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Martínez-García J, Molina A, González-Aseguinolaza G, Weber ND, Smerdou C. Gene Therapy for Acquired and Genetic Cholestasis. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10061238. [PMID: 35740260 PMCID: PMC9220166 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10061238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholestatic diseases can be caused by the dysfunction of transporters involved in hepatobiliary circulation. Although pharmacological treatments constitute the current standard of care for these diseases, none are curative, with liver transplantation being the only long-term solution for severe cholestasis, albeit with many disadvantages. Liver-directed gene therapy has shown promising results in clinical trials for genetic diseases, and it could constitute a potential new therapeutic approach for cholestatic diseases. Many preclinical gene therapy studies have shown positive results in animal models of both acquired and genetic cholestasis. The delivery of genes that reduce apoptosis or fibrosis or improve bile flow has shown therapeutic effects in rodents in which cholestasis was induced by drugs or bile duct ligation. Most studies targeting inherited cholestasis, such as progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis (PFIC), have focused on supplementing a correct version of a mutated gene to the liver using viral or non-viral vectors in order to achieve expression of the therapeutic protein. These strategies have generated promising results in treating PFIC3 in mouse models of the disease. However, important challenges remain in translating this therapy to the clinic, as well as in developing gene therapy strategies for other types of acquired and genetic cholestasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Martínez-García
- Division of Gene Therapy and Regulation of Gene Expression, Cima Universidad de Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (J.M.-G.); (A.M.); (G.G.-A.)
| | - Angie Molina
- Division of Gene Therapy and Regulation of Gene Expression, Cima Universidad de Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (J.M.-G.); (A.M.); (G.G.-A.)
| | - Gloria González-Aseguinolaza
- Division of Gene Therapy and Regulation of Gene Expression, Cima Universidad de Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (J.M.-G.); (A.M.); (G.G.-A.)
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdISNA), 31008 Pamplona, Spain
- Vivet Therapeutics S.L., 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Nicholas D. Weber
- Vivet Therapeutics S.L., 31008 Pamplona, Spain
- Correspondence: (N.D.W.); (C.S.); Tel.: +34-948194700 (N.D.W. & C.S.)
| | - Cristian Smerdou
- Division of Gene Therapy and Regulation of Gene Expression, Cima Universidad de Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (J.M.-G.); (A.M.); (G.G.-A.)
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdISNA), 31008 Pamplona, Spain
- Correspondence: (N.D.W.); (C.S.); Tel.: +34-948194700 (N.D.W. & C.S.)
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Qin X, Li S, Li X, Pei D, Liu Y, Ding Y, Liu L, Bi H, Shi X, Guo Y, Fang E, Huang F, Yu L, Zhu L, An Y, Valencia CA, Li Y, Dong B, Zhou Y. Development of an Adeno-Associated Virus-Vectored SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine and Its Immunogenicity in Mice. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:802147. [PMID: 35310850 PMCID: PMC8927296 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.802147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Owing to the outbreak of the novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) worldwide at the end of 2019, the development of a SARS-CoV-2 vaccine became an urgent need. In this study, we developed a type 9 adeno-associated virus vectored vaccine candidate expressing a dimeric receptor binding domain (RBD) of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein (S protein) and evaluated its immunogenicity in a murine model. The vaccine candidate, named AAV9-RBD virus, was constructed by inserting a signal peptide to the N-terminus of two copies of RBD, spaced by a linker, into the genome of a type 9 adeno-associated virus. In vitro assays showed that HeLa cells infected by the recombinant AAV virus expressed high levels of the recombinant RBD protein, mostly found in the cell culture supernatant. The recombinant AAV9-RBD virus was cultured and purified. The genome titer of the purified recombinant AAV9-RBD virus was determined to be 2.4 × 1013 genome copies/mL (GC/mL) by Q-PCR. Balb/c mice were immunized with the virus by intramuscular injection or nasal drip administration. Eight weeks after immunization, neutralizing antibodies against the new coronavirus pseudovirus were detected in the sera of all mice; the mean neutralizing antibody EC50 values were 517.7 ± 292.1 (n=10) and 682.8 ± 454.0 (n=10) in the intramuscular injection group and nasal drip group, respectively. The results of this study showed that the recombinant AAV9-RBD virus may be used for the development of a SARS-CoV-2 vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Qin
- Department of Recombinant Products, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Shanhu Li
- Department of Cell Engineering, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, China
| | - Xiang Li
- Department of Recombinant Products, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Dening Pei
- Department of Recombinant Products, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Liu
- Department of Geriatrics and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Youxue Ding
- Department of Recombinant Products, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Lan Liu
- Department of Recombinant Products, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Hua Bi
- Department of Recombinant Products, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Xinchang Shi
- Department of Recombinant Products, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Guo
- Department of Recombinant Products, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Enyue Fang
- Department of Arboviral Vaccine, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Fang Huang
- Department of Cell Engineering, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Yu
- Department of Recombinant Products, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Liuqiang Zhu
- Department of Recombinant Products, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Yifang An
- Department of Recombinant Products, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - C. Alexander Valencia
- Department of Geriatrics and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuhua Li
- Department of Arboviral Vaccine, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Yuhua Li, ; Biao Dong, ; Yong Zhou,
| | - Biao Dong
- Department of Geriatrics and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Yuhua Li, ; Biao Dong, ; Yong Zhou,
| | - Yong Zhou
- Department of Recombinant Products, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Yuhua Li, ; Biao Dong, ; Yong Zhou,
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Siew SM, Cunningham SC, Zhu E, Tay SS, Venuti E, Bolitho C, Alexander IE. Prevention of Cholestatic Liver Disease and Reduced Tumorigenicity in a Murine Model of PFIC Type 3 Using Hybrid AAV-piggyBac Gene Therapy. Hepatology 2019; 70:2047-2061. [PMID: 31099022 DOI: 10.1002/hep.30773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Recombinant adeno-associated viral (rAAV) vectors are highly promising vehicles for liver-targeted gene transfer, with therapeutic efficacy demonstrated in preclinical models and clinical trials. Progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis type 3 (PFIC3), an inherited juvenile-onset, cholestatic liver disease caused by homozygous mutation of the ABCB4 gene, may be a promising candidate for rAAV-mediated liver-targeted gene therapy. The Abcb4-/- mice model of PFIC3, with juvenile mice developing progressive cholestatic liver injury due to impaired biliary phosphatidylcholine excretion, resulted in cirrhosis and liver malignancy. Using a conventional rAAV strategy, we observed markedly blunted rAAV transduction in adult Abcb4-/- mice with established liver disease, but not in disease-free, wild-type adults or in homozygous juveniles prior to liver disease onset. However, delivery of predominantly nonintegrating rAAV vectors to juvenile mice results in loss of persistent transgene expression due to hepatocyte proliferation in the growing liver. Conclusion: A hybrid vector system, combining the high transduction efficiency of rAAV with piggyBac transposase-mediated somatic integration, was developed to facilitate stable human ABCB4 expression in vivo and to correct juvenile-onset chronic liver disease in a murine model of PFIC3. A single dose of hybrid vector at birth led to life-long restoration of bile composition, prevention of biliary cirrhosis, and a substantial reduction in tumorigenesis. This powerful hybrid rAAV-piggyBac transposon vector strategy has the capacity to mediate lifelong phenotype correction and reduce the tumorigenicity of progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis type 3 and, with further refinement, the potential for human clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan M Siew
- Department of Gastroenterology and James Fairfax Institute of Pediatric Nutrition, Sydney Children's Hospitals Network, Westmead, Australia
- Gene Therapy Research Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney and Sydney Children's Hospitals Network, Westmead, Australia
| | - Sharon C Cunningham
- Gene Therapy Research Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney and Sydney Children's Hospitals Network, Westmead, Australia
| | - Erhua Zhu
- Gene Therapy Research Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney and Sydney Children's Hospitals Network, Westmead, Australia
| | - Szun S Tay
- Gene Therapy Research Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney and Sydney Children's Hospitals Network, Westmead, Australia
| | - Elena Venuti
- Department of Gastroenterology and James Fairfax Institute of Pediatric Nutrition, Sydney Children's Hospitals Network, Westmead, Australia
| | - Christine Bolitho
- Gene Therapy Research Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney and Sydney Children's Hospitals Network, Westmead, Australia
| | - Ian E Alexander
- Gene Therapy Research Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney and Sydney Children's Hospitals Network, Westmead, Australia
- Discipline of Child and Adolescent Health, Sydney Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Westmead, Australia
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Kamimura K, Yokoo T, Abe H, Terai S. Gene Therapy for Liver Cancers: Current Status from Basic to Clinics. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11121865. [PMID: 31769427 PMCID: PMC6966544 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11121865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Revised: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The liver is a key organ for metabolism, protein synthesis, detoxification, and endocrine function, and among liver diseases, including hepatitis, cirrhosis, malignant tumors, and congenital disease, liver cancer is one of the leading causes of cancer-related deaths worldwide. Conventional therapeutic options such as embolization and chemotherapy are not effective against advanced-stage liver cancer; therefore, continuous efforts focus on the development of novel therapeutic options, including molecular targeted agents and gene therapy. In this review, we will summarize the progress toward the development of gene therapies for liver cancer, with an emphasis on recent clinical trials and preclinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenya Kamimura
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-25-227-2207; Fax: +81-25-227-0776
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Hösel M, Huber A, Bohlen S, Lucifora J, Ronzitti G, Puzzo F, Boisgerault F, Hacker UT, Kwanten WJ, Klöting N, Blüher M, Gluschko A, Schramm M, Utermöhlen O, Bloch W, Mingozzi F, Krut O, Büning H. Autophagy determines efficiency of liver-directed gene therapy with adeno-associated viral vectors. Hepatology 2017; 66:252-265. [PMID: 28318036 PMCID: PMC5518300 DOI: 10.1002/hep.29176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2016] [Revised: 02/21/2017] [Accepted: 03/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Use of adeno-associated viral (AAV) vectors for liver-directed gene therapy has shown considerable success, particularly in patients with severe hemophilia B. However, the high vector doses required to reach therapeutic levels of transgene expression caused liver inflammation in some patients that selectively destroyed transduced hepatocytes. We hypothesized that such detrimental immune responses can be avoided by enhancing the efficacy of AAV vectors in hepatocytes. Because autophagy is a key liver response to environmental stresses, we characterized the impact of hepatic autophagy on AAV infection. We found that AAV induced mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR)-dependent autophagy in human hepatocytes. This cell response was critically required for efficient transduction because under conditions of impaired autophagy (pharmacological inhibition, small interfering RNA knockdown of autophagic proteins, or suppression by food intake), recombinant AAV-mediated transgene expression was markedly reduced, both in vitro and in vivo. Taking advantage of this dependence, we employed pharmacological inducers of autophagy to increase the level of autophagy. This resulted in greatly improved transduction efficiency of AAV vectors in human and mouse hepatocytes independent of the transgene, driving promoter, or AAV serotype and was subsequently confirmed in vivo. Specifically, short-term treatment with a single dose of torin 1 significantly increased vector-mediated hepatic expression of erythropoietin in C57BL/6 mice. Similarly, coadministration of rapamycin with AAV vectors resulted in markedly enhanced expression of human acid-α-glucosidase in nonhuman primates. CONCLUSION We identified autophagy as a pivotal cell response determining the efficiency of AAVs intracellular processing in hepatocytes and thus the outcome of liver-directed gene therapy using AAV vectors and showed in a proof-of-principle study how this virus-host interaction can be employed to enhance efficacy of this vector system. (Hepatology 2017;66:252-265).
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianna Hösel
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC)University of CologneCologneGermany,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner sites Bonn‐Cologne and Hannover‐BraunschweigGermany
| | - Anke Huber
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC)University of CologneCologneGermany,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner sites Bonn‐Cologne and Hannover‐BraunschweigGermany
| | - Susanne Bohlen
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and HygieneUniversity of CologneCologneGermany
| | - Julie Lucifora
- INSERM, U1052, Cancer Research Center of Lyon (CRCL)University of LyonLyonFrance
| | | | | | | | - Ulrich T. Hacker
- University Medicine LeipzigUniversity Cancer Center Leipzig (UCCL)LeipzigGermany
| | - Wilhelmus J. Kwanten
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine and Pediatrics (LEMP)University of AntwerpAntwerpBelgium
| | - Nora Klöting
- IFB Adiposity DiseasesUniversity of LeipzigLeipzigGermany
| | | | - Alexander Gluschko
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC)University of CologneCologneGermany,Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and HygieneUniversity of CologneCologneGermany
| | - Michael Schramm
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC)University of CologneCologneGermany,Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and HygieneUniversity of CologneCologneGermany
| | - Olaf Utermöhlen
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC)University of CologneCologneGermany,Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and HygieneUniversity of CologneCologneGermany
| | - Wilhelm Bloch
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Sport MedicineGerman Sport University CologneCologneGermany
| | - Federico Mingozzi
- Genethon and INSERM U951EvryFrance,University Pierre and Marie CurieParisFrance
| | - Oleg Krut
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and HygieneUniversity of CologneCologneGermany
| | - Hildegard Büning
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC)University of CologneCologneGermany,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner sites Bonn‐Cologne and Hannover‐BraunschweigGermany,Institute of Experimental Hematology, Hannover Medical SchoolHannoverGermany
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Pagovich OE, Wang B, Chiuchiolo MJ, Kaminsky SM, Sondhi D, Jose CL, Price CC, Brooks SF, Mezey JG, Crystal RG. Anti-hIgE gene therapy of peanut-induced anaphylaxis in a humanized murine model of peanut allergy. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2016; 138:1652-1662.e7. [PMID: 27372563 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2016.03.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2015] [Revised: 03/09/2016] [Accepted: 03/28/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Peanuts are the most common food to provoke fatal or near-fatal anaphylactic reactions. Treatment with an anti-hIgE mAb is efficacious but requires frequent parenteral administration. OBJECTIVE Based on the knowledge that peanut allergy is mediated by peanut-specific IgE, we hypothesized that a single administration of an adeno-associated virus (AAV) gene transfer vector encoding for anti-hIgE would protect against repeated peanut exposure in the host with peanut allergy. METHODS We developed a novel humanized murine model of peanut allergy that recapitulates the human anaphylactic response to peanuts in NOD-scid IL2Rgammanull mice transferred with blood mononuclear cells from donors with peanut allergy and then sensitized with peanut extract. As therapy, we constructed an adeno-associated rh.10 serotype vector coding for a full-length, high-affinity, anti-hIgE antibody derived from the Fab fragment of the anti-hIgE mAb omalizumab (AAVrh.10anti-hIgE). In the reconstituted mice peanut-specific IgE was induced by peanut sensitization and hypersensitivity, and reactions were provoked by feeding peanuts to mice with symptoms similar to those of human subjects with peanut allergy. RESULTS A single administration of AAVrh.10anti-hIgE vector expressed persistent levels of anti-hIgE. The anti-hIgE vector, administered either before sensitization or after peanut sensitization and manifestation of the peanut-induced phenotype, blocked IgE-mediated alterations in peanut-induced histamine release, anaphylaxis scores, locomotor activity, and free IgE levels and protected animals from death caused by anaphylaxis. CONCLUSION If this degree of persistent efficacy translates to human subjects, AAVrh.10anti-hIgE could be an effective 1-time preventative therapy for peanut allergy and possibly other severe, IgE-mediated allergies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Odelya E Pagovich
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY
| | - Bo Wang
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY; Department of Respiratory Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Sichuan, China
| | - Maria J Chiuchiolo
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY
| | - Stephen M Kaminsky
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY
| | - Dolan Sondhi
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY
| | - Clarisse L Jose
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY
| | - Christina C Price
- Departments of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Conn
| | - Sarah F Brooks
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY
| | - Jason G Mezey
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY; Department of Biological Statistics and Computational Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY
| | - Ronald G Crystal
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY.
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Wang YG, Huang PP, Zhang R, Ma BY, Zhou XM, Sun YF. Targeting adeno-associated virus and adenoviral gene therapy for hepatocellular carcinoma. World J Gastroenterol 2016; 22:326-337. [PMID: 26755879 PMCID: PMC4698495 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v22.i1.326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2015] [Revised: 09/14/2015] [Accepted: 09/30/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) heavily endangers human heath worldwide. HCC is one of most frequent cancers in China because patients with liver disease, such as chronic hepatitis, have the highest cancer susceptibility. Traditional therapeutic approaches have limited efficacy in advanced liver cancer, and novel strategies are urgently needed to improve the limited treatment options for HCC. This review summarizes the basic knowledge, current advances, and future challenges and prospects of adeno-associated virus (AAV) and adenoviruses as vectors for gene therapy of HCC. This paper also reviews the clinical trials of gene therapy using adenovirus vectors, immunotherapy, toxicity and immunological barriers for AAV and adenoviruses, and proposes several alternative strategies to overcome the therapeutic barriers to using AAV and adenoviruses as vectors.
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Liu S, Jackson A, Beloor J, Kumar P, Sutton RE. Adenovirus-Vectored Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies Directed Against gp120 Prevent Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Acquisition in Humanized Mice. Hum Gene Ther 2015; 26:622-34. [PMID: 25953321 PMCID: PMC4575530 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2014.146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2014] [Accepted: 04/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite nearly three decades of research, a safe and effective vaccine against human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) has yet to be achieved. More recently, the discovery of highly potent anti-gp160 broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) has garnered renewed interest in using antibody-based prophylactic and therapeutic approaches. Here, we encoded bNAbs in first-generation adenoviral (ADV) vectors, which have the distinctive features of a large coding capacity and ease of propagation. A single intramuscular injection of ADV-vectorized bNAbs in humanized mice generated high serum levels of bNAbs that provided protection against multiple repeated challenges with a high dose of HIV-1, prevented depletion of peripheral CD4(+) T cells, and reduced plasma viral loads to below detection limits. Our results suggest that ADV vectors may be a viable option for the prophylactic and perhaps therapeutic use of bNAbs in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Priti Kumar
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Richard E. Sutton
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
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Sato Y, Nakamura T, Yamada Y, Akita H, Harashima H. Multifunctional enveloped nanodevices (MENDs). ADVANCES IN GENETICS 2015; 88:139-204. [PMID: 25409606 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-800148-6.00006-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
