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Isaguliants M, Zhitkevich A, Petkov S, Gorodnicheva T, Mezale D, Fridrihsone I, Kuzmenko Y, Kostyushev D, Kostyusheva A, Gordeychuk I, Bayurova E. Enzymatic activity of HIV-1 protease defines migration of tumor cells in vitro and enhances their metastatic activity in vivo. Biochimie 2024:S0300-9084(24)00195-0. [PMID: 39128490 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2024.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2024] [Revised: 07/09/2024] [Accepted: 08/08/2024] [Indexed: 08/13/2024]
Abstract
Overexpression of aspartic proteases, as cathepsin D, is an independent marker of poor prognosis in breast cancer, correlated with the incidence of clinical metastasis. We aimed to find if HIV-1 aspartic protease (PR) can play a similar role. Murine adenocarcinoma 4T1luc2 cells were transduced with lentivirus encoding inactivated drug-resistant PR, generating subclones PR20.1 and PR20.2. Subclones were assessed for production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), expression of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) factors, and in vitro migratory activity in the presence or absence of antioxidant N-acetyl cysteine and protease inhibitors. Tumorigenic activity was evaluated by implanting cells into BALB/c mice and following tumor growth by calipering and bioluminescence imaging in vivo, and metastases, by organ imaging ex vivo. Both subclones expressed PR mRNA, and PR20.2, also the protein detected by Western blotting. PR did not induce production of ROS, and had no direct effect on cell migration rate, however, treatment with inhibitors of drug-resistant PR suppressed the migratory activity of both subclones. Furthermore, expression of N-cadherin and Vimentin in PR20.2 cells and their migration were enhanced by antioxidant treatment. Sensitivity of in vitro migration to protease inhibitors and to antioxidant, known to restore PR activity, related the effects to the enzymatic activity of PR. In vivo, PR20.2 cells demonstrated higher tumorigenic and metastatic activity than PR20.1 or parental cells. Thus, HIV-1 protease expressed in breast cancer cells determines their migration in vitro and metastatic activity in vivo. This effect may aggravate clinical course of cancers in people living with HIV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Isaguliants
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, 17177, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - A Zhitkevich
- Chumakov Federal Scientific Center for Research and Development of Immune-and-Biological Products of Russian Academy of Sciences, 108819, Moscow, Russia.
| | - S Petkov
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, 17177, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - T Gorodnicheva
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, 117997, Moscow, Russia.
| | - D Mezale
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, 17177, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - I Fridrihsone
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, 17177, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Y Kuzmenko
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Academy of Sciences of the Russian Federation, 119991, Moscow, Russia.
| | - D Kostyushev
- Martsinovsky Institute of Medical Parasitology, Tropical and Vector-Borne Diseases, Sechenov University, 119991, Moscow, Russia.
| | - A Kostyusheva
- Martsinovsky Institute of Medical Parasitology, Tropical and Vector-Borne Diseases, Sechenov University, 119991, Moscow, Russia.
| | - I Gordeychuk
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, 17177, Stockholm, Sweden; Chumakov Federal Scientific Center for Research and Development of Immune-and-Biological Products of Russian Academy of Sciences, 108819, Moscow, Russia.
| | - E Bayurova
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, 17177, Stockholm, Sweden; Chumakov Federal Scientific Center for Research and Development of Immune-and-Biological Products of Russian Academy of Sciences, 108819, Moscow, Russia.
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Ren P, Li S, Wang S, Zhang X, Bai F. Computer-Aided Prediction of the Interactions of Viral Proteases with Antiviral Drugs: Antiviral Potential of Broad-Spectrum Drugs. Molecules 2023; 29:225. [PMID: 38202808 PMCID: PMC10780089 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29010225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 12/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Human society is facing the threat of various viruses. Proteases are promising targets for the treatment of viral infections. In this study, we collected and profiled 170 protease sequences from 125 viruses that infect humans. Approximately 73 of them are viral 3-chymotrypsin-like proteases (3CLpro), and 11 are pepsin-like aspartic proteases (PAPs). Their sequences, structures, and substrate characteristics were carefully analyzed to identify their conserved nature for proposing a pan-3CLpro or pan-PAPs inhibitor design strategy. To achieve this, we used computational prediction and modeling methods to predict the binding complex structures for those 73 3CLpro with 4 protease inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2 and 11 protease inhibitors of HCV. Similarly, the complex structures for the 11 viral PAPs with 9 protease inhibitors of HIV were also obtained. The binding affinities between these compounds and proteins were also evaluated to assess their pan-protease inhibition via MM-GBSA. Based on the drugs targeting viral 3CLpro and PAPs, repositioning of the active compounds identified several potential uses for these drug molecules. As a result, Compounds 1-2, modified based on the structures of Ray1216 and Asunaprevir, indicate potential inhibition of DENV protease according to our computational simulation results. These studies offer ideas and insights for future research in the design of broad-spectrum antiviral drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengxuan Ren
- School of Life Science and Technology, Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China; (P.R.); (S.L.); (S.W.)
| | - Shiwei Li
- School of Life Science and Technology, Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China; (P.R.); (S.L.); (S.W.)
| | - Shihang Wang
- School of Life Science and Technology, Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China; (P.R.); (S.L.); (S.W.)
| | - Xianglei Zhang
- School of Life Science and Technology, Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China; (P.R.); (S.L.); (S.W.)
| | - Fang Bai
- School of Life Science and Technology, Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China; (P.R.); (S.L.); (S.W.)
- School of Information Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
- Shanghai Clinical Research and Trial Center, Shanghai 201210, China
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Yadav MB, Jeong YT. A one-pot ring-closure and ring-opening sequence for the cascade synthesis of dihydrofurofurans and functionalized furans. Org Biomol Chem 2021; 19:7409-7419. [PMID: 34397077 DOI: 10.1039/d1ob01300a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We have developed a simple novel ring-closure and ring-opening pathway using an organo-base system for the synthesis of highly substituted dihydrofurofuran and furan frameworks via a triethylamine-catalyzed one-pot three-component reaction. The protocol involved a Knoevenagel and Michael adduct via Paal-Knorr cyclization with aromatic/aliphatic glyoxal and 2-cyanoacetophenone under mild and heating conditions with excellent yields through a simple filtration method. The merits of this methodology, including the use of easily available feedstocks and an inexpensive catalyst, Gram-scale synthesis, wide functional group tolerance, an open-air reaction setup, and no need for workup and column-chromatography procedures, make the developed methodology a practical way to access dihydrofurofurans and functionalized furans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maruti B Yadav
- Department of Image Science and Engineering, Pukyong National University, Busan 608-737, Republic of Korea.
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Uddin E, Islam R, Ashrafuzzaman, Bitu NA, Hossain MS, Islam AN, Asraf A, Hossen F, Mohapatra RK, Kudrat-E-Zahan M. Potential Drugs for the Treatment of COVID-19: Synthesis, Brief History and Application. Curr Drug Res Rev 2021; 13:184-202. [PMID: 34126913 DOI: 10.2174/2589977513666210611155426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Coronaviruses (CoVs) belonging to the Betacoronavirus group, an unusually large RNA genome, are characterized by club-like spikes that project from their surface. An outbreak of a novel coronavirus 2019 (nCOVID-19) showing a unique replication strategy and infection has posed a significant threat to international health and the economy around the globe. Scientists around the world are investigating few previously used clinical drugs for the treatment of COVID-19. This review provides synthesis and mode of action of recently investigated drugs like Chloroquine, Hydroxychloroquine, Ivermectin, Selamectin, Remdesivir, Baricitinib, Darunavir, Favipiravir, Lopinavir/ritonavir and Mefloquine hydrochloride that constitute an option for COVID-19 treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekhlass Uddin
- Department of chemistry, Rajshahi University, Rajshahi 6205, Bangladesh
| | - Raisul Islam
- Department of chemistry, Rajshahi University, Rajshahi 6205, Bangladesh
| | - Ashrafuzzaman
- Department of chemistry, Rajshahi University, Rajshahi 6205, Bangladesh
| | - Nur Amin Bitu
- Department of chemistry, Rajshahi University, Rajshahi 6205, Bangladesh
| | - Md Saddam Hossain
- Department of Chemistry, Begum Rokeya University, Rangpur, Bangladesh
| | - Abm Nazmul Islam
- Chemistry Discipline, Khulna University, Khulna-9208, Bangladesh
| | - Ali Asraf
- Department of chemistry, Rajshahi University, Rajshahi 6205, Bangladesh
| | - Faruk Hossen
- Department of chemistry, Rajshahi University, Rajshahi 6205, Bangladesh
| | - Ranjan K Mohapatra
- Department of Chemistry, Government College of Engineering, Keonjhar, Odisha, India
| | - Md Kudrat-E-Zahan
- Department of chemistry, Rajshahi University, Rajshahi 6205, Bangladesh
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Marin RC, Behl T, Negrut N, Bungau S. Management of Antiretroviral Therapy with Boosted Protease Inhibitors-Darunavir/Ritonavir or Darunavir/Cobicistat. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9030313. [PMID: 33803812 PMCID: PMC8003312 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9030313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A major challenge in the management of antiretroviral therapy (ART) is to improve the patient's adherence, reducing the burden caused by the high number of drugs that compose the treatment regimens for human immunodeficiency virus positive (HIV+) patients. Selection of the most appropriate treatment regimen is responsible for therapeutic success and aims to reduce viremia, increase the immune system response capacity, and reduce the incidence rate and intensity of adverse reactions. In general, protease inhibitor (PI) is one of the pillars of regimens, and darunavir (DRV), in particular, is frequently recommended, along with low doses of enzyme inhibitors as cobicistat (COBI) or ritonavir (RTV), by the international guidelines. The potential of clinically significant drug interactions in patients taking COBI or RTV is high due to the potent inhibitory effect on cytochrome CYP 450, which attracts significant changes in the pharmacokinetics of PIs. Regardless of the patient or type of virus, the combined regimens of DRV/COBI or DRV/RTV are available to clinicians, proving their effectiveness, with a major impact on HIV mortality/morbidity. This study presents current information on the pharmacokinetics, pharmacology, drug interactions, and adverse reactions of DRV; it not only compares the bioavailability, pharmacokinetic parameters, immunological and virological responses, but also the efficacy, advantages, and therapeutic disadvantages of DRV/COBI or DRV/RTV combinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruxandra-Cristina Marin
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, 410028 Oradea, Romania;
| | - Tapan Behl
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab 140401, India;
| | - Nicoleta Negrut
- Department of Psycho-Neuroscience and Recovery, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, 410028 Oradea, Romania;
| | - Simona Bungau
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, 410028 Oradea, Romania;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +40-726-776-588
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Hakmi M, Bouricha EM, Kandoussi I, Harti JE, Ibrahimi A. Repurposing of known anti-virals as potential inhibitors for SARS-CoV-2 main protease using molecular docking analysis. Bioinformation 2020; 16:301-306. [PMID: 32773989 PMCID: PMC7392094 DOI: 10.6026/97320630016301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Revised: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The new SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus is the causative agent of the COVID-19 pandemic outbreak that affected more than 190 countries worldwide with more than 292,000 confirmed cases and over
12,700 deaths. There is at the moment no vaccine or effective treatment for this disease which constitutes a serious global health problem. It is of interest to use a structure based virtual
screening approach for the identification of potential inhibitors of the main protease of SARS-CoV-2 (Mpro) from antiviral drugs used to treat other viral disease such as human immunodeficiency
virus (HIV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections. The crystallographic structure with PDB ID: 6LU7 of Mpro in complex with the inhibitor N3 was used as a model in the virtual screening
of 33 protease inhibitors collected from the ChEMBL chemical database. Molecular docking analysis was performed using the standard AutoDock vina protocol followed by ranking and selection
of compounds based on their binding affinity. We report 10 candidates with optimal binding features to the active site of the protease for further consideration as potential drugs to treat
patients infected with the emerging COVID-19 disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Hakmi
- Medical Biotechnology Laboratory (MedBiotech), Rabat Medical and Pharmacy School, Mohammed Vth University in Rabat, Morocco
| | - El Mehdi Bouricha
- Medical Biotechnology Laboratory (MedBiotech), Rabat Medical and Pharmacy School, Mohammed Vth University in Rabat, Morocco
| | - Ilham Kandoussi
- Medical Biotechnology Laboratory (MedBiotech), Rabat Medical and Pharmacy School, Mohammed Vth University in Rabat, Morocco
| | - Jaouad El Harti
- Therapeutic Chemistry Laboratory, Medical Biotechnology Laboratory (MedBiotech), Rabat Medical and Pharmacy School, Mohammed Vth University in Rabat, Morocco
| | - Azeddine Ibrahimi
- Medical Biotechnology Laboratory (MedBiotech), Rabat Medical and Pharmacy School, Mohammed Vth University in Rabat, Morocco
