02/04/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Vujasinović I, Marušić Ištuk Z, Kapić S, Bukvić Krajačić M, Hutinec A, Đilović I, Matković-Čalogović D, Kragol G. Novel Tandem Reaction for the Synthesis of N′-Substituted 2-Imino-1,3-oxazolidines from Vicinal (sec- or tert-)Amino Alcohol of Desosamine. European J Org Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201001707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Assessment of epithelial cells' immune and inflammatory response to Staphylococcus aureus when exposed to a macrolide. J DAIRY RES 2010; 77:404-10. [PMID: 20822561 DOI: 10.1017/s0022029910000531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Non-specific (innate) immune response plays a major role in defending the udder from bacterial invasion. Moreover, recent investigations suggest that mammary gland epithelial cells (MGEC) could have a large and important role as a source of soluble components of immune defences. Despite many attempts to find other ways to control/prevent mastitis (i.e. vaccine) antimicrobial therapy is still the most used and effective means of curing clinical and subclinical mastitis. However, drug concentrations and therapy durations are far from the optimal in order to reduce costs. Therefore, efficacy of antimicrobial therapy is dependent not only on the substance activity but also on the positive interactions with the host innate immune response. Surprisingly, information on these interactions is rather scarce in the mastitis field. A simple experimental model was developed based on BME-UV cell line, Staphylococcus aureus as a challenge and a macrolide as an antimicrobial to assess the interactions among epithelial cells, Staph. aureus and the potential effects of antimicrobials on the immune system. The results of this study confirmed that tylosin has good antimicrobial activity against both intracellular and extracellular Staph. aureus in bovine MGEC without affecting cell functions. In this study, a significant down-regulation of IL-1 and IL-6 was observed, while TNF and IL-8 expression rate numerically increased, but differences were not significant. To our knowledge, this is the first paper assessing the concentration of two lysosomal enzymes, lysozyme and N-acetyl-β-d-glucosaminidase (NAGase), in Staph. aureus-stimulated MGEC. The results of this study confirmed that tylosin could have a significant effect on the release of these enzymes. Moreover, even if both enzymes have a similar substrate as a target, the results suggest different secretion mechanisms and an influence of antimicrobial treatment on these mechanisms. Successful mastitis cure is the result of achieving the optimal efficiency of both innate immune defences and therapeutical activities, by means of killing bacteria without eliciting an excessive inflammatory response. Therefore, antimicrobials for mastitis therapy should be selected not only on bacterial sensitivity, but also for their positive interactions with the innate immune response of the mammary gland. This study showed that an in-vitro model based on Staph. aureus challenge on MGEC could be helpful in assessing both the intracellular and extracellular activity of antimicrobials and their influence on epithelial cell immune and inflammatory response.
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Sarabia F, Martín-Gálvez F, García-Castro M, Chammaa S, Sánchez-Ruiz A, Tejón-Blanco JF. Epoxyamide-Based Strategy for the Synthesis of Polypropionate-Type Frameworks. J Org Chem 2008; 73:8979-86. [DOI: 10.1021/jo801728s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Sarabia
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Malaga, Campus de Teatinos, 29071, Malaga, Spain
| | - Francisca Martín-Gálvez
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Malaga, Campus de Teatinos, 29071, Malaga, Spain
| | - Miguel García-Castro
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Malaga, Campus de Teatinos, 29071, Malaga, Spain
| | - Samy Chammaa
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Malaga, Campus de Teatinos, 29071, Malaga, Spain
| | - Antonio Sánchez-Ruiz
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Malaga, Campus de Teatinos, 29071, Malaga, Spain
| | - José F. Tejón-Blanco
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Malaga, Campus de Teatinos, 29071, Malaga, Spain
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Yac BB, Ural K, cal N, Haydardedeolu AE. Azithromycin therapy of papillomatosis in dogs: a prospective, randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Vet Dermatol 2008; 19:194-8. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3164.2008.00674.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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17
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The serum amyloid A response to sterile silver nitrate in mice and its inhibition by dexamethasone and macrolide antibiotics. Int Immunopharmacol 2007; 7:1544-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2007.07.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2007] [Revised: 07/22/2007] [Accepted: 07/25/2007] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Istuk ZM, Mutak S, Kujundzić N, Kragol G. Novel 9a-carbamoyl- and 9a-thiocarbamoyl-3-decladinosyl-6-hydroxy and 6-methoxy derivatives of 15-membered macrolides. Bioorg Med Chem 2007; 15:4498-510. [PMID: 17467993 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2007.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2006] [Revised: 04/05/2007] [Accepted: 04/13/2007] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
An efficient method for the synthesis of diverse 9a-carbamoyl- and 9a-thiocarbamoyl-3-decladinosyl-6-hydroxy and 3-decladinosyl-6-methoxy derivatives of 15-membered azalides has been developed. These derivatives bear various alkyl and aryl groups attached to macrolide scaffold through urea or thiourea moieties at 9a position. Chemical transformations of hydroxy group at position C-3 afforded range of ketolides, anhydrolides, hemiketals, cyclic ethers, and acylides. It has been shown that 6-hydroxy and 6-methoxy derivatives undergo different chemical transformations under otherwise identical reaction conditions. Antimicrobial properties of prepared compounds were evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zorica Marusić Istuk
- GlaxoSmithKline Research Centre Zagreb, Prilaz B. Filipovića 29, Zagreb, Croatia
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Abstract