It is anticipated that nucleic acid medicines will be in widespread use in the future, since they have the potential to cure diseases based on molecular mechanisms at the level of gene expression. However, intelligent delivery systems are required to achieve nucleic acid therapy, since they can perform their function only when they reach the intracellular site of action. We have been developing a multifunctional envelope-type nanodevice abbreviated as MEND, which consists of functional nucleic acids as a core and lipid envelope, and can control not only biodistribution but also the intracellular trafficking of nucleic acids. In this chapter, we review the development and evolution of the MEND by providing several successful examples, including the R8-MEND, the KALA-MEND, the MITO-Porter, the YSK-MEND, and the PALM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Sato
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo City, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Takashi Nakamura
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo City, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Yuma Yamada
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo City, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Hidetaka Akita
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo City, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Hideyoshi Harashima
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo City, Hokkaido, Japan
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION An estimated 25 million Americans are living with rare diseases. Adeno-associated virus (AAV)-mediated gene therapy is an emerging therapeutic option for the more than 7,000 identified rare diseases. This paper highlights the benefits of AAV therapy compared to conventional small molecules, discusses current pre-clinical and clinical applications of AAV-mediated gene therapy, and offers insights into cutting edge research that will shape the future of AAV for broad therapeutic use. AREAS COVERED In this review the biology of AAV and our ability to generate disease-specific variants is summarized. Limitations of current therapy are reviewed, with an emphasis on immune detection of virus, viral tropism and tissue targeting, and limitations of gene expression. Information for this review was found using PubMed and clinicaltrials.gov. EXPERT OPINION Currently the scope of clinical trials of AAV gene therapy is concentrated in an array of phase I/II safety trials with less than two dozen rare diseases featured. Pre-clinical, translational studies are expanding in number as developments within the last decade have made generation of improved AAV vectors available to more researchers. Further, one bottleneck that is being overcome is the availability of disease models, which will allow for improved preclinical testing and advancement of AAV to more clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Hastie
- Gene Therapy Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 7119 Thurston Bowles Building (104 Manning Drive), Campus Box 7352, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599-7352, United States
| | - R Jude Samulski
- Gene Therapy Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 7119 Thurston Bowles Building (104 Manning Drive), Campus Box 7352, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599-7352, United States; Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 7119 Thurston Bowles Building (104 Manning Drive), Campus Box 7352, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599-7352, United States
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11
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Ukawa M, Akita H, Hayashi Y, Ishiba R, Tange K, Arai M, Kubo K, Higuchi Y, Shimizu K, Konishi S, Hashida M, Harashima H. Neutralized nanoparticle composed of SS-cleavable and pH-activated lipid-like material as a long-lasting and liver-specific gene delivery system. Adv Healthc Mater 2014; 3:1222-9. [PMID: 24668914 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201300629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2013] [Revised: 02/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Charge-neutralized lipid envelope-type nanoparticles formed with SS-cleavable and pH-activated lipid-like materials (ssPalm) accumulate rapidly in the liver without forming aggregates in the blood circulation, and result in a liver-specific gene expression for a long duration (>2 weeks) with neither immunological responses nor hepatotoxicity after intraveneous administration, when it carries pDNA free from CpG-motifs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masami Ukawa
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University; Kita12 Nishi6, Kita-ku Sapporo City Hokkaido 060-0812 Japan
| | - Hidetaka Akita
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University; Kita12 Nishi6, Kita-ku Sapporo City Hokkaido 060-0812 Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Hayashi
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University; Kita12 Nishi6, Kita-ku Sapporo City Hokkaido 060-0812 Japan
| | - Ryohei Ishiba
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University; Kita12 Nishi6, Kita-ku Sapporo City Hokkaido 060-0812 Japan
| | - Kota Tange
- NOF Corporation; 3-3 Chidori-cho, Kawasaki-ku Kawasaki Kanagawa 210-0865 Japan
| | - Masaya Arai
- NOF Corporation; 3-3 Chidori-cho, Kawasaki-ku Kawasaki Kanagawa 210-0865 Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Kubo
- NOF Corporation; 3-3 Chidori-cho, Kawasaki-ku Kawasaki Kanagawa 210-0865 Japan
| | - Yuriko Higuchi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University; 46-28 Yoshida-Shimo-Adachi-cho, Sakyo-ku Kyoto 606-8501 Japan
| | - Kazunori Shimizu
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University; 46-28 Yoshida-Shimo-Adachi-cho, Sakyo-ku Kyoto 606-8501 Japan
- Ritsumeikan-Global Innovation Research Organization, Ritsumeikan University; 1-1-1 Nojihigashi Kusatsu Shiga 525-8577 Japan
| | - Satoshi Konishi
- Ritsumeikan-Global Innovation Research Organization, Ritsumeikan University; 1-1-1 Nojihigashi Kusatsu Shiga 525-8577 Japan
- Department of Micro System Technology; Ritsumeikan University; 1-1-1 Nojihigashi Kusatsu Shiga 525-8577 Japan