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Charbe NB, Zacconi FC, Amnerkar N, Ramesh B, Tambuwala MM, Clementi E. Bio-analytical Assay Methods used in Therapeutic Drug Monitoring of Antiretroviral Drugs-A Review. CURRENT DRUG THERAPY 2019. [DOI: 10.2174/1574885514666181217125550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Background: Several clinical trials, as well as observational statistics, have exhibited that the advantages of antiretroviral [ARV] treatment for humans with Human Immunodeficiency Virus / Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome HIV/AIDS exceed their risks. Therapeutic drug monitoring [TDM] plays a key role in optimization of ARV therapy. Determination of ARV’s in plasma, blood cells, and other biological matrices frequently requires separation techniques capable of high effectiveness, specific selectivity and high sensitivity. High-performance liquid chromatography [HPLC] coupled with ultraviolet [UV], Photodiode array detectors [PDA], Mass spectrophotometer [MS] detectors etc. are the important quantitative techniques used for the estimation of pharmaceuticals in biological samples. </P><P> Objective: This review article is aimed to give an extensive outline of different bio-analytical techniques which have been reported for direct quantitation of ARV’s. This article aimed to establish an efficient role played by the TDM in the optimum therapeutic outcome of the ARV treatment. It also focused on establishing the prominent role played by the separation techniques like HPLC and UPLC along with the detectors like UV and Mass in TDM. </P><P> Methods: TDM is based on the principle that for certain drugs, a close relationship exists between the plasma level of the drug and its clinical effect. TDM is of no value if the relationship does not exist. The analytical methodology employed in TDM should: 1) distinguish similar compounds; 2) be sensitive and precise and 3) is easy to use. </P><P> Results: This review highlights the advancement of the chromatographic techniques beginning from the HPLC-UV to the more advanced technique like UPLC-MS/MS. TDM is essential to ensure adherence, observe viral resistance and to personalize ARV dose regimens. It is observed that the analytical methods like immunoassays and liquid chromatography with detectors like UV, PDA, Florescent, MS, MS/MS and Ultra performance liquid chromatography (UPLC)-MS/MS have immensely contributed to the clinical outcome of the ARV therapy. Assay methods are not only helping physicians in limiting the side effects and drug interactions but also assisting in monitoring patient’s compliance. </P><P> Conclusion: The present review revealed that HPLC has been the most widely used system irrespective of the availability of more sensitive chromatographic technique like UPLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nitin B. Charbe
- Departamento de Quimica Organica, Facultad de Quimica y de Farmacia, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Av. Vicuna McKenna 4860, Macul, Santiago 7820436, Chile
| | - Flavia C. Zacconi
- Departamento de Quimica Organica, Facultad de Quimica y de Farmacia, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Av. Vicuna McKenna 4860, Macul, Santiago 7820436, Chile
| | - Nikhil Amnerkar
- Adv V. R. Manohar Institute of Diploma in Pharmacy, Wanadongri, Hingna Road, Nagpur, Maharashtra 441110, India
| | - B. Ramesh
- Sri Adichunchunagiri University, Sri Adichunchunagiri College of Pharmacy, BG Nagar, Karnataka 571418, India
| | - Murtaza M. Tambuwala
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, University of Ulster, Coleraine, County Londonderry, Northern Ireland BT52 1SA, United Kingdom
| | - Emilio Clementi
- Clinical Pharmacology Unit, CNR Institute of Neuroscience, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Luigi Sacco University Hospital, Universita di Milano, Milan, Italy
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Abstract
Viruses are major pathogenic agents causing a variety of serious diseases in humans, other animals, and plants. Drugs that combat viral infections are called antiviral drugs. There are no effective antiviral drugs for many viral infections. However, there are several drugs for influenza, a couple of drugs for herpesviruses, and some new antiviral drugs for treatment of HIV and hepatitis C infections. The arsenal of antivirals is complex. As of March 2014, it consists of approximately 50 drugs approved by the FDA, approximately half of which are directed against HIV. Antiviral drug creation strategies are focused on two different approaches: targeting the viruses themselves or targeting host cell factors. Direct virus-targeting antiviral drugs include attachment inhibitors, entry inhibitors, uncoating inhibitors, protease inhibitors, polymerase inhibitors, nucleoside and nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors, nonnucleoside reverse-transcriptase inhibitors, and integrase inhibitors. Protease inhibitors (darunavir, atazanavir, and ritonavir), viral DNA polymerase inhibitors (acyclovir, valacyclovir, valganciclovir, and tenofovir), and an integrase inhibitor (raltegravir) are included in the list of Top 200 Drugs by sales for the 2010s.
