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Peng C, Chen J, Wu R, Jiang H, Li J. Unraveling the complex roles of macrophages in obese adipose tissue: an overview. Front Med 2024; 18:205-236. [PMID: 38165533 DOI: 10.1007/s11684-023-1033-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Macrophages, a heterogeneous population of innate immune cells, exhibit remarkable plasticity and play pivotal roles in coordinating immune responses and maintaining tissue homeostasis within the context of metabolic diseases. The activation of inflammatory macrophages in obese adipose tissue leads to detrimental effects, inducing insulin resistance through increased inflammation, impaired thermogenesis, and adipose tissue fibrosis. Meanwhile, adipose tissue macrophages also play a beneficial role in maintaining adipose tissue homeostasis by regulating angiogenesis, facilitating the clearance of dead adipocytes, and promoting mitochondrial transfer. Exploring the heterogeneity of macrophages in obese adipose tissue is crucial for unraveling the pathogenesis of obesity and holds significant potential for targeted therapeutic interventions. Recently, the dual effects and some potential regulatory mechanisms of macrophages in adipose tissue have been elucidated using single-cell technology. In this review, we present a comprehensive overview of the intricate activation mechanisms and diverse functions of macrophages in adipose tissue during obesity, as well as explore the potential of drug delivery systems targeting macrophages, aiming to enhance the understanding of current regulatory mechanisms that may be potentially targeted for treating obesity or metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Jun Chen
- Department of Prosthodontics, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Advanced Dental Technology and Materials, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology & Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Rui Wu
- Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, 310000, China
| | - Haowen Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China.
| | - Jia Li
- Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, 310000, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China.
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2
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Chen T, Deng J, Zhang Y, Liu B, Liu R, Zhu Y, Zhou M, Lin Y, Xia B, Lin K, Ma X, Zhang H. The construction of modular universal chimeric antigen receptor T (MU-CAR-T) cells by covalent linkage of allogeneic T cells and various antibody fragments. Mol Cancer 2024; 23:53. [PMID: 38468291 PMCID: PMC10926606 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-024-01938-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chimeric antigen receptor-T (CAR-T) cells therapy is one of the novel immunotherapeutic approaches with significant clinical success. However, their applications are limited because of long preparation time, high cost, and interpersonal variations. Although the manufacture of universal CAR-T (U-CAR-T) cells have significantly improved, they are still not a stable and unified cell bank. METHODS Here, we tried to further improve the convenience and flexibility of U-CAR-T cells by constructing novel modular universal CAR-T (MU-CAR-T) cells. For this purpose, we initially screened healthy donors and cultured their T cells to obtain a higher proportion of stem cell-like memory T (TSCM) cells, which exhibit robust self-renewal capacity, sustainability and cytotoxicity. To reduce the alloreactivity, the T cells were further edited by double knockout of the T cell receptor (TCR) and class I human leukocyte antigen (HLA-I) genes utilizing the CRISPR/Cas9 system. The well-growing and genetically stable universal cells carrying the CAR-moiety were then stored as a stable and unified cell bank. Subsequently, the SDcatcher/GVoptiTag system, which generate an isopeptide bond, was used to covalently connect the purified scFvs of antibody targeting different antigens to the recovered CAR-T cells. RESULTS The resulting CAR-T cells can perform different functions by specifically targeting various cells, such as the eradication of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1)-latenly-infected cells or elimination of T lymphoma cells, with similar efficiency as the traditional CAR-T cells did. CONCLUSION Taken together, our strategy allows the production of CAR-T cells more modularization, and makes the quality control and pharmaceutic manufacture of CAR-T cells more feasible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Chen
- Institute of Human Virology, Department of Pathogen Biology and Biosecurity, Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control of Ministry Education, Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Antimicrobial Agent and Immunotechnology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
- Guangzhou National Laboratory, Guangzhou International Bio-Island, Guangzhou, 510005, China
| | - Jieyi Deng
- Institute of Human Virology, Department of Pathogen Biology and Biosecurity, Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control of Ministry Education, Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Antimicrobial Agent and Immunotechnology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Yongli Zhang
- Institute of Human Virology, Department of Pathogen Biology and Biosecurity, Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control of Ministry Education, Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Antimicrobial Agent and Immunotechnology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Bingfeng Liu
- Institute of Human Virology, Department of Pathogen Biology and Biosecurity, Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control of Ministry Education, Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Antimicrobial Agent and Immunotechnology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Ruxin Liu
- Institute of Human Virology, Department of Pathogen Biology and Biosecurity, Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control of Ministry Education, Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Antimicrobial Agent and Immunotechnology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Yiqiang Zhu
- Institute of Human Virology, Department of Pathogen Biology and Biosecurity, Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control of Ministry Education, Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Antimicrobial Agent and Immunotechnology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
- Guangzhou National Laboratory, Guangzhou International Bio-Island, Guangzhou, 510005, China
| | - Mo Zhou
- Institute of Human Virology, Department of Pathogen Biology and Biosecurity, Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control of Ministry Education, Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Antimicrobial Agent and Immunotechnology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Yingtong Lin
- Institute of Human Virology, Department of Pathogen Biology and Biosecurity, Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control of Ministry Education, Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Antimicrobial Agent and Immunotechnology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Baijin Xia
- Institute of Human Virology, Department of Pathogen Biology and Biosecurity, Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control of Ministry Education, Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Antimicrobial Agent and Immunotechnology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Keming Lin
- Institute of Human Virology, Department of Pathogen Biology and Biosecurity, Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control of Ministry Education, Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Antimicrobial Agent and Immunotechnology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Xiancai Ma
- Guangzhou National Laboratory, Guangzhou International Bio-Island, Guangzhou, 510005, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511400, China.
| | - Hui Zhang
- Institute of Human Virology, Department of Pathogen Biology and Biosecurity, Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control of Ministry Education, Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Antimicrobial Agent and Immunotechnology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China.
- Guangzhou National Laboratory, Guangzhou International Bio-Island, Guangzhou, 510005, China.
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3
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Peng M, Chu X, Peng Y, Li D, Zhang Z, Wang W, Zhou X, Xiao D, Yang X. Targeted therapies in bladder cancer: signaling pathways, applications, and challenges. MedComm (Beijing) 2023; 4:e455. [PMID: 38107059 PMCID: PMC10724512 DOI: 10.1002/mco2.455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Bladder cancer (BC) is one of the most prevalent malignancies in men. Understanding molecular characteristics via studying signaling pathways has made tremendous breakthroughs in BC therapies. Thus, targeted therapies including immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs), and tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) have markedly improved advanced BC outcomes over the last few years. However, the considerable patients still progress after a period of treatment with current therapeutic regimens. Therefore, it is crucial to guide future drug development to improve BC survival, based on the molecular characteristics of BC and clinical outcomes of existing drugs. In this perspective, we summarize the applications and benefits of these targeted drugs and highlight our understanding of mechanisms of low response rates and immune escape of ICIs, ADCs toxicity, and TKI resistance. We also discuss potential solutions to these problems. In addition, we underscore the future drug development of targeting metabolic reprogramming and cancer stem cells (CSCs) with a deep understanding of their signaling pathways features. We expect that finding biomarkers, developing novo drugs and designing clinical trials with precisely selected patients and rationalized drugs will dramatically improve the quality of life and survival of patients with advanced BC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Peng
- Department of PharmacyXiangya HospitalCentral South UniversityChangshaHunanChina
- Key Laboratory of Study and Discovery of Small Targeted Molecules of Hunan ProvinceThe Research Center of Reproduction and Translational Medicine of Hunan ProvinceKey Laboratory of Chemical Biology & Traditional Chinese Medicine Research of Ministry of EducationDepartment of PharmacySchool of MedicineHunan Normal UniversityChangshaHunanChina
| | - Xuetong Chu
- Key Laboratory of Study and Discovery of Small Targeted Molecules of Hunan ProvinceThe Research Center of Reproduction and Translational Medicine of Hunan ProvinceKey Laboratory of Chemical Biology & Traditional Chinese Medicine Research of Ministry of EducationDepartment of PharmacySchool of MedicineHunan Normal UniversityChangshaHunanChina
| | - Yan Peng