| | - Mitsuru Hashida
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University; 46-28 Yoshida-Shimo-Adachi-cho, Sakyo-ku Kyoto 606-8501 Japan
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (iCeMS), Kyoto University; Yoshida-Ushinomiya-cho, Sakyo-ku Kyoto 606-8302 Japan
| | - Hideyoshi Harashima
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University; Kita12 Nishi6, Kita-ku Sapporo City Hokkaido 060-0812 Japan
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12
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Sun CP, Wu TH, Chen CC, Wu PY, Shih YM, Tsuneyama K, Tao MH. Studies of efficacy and liver toxicity related to adeno-associated virus-mediated RNA interference. Hum Gene Ther 2014; 24:739-50. [PMID: 23829557 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2012.239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Adeno-associated virus (AAV)-mediated RNA interference shows promise as a therapy for chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection, but its low efficacy and hepatotoxicity pose major challenges. We have generated AAV vectors containing different promoters and a panel of HBV-specific short hairpin RNAs (shRNAs) to investigate factors that contribute to the efficacy and pathogenesis of AAV-mediated RNA interference. HBV transgenic mice injected with high doses of AAV vectors containing the U6 promoter produced abundant shRNAs, transiently inhibited HBV, but induced severe hepatotoxicity. Sustained HBV suppression without liver toxicity can be achieved by lowering the dose of AAV-U6 vectors. AAVs containing the weaker H1 promoter did not cause liver injury, but their therapeutic efficacy was highly dependent on the sequence of the shRNA. Mice treated with the toxic U6-promoter-driven shRNA showed little change in hepatic microRNA levels, but a dramatic increase in hepatic leukocytes and inflammatory cytokines and chemokines. Hepatotoxicity was completely absent in immunodeficient mice and significantly alleviated in wild-type mice depleted of macrophages and granulocytes, suggesting that host inflammatory responses are the major cause of liver injury induced by the overexpressed shRNAs from AAV-U6 vectors. Our results demonstrate that selection of a highly potent shRNA and control its expression level is critical to achieve sustained HBV suppression without inducing inflammatory side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Pu Sun
- Molecular Medicine Program, Taiwan International Graduate Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
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13
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Hydrodynamic transfection for generation of novel mouse models for liver cancer research. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2014; 184:912-923. [PMID: 24480331 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2013.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 255] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2013] [Revised: 12/10/2013] [Accepted: 12/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Primary liver cancers, including hepatocellular carcinoma and intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma, are leading causes of cancer-related death worldwide. Recent large-scale genomic approaches have identified a wide number of genes whose deregulation is associated with hepatocellular carcinoma and intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma development. Murine models are critical tools to determine the oncogenic potential of these genes. Conventionally, transgenic or knockout mouse models are used for this purpose. However, several limitations apply to the latter models. Herein, we review a novel approach for stable gene expression in mouse hepatocytes by hydrodynamic injection in combination with Sleeping Beauty-mediated somatic integration. This method represents a flexible, reliable, and cost-effective tool to generate preclinical murine models for liver cancer research. Furthermore, it can be used as an in vivo transfection method to study biochemical cross talks among multiple pathways along hepatocarcinogenesis and to test the therapeutic potential of drugs against liver cancer.
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14
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A current update on the rule of alternative and complementary medicine in the treatment of liver diseases. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2013; 2013:321234. [PMID: 24109491 PMCID: PMC3784269 DOI: 10.1155/2013/321234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2013] [Accepted: 08/02/2013] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
There is a vast body of knowledge which is ever-increasing about the treatment of liver disease with alternative and complementary medicine for which hundreds of thousands of literatures have been documented. Liver disease is a general term. This term covers all the potential problems that cause the liver to fail to perform its specified operations. Liver disease has a variety of presentations and causes a great public health problem worldwide which threatens the wellness of billions of people. Incidences of many types of liver disease are currently rising. Although there is still a debate about the entity of alternative and complementary medicine, it is now widely used and it is improving. And it covers the shortages and compensates for the weaknesses of conventional methods in the treatment of liver diseases. Alternative and complementary medicine for liver diseases provides benefits by regulating immunity, controlling disease progression, improving quality of life, and prolonging survival. This paper reviews the increasing interest and growing research into alternative and complementary medicine for liver diseases, with a look at the rough classification, principle of management, evidence-based applications, and issues for prescription and perspectives.
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15
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Hao Z, Yang X, Lv Y, Li S, Purbey BK, Su H. Intracolonically administered adeno-associated virus-bone morphogenetic protein-7 ameliorates dextran sulphate sodium-induced acute colitis in rats. J Gene Med 2012; 14:482-90. [PMID: 22700475 DOI: 10.1002/jgm.2642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The current treatment of ulcerative colitis (UC) is less than ideal and has room for improvement. Bone morphogenetic protein-7 (BMP-7) exerts a protective effect on experimental UC. Hence, we considered that intracolonically (i.c.) administered adeno-associated virus (AAV) delivering BMP-7 might have therapeutic potential for UC. METHODS Recombinant AAV type 2 vectors carrying enhanced green fluorescence protein (AAV-EGFP), LacZ (AAV-LacZ) and BMP-7 (AAV-BMP-7) were generated. Bioluminescence imaging, β-galactosidase assay and western blotting were applied to determine the colonic expression of EGFP, LacZ and BMP-7, respectively, after i.c. administration of the AAVs. Disease activity index (DAI) was observed daily during the 7 days of dextran sulphate sodium (DSS) treatment initiated 4 days after i.c. AAV-BMP-7, AAV-LacZ or phosphate-buffered saline. The colonic pathological morphology, mucosal myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity, malondialdehyde content, superoxide dismutase activity and proliferating cell nuclear antigen were determined at the end of DSS treatment. RESULTS When i.c administered to rats, AAV could efficiently transduce the colonic mucosa. Enema with AAV-BMP-7 significantly ameliorated DSS-induced colitis as indicated by reduced DAI, decreased macroscopic and histological scores and declined MPO activity compared to the controls. Furthermore i.c. AAV-BMP-7 significantly prevented oxidant damage and attenuated complementary mucosal cell proliferation in the DSS-treated rat colons. CONCLUSIONS Our data demonstrate that i.c. administration of AAV-BMP-7 efficiently mediates the ectopic BMP-7 expression in rat colon and further ameliorates DSS-induced UC in rats, suggesting that i.c. AAV-BMP-7 has the potential to be developed into an alternative therapeutic measure for the treatment of UC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiming Hao
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.
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16
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Abstract
Owing to the tremendous effort from both academia and industry, drug development for hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection has been flourishing, with a range of pipeline compounds at various stages of development. Although combination of the recently launched serine protease inhibitors will further improve the response rate of current interferon-based therapy, some intrinsic limitations of these compounds and the tendency of resistance development by the virus, urge the development of alternative or additional therapeutic strategies. In this article we provide an overview of different host and viral factors which have emerged as new potential targets for therapeutic intervention using state-of-the-art technologies.
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17
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Hao ZM, Cai M, Lv YF, Huang YH, Li HH. Oral administration of recombinant adeno-associated virus-mediated bone morphogenetic protein-7 suppresses CCl(4)-induced hepatic fibrosis in mice. Mol Ther 2012; 20:2043-51. [PMID: 22850680 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2012.148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibrogenesis and hepatocyte degeneration are the main pathological processes in chronic liver diseases. Transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) is the key profibrotic cytokine in hepatic fibrosis. Bone morphogenetic protein-7 (BMP-7) is a potent antagonist of TGF-β1 and an antifibrotic factor. In this study, we generated a recombinant adeno-associated virus carrying BMP-7 (AAV-BMP-7) and tested its ability to suppress carbon tetrachloride (CCl(4))-induced hepatic fibrosis when orally administered to mice. Our results show that the ectopic expression of BMP-7 in gastrointestinal (GI) mucosa due to the AAV-BMP-7 administration led to the long-term elevation of serum BMP-7 concentrations and resulted in the drastic amelioration of CCl(4)-induced hepatic fibrosis in BALB/c mice. Immunostaining for α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) and desmin demonstrated that AAV-BMP-7 inhibited the activation of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) in the fibrotic mouse liver. Moreover, the ectopic expression of BMP-7 promoted hepatocyte proliferation, as confirmed by an increase in the amount of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA)-positive hepatocytes in the mice that received AAV-BMP-7. Our results clearly indicate that BMP-7 is capable of inhibiting hepatic fibrosis and promoting hepatocyte regeneration. We suggest that oral AAV-BMP-7 could be developed into a safe, simple, and effective therapy for hepatic fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Ming Hao
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.
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18
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Recombinant adeno-associated virus: clinical application and development as a gene-therapy vector. Ther Deliv 2012; 3:835-56. [DOI: 10.4155/tde.12.63] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Gene therapy is gaining momentum as a method of treating human disease. Initially conceived as a strategy to complement defective genes in monogenic disorders, the scope of gene therapy has expanded to encompass a variety of applications. Likewise, the molecular tools for gene delivery have evolved and diversified to meet these various therapeutic needs. Recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV) has made significant strides toward clinical application with an excellent safety profile and successes in several clinical trials. This review covers the basic biology of rAAV as a gene therapy vector as well as its advantages compared with other methods of gene delivery. The status of clinical trials utilizing rAAV is also discussed in detail. In conclusion, methods of engineering the vector to overcome challenges identified from these trials are covered, with emphasis on modification of the viral capsid to increase the tissue/cell-specific targeting and transduction efficiency.
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19
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Human galectin 3 binding protein interacts with recombinant adeno-associated virus type 6. J Virol 2012; 86:6620-31. [PMID: 22496229 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00297-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Recombinant adeno-associated viruses (rAAVs) hold enormous potential for human gene therapy. Despite the well-established safety and efficacy of rAAVs for in vivo gene transfer, there is still little information concerning the fate of vectors in blood following systemic delivery. We screened for serum proteins interacting with different AAV serotypes in humans, macaques, dogs, and mice. We report that serotypes rAAV-1, -5, and -6 but not serotypes rAAV-2, -7, -8, -9, and -10 interact in human sera with galectin 3 binding protein (hu-G3BP), a soluble scavenger receptor. Among the three serotypes, rAAV-6 has the most important capacities for binding to G3BP. rAAV-6 also bound G3BP in dog sera but not in macaque and mouse sera. In mice, rAAV-6 interacted with another protein of the innate immune system, C-reactive protein (CRP). Furthermore, interaction of hu-G3BP with rAAV-6 led to the formation of aggregates and hampered transduction when the two were codelivered into the mouse. Based on these data, we propose that species-specific interactions of AAVs with blood proteins may differentially impact vector distribution and efficacy in different animal models.
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Pan Q, van der Laan LJW, Janssen HLA, Peppelenbosch MP. A dynamic perspective of RNAi library development. Trends Biotechnol 2012; 30:206-15. [PMID: 22305928 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2012.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2011] [Revised: 01/09/2012] [Accepted: 01/09/2012] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Shortly after the dissertation of the mechanism of RNA interference (RNAi), various RNAi libraries for invertebrates, plants or mammals that enable loss-of-function genetic screens on a genome-wide scale have been developed. Joint academic and industrial effort has led to the commercial launch of many of these libraries and this field is expected to continuously evolve at incredible speed. This article comparatively reviews the principles and applications of different RNAi libraries: from earlier synthetic to recent lentiviral RNAi libraries. The unique properties and limitations of each library will be important references for instigators to choose a particular library for their specific application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuwei Pan
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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He G, Lei W, Wang S, Xiao R, Guo K, Xia Y, Zhou X, Zhang K, Liu X, Wang Y. Overexpression of tumor suppressor TSLC1 by a survivin-regulated oncolytic adenovirus significantly inhibits hepatocellular carcinoma growth. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2012; 138:657-70. [PMID: 22237452 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-011-1138-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2011] [Accepted: 12/20/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common malignant tumors worldwide. Oncolytic viruses represent a promising therapeutic agent or vehicle to human cancers due to their ability of selectively lysing cancer cells but not in normal cells. TSLC1, a novel tumor suppressor gene, was loss in many human cancers including HCC, not in normal cells. The current study is focused on the antitumor effect of TSLC1-armed survivin-regulated oncolytic adenovirus for HCC and to explore their molecular mechanism. METHODS The expression of tumor suppressor TSLC1 and survivin was detected by quantitative PCR. The recombinant virus Ad.SP-E1A-E1B((Δ55))-TSLC1 (brief name as SD55-TSLC1) was constructed by inserting TSLC1 gene into the dual-regulated oncolytic adenovirus vector Ad.SP-E1A-E1B((Δ55)). Then, we performed the antitumor experiments of SD55-TSLC1 in vitro and in nude mice xenografted with Huh7 liver cancer. RESULTS The expression of TSLC1 was lower in HCC cells than in normal cells, which implied TSLC1 is a tumor suppressor of liver cancer. Survivin expression is higher in detected HCC cells than in normal cells. The SD55-TSLC1 exhibited an excellent antitumor effect on HCC cell growth in vitro but does no or little damage to normal liver cells. Animal experiment further confirmed that SD55-TSLC1 achieved significant inhibition of Huh7 liver cancer xenografted growth. Furthermore, the mechanism of antitumor efficacy by SD55-TSLC1 was elucidated to be due to the activation of caspase apoptotic pathway including the inducement of caspase-3, caspase-8, and poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase cleavage. This is the first report of TSLC1 by oncolytic adenovirus with an excellent antitumor effect to liver cancer growth. CONCLUSION These data suggest that an oncolytic adenovirus expressing TSLC1 is effective and support that SD55-TSLC1 may be a potent antitumoral agent for future clinical trials of liver cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoqing He
- Xinyuan Institute of Medicine and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, No. 2 Road Xiasha District, Hangzhou 310018, China
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