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Interindividual and Intra-Individual Variabilities of Darunavir and Ritonavir Plasma Trough Concentrations in Multidrug Experienced HIV Patients Receiving Salvage Regimens. Ther Drug Monit 2013; 35:785-90. [DOI: 10.1097/ftd.0b013e31829ad690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy for treatment of HIV/AIDS patients: Current status and future prospects and the Indian scenario. HIV & AIDS REVIEW 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.hivar.2012.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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Serrano Vicente MC, Navarro Aznárez H, Carrera Lasfuentes P, Abad Sazatornil MR, Horna Oreja O, Rabanaque Hernández MJ. [Safety and effectiveness of salvage therapy in HIV patients]. FARMACIA HOSPITALARIA 2011; 36:187-93. [PMID: 22099741 DOI: 10.1016/j.farma.2011.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2010] [Revised: 02/28/2011] [Accepted: 03/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The treatment used after failure of at least two lines of antiretroviral treatment in HIV patients is called salvage therapy. The study aims to describe the characteristics of HIV patients subjected to such a regimen, and determine the safety and effectiveness of treatment with tipranavir (TPV), darunavir (DRV), enfuvirtide (ENF) and etravirine (ETR) combined with an optimised antiretroviral regimen. PATIENTS AND METHODS HIV patients treated with ENF, TPV, DRV or ETR in a tertiary hospital infectious diseases department subjected to at least 12 weeks treatment. The patient characteristics are described and the effectiveness, durability and adherence to the treatment analysed. RESULTS There were 28 patients studied, with an average of 10 treatment regimens prior to starting salvage therapy (SD=3.5; 95% CI, 8.9-11.1). A total of 85.7% patients had treatment adherence >90%. For ENF, 70.8% of the treatment lines were suspended during follow-up. After salvage therapy, the percentage of patients with viral load (VL) <400 copies/ml doubled, and cases with undetectable CV (<50 copies/ml) almost tripled. The treatments used did not change the liver or kidney profiles; however, they changed the lipid profile and increased the percentage of patients with hyperglycaemia. CONCLUSIONS The salvage therapy studied was effective. Good adherence to the therapy is critical for its effectiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Serrano Vicente
- Servicio de Farmacia, Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet, Zaragoza, España.
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Zhang J, Zhu L, Stonier M, Coumbis J, Xu X, Wu Y, Arikan D, Farajallah A, Bertz R. Determination of rifabutin dosing regimen when administered in combination with ritonavir-boosted atazanavir. J Antimicrob Chemother 2011; 66:2075-82. [PMID: 21712242 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkr266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Treatment of HIV/tuberculosis (TB) co-infected patients is complex due to drug-drug interactions for these chronic diseases. This study evaluates an intermittent dosing regimen for rifabutin when it is co-administered with ritonavir-boosted atazanavir. PATIENTS AND METHODS A randomized, multiple-dose, parallel-group study was conducted in healthy subjects and these subjects received a daily dose of rifabutin 150 mg (n = 15, reference group) or a twice weekly dose with atazanavir 300 mg/ritonavir 100 mg once daily (n = 18, test group). Serial blood samples were collected at steady-state for pharmacokinetic analysis. Modelling and simulation techniques were utilized, integrating data across several healthy subject studies. This study is known as Study AI424-360 and is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT00646776. RESULTS The pharmacokinetic parameters (C(max), AUC(24avg) and C(min)) for rifabutin (149%, 48% and 40% increase, respectively) and 25-O-desacteyl rifabutin (6.77-, 9.90- and 10.45-fold increases, respectively) were both increased when rifabutin was co-administered with atazanavir/ritonavir than rifabutin 150 mg once daily alone. The study was stopped because subjects experienced more severe declines in neutrophil counts when rifabutin was given with atazanavir/ritonavir than alone. A post-hoc simulation analysis showed that when rifabutin 150 mg was given three times weekly with atazanavir/ritonavir, the average daily exposure of rifabutin was comparable to rifabutin 300 mg once daily, a dose necessary for reducing rifamycin resistance in HIV/TB co-infected patients. CONCLUSIONS The benefits to HIV/TB co-infected patients receiving rifabutin 150 mg three times weekly or every other day may outweigh the risks of neutropenia observed here in non-HIV-infected subjects, provided that patients on combination therapy will be closely monitored for safety and tolerability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Zhang
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, PO Box 5400, Princeton, NJ 08543-5400, USA.