Azalides are semi-synthetic macrolides, in which a nitrogen atom is introduced into a macrolactone ring via a Beckmann rearrangement. Starting from erythromycin, oximes, depending on the reaction conditions lactams, or bicyclic-imino-ethers were formed, which were further reduced to aminolactones. The cyclic amine 9a- became the precursor for novel, significantly more active derivatives, especially for 9-dihydro-9-deoxo-9a-methyl-9a-aza-9a-homoerythromycin A with the generic name azithromycin. It showed a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity covering all significant bacteria causing respiratory tract infections. The greatest advantages of azithromycin are its unusual pharmacokinetics (high tissue distribution), metabolic stability and high tolerability. These properties have led in recent years to the widespread use of the azalide scaffold for the synthesis of new compounds with advantageous pharmacokinetics. The azalide scaffold possesses an amino and several hydroxyl groups, which could be substituted or transformed to obtain new compounds. Different derivatives were obtained by substitution on the nitrogen but a large variety of derivatives, such as ethers, esters and carbamates, were made by reactions with various hydroxyl groups. Substitutions on both nitrogen and hydroxyl or two hydroxyl groups yielded new, bridged compounds. The 4''-hydroxy group was oxidized to 4-oxo-, which was transformed via the oxime to 4-amino, or via epoxide to 4''-methylamino compounds. Cleavage of the cladinose sugar and further transformations gave 3-acyl or 3-oxo compounds, which were less active than 14-membered acylides or ketolides. Beckmann rearrangement of some 16-membered macrolide oximes yielded only 17-membered lactams, which were less active than starting macrolides, and could not be reduced to amines. Intramolecular rearrangement of azalide imino-ethers yielded 13-membered azalides. Some new 11a-azalides were obtained after oxidative cleavage of some 16-membered macrolides and additional cyclisation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stjepan Mutak
- Medicinal Chemistry and Chemical Process Development, PLIVA Research Institute, 10090 Zagreb, Croatia.
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Labro MT, Babin-Chevaye C, Mergey M. Accumulation of azithromycin and roxithromycin in tracheal epithelial fetal cell lines expressing wild type or mutated cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator protein (CFTR). J Chemother 2005; 17:385-92. [PMID: 16167517 DOI: 10.1179/joc.2005.17.4.385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Macrolides are accumulated in phagocytes, partially via an active transport system; the membrane carrier is not identified but many data indicate a link with the P-glycoprotein family which includes the Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator (CFTR) protein. We have used two epithelial cell lines which express either wild-type (N cells) or mutated (homozygous deltaF508) (F cells) CFTR to study the cellular accumulation of two macrolides (azithromycin and roxithromycin). Adherent cells were incubated with the radiolabeled drugs before extensive washings and counting. Azithromycin was better (about 2-fold) accumulated in F cells up to 60 min but then plateaued, whereas accumulation continued without saturation over 3 hours in N cells. Roxithromycin was also better (1.5-fold) accumulated in F cells at 15 and 30 min, but there were no differences at further incubation times. Macrolide efflux from loaded N and F cells, and the susceptibilities of the carrier systems (entry and efflux) to various pharmacologic agents were similar to those previously observed with phagocytes. These data suggest that the macrolide carriers (for entry and efflux) are not strictly specific for phagocytes and that the CFTR protein plays a role in macrolide uptake.
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Affiliation(s)
- M T Labro
- INSERM U479, CHU X. Bichat, Paris, France.
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Abdelghaffar H, Babin-Chevaye C, Labro MT. The macrolide roxithromycin impairs NADPH oxidase activation and alters translocation of its cytosolic components to the neutrophil membrane in vitro. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2005; 49:2986-9. [PMID: 15980380 PMCID: PMC1168688 DOI: 10.1128/aac.49.7.2986-2989.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We have studied the interference of roxithromycin with NADPH oxidase, the key enzymatic system for oxidant production by human neutrophils. Roxithromycin alters the reconstitution of an active enzyme and impairs the translocation to the outer membrane of the cytosolic components p47-phox and p67-phox. Interestingly, in resting cells roxithromycin directly triggers the translocation of these factors without stimulating the oxidative burst.
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Affiliation(s)
- Houria Abdelghaffar
- Université Hassan II, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques Mohammedia, Département de Biologie, Unité de Biotechnologies de l'Environnement et de la Santé, Mohammedia, Morocco
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Parnham MJ. Immunomodulatory effects of antimicrobials in the therapy of respiratory tract infections. Curr Opin Infect Dis 2005; 18:125-31. [PMID: 15735416 DOI: 10.1097/01.qco.0000160901.71813.fe] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Several classes of antibiotics, particularly macrolides and to some extent quinolones, exert modulatory effects on inflammatory cells. With a growing number of experimental and clinical studies being performed, the relevance of the immunomodulatory actions of antibiotics to the therapy of respiratory infections is discussed in the light of recent reports. RECENT FINDINGS Antibiotics, particularly macrolides, exert both stimulatory and inhibitory effects on leukocytes. These effects seem to be related to the activation state of the leukocytes, facilitating bacterial killing as well as the resolution of local inflammation. In community-acquired pneumonia, this may account for the therapeutic benefit of macrolides, even when bacterial eradication is not complete. A variety of effects of macrolides on Pseudomonas aeruginosa, including the inhibition of biofilm matrix, contribute with immunomodulation to the improvement of respiratory function seen with macrolides in cystic fibrosis. SUMMARY Macrolides can facilitate the killing of microorganisms in acute respiratory infections through the stimulation of neutrophil activation. On long-term administration, anti-inflammatory, T helper type 1 lymphocyte-enhancing and biofilm-thinning actions, among others, make macrolides valid therapeutic options in chronic infectious/inflammatory disorders, even for infections with microorganisms that are not completely eradicated.
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