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Hamidpour SK, Amiri M, Ketabforoush AHME, Saeedi S, Angaji A, Tavakol S. Unraveling Dysregulated Cell Signaling Pathways, Genetic and Epigenetic Mysteries of Parkinson's Disease. Mol Neurobiol 2024:10.1007/s12035-024-04128-1. [PMID: 38573414 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-024-04128-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a prevalent and burdensome neurodegenerative disorder that has been extensively researched to understand its complex etiology, diagnosis, and treatment. The interplay between genetic and environmental factors in PD makes its pathophysiology difficult to comprehend, emphasizing the need for further investigation into genetic and epigenetic markers involved in the disease. Early diagnosis is crucial for optimal management of the disease, and the development of novel diagnostic biomarkers is ongoing. Although many efforts have been made in the field of recognition and interpretation of the mechanisms involved in the pathophysiology of the disease, the current knowledge about PD is just the tip of the iceberg. By scrutinizing genetic and epigenetic patterns underlying PD, new avenues can be opened for dissecting the pathology of the disorder, leading to more precise and efficient diagnostic and therapeutic approaches. This review emphasizes the importance of studying dysregulated cell signaling pathways and molecular processes associated with genes and epigenetic alterations in understanding PD, paving the way for the development of novel therapeutic strategies to combat this devastating disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shayesteh Kokabi Hamidpour
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological Science, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mobina Amiri
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological Science, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Saeedeh Saeedi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Abdolhamid Angaji
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological Science, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shima Tavakol
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 1449614535, Iran.
- Department of Research and Development, Tavakol BioMimetic Technologies Company, Tehran, Iran.
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Goldman JG, Vaughan CL, Goetz CG. An update expert opinion on management and research strategies in Parkinson's disease psychosis. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2011; 12:2009-24. [PMID: 21635198 PMCID: PMC3152685 DOI: 10.1517/14656566.2011.587122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Psychosis, a frequent complication in Parkinson's disease (PD), contributes significantly to morbidity, mortality, nursing-home placement and quality of life. Medication side effects, issues of trial design and negative outcomes have limited clinical advances of new treatments for PD psychosis. Evidence-based medicine maintains clozapine as the most effective antipsychotic in PD without motor worsening, despite risk of agranulocytosis. Safe, effective treatments that improve psychosis without exacerbating parkinsonism are urgently needed. AREAS COVERED This article reviews the: i) phenomenology of PD psychosis, ii) pharmacological rationale for antipsychotics in PD; iii) clinical trials of antipsychotics in PD; iv) novel research strategies such as neuroimaging, genetics and animal models; and v) associated challenges in studying and treating PD psychosis. Preparation of this review included an extensive literature search using PubMed. EXPERT OPINION Management of PD psychosis is complex. Challenges pertaining to study design, rating scales, subject recruitment and completion have limited PD psychosis treatment trials. Novel research strategies focus on nondopaminergic systems and incorporate neuroimaging, genetic associations and animal models. These strategies also have challenges but have the potential to enhance our understanding of PD psychosis and advance the development of agents that can ultimately be tested in well-designed, randomized, controlled trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer G Goldman
- Rush University Medical Center, Department of Neurological Sciences, 1725 W. Harrison Street, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
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Goldman JG. New thoughts on thought disorders in Parkinson's disease: review of current research strategies and challenges. PARKINSONS DISEASE 2011; 2011:675630. [PMID: 21403865 PMCID: PMC3049364 DOI: 10.4061/2011/675630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2010] [Accepted: 01/12/2011] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Psychosis is a frequent nonmotor complication in Parkinson's disease (PD), characterized by a broad phenomenology and likely due to a variety of intrinsic (i.e., PD-related) and extrinsic factors. Safe and effective therapies are greatly needed as PD psychosis contributes significantly to morbidity, mortality, nursing home placement, and quality of life. Novel research strategies focused on understanding the pharmacology and pathophysiology of PD psychosis, utilizing translational research including animal models, genetics, and neuroimaging, and even looking beyond the dopamine system may further therapeutic advances. This review discusses new research strategies regarding the neurobiology and treatment of PD psychosis and several associated challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer G Goldman
- Section of Parkinson Disease and Movement Disorders, Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, 1725 W. Harrison Street, Suite 755, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
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Go CL, Rosales RL, Schmidt P, Lyons KE, Pahwa R, Okun MS. Generic versus branded pharmacotherapy in Parkinson's disease: does it matter? A review. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2011; 17:308-12. [PMID: 21367644 DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2011.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2010] [Revised: 02/02/2011] [Accepted: 02/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
There is an ongoing debate about generic drug use for a multitude of conditions including epilepsy, psychosis, hypertension, post-organ transplantation, and several infectious diseases. Most of the concerns involve drugs with narrow therapeutic indices. There is a heightened attention to health care costs and macroeconomic policy as well as microeconomic business decisions that may impact the use of generic drugs. The issues surrounding generic substitution for chronic degenerative conditions such as in Parkinson's disease (PD) continue to be controversial subjects for physicians, pharmacists, patients, Medicare/governmental insurance programs, and for private insurance companies. The United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) requires that generic drugs meet a standard for bioequivalence prior to market approval, but this may not translate to therapeutic efficacy or to overall patient tolerance. In this review we will address issues related to the use of generics versus branded drugs in PD, and the potential impact substitution of generics may have on patients and on clinicians. Having proper documentation may help in deciding the appropriate usage of these drugs in PD. Medicare, governmental run health care systems, and third party insurance companies should in a complex disease such as PD, allow physicians and patients the chance to properly document the superiority of brand versus generic approaches. Currently, in the U.S, and in many countries around the world, there is no obligation for payers to respect these types of patient specific bedside trials, and there has been no standardization of the process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Criscely L Go
- Department of Neurology, University of Florida, McKnight Brain Institute, Movement Disorders Center, 100 S. Newell Drive, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA.
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Ali FR, Haddley K, Quinn JP. Assessing the impact of genetic variation on transcriptional regulation in vitro. Methods Mol Biol 2010; 628:195-214. [PMID: 20238083 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-60327-367-1_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Two alleles of a gene that contain polymorphic cis-regulatory regions can contribute differently to expression levels. Evolutionary changes in such cis-regulatory domains are believed to have participated in the cognitive evolution of H. sapiens as well as phenotypic diversity. There have been many studies that associate genetic variations to individual's susceptibility to behavioural and affective disorders. Cis-acting regulatory polymorphisms can effect gene expression at many levels, such as transcription, mRNA processing efficiency, pre-mRNA splicing, and mRNA stability. Trans-acting modulators (such as transcription factors) also play a major role in determining mRNA concentration of a specific allele. Several studies have demonstrated that VNTRs within various genes can support differential gene expression based on copy number and that the function of the VNTR as a transcriptional regulator can be modulated, in part, by transcription factors.A better understanding of the pathways regulating expression mediated by the VNTRs would complement clinical studies, demonstrating how these domains may be mechanistically involved in the progression of the disorder and may supply more defined targets for pharmaceutical intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fahad R Ali
- Division of Physiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
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Liu YZ, Tang BS, Yan XX, Liu J, Ouyang DS, Nie LN, Fan L, Li Z, Ji W, Hu DL, Wang D, Zhou HH. Association of the DRD2 and DRD3 polymorphisms with response to pramipexole in Parkinson's disease patients. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2009; 65:679-83. [PMID: 19396436 DOI: 10.1007/s00228-009-0658-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2009] [Accepted: 04/05/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the impact of the DRD2 TaqIA and DRD3 Ser9Gly polymorphisms on the efficacy of pramipexole in treating patients with Parkinson's disease (PD). METHODS Thirty patients with PD prospectively received pramipexole 0.25 mg three times daily for 2 months. Unified Parkinson Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS) assessments were conducted at baseline and 2 months after treatment initiation. Improvement by 20% or more in the total score on the UPDRS was considered to indicate responsiveness. The PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis was used to analyze the DRD2 Taq1A and DRD3 Ser9Gly genotype. RESULTS The DRD2 Taq1A allele frequencies were A141.7 (A1) and 58.3% (A2), and the DRD3 Ser9Gly allele frequencies were 68.3 (Ser) and 31.7% (Gly). When the subjects were grouped by the DRD3 Ser9Gly polymorphism, the response rates for pramipexole treatment were significantly higher in the Ser/Ser group (60%) than in the group containing the Gly allele (13%). There was a significant association between the DRD3 Ser9Gly polymorphism and response rate to pramipexole in PD patients (P = 0.024). When the subjects were grouped by the DRD2 Taq1A polymorphism, there were no significant differences among the three Taq1A genotypes. CONCLUSIONS DRD3 Ser9Gly polymorphisms are significantly associated with the therapeutic efficacy of pramipexole in Chinese patients with PD. A large-scale and multi-dose group study in patients with PD is necessary for evaluating the impact of the genetic polymorphisms of the dopamine receptor on the therapeutic effects of pramipexole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Zi Liu
- Pharmacogenetics Research Institute, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410078, China
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Ninkina NN, Ustyugov AA, Buchman VL. Modeling synucleinopathies in genetically modified animals: Successes and failures. Mol Biol 2008. [DOI: 10.1134/s0026893308050129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Arbouw MEL, van Vugt JPP, Egberts TCG, Guchelaar HJ. Pharmacogenetics of antiparkinsonian drug treatment: a systematic review. Pharmacogenomics 2007; 8:159-76. [PMID: 17286539 DOI: 10.2217/14622416.8.2.159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Pharmacotherapy is the mainstay in the treatment of Parkinson's disease and the armamentarium of drugs available for the therapy of this disease is still expanding. Anti-Parkinson's disease drugs are effective in reducing the physical symptoms, such as hypokinesia, bradykinesia, rigidity and tremor. However, there is a large interindividual variability in response to anti-Parkinson's disease drugs with respect to both drug efficacy and toxicity. It is thought that genetic variability in genes encoding drug-metabolizing enzymes, drug receptors and proteins involved in pathway signaling is an important factor in determining interindividual variability in drug response. Pharmacogenetics aims at identifying genetic markers associated with drug response. Ideally, knowledge of these genetic markers will enable us to predict an individual's drug response in terms of both efficacy and toxicity. The role of pharmacogenetics in the treatment of Parkinson's disease is relatively unexplored. Therefore, we aim to present a systematic review of the published pharmacogenetic studies in Parkinson's disease and to describe polymorphic genes of interest for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurits E L Arbouw
- Utrecht University, Division of Pharmacoepidemiology and Pharmacotherapy, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Haddley K, Vasiliou AS, Ali FR, Paredes UM, Bubb VJ, Quinn JP. Molecular genetics of monoamine transporters: relevance to brain disorders. Neurochem Res 2007; 33:652-67. [PMID: 17960477 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-007-9521-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/15/2007] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
We have demonstrated in both the human serotonin transporter gene (5HTT) and the dopamine transporter gene (DAT1) that specific polymorphic variants termed Variable Number Tandem Repeats (VNTRs), which correlate with predisposition to a number of neurological and psychiatric disorders, act as transcriptional regulatory domains. We have demonstrated that these domains can act as both tissue-specific and stimulus-inducible regulators of gene expression. As such they can act to be mechanistically associated with the progression or initiation of a behavioural disorder by altering the level of transporter mRNA, which in turn regulates the concentration of transporter in specific cells or in response to a challenge; chemical, environmental or physiological. The synergistic actions of such transcriptional domains will modulate gene expression. Our hypothesis is that these VNTR variants are one mechanism by which nurture can modify concentrations of neurotransmitters in a differential manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Haddley
- Physiology Laboratory, School of Biomedical Science, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 3BX, England
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