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Yu MJ. Natural Product-Like Virtual Libraries: Recursive Atom-Based Enumeration. J Chem Inf Model 2011; 51:541-57. [DOI: 10.1021/ci1002087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Melvin J. Yu
- Eisai, Inc. 4 Corporate Drive, Andover, Massachusetts 01810, United States
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Long-term successful control of super-multidrug-resistant human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection by a novel combination therapy of raltegravir, etravirine, and boosted-darunavir. J Infect Chemother 2011; 17:105-10. [DOI: 10.1007/s10156-010-0082-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2010] [Accepted: 05/28/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Low frequency of intermittent HIV-1 semen excretion in patients treated with darunavir-ritonavir at 600/100 milligrams twice a day plus two nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors or monotherapy. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2010; 54:4910-3. [PMID: 20713677 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00725-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 RNA level and darunavir concentration in the genital tract were measured in 45 men receiving darunavir-ritonavir mono- or tritherapy. At week 48, a low frequency (3/45) of HIV-1 RNA shedding was observed in patients (1 on monotherapy and 2 on triple therapy), although they had undetectable HIV-1 RNA in plasma. The median darunavir seminal plasma concentration was close to the blood plasma free fraction, demonstrating a good penetration of darunavir into the male genital tract.
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Mehellou Y, De Clercq E. Twenty-Six Years of Anti-HIV Drug Discovery: Where Do We Stand and Where Do We Go? J Med Chem 2009; 53:521-38. [DOI: 10.1021/jm900492g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 305] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Youcef Mehellou
- Center for BioEnergetics, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287
| | - Erik De Clercq
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Minderbroedersstraat 10, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
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Pasquau Liaño J, Hidalgo Tenorio C. [Chemical characteristics, mechanism of action and antiviral activity of darunavir]. Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin 2009; 26 Suppl 10:3-9. [PMID: 19195453 DOI: 10.1016/s0213-005x(08)76547-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Darunavir is the result of wide and in-depth investigation into HIV protease inhibitors (PIs). This drug is a nonpeptide PI, with a distinct chemical structure that, by conferring it drug with enhanced binding affinity and a slower dissociation rate, makes it more potent than the remaining PIs developed to date. Because of its pharmacokinetic characteristics, darunavir must be coadministered with low doses of ritonavir. Furthermore, these characteristics allow oral administration (preferably with meals), once-daily administration in non-resistant HIV strains, and a less complicated treatment regimen with improved convenience in highly varied contexts, including mild-to-moderate renal and hepatic impairment. The potential of darunavir for pharmacological interactions is highly acceptable and this drug can be administered without dose adjustments with almost all antiretroviral agents except maraviroc, lopinavir, saquinavir and tipranavir. There are no problems of pharmacodynamic antagonism with any of these drugs. Cytotoxic doses are well above therapeutic doses, providing a wide safety margin. The spectrum of action is very wide, and darunavir is effective against all subtypes of HIV-1 and against HIV-2 and acts well in mononuclear and monocyte/macrophage cell lines. Darunavir is also active against most HIV strains resistant to the remaining PIs and the robustness of this drug against the known mechanisms of resistance of HIV is also superior to that of the other available PIs. Consequently, the induction and selection of mutations conferring resistance to this drug may be slower and more difficult, resulting in its antiviral effect remaining unchanged for prolonged periods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Pasquau Liaño
- Unidad de Enfermedades Infecciosas. Hospital Virgen de las Nieves. Granada. España.
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Hou T, Zhang W, Wang J, Wang W. Predicting drug resistance of the HIV-1 protease using molecular interaction energy components. Proteins 2009; 74:837-46. [PMID: 18704937 DOI: 10.1002/prot.22192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Drug resistance significantly impairs the efficacy of AIDS therapy. Therefore, precise prediction of resistant viral mutants is particularly useful for developing effective drugs and designing therapeutic regimen. In this study, we applied a structure-based computational approach to predict mutants of the HIV-1 protease resistant to the seven FDA approved drugs. We analyzed the energetic pattern of the protease-drug interaction by calculating the molecular interaction energy components (MIECs) between the drug and the protease residues. Support vector machines (SVMs) were trained on MIECs to classify protease mutants into resistant and nonresistant categories. The high prediction accuracies for the test sets of cross-validations suggested that the MIECs successfully characterized the interaction interface between drugs and the HIV-1 protease. We conducted a proof-of-concept study on a newly approved drug, darunavir (TMC114), on which no drug resistance data were available in the public domain. Compared with amprenavir, our analysis suggested that darunavir might be more potent to combat drug resistance. To quantitatively estimate binding affinities of drugs and study the contributions of protease residues to causing resistance, linear regression models were trained on MIECs using partial least squares (PLS). The MIEC-PLS models also achieved satisfactory prediction accuracy. Analysis of the fitting coefficients of MIECs in the regression model revealed the important resistance mutations and shed light into understanding the mechanisms of these mutations to cause resistance. Our study demonstrated the advantages of characterizing the protease-drug interaction using MIECs. We believe that MIEC-SVM and MIEC-PLS can help design new agents or combination of therapeutic regimens to counter HIV-1 protease resistant strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingjun Hou
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, California 92093, USA
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Abstract
More than 20 individual and fixed-dose combinations of antiretrovirals are approved for the treatment of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. However, owing to the ongoing limitations of drug resistance and adverse effects, new treatment options are still required. A number of promising new agents in existing or new drug classes are in development or have recently been approved by the US FDA. Since these agents will be used in combination with other new and existing antiretrovirals, understanding the potential for drug interactions between these compounds is critical to their appropriate use. This article summarizes the drug interaction potential of new and investigational protease inhibitors (darunavir), non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (etravirine and rilpivirine), chemokine receptor antagonists (maraviroc, vicriviroc and INCB 9471), integrase inhibitors (raltegravir and elvitegravir) and maturation inhibitors (bevirimat).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin C Brown
- School of Pharmacy, Center for AIDS Research Clinical Pharmacology and Analytical Chemistry Core, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
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Sued O, Lattner J, Gun A, Patterson P, Abusamra L, Cesar C, Fink V, Krolewiecki A, Cahn P. Use of darunavir and enfuvirtide in a pregnant woman. Int J STD AIDS 2008; 19:866-7. [DOI: 10.1258/ijsa.2008.008075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A 41-year-old pregnant woman with multiple virological failures started darunavir, enfuvirtide, zidovudine and lamivudine at week 28 of pregnancy. During week 38, the patient had a viral load <400 copies/mL and a CD4 count of 180 cells/mm3 (13%). The child was found to be in good health, with negative HIV-polymerase chain reactions at birth, at two and at six months.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Sued
- Fundación Huèsped, Area de Investigaciones Clinicas, CP1202 Buenos Aires
| | - J Lattner
- Hospital Fernández, Servicio de Infectologia, CP1425 Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - A Gun
- Fundación Huèsped, Area de Investigaciones Clinicas, CP1202 Buenos Aires
| | - P Patterson
- Fundación Huèsped, Area de Investigaciones Clinicas, CP1202 Buenos Aires
| | - L Abusamra
- Fundación Huèsped, Area de Investigaciones Clinicas, CP1202 Buenos Aires
| | - C Cesar
- Fundación Huèsped, Area de Investigaciones Clinicas, CP1202 Buenos Aires
| | - V Fink
- Fundación Huèsped, Area de Investigaciones Clinicas, CP1202 Buenos Aires
| | - A Krolewiecki
- Fundación Huèsped, Area de Investigaciones Clinicas, CP1202 Buenos Aires
| | - P Cahn
- Fundación Huèsped, Area de Investigaciones Clinicas, CP1202 Buenos Aires
- Hospital Fernández, Servicio de Infectologia, CP1425 Buenos Aires, Argentina
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