- Key Laboratory of Study and Discovery of Small Targeted Molecules of Hunan ProvinceThe Research Center of Reproduction and Translational Medicine of Hunan ProvinceKey Laboratory of Chemical Biology & Traditional Chinese Medicine Research of Ministry of EducationDepartment of PharmacySchool of MedicineHunan Normal UniversityChangshaHunanChina
| | - Duo Li
- Key Laboratory of Study and Discovery of Small Targeted Molecules of Hunan ProvinceThe Research Center of Reproduction and Translational Medicine of Hunan ProvinceKey Laboratory of Chemical Biology & Traditional Chinese Medicine Research of Ministry of EducationDepartment of PharmacySchool of MedicineHunan Normal UniversityChangshaHunanChina
| | - Zhirong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Study and Discovery of Small Targeted Molecules of Hunan ProvinceThe Research Center of Reproduction and Translational Medicine of Hunan ProvinceKey Laboratory of Chemical Biology & Traditional Chinese Medicine Research of Ministry of EducationDepartment of PharmacySchool of MedicineHunan Normal UniversityChangshaHunanChina
| | - Weifan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Study and Discovery of Small Targeted Molecules of Hunan ProvinceThe Research Center of Reproduction and Translational Medicine of Hunan ProvinceKey Laboratory of Chemical Biology & Traditional Chinese Medicine Research of Ministry of EducationDepartment of PharmacySchool of MedicineHunan Normal UniversityChangshaHunanChina
| | - Xiaochen Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Study and Discovery of Small Targeted Molecules of Hunan ProvinceThe Research Center of Reproduction and Translational Medicine of Hunan ProvinceKey Laboratory of Chemical Biology & Traditional Chinese Medicine Research of Ministry of EducationDepartment of PharmacySchool of MedicineHunan Normal UniversityChangshaHunanChina
| | - Di Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Study and Discovery of Small Targeted Molecules of Hunan ProvinceThe Research Center of Reproduction and Translational Medicine of Hunan ProvinceKey Laboratory of Chemical Biology & Traditional Chinese Medicine Research of Ministry of EducationDepartment of PharmacySchool of MedicineHunan Normal UniversityChangshaHunanChina
| | - Xiaoping Yang
- Key Laboratory of Study and Discovery of Small Targeted Molecules of Hunan ProvinceThe Research Center of Reproduction and Translational Medicine of Hunan ProvinceKey Laboratory of Chemical Biology & Traditional Chinese Medicine Research of Ministry of EducationDepartment of PharmacySchool of MedicineHunan Normal UniversityChangshaHunanChina
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Maiti R, Patel B, Patel N, Patel M, Patel A, Dhanesha N. Antibody drug conjugates as targeted cancer therapy: past development, present challenges and future opportunities. Arch Pharm Res 2023; 46:361-388. [PMID: 37071273 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-023-01447-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/26/2023] [Indexed: 04/19/2023]
Abstract
Antibody drug conjugates (ADCs) are promising cancer therapeutics with minimal toxicity as compared to small cytotoxic molecules alone and have shown the evidence to overcome resistance against tumor and prevent relapse of cancer. The ADC has a potential to change the paradigm of cancer chemotherapeutic treatment. At present, 13 ADCs have been approved by USFDA for the treatment of various types of solid tumor and haematological malignancies. This review covers the three structural components of an ADC-antibody, linker, and cytotoxic payload-along with their respective structure, chemistry, mechanism of action, and influence on the activity of ADCs. It covers comprehensive insight on structural role of linker towards efficacy, stability & toxicity of ADCs, different types of linkers & various conjugation techniques. A brief overview of various analytical techniques used for the qualitative and quantitative analysis of ADC is summarized. The current challenges of ADCs, such as heterogeneity, bystander effect, protein aggregation, inefficient internalization or poor penetration into tumor cells, narrow therapeutic index, emergence of resistance, etc., are outlined along with recent advances and future opportunities for the development of more promising next-generation ADCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritwik Maiti
- Institute of Pharmacy, Nirma University, Ahmedabad, 382481, Gujarat, India
| | - Bhumika Patel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Nirma University, Ahmedabad, 382481, Gujarat, India.
| | - Nrupesh Patel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Institute of Pharmacy, Nirma University, Ahmedabad, 382481, Gujarat, India
| | - Mehul Patel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Analysis, Ramanbhai Patel College of Pharmacy, Charotar University of Science and Technology, CHARUSAT Campus, Changa, 388421, Gujarat, India
| | - Alkesh Patel
- Department of Pharmacology, Ramanbhai Patel College of Pharmacy, Charotar University of Science and Technology, CHARUSAT Campus, Changa, 388421, Gujarat, India
| | - Nirav Dhanesha
- Department of Pathology and Translational Pathobiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, 71103, USA.
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Macrophage Phenotyping in Atherosclerosis by Proteomics. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24032613. [PMID: 36768933 PMCID: PMC9917096 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrophages are heterogeneous and plastic cells, able to adapt their phenotype and functions to changes in the microenvironment. They are involved in several homeostatic processes and also in many human diseases, including atherosclerosis, where they participate in all the stages of the disease. For these reasons, macrophages have been studied extensively using different approaches, including proteomics. Proteomics, indeed, may be a powerful tool to better understand the behavior of these cells, and a careful analysis of the proteome of different macrophage phenotypes can help to better characterize the role of these phenotypes in atherosclerosis and provide a broad view of proteins that might potentially affect the course of the disease. In this review, we discuss the different proteomic techniques that have been used to delineate the proteomic profile of macrophage phenotypes and summarize some results that can help to elucidate the roles of macrophages and develop new strategies to counteract the progression of atherosclerosis and/or promote regression.
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6
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Wu M, Huang W, Yang N, Liu Y. Learn from antibody–drug conjugates: consideration in the future construction of peptide-drug conjugates for cancer therapy. Exp Hematol Oncol 2022; 11:93. [DOI: 10.1186/s40164-022-00347-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractCancer is one of the leading causes of death worldwide due to high heterogeneity. Although chemotherapy remains the mainstay of cancer therapy, non-selective toxicity and drug resistance of mono-chemotherapy incur broad criticisms. Subsequently, various combination strategies have been developed to improve clinical efficacy, also known as cocktail therapy. However, conventional “cocktail administration” is just passable, due to the potential toxicities to normal tissues and unsatisfactory synergistic effects, especially for the combined drugs with different pharmacokinetic properties. The drug conjugates through coupling the conventional chemotherapeutics to a carrier (such as antibody and peptide) provide an alternative strategy to improve therapeutic efficacy and simultaneously reduce the unspecific toxicities, by virtue of the advantages of highly specific targeting ability and potent killing effect. Although 14 antibody–drug conjugates (ADCs) have been approved worldwide and more are being investigated in clinical trials so far, several limitations have been disclosed during clinical application. Compared with ADCs, peptide-drug conjugates (PDCs) possess several advantages, including easy industrial synthesis, low cost, high tissue penetration and fast clearance. So far, only a handful of PDCs have been approved, highlighting tremendous development potential. Herein, we discuss the progress and pitfalls in the development of ADCs and underline what can learn from ADCs for the better construction of PDCs in the future.
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7
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Cheng-Sánchez I, Moya-Utrera F, Porras-Alcalá C, López-Romero JM, Sarabia F. Antibody-Drug Conjugates Containing Payloads from Marine Origin. Mar Drugs 2022; 20:md20080494. [PMID: 36005497 PMCID: PMC9410405 DOI: 10.3390/md20080494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Revised: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) are an important class of therapeutics for the treatment of cancer. Structurally, an ADC comprises an antibody, which serves as the delivery system, a payload drug that is a potent cytotoxin that kills cancer cells, and a chemical linker that connects the payload with the antibody. Unlike conventional chemotherapy methods, an ADC couples the selective targeting and pharmacokinetic characteristics related to the antibody with the potent cytotoxicity of the payload. This results in high specificity and potency by reducing off-target toxicities in patients by limiting the exposure of healthy tissues to the cytotoxic drug. As a consequence of these outstanding features, significant research efforts have been devoted to the design, synthesis, and development of ADCs, and several ADCs have been approved for clinical use. The ADC field not only relies upon biology and biochemistry (antibody) but also upon organic chemistry (linker and payload). In the latter, total synthesis of natural and designed cytotoxic compounds, together with the development of novel synthetic strategies, have been key aspects of the consecution of clinical ADCs. In the case of payloads from marine origin, impressive structural architectures and biological properties are observed, thus making them prime targets for chemical synthesis and the development of ADCs. In this review, we explore the molecular and biological diversity of ADCs, with particular emphasis on those containing marine cytotoxic drugs as the payload.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iván Cheng-Sánchez
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
- Correspondence:
| | - Federico Moya-Utrera
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Málaga, 29071 Málaga, Spain; (F.M.-U.); (C.P.-A.); (J.M.L.-R.); (F.S.)
| | - Cristina Porras-Alcalá
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Málaga, 29071 Málaga, Spain; (F.M.-U.); (C.P.-A.); (J.M.L.-R.); (F.S.)
| | - Juan M. López-Romero
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Málaga, 29071 Málaga, Spain; (F.M.-U.); (C.P.-A.); (J.M.L.-R.); (F.S.)
| | - Francisco Sarabia
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Málaga, 29071 Málaga, Spain; (F.M.-U.); (C.P.-A.); (J.M.L.-R.); (F.S.)
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Fu Z, Li S, Han S, Shi C, Zhang Y. Antibody drug conjugate: the "biological missile" for targeted cancer therapy. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2022; 7:93. [PMID: 35318309 PMCID: PMC8941077 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-022-00947-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 396] [Impact Index Per Article: 198.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Revised: 02/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibody–drug conjugate (ADC) is typically composed of a monoclonal antibody (mAbs) covalently attached to a cytotoxic drug via a chemical linker. It combines both the advantages of highly specific targeting ability and highly potent killing effect to achieve accurate and efficient elimination of cancer cells, which has become one of the hotspots for the research and development of anticancer drugs. Since the first ADC, Mylotarg® (gemtuzumab ozogamicin), was approved in 2000 by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA), there have been 14 ADCs received market approval so far worldwide. Moreover, over 100 ADC candidates have been investigated in clinical stages at present. This kind of new anti-cancer drugs, known as “biological missiles”, is leading a new era of targeted cancer therapy. Herein, we conducted a review of the history and general mechanism of action of ADCs, and then briefly discussed the molecular aspects of key components of ADCs and the mechanisms by which these key factors influence the activities of ADCs. Moreover, we also reviewed the approved ADCs and other promising candidates in phase-3 clinical trials and discuss the current challenges and future perspectives for the development of next generations, which provide insights for the research and development of novel cancer therapeutics using ADCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwen Fu
- Department of Pharmacy, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, People's Republic of China.,Hubei Province Clinical Research Center for Precision Medicine for Critical Illness, Wuhan, 430022, People's Republic of China
| | - Shijun Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, People's Republic of China.,Hubei Province Clinical Research Center for Precision Medicine for Critical Illness, Wuhan, 430022, People's Republic of China
| | - Sifei Han
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, (Parkville Campus) 381 Royal Parade,, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia.,Faculty of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Avenue, Jiangning District, Nanjing, 211198, People's Republic of China
| | - Chen Shi
- Department of Pharmacy, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, People's Republic of China. .,Hubei Province Clinical Research Center for Precision Medicine for Critical Illness, Wuhan, 430022, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, People's Republic of China. .,Hubei Province Clinical Research Center for Precision Medicine for Critical Illness, Wuhan, 430022, People's Republic of China.
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Zhang X, Huang AC, Chen F, Chen H, Li L, Kong N, Luo W, Fang J. Novel development strategies and challenges for anti-Her2 antibody-drug conjugates. Antib Ther 2022; 5:18-29. [PMID: 35146330 PMCID: PMC8826051 DOI: 10.1093/abt/tbac001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2021] [Revised: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) combining potent cytotoxicity of small-molecule drugs with the selectivity and excellent pharmacokinetic profile of monoclonal antibody (mAb) are promising therapeutic modalities for a diverse range of cancers. Owing to overexpression in a wide range of tumors, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (Her2) is one of the most utilized targeting antigens for ADCs to treat Her2-positive cancers. Owing to the high density of Her2 antigens on the tumor cells and high affinity and high internalization capacity of corresponding antibodies, 56 anti-Her2 ADCs which applied >10 different types of novel payloads had entered preclinical or clinical trials. Seven of 12 Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved ADCs including Polivy (2019), Padcev (2019), EnHertu (2019), Trodelvy (2020), Blenrep (2020), Zynlonta (2021), and Tivdak) (2021) have been approved by FDA in the past three years alone, indicating that the maturing of ADC technology brings more productive clinical outcomes. This review, focusing on the anti-Her2 ADCs in clinical trials or on the market, discusses the strategies to select antibody formats, the linkages between linker and mAb, and effective payloads with particular release and action mechanisms for a good clinical outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinling Zhang
- ADC R&D Department, RemeGen Co., Ltd. 58 Middle Beijing Road, Yantai 264006, ShanDong, China
| | - Andrew C Huang
- Innovation Research Center, MabPlex International Ltd., 60 Middle Beijing Road, Yantai 264006, ShanDong, China
| | - Fahai Chen
- CEO officer, RemeGen Co., Ltd. 58 Middle Beijing Road, Yantai 264006, ShanDong, China
| | - Hu Chen
- ADC R&D Department, RemeGen Co., Ltd. 58 Middle Beijing Road, Yantai 264006, ShanDong, China
| | - Lele Li
- Innovation Research Center, MabPlex International Ltd., 60 Middle Beijing Road, Yantai 264006, ShanDong, China
| | - Nana Kong
- Innovation Research Center, MabPlex International Ltd., 60 Middle Beijing Road, Yantai 264006, ShanDong, China
| | - Wenting Luo
- ADC R&D Department, RemeGen Co., Ltd. 58 Middle Beijing Road, Yantai 264006, ShanDong, China
| | - Jianmin Fang
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
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Jin Y, Schladetsch MA, Huang X, Balunas MJ, Wiemer AJ. Stepping forward in antibody-drug conjugate development. Pharmacol Ther 2022; 229:107917. [PMID: 34171334 PMCID: PMC8702582 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2021.107917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) are cancer therapeutic agents comprised of an antibody, a linker and a small-molecule payload. ADCs use the specificity of the antibody to target the toxic payload to tumor cells. After intravenous administration, ADCs enter circulation, distribute to tumor tissues and bind to the tumor surface antigen. The antigen then undergoes endocytosis to internalize the ADC into tumor cells, where it is transported to lysosomes to release the payload. The released toxic payloads can induce apoptosis through DNA damage or microtubule inhibition and can kill surrounding cancer cells through the bystander effect. The first ADC drug was approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 2000, but the following decade saw no new approved ADC drugs. From 2011 to 2018, four ADC drugs were approved, while in 2019 and 2020 five more ADCs entered the market. This demonstrates an increasing trend for the clinical development of ADCs. This review summarizes the recent clinical research, with a specific focus on how the in vivo processing of ADCs influences their design. We aim to provide comprehensive information about current ADCs to facilitate future development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiming Jin
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Megan A Schladetsch
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Xueting Huang
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Marcy J Balunas
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Andrew J Wiemer
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA; Institute for Systems Genomics, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA.
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Mayer AP, Licea-Perez H, Boram S, Pannullo KE, Kehler J, Evans CA. Overcoming challenges associated with the bioanalysis of cysteine-conjugated metabolites in the presence of antibody-drug conjugates. Bioanalysis 2021; 13:1427-1439. [PMID: 34551622 DOI: 10.4155/bio-2021-0171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: Investigations have shown that for the antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) belantamab mafodotin, concentrations of the cysteine-conjugated metabolite, Cys-mcMMAF, were overestimated in the presence of the ADC during sample processing when utilizing a historical SPE method. Results: A new assay was developed utilizing an acidic protein precipitation to remove the ADC early in the extraction process, thus eliminating the risk of overestimating Cys-mcMMAF in the presence of belantamab mafodotin. In vitro experiments demonstrated a linear relationship between the concentration of belantamab mafodotin and the release of Cys-mcMMAF. Extensive stability assessments were performed to cover storage of study samples. Conclusion: This work emphasized the critical importance of understanding the performance of a bioanalytical method for free toxic payload in the presence of the ADC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew P Mayer
- Bioanalysis, Immunogenicity & Biomarkers, IVIVT, GlaxoSmithKline Pharmaceuticals, 1250 S. Collegeville Rd, Collegeville, PA 19426, USA
| | - Hermes Licea-Perez
- Bioanalysis, Immunogenicity & Biomarkers, IVIVT, GlaxoSmithKline Pharmaceuticals, 1250 S. Collegeville Rd, Collegeville, PA 19426, USA
| | - Sharon Boram
- Bioanalysis, Immunogenicity & Biomarkers, IVIVT, GlaxoSmithKline Pharmaceuticals, 1250 S. Collegeville Rd, Collegeville, PA 19426, USA
| | - Kristen E Pannullo
- Non-Clinical Regulatory, GlaxoSmithKline Pharmaceuticals, 1250 S. Collegeville Rd, Collegeville, PA 19426, USA
| | - Jonathan Kehler
- Bioanalysis, Immunogenicity & Biomarkers, IVIVT, GlaxoSmithKline Pharmaceuticals, 1250 S. Collegeville Rd, Collegeville, PA 19426, USA
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Final results of a phase 1 study of loncastuximab tesirine in relapsed/refractory B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Blood 2021; 137:2634-2645. [PMID: 33211842 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2020007512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The prognosis for patients with relapsed or refractory (R/R) B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (B-NHL) remains poor, with a need for alternatives to current salvage therapies. Loncastuximab tesirine (ADCT-402) is an antibody-drug conjugate comprising a humanized anti-CD19 monoclonal antibody conjugated to a pyrrolobenzodiazepine dimer toxin. Presented here are final results of a phase 1 dose-escalation and dose-expansion study in patients with R/R B-NHL. Objectives were to determine the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) and recommended dose(s) for expansion and evaluate safety, clinical activity, pharmacokinetics, and immunogenicity of loncastuximab tesirine. Overall, 183 patients received loncastuximab tesirine, with 3 + 3 dose escalation at 15 to 200 µg/kg and dose expansion at 120 and 150 µg/kg. Dose-limiting toxicities (all hematologic) were reported in 4 patients. The MTD was not reached, although cumulative toxicity was higher at 200 µg/kg. Hematologic treatment-emergent adverse events were most common, followed by fatigue, nausea, edema, and liver enzyme abnormalities. Overall response rate (ORR) in evaluable patients was 45.6%, including 26.7% complete responses (CRs). ORRs in patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL), mantle cell lymphoma, and follicular lymphoma were 42.3%, 46.7%, and 78.6%, respectively. Median duration of response in all patients was 5.4 months and not reached in patients with DLBCL (doses ≥120 µg/kg) who achieved a CR. Loncastuximab tesirine had good stability in serum, notable antitumor activity, and an acceptable safety profile, warranting continued study in B-NHL. The recommended dose for phase 2 was determined as 150 µg/kg every 3 weeks for 2 doses followed by 75 µg/kg every 3 weeks. This trial was registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov as #NCT02669017.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW There are limited treatment options for relapsed/refractory classical Hodgkin lymphoma (cHL) patients who progress on brentuximab vedotin and programmed death-1 inhibitors. Camidanlumab Tesirine (Cami) is a new agent that has shown activity in multiply relapsed/refractory cHL patients. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of Cami. RECENT FINDINGS In phase 1 study of Cami in relapsed/refractory cHL and non-Hodgkin lymphomas (NHL), Cami was noted to be safe with encouraging clinic activity in multiply relapsed/refractory cHL. Treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs) were reported in 95% (n = 73 of 77) of patients, while grade 3 TEAEs were reported in 66% (n = 51) of cHL patients. Cami was associated with immune-related adverse events (irAEs) including peripheral sensory neuropathy, Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS)/radiculopathy, colitis, hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism, thyroiditis, and pneumonitis. The overall response rate (ORR) and complete (CR) rate were 71%/40% in the cHL cohort (n = 75). In the interim analysis of an ongoing phase 2 study in 2020, Cami demonstrated good clinical efficacy with an ORR/CR rate of 83%/38% among the 47 evaluable cHL patients. The toxicity profile was similar to that seen in the phase 1 study, with no new safety signals.. As the phase 2 study with Cami is continuing to accrue patients and we await the final results, the preliminary results with Cami are encouraging and provide an additional therapeutic option especially for patients with multiply relapsed/refractory cHL and perhaps other hematological malignancies expression CD25.
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Walsh SJ, Bargh JD, Dannheim FM, Hanby AR, Seki H, Counsell AJ, Ou X, Fowler E, Ashman N, Takada Y, Isidro-Llobet A, Parker JS, Carroll JS, Spring DR. Site-selective modification strategies in antibody-drug conjugates. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:1305-1353. [PMID: 33290462 DOI: 10.1039/d0cs00310g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 205] [Impact Index Per Article: 68.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) harness the highly specific targeting capabilities of an antibody to deliver a cytotoxic payload to specific cell types. They have garnered widespread interest in drug discovery, particularly in oncology, as discrimination between healthy and malignant tissues or cells can be achieved. Nine ADCs have received approval from the US Food and Drug Administration and more than 80 others are currently undergoing clinical investigations for a range of solid tumours and haematological malignancies. Extensive research over the past decade has highlighted the critical nature of the linkage strategy adopted to attach the payload to the antibody. Whilst early generation ADCs were primarily synthesised as heterogeneous mixtures, these were found to have sub-optimal pharmacokinetics, stability, tolerability and/or efficacy. Efforts have now shifted towards generating homogeneous constructs with precise drug loading and predetermined, controlled sites of attachment. Homogeneous ADCs have repeatedly demonstrated superior overall pharmacological profiles compared to their heterogeneous counterparts. A wide range of methods have been developed in the pursuit of homogeneity, comprising chemical or enzymatic methods or a combination thereof to afford precise modification of specific amino acid or sugar residues. In this review, we discuss advances in chemical and enzymatic methods for site-specific antibody modification that result in the generation of homogeneous ADCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen J Walsh
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK.
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Enhanced Antisense Oligonucleotide Delivery Using Cationic Liposomes Grafted with Trastuzumab: A Proof-of-Concept Study in Prostate Cancer. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:pharmaceutics12121166. [PMID: 33260460 PMCID: PMC7761013 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12121166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Revised: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) is the second most common cancer in men worldwide and the fifth leading cause of death by cancer. The overexpression of TCTP protein plays an important role in castration resistance. Over the last decade, antisense technology has emerged as a rising strategy in oncology. Using antisense oligonucleotide (ASO) to silence TCTP protein is a promising therapeutic option—however, the pharmacokinetics of ASO does not always meet the requirements of proper delivery to the tumor site. In this context, developing drug delivery systems is an attractive strategy for improving the efficacy of ASO directed against TCTP. The liposome should protect and deliver ASO at the intracellular level in order to be effective. In addition, because prostate cancer cells express Her2, using an anti-Her2 targeting antibody will increase the affinity of the liposome for the cell and optimize the intratumoral penetration of the ASO, thus improving efficacy. Here, we have designed and developed pegylated liposomes and Her2-targeting immunoliposomes. Mean diameter was below 200 nm, thus ensuring proper enhanced permeation and retention (EPR) effect. Encapsulation rate for ASO was about 40%. Using human PC-3 prostate cancer cells as a canonical model, free ASO and ASO encapsulated into either liposomes or anti-Her2 immunoliposomes were tested for efficacy in vitro using 2D and 3D spheroid models. While the encapsulated forms of ASO were always more effective than free ASO, we observed differences in efficacy of encapsulated ASO. For short exposure times (i.e., 4 h) ASO liposomes (ASO-Li) were more effective than ASO-immunoliposomes (ASO-iLi). Conversely, for longer exposure times, ASO-iLi performed better than ASO-Li. This pilot study demonstrates that it is possible to encapsulate ASO into liposomes and to yield antiproliferative efficacy against PCa. Importantly, despite mild Her2 expression in this PC-3 model, using a surface mAb as targeting agent provides further efficacy, especially when exposure is longer. Overall, the development of third-generation ASO-iLi should help to take advantage of the expression of Her2 by prostate cancer cells in order to allow greater specificity of action in vivo and thus a gain in efficacy.
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Skytthe MK, Graversen JH, Moestrup SK. Targeting of CD163 + Macrophages in Inflammatory and Malignant Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21155497. [PMID: 32752088 PMCID: PMC7432735 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21155497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The macrophage is a key cell in the pro- and anti-inflammatory response including that of the inflammatory microenvironment of malignant tumors. Much current drug development in chronic inflammatory diseases and cancer therefore focuses on the macrophage as a target for immunotherapy. However, this strategy is complicated by the pleiotropic phenotype of the macrophage that is highly responsive to its microenvironment. The plasticity leads to numerous types of macrophages with rather different and, to some extent, opposing functionalities, as evident by the existence of macrophages with either stimulating or down-regulating effect on inflammation and tumor growth. The phenotypes are characterized by different surface markers and the present review describes recent progress in drug-targeting of the surface marker CD163 expressed in a subpopulation of macrophages. CD163 is an abundant endocytic receptor for multiple ligands, quantitatively important being the haptoglobin-hemoglobin complex. The microenvironment of inflammation and tumorigenesis is particular rich in CD163+ macrophages. The use of antibodies for directing anti-inflammatory (e.g., glucocorticoids) or tumoricidal (e.g., doxorubicin) drugs to CD163+ macrophages in animal models of inflammation and cancer has demonstrated a high efficacy of the conjugate drugs. This macrophage-targeting approach has a low toxicity profile that may highly improve the therapeutic window of many current drugs and drug candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria K. Skytthe
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, 5000 Odense, Denmark; (M.K.S.); (S.K.M.)
| | - Jonas Heilskov Graversen
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, 5000 Odense, Denmark; (M.K.S.); (S.K.M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +45-2173-3311
| | - Søren K. Moestrup
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, 5000 Odense, Denmark; (M.K.S.); (S.K.M.)
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, 8200 Aarhus, Denmark
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Castegna A, Gissi R, Menga A, Montopoli M, Favia M, Viola A, Canton M. Pharmacological targets of metabolism in disease: Opportunities from macrophages. Pharmacol Ther 2020; 210:107521. [PMID: 32151665 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2020.107521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
From advances in the knowledge of the immune system, it is emerging that the specialized functions displayed by macrophages during the course of an immune response are supported by specific and dynamically-connected metabolic programs. The study of immunometabolism is demonstrating that metabolic adaptations play a critical role in modulating inflammation and, conversely, inflammation deeply influences the acquisition of specific metabolic settings.This strict connection has been proven to be crucial for the execution of defined immune functional programs and it is now under investigation with respect to several human disorders, such as diabetes, sepsis, cancer, and autoimmunity. The abnormal remodelling of the metabolic pathways in macrophages is now emerging as both marker of disease and potential target of therapeutic intervention. By focusing on key pathological conditions, namely obesity and diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, atherosclerosis and cancer, we will review the metabolic targets suitable for therapeutic intervention in macrophages. In addition, we will discuss the major obstacles and challenges related to the development of therapeutic strategies for a pharmacological targeting of macrophage's metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Castegna
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, Bari, Italy; IBIOM-CNR, Institute of Biomembranes, Bioenergetics and Molecular Biotechnologies, National Research Council, Bari, Italy; Fondazione Città della Speranza, Istituto di Ricerca Pediatrica, Padua, Italy.
| | - Rosanna Gissi
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Alessio Menga
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, Bari, Italy; Department of Molecular Biotechnologies and Health Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Monica Montopoli
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy; Veneto Institute of Molecular Medicine (VIMM), Padua, Italy
| | - Maria Favia
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Antonella Viola
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, Italy; Fondazione Città della Speranza, Istituto di Ricerca Pediatrica, Padua, Italy
| | - Marcella Canton
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, Italy; Fondazione Città della Speranza, Istituto di Ricerca Pediatrica, Padua, Italy.
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Liu H, Bolleddula J, Nichols A, Tang L, Zhao Z, Prakash C. Metabolism of bioconjugate therapeutics: why, when, and how? Drug Metab Rev 2020; 52:66-124. [PMID: 32045530 DOI: 10.1080/03602532.2020.1716784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Bioconjugation of therapeutic agents has been used as a selective drug delivery platform for many therapeutic areas. Bioconjugates are prepared by the covalent linkage of active compounds (small or large molecule) to a carrier molecule (lipids, proteins, peptides, carbohydrates, and polymers) through a chemical linker. The linkage of the active component to a carrier molecule enhances the therapeutic window through a targeted delivery and by reducing toxicity. Bioconjugates also possess improved pharmacokinetic properties such as a long half-life, increased stability, and cleavage by intracellular enzymes/environment. However, premature cleavage of the bioconjugates and the resulting metabolites/catabolites may produce undesirable toxic effects and, hence, it is critical to understand cleavage mechanisms, metabolism of bioconjugates, and translatability to human in the discovery stages. This article provides a comprehensive overview of linker cleavage pathways and catabolism/metabolism of antibody-drug conjugates, glycoconjugates, polymer-drug conjugates, lipid-drug conjugates, folate-targeted small molecule-drug conjugates, and drug-drug conjugates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanlan Liu
- KSQ Therapeutics Inc., Cambridge, MA, USA
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19
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Yap ML, McFadyen JD, Wang X, Ziegler M, Chen YC, Willcox A, Nowell CJ, Scott AM, Sloan EK, Hogarth PM, Pietersz GA, Peter K. Activated platelets in the tumor microenvironment for targeting of antibody-drug conjugates to tumors and metastases. Theranostics 2019; 9:1154-1169. [PMID: 30867822 PMCID: PMC6401411 DOI: 10.7150/thno.29146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2018] [Accepted: 01/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Rationale: Platelets are increasingly recognized as mediators of tumor growth and metastasis. Hypothesizing that activated platelets in the tumor microenvironment provide a targeting epitope for tumor-directed chemotherapy, we developed an antibody-drug conjugate (ADC), comprised of a single-chain antibody (scFv) against the platelet integrin GPIIb/IIIa (scFvGPIIb/IIIa) linked to the potent chemotherapeutic microtubule inhibitor, monomethyl auristatin E (MMAE). Methods: We developed an ADC comprised of three components: 1) A scFv which specifically binds to the high affinity, activated integrin GPIIb/IIIa on activated platelets. 2) A highly potent microtubule inhibitor, monomethyl auristatin E. 3) A drug activation/release mechanism using a linker cleavable by cathepsin B, which we demonstrate to be abundant in the tumor microenvironment. The scFvGPIIb/IIIa-MMAE was first conjugated with Cyanine7 for in vivo imaging. The therapeutic efficacy of the scFvGPIIb/IIIa-MMAE was then tested in a mouse metastasis model of triple negative breast cancer. Results: In vitro studies confirmed that this ADC specifically binds to activated GPIIb/IIIa, and cathepsin B-mediated drug release/activation resulted in tumor cytotoxicity. In vivo fluorescence imaging demonstrated that the newly generated ADC localized to primary tumors and metastases in a mouse xenograft model of triple negative breast cancer, a difficult to treat tumor for which a selective tumor-targeting therapy remains to be clinically established. Importantly, we demonstrated that the scFvGPIIb/IIIa-MMAE displays marked efficacy as an anti-cancer agent, reducing tumor growth and preventing metastatic disease, without any discernible toxic effects. Conclusion: Here, we demonstrate the utility of a novel ADC that targets a potent cytotoxic drug to activated platelets and specifically releases the cytotoxic agent within the confines of the tumor. This unique targeting mechanism, specific to the tumor microenvironment, holds promise as a novel therapeutic approach for the treatment of a broad range of primary tumors and metastatic disease, particularly for tumors that lack specific molecular epitopes for drug targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- May Lin Yap
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, 3004, Australia
- Department of Clinical Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, 3010, Australia
| | - James D McFadyen
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, 3004, Australia
- Department of Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, 3800, Australia
- Department of Hematology, The Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, 3004, Australia
| | - Xiaowei Wang
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, 3004, Australia
- Department of Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, 3800, Australia
| | - Melanie Ziegler
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, 3004, Australia
| | - Yung-Chih Chen
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, 3004, Australia
| | - Abbey Willcox
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, 3004, Australia
- Department of Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, 3800, Australia
- Department of Hematology, The Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, 3004, Australia
| | - Cameron J Nowell
- Drug Discovery Biology Theme, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Andrew M Scott
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, and School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Molecular Imaging and Therapy, Austin Health, and University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Erica K Sloan
- Drug Discovery Biology Theme, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - P Mark Hogarth
- Department of Clinical Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, 3010, Australia
- Burnet Institute, Melbourne, 3004, Australia
- Department of Immunology, Monash University, Melbourne, 3800, Australia
| | - Geoffrey A Pietersz
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, 3004, Australia
- Department of Clinical Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, 3010, Australia
- Burnet Institute, Melbourne, 3004, Australia
- Department of Immunology, Monash University, Melbourne, 3800, Australia
- College of Health and Biomedicine, Victoria University, Melbourne, 3021, Australia
| | - Karlheinz Peter
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, 3004, Australia
- Department of Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, 3800, Australia
- Department of Immunology, Monash University, Melbourne, 3800, Australia
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20
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Forte N, Chudasama V, Baker JR. Homogeneous antibody-drug conjugates via site-selective disulfide bridging. DRUG DISCOVERY TODAY. TECHNOLOGIES 2018; 30:11-20. [PMID: 30553515 DOI: 10.1016/j.ddtec.2018.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) constructed using site-selective labelling methodologies are likely to dominate the next generation of these targeted therapeutics. To this end, disulfide bridging has emerged as a leading strategy as it allows the production of highly homogeneous ADCs without the need for antibody engineering. It consists of targeting reduced interchain disulfide bonds with reagents which reconnect the resultant pairs of cysteine residues, whilst simultaneously attaching drugs. The 3 main reagent classes which have been exemplified for the construction of ADCs by disulfide bridging will be discussed in this review; bissulfones, next generation maleimides and pyridazinediones, along with others in development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nafsika Forte
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, London, UK
| | - Vijay Chudasama
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, London, UK.
| | - James R Baker
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, London, UK.
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21
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Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs): Potent biopharmaceuticals to target solid and hematological cancers- an overview. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2018.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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22
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Cho S, Zammarchi F, Williams DG, Havenith CE, Monks NR, Tyrer P, D'Hooge F, Fleming R, Vashisht K, Dimasi N, Bertelli F, Corbett S, Adams L, Reinert HW, Dissanayake S, Britten CE, King W, Dacosta K, Tammali R, Schifferli K, Strout P, Korade M, Masson Hinrichs MJ, Chivers S, Corey E, Liu H, Kim S, Bander NH, Howard PW, Hartley JA, Coats S, Tice DA, Herbst R, van Berkel PH. Antitumor Activity of MEDI3726 (ADCT-401), a Pyrrolobenzodiazepine Antibody–Drug Conjugate Targeting PSMA, in Preclinical Models of Prostate Cancer. Mol Cancer Ther 2018; 17:2176-2186. [DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-17-0982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Revised: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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23
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Nasiri H, Valedkarimi Z, Aghebati‐Maleki L, Majidi J. Antibody‐drug conjugates: Promising and efficient tools for targeted cancer therapy. J Cell Physiol 2018; 233:6441-6457. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.26435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2017] [Accepted: 01/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hadi Nasiri
- Immunology Research CenterTabriz University of Medical SciencesTabrizIran
- Department of ImmunologyFaculty of MedicineTabriz University of Medical SciencesTabrizIran
- Student Research CommitteeTabriz University of Medical SciencesTabrizIran
| | - Zahra Valedkarimi
- Immunology Research CenterTabriz University of Medical SciencesTabrizIran
- Department of ImmunologyFaculty of MedicineTabriz University of Medical SciencesTabrizIran
- Student Research CommitteeTabriz University of Medical SciencesTabrizIran
| | - Leili Aghebati‐Maleki
- Immunology Research CenterTabriz University of Medical SciencesTabrizIran
- Department of ImmunologyFaculty of MedicineTabriz University of Medical SciencesTabrizIran
| | - Jafar Majidi
- Immunology Research CenterTabriz University of Medical SciencesTabrizIran
- Department of ImmunologyFaculty of MedicineTabriz University of Medical SciencesTabrizIran
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Abstract
Site-specific conjugation methods are becoming increasingly important in building next-generation antibody-drug conjugates. We have developed a site-specific conjugation technology based on monoclonal antibodies with engineered selenocysteine (Sec) residues, named selenomabs. Here, we provide protocols for the engineering, expression, and purification of selenomabs in single-chain variable fragment (scFv)-Fc format. Methods for selective conjugation of selenomabs to selenol-reactive compounds and analytical characterization of selenomab conjugates are also included.
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25
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Lucío MI, Opri R, Pinto M, Scarsi A, Fierro JLG, Meneghetti M, Fracasso G, Prato M, Vázquez E, Herrero MA. Targeted killing of prostate cancer cells using antibody-drug conjugated carbon nanohorns. J Mater Chem B 2017; 5:8821-8832. [PMID: 32264275 DOI: 10.1039/c7tb02464a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The ability of carbon nanohorns (CNHs) to cross biological barriers makes them potential carriers for delivery purposes. In this work, we report the design of a new selective antibody-drug nanosystem based on CNHs for the treatment of prostate cancer (PCa). In particular, cisplatin in a prodrug form and the monoclonal antibody (Ab) D2B, selective for PSMA+ cancer cells, have been attached to CNHs due to the current application of this antigen in PCa therapy. The hybrids Ab-CNHs, cisplatin-CNHs and functionalised-CNHs have also been synthesized to be used as control systems. The efficacy and specificity of the D2B-cisplatin-CNH conjugate to selectively target and kill PSMA+ prostate cancer cells have been demonstrated in comparison with other derivatives. The developed strategy to functionalise CNHs is fascinating because it can allow the fine tuning of both drug and Ab molecules attached to the nanostructure in order to modulate the activity of the nanosystem. Finally, the herein described methodology can be used for the incorporation of almost any drugs or Abs in the platforms in order to create new targeted drugs for the treatment of different diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Isabel Lucío
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Inorgánica y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias y Tecnologías Químicas, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Universitario, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain.
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26
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Villela-Ma LM, Velez-Ayal AK, Lopez-Sanc RDC, Martinez-C JA, Hernandez- JA. Advantages of Drug Selective Distribution in Cancer Treatment: Brentuximab Vedotin. INT J PHARMACOL 2017. [DOI: 10.3923/ijp.2017.785.807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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27
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Durbin KR, Nottoli MS, Catron ND, Richwine N, Jenkins GJ. High-Throughput, Multispecies, Parallelized Plasma Stability Assay for the Determination and Characterization of Antibody-Drug Conjugate Aggregation and Drug Release. ACS OMEGA 2017; 2:4207-4215. [PMID: 30023717 PMCID: PMC6044903 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.7b00452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2017] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The stability of antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) in circulation is critical for maximum efficacy and minimal toxicity. An ADC reaching the intended target intact can deliver the highest possible drug load to the tumor and reduce off-target toxicity from free drug in the blood. As such, assessment of ADC stability is a vital piece of data during development. However, traditional ADC stability assays can be manually intensive, low-throughput, and require large quantities of ADC material. Here, we introduce an automated, high-throughput plasma stability assay for screening drug release and aggregation over 144 h for up to 40 ADCs across five matrices simultaneously. The amount of ADC material during early drug development is often limited, so this assay was implemented in 384-well format to minimize material requirements to <100 μg of each ADC and 100 μL of plasma per species type. Drug release and aggregation output were modeled using nonlinear regression equations to calculate formation rates for each data type. A set of 15 ADCs with different antibodies and identical valine-citrulline-p-aminobenzylcarbamate-monomethylauristatin E linker-drug payloads was tested and formation rates were compared across ADCs and between species, revealing several noteworthy trends. In particular, a wide range in aggregation was found when altering only the antibody, suggesting a key role for plasma stability screening early in the development process to find and remove antibody candidates with the potential to create unstable ADCs. The assay presented here can be leveraged to provide stability data on new chemistry and antibody screening initiatives, select the best candidate for in vivo studies, and provide results that highlight stability issues inherent to particular ADC designs throughout all stages of ADC development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth R. Durbin
- Drug
Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics and Drug Product Development, AbbVie, Inc., 1 N. Waukegan
Drive, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United
States
| | - M. Shannon Nottoli
- Drug
Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics and Drug Product Development, AbbVie, Inc., 1 N. Waukegan
Drive, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United
States
| | - Nathaniel D. Catron
- Drug
Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics and Drug Product Development, AbbVie, Inc., 1 N. Waukegan
Drive, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United
States
| | - Nicole Richwine
- Drug
Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics and Drug Product Development, AbbVie, Inc., 1 N. Waukegan
Drive, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United
States
| | - Gary J. Jenkins
- Drug
Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics and Drug Product Development, AbbVie, Inc., 1 N. Waukegan
Drive, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United
States
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Kalim M, Chen J, Wang S, Lin C, Ullah S, Liang K, Ding Q, Chen S, Zhan J. Intracellular trafficking of new anticancer therapeutics: antibody-drug conjugates. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2017; 11:2265-2276. [PMID: 28814834 PMCID: PMC5546728 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s135571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) is a milestone in targeted cancer therapy that comprises of monoclonal antibodies chemically linked to cytotoxic drugs. Internalization of ADC takes place via clathrin-mediated endocytosis, caveolae-mediated endocytosis, and pinocytosis. Conjugation strategies, endocytosis and intracellular trafficking optimization, linkers, and drugs chemistry present a great challenge for researchers to eradicate tumor cells successfully. This inventiveness of endocytosis and intracellular trafficking has given considerable momentum recently to develop specific antibodies and ADCs to treat cancer cells. It is significantly advantageous to emphasize the endocytosis and intracellular trafficking pathways efficiently and to design potent engineered conjugates and biological entities to boost efficient therapies enormously for cancer treatment. Current studies illustrate endocytosis and intracellular trafficking of ADC, protein, and linker strategies in unloading and also concisely evaluate practically applicable ADCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Kalim
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, School of Medicine
| | - Jie Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, School of Medicine
| | - Shenghao Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, School of Medicine
| | - Caiyao Lin
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, School of Medicine
| | - Saif Ullah
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, School of Medicine
| | - Keying Liang
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, School of Medicine
| | - Qian Ding
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, School of Medicine
| | - Shuqing Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinbiao Zhan
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, School of Medicine
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Li X, Nelson CG, Nair RR, Hazlehurst L, Moroni T, Martinez-Acedo P, Nanna AR, Hymel D, Burke TR, Rader C. Stable and Potent Selenomab-Drug Conjugates. Cell Chem Biol 2017; 24:433-442.e6. [PMID: 28330604 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2017.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2016] [Revised: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 02/10/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Selenomabs are engineered monoclonal antibodies with one or more translationally incorporated selenocysteine residues. The unique reactivity of the selenol group of selenocysteine permits site-specific conjugation of drugs. Compared with other natural and unnatural amino acid and carbohydrate residues that have been used for the generation of site-specific antibody-drug conjugates, selenocysteine is particularly reactive, permitting fast, single-step, and efficient reactions under near physiological conditions. Using a tailored conjugation chemistry, we generated highly stable selenomab-drug conjugates and demonstrated their potency and selectivity in vitro and in vivo. These site-specific antibody-drug conjugates built on a selenocysteine interface revealed broad therapeutic utility in liquid and solid malignancy models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuling Li
- Department of Cancer Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Christopher G Nelson
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Rajesh R Nair
- Molecular Oncology Program, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Lori Hazlehurst
- Molecular Oncology Program, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Tina Moroni
- Proteomics and Mass Spectrometry Core, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Pablo Martinez-Acedo
- Proteomics and Mass Spectrometry Core, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Alex R Nanna
- Department of Cancer Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - David Hymel
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Terrence R Burke
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Christoph Rader
- Department of Cancer Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA; Department of Molecular Therapeutics, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA.
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31
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Wang YJ, Li YY, Liu XY, Lu XL, Cao X, Jiao BH. Marine Antibody-Drug Conjugates: Design Strategies and Research Progress. Mar Drugs 2017; 15:E18. [PMID: 28098746 PMCID: PMC5295238 DOI: 10.3390/md15010018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2016] [Revised: 12/30/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs), constructed with monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), linkers, and natural cytotoxins, are innovative drugs developed for oncotherapy. Owing to the distinctive advantages of both chemotherapy drugs and antibody drugs, ADCs have obtained enormous success during the past several years. The development of highly specific antibodies, novel marine toxins' applications, and innovative linker technologies all accelerate the rapid R&D of ADCs. Meanwhile, some challenges remain to be solved for future ADCs. For instance, varieties of site-specific conjugation have been proposed for solving the inhomogeneity of DARs (Drug Antibody Ratios). In this review, the usages of various natural toxins, especially marine cytotoxins, and the development strategies for ADCs in the past decade are summarized. Representative ADCs with marine cytotoxins in the pipeline are introduced and characterized with their new features, while perspective comments for future ADCs are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Jie Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China.
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China.
| | - Yu-Yan Li
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China.
| | - Xiao-Yu Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China.
| | - Xiao-Ling Lu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China.
| | - Xin Cao
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China.
| | - Bing-Hua Jiao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China.
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Nunes JPM, Vassileva V, Robinson E, Morais M, Smith MEB, Pedley RB, Caddick S, Baker JR, Chudasama V. Use of a next generation maleimide in combination with THIOMAB™ antibody technology delivers a highly stable, potent and near homogeneous THIOMAB™ antibody-drug conjugate (TDC). RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra04606e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Conjugation of next generation maleimides to engineered cysteines in a THIOMAB™ antibody delivers a highly stable and potent THIOMAB™ antibody-drug conjugate.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - James R. Baker
- Department of Chemistry
- University College London
- London
- UK
| | - Vijay Chudasama
- Department of Chemistry
- University College London
- London
- UK
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa)
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33
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Morais M, Nunes JPM, Karu K, Forte N, Benni I, Smith MEB, Caddick S, Chudasama V, Baker JR. Optimisation of the dibromomaleimide (DBM) platform for native antibody conjugation by accelerated post-conjugation hydrolysis. Org Biomol Chem 2017; 15:2947-2952. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ob00220c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Dibromomaleimide (DBM) reagents are described which hydrolyse rapidly post-conjugation, representing an optimised platform for homogeneous and stable antibody conjugation.
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34
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Adamo M, Sun G, Qiu D, Valente J, Lan W, Song H, Bolgar M, Katiyar A, Krishnamurthy G. Drug-to-antibody determination for an antibody-drug-conjugate utilizing cathepsin B digestion coupled with reversed-phase high-pressure liquid chromatography analysis. J Chromatogr A 2017; 1481:44-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2016.12.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2016] [Revised: 12/13/2016] [Accepted: 12/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Tushir-Singh J. Antibody-siRNA conjugates: drugging the undruggable for anti-leukemic therapy. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2016; 17:325-338. [PMID: 27977315 DOI: 10.1080/14712598.2017.1273344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Generating effective RNAi-based therapies with the potential to achieve leukemia remission remains critical unmet need. Despite a growing number of leukemia clinical trials, tissue specific delivery of therapeutic siRNA is a major roadblock in translating its clinical potential. The most recent reports in the antibody-siRNA-conjugates (ARCs) field add new dimensions to leukemic therapy, where a covalently ligated therapeutic antisense-RNA with the potential to repress the oncogenic transcript is selectively delivered into the cancer cells. Despite ARC localization to leukemic cells due to high affinity antigen-antibody interactions, multiple challenges exist to unlock the therapeutic potential of siRNA targeting. Areas covered: This review focuses on antibody and siRNA-based therapies for leukemia as well as potential antibody engineering-based strategies to generate an optimal ARC platform. Expert opinion: In vitro and clinical results have revealed that non-targeted delivery and inefficient cellular internalization of therapeutic siRNA are major contributing factors for the lack of efficacy in leukemia patients. Rational antibody design and selective protein engineering with the potential to neutralize siRNA charge, stabilize ARC complex, restrict off-targeted delivery, optimize endosomal escape, and extend serum half-life will generate clinically relevant leukemic therapies that are safe, selective, and effective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jogender Tushir-Singh
- a Laboratory of Novel Biologics, Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Genetics , University of Virginia Cancer Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine , Charlottesville , VA , USA
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36
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Pan LY, Salas-Solano O, Valliere-Douglass JF. Localized conformational interrogation of antibody and antibody-drug conjugates by site-specific carboxyl group footprinting. MAbs 2016; 9:307-318. [PMID: 27929747 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2016.1268306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Establishing and maintaining conformational integrity of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) and antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) during development and manufacturing is critical for ensuring their clinical efficacy. As presented here, we applied site-specific carboxyl group footprinting (CGF) for localized conformational interrogation of mAbs. The approach relies on covalent labeling that introduces glycine ethyl ester tags onto solvent-accessible side chains of protein carboxylates. Peptide mapping is used to monitor the labeling kinetics of carboxyl residues and the labeling kinetics reflects the conformation or solvent-accessibility of side chains. Our results for two case studies are shown here. The first study was aimed at defining the conformational changes of mAbs induced by deglycosylation. We found that two residues in CH2 domain (D268 and E297) show significantly enhanced side chain accessibility upon deglycosylation. This site-specific result highlighted the advantage of monitoring the labeling kinetics at the amino acid level as opposed to the peptide level, which would result in averaging out of highly localized conformational differences. The second study was designed to assess conformational effects brought on by conjugation of mAbs with drug-linkers. All 59 monitored carboxyl residues displayed similar solvent-accessibility between the ADC and mAb under native conditions, which suggests the ADC and mAb share similar side chain conformation. The findings are well correlated and complementary with results from other assays. This work illustrated that site-specific CGF is capable of pinpointing local conformational changes in mAbs or ADCs that might arise during development and manufacturing. The methodology can be readily implemented within the industry to provide comprehensive conformational assessment of these molecules.
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37
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Flynn MJ, Zammarchi F, Tyrer PC, Akarca AU, Janghra N, Britten CE, Havenith CEG, Levy JN, Tiberghien A, Masterson LA, Barry C, D'Hooge F, Marafioti T, Parren PWHI, Williams DG, Howard PW, van Berkel PH, Hartley JA. ADCT-301, a Pyrrolobenzodiazepine (PBD) Dimer-Containing Antibody-Drug Conjugate (ADC) Targeting CD25-Expressing Hematological Malignancies. Mol Cancer Ther 2016; 15:2709-2721. [PMID: 27535974 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-16-0233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2016] [Accepted: 07/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Despite the many advances in the treatment of hematologic malignancies over the past decade, outcomes in refractory lymphomas remain poor. One potential strategy in this patient population is the specific targeting of IL2R-α (CD25), which is overexpressed on many lymphoma and leukemic cells, using antibody-drug conjugates (ADC). ADCT-301 is an ADC composed of human IgG1 HuMax-TAC against CD25, stochastically conjugated through a dipeptide cleavable linker to a pyrrolobenzodiazepine (PBD) dimer warhead with a drug-antibody ratio (DAR) of 2.3. ADCT-301 binds human CD25 with picomolar affinity. ADCT-301 has highly potent and selective cytotoxicity against a panel of CD25-expressing human lymphoma cell lines. Once internalized, the released warhead binds in the DNA minor groove and exerts its potent cytotoxic action via the formation of DNA interstrand cross-links. A strong correlation between loss of viability and DNA cross-link formation is demonstrated. DNA damage persists, resulting in phosphorylation of histone H2AX, cell-cycle arrest in G2-M, and apoptosis. Bystander killing of CD25-negative cells by ADCT-301 is also observed. In vivo, a single dose of ADCT-301 results in dose-dependent and targeted antitumor activity against both subcutaneous and disseminated CD25-positive lymphoma models. In xenografts of Karpas 299, which expressed both CD25 and CD30, marked superiority over brentuximab vedotin (Adcetris) is observed. Dose-dependent increases in DNA cross-linking, γ-H2AX, and PBD payload staining were observed in tumors in vivo indicating a role as relevant pharmacodynamic assays. Together, these data support the clinical testing of this novel ADC in patients with CD25-expressing tumors. Mol Cancer Ther; 15(11); 2709-21. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Flynn
- Cancer Research UK Drug DNA Interactions Research Group, UCL Cancer Institute, London, United Kingdom
- Spirogen Ltd, QMB Innovation Centre, London, United Kingdom
| | - Francesca Zammarchi
- ADC Therapeutics (UK) Limited, QMB Innovation Centre, London, United Kingdom
| | - Peter C Tyrer
- Spirogen Ltd, QMB Innovation Centre, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ayse U Akarca
- Department of Pathology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Narinder Janghra
- Department of Pathology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Charles E Britten
- ADC Therapeutics (UK) Limited, QMB Innovation Centre, London, United Kingdom
| | - Carin E G Havenith
- ADC Therapeutics (UK) Limited, QMB Innovation Centre, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jean-Noel Levy
- Spirogen Ltd, QMB Innovation Centre, London, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Conor Barry
- Spirogen Ltd, QMB Innovation Centre, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Teresa Marafioti
- Department of Pathology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Paul W H I Parren
- Genmab, Utrecht, the Netherlands
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | | | | | | | - John A Hartley
- Cancer Research UK Drug DNA Interactions Research Group, UCL Cancer Institute, London, United Kingdom.
- Spirogen Ltd, QMB Innovation Centre, London, United Kingdom
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38
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Bhunia D, Chowdhury R, Bhattacharyya K, Ghosh S. Fluorescence fluctuation of an antigen-antibody complex: circular dichroism, FCS and smFRET of enhanced GFP and its antibody. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2016; 17:25250-9. [PMID: 26353083 DOI: 10.1039/c5cp04908c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The structure and dynamics of an antigen-antibody complex are monitored by circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy, fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS) and single molecule FRET (smFRET). In this work, the antigen is enhanced GFP (EGFP) and the antibody is anti-EGFP VHH-His6. From FCS measurements, the hydrodynamic radius (rH) of EGFP and its antibody (VHH-His6) is found to be 24 ± 2 Å and 18 ± 2 Å, respectively. For the antigen-antibody complex (EGFP:anti-EGFP VHH-His6), rH is 41 ± 3 Å. CD spectra indicate that the addition of guanidium hydrochloride (GdnHCl) causes unfolding of the antigen, its antibody and their complex, and a consequent increase in size is observed from FCS data. smFRET between EGFP (donor, D) and Alexa 594 (acceptor, A) bound to anti-EGFP VHH-His6 reveals a time dependent fluctuation in donor-acceptor distances. This suggests that the structure of the antigen-antibody complex is dynamic in nature and is not rigid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debmalya Bhunia
- Organic & Medicinal Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Jadavpur, Kolkata-700032, India.
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39
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Cell-targeting aptamers act as intracellular delivery vehicles. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2016; 100:6955-69. [PMID: 27350620 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-016-7686-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2016] [Revised: 06/12/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Aptamers are single-stranded nucleic acids or peptides identified from a randomized combinatorial library through specific interaction with the target of interest. Targets can be of any size, from small molecules to whole cells, attesting to the versatility of aptamers for binding a wide range of targets. Aptamers show drug properties that are analogous to antibodies, with high specificity and affinity to their target molecules. Aptamers can penetrate disease-causing microbial and mammalian cells. Generated aptamers that target surface biomarkers act as cell-targeting agents and intracellular delivery vehicles. Within this context, the "cell-internalizing aptamers" are widely investigated via the process of cell uptake with selective binding during in vivo systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment (SELEX) or by cell-internalization SELEX, which targets cell surface antigens to be receptors. These internalizing aptamers are highly preferable for the localization and functional analyses of multiple targets. In this overview, we discuss the ways by which internalizing aptamers are generated and their successful applications. Furthermore, theranostic approaches featuring cell-internalized aptamers are discussed with the purpose of analyzing and diagnosing disease-causing pathogens.
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40
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Gikanga B, Adeniji NS, Patapoff TW, Chih HW, Yi L. Cathepsin B Cleavage of vcMMAE-Based Antibody-Drug Conjugate Is Not Drug Location or Monoclonal Antibody Carrier Specific. Bioconjug Chem 2016; 27:1040-9. [PMID: 26914498 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.6b00055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) require thorough characterization and understanding of product quality attributes. The framework of many ADCs comprises one molecule of antibody that is usually conjugated with multiple drug molecules at various locations. It is unknown whether the drug release rate from the ADC is dependent on drug location, and/or local environment, dictated by the sequence and structure of the antibody carrier. This study addresses these issues with valine-citrulline-monomethylauristatin E (vc-MMAE)-based ADC molecules conjugated at reduced disulfide bonds, by evaluating the cathepsin B catalyzed drug release rate of ADC molecules with different drug distributions or antibody carriers. MMAE drug release rates at different locations on ADC I were compared to evaluate the impact of drug location. No difference in rates was observed for drug released from the V(H), V(L), or C(H)2 domains of ADC I. Furthermore, four vc-MMAE ADC molecules were chosen as substrates for cathepsin B for evaluation of Michaelis-Menten parameters. There was no significant difference in K(M) or k(cat) values, suggesting that different sequences of the antibody carrier do not result in different drug release rates. Comparison between ADCs and small molecules containing vc-MMAE moieties as substrates for cathepsin B suggests that the presence of IgG1 antibody carrier, regardless of its bulkiness, does not impact drug release rate. Finally, a molecular dynamics simulation on ADC II revealed that the val-cit moiety at each of the eight possible conjugation sites was, on average, solvent accessible over 50% of its maximum solvent accessible surface area (SASA) during a 500 ns trajectory. Combined, these results suggest that the cathepsin cleavage sites for conjugated drugs are exposed enough for the enzyme to access and that the drug release rate is rather independent of drug location or monoclonal antibody carrier. Therefore, the distribution of drug conjugation at different sites is not a critical parameter to control in manufacturing of the vc-MMAE-based ADC conjugated at reduced disulfide bonds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benson Gikanga
- Pharmaceutical Processing and Technology Development, ‡Late Stage Pharmaceutical Development, §Early Stage Pharmaceutical Development, Genentech Inc. , 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Nia S Adeniji
- Pharmaceutical Processing and Technology Development, ‡Late Stage Pharmaceutical Development, §Early Stage Pharmaceutical Development, Genentech Inc. , 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Thomas W Patapoff
- Pharmaceutical Processing and Technology Development, ‡Late Stage Pharmaceutical Development, §Early Stage Pharmaceutical Development, Genentech Inc. , 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Hung-Wei Chih
- Pharmaceutical Processing and Technology Development, ‡Late Stage Pharmaceutical Development, §Early Stage Pharmaceutical Development, Genentech Inc. , 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Li Yi
- Pharmaceutical Processing and Technology Development, ‡Late Stage Pharmaceutical Development, §Early Stage Pharmaceutical Development, Genentech Inc. , 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
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41
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van der Meel R, Vehmeijer LJC, Kok RJ, Storm G, van Gaal EVB. Ligand-targeted Particulate Nanomedicines Undergoing Clinical Evaluation: Current Status. INTRACELLULAR DELIVERY III 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-43525-1_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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42
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Kraynov E, Kamath AV, Walles M, Tarcsa E, Deslandes A, Iyer RA, Datta-Mannan A, Sriraman P, Bairlein M, Yang JJ, Barfield M, Xiao G, Escandon E, Wang W, Rock DA, Chemuturi NV, Moore DJ. Current Approaches for Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, and Excretion Characterization of Antibody-Drug Conjugates: An Industry White Paper. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 44:617-23. [PMID: 26669328 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.115.068049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
An antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) is a unique therapeutic modality composed of a highly potent drug molecule conjugated to a monoclonal antibody. As the number of ADCs in various stages of nonclinical and clinical development has been increasing, pharmaceutical companies have been exploring diverse approaches to understanding the disposition of ADCs. To identify the key absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) issues worth examining when developing an ADC and to find optimal scientifically based approaches to evaluate ADC ADME, the International Consortium for Innovation and Quality in Pharmaceutical Development launched an ADC ADME working group in early 2014. This white paper contains observations from the working group and provides an initial framework on issues and approaches to consider when evaluating the ADME of ADCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugenia Kraynov
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, and Metabolism, Pfizer Inc., La Jolla, California (E.K.); Preclinical and Translational Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics, Genentech, South San Francisco, California (A.V.K.); Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma, Basel, Switzerland (M.W.); Drug Metabolism, Pharmacokinetics, and Bioanalysis Department, AbbVie, Worcester, Massachusetts (E.T.); Disposition, Safety and Animal Research, Sanofi, Vitry sur Seine, France (A.D.); Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, New Jersey (R.A.I.); Departments of Drug Disposition, Development, and Commercialization, Eli Lilly and Co., Indianapolis, Indiana (A.D.-M.); Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Celgene Corp., Summit, New Jersey (P.S.); Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Bayer Pharma AG, Wuppertal, Germany (Mi.B.); Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Takeda Pharmaceuticals International Co., Boston, Massachusetts (J.J.Y.); Bioanalytical Science and Toxicokinetics, Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Ware, United Kingdom (Ma.B.); Preclinical Pharmacokinetics and In Vitro ADME, Biogen, Cambridge, Massachusetts (G.X.); Biologics Discovery Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics and Bioanalytics Department, Merck Research Laboratories, Palo Alto, California (E.E.); Biologics Clinical Pharmacology, Janssen R&D, Spring House, Pennsylvania, (W.W.); Amgen Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Thousand Oaks, California (D.A.R.); Seattle Genetics Inc., Seattle, Washington (N.V.C); and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center, New York City, New York (D.J.M.)
| | - Amrita V Kamath
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, and Metabolism, Pfizer Inc., La Jolla, California (E.K.); Preclinical and Translational Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics, Genentech, South San Francisco, California (A.V.K.); Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma, Basel, Switzerland (M.W.); Drug Metabolism, Pharmacokinetics, and Bioanalysis Department, AbbVie, Worcester, Massachusetts (E.T.); Disposition, Safety and Animal Research, Sanofi, Vitry sur Seine, France (A.D.); Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, New Jersey (R.A.I.); Departments of Drug Disposition, Development, and Commercialization, Eli Lilly and Co., Indianapolis, Indiana (A.D.-M.); Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Celgene Corp., Summit, New Jersey (P.S.); Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Bayer Pharma AG, Wuppertal, Germany (Mi.B.); Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Takeda Pharmaceuticals International Co., Boston, Massachusetts (J.J.Y.); Bioanalytical Science and Toxicokinetics, Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Ware, United Kingdom (Ma.B.); Preclinical Pharmacokinetics and In Vitro ADME, Biogen, Cambridge, Massachusetts (G.X.); Biologics Discovery Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics and Bioanalytics Department, Merck Research Laboratories, Palo Alto, California (E.E.); Biologics Clinical Pharmacology, Janssen R&D, Spring House, Pennsylvania, (W.W.); Amgen Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Thousand Oaks, California (D.A.R.); Seattle Genetics Inc., Seattle, Washington (N.V.C); and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center, New York City, New York (D.J.M.)
| | - Markus Walles
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, and Metabolism, Pfizer Inc., La Jolla, California (E.K.); Preclinical and Translational Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics, Genentech, South San Francisco, California (A.V.K.); Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma, Basel, Switzerland (M.W.); Drug Metabolism, Pharmacokinetics, and Bioanalysis Department, AbbVie, Worcester, Massachusetts (E.T.); Disposition, Safety and Animal Research, Sanofi, Vitry sur Seine, France (A.D.); Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, New Jersey (R.A.I.); Departments of Drug Disposition, Development, and Commercialization, Eli Lilly and Co., Indianapolis, Indiana (A.D.-M.); Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Celgene Corp., Summit, New Jersey (P.S.); Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Bayer Pharma AG, Wuppertal, Germany (Mi.B.); Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Takeda Pharmaceuticals International Co., Boston, Massachusetts (J.J.Y.); Bioanalytical Science and Toxicokinetics, Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Ware, United Kingdom (Ma.B.); Preclinical Pharmacokinetics and In Vitro ADME, Biogen, Cambridge, Massachusetts (G.X.); Biologics Discovery Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics and Bioanalytics Department, Merck Research Laboratories, Palo Alto, California (E.E.); Biologics Clinical Pharmacology, Janssen R&D, Spring House, Pennsylvania, (W.W.); Amgen Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Thousand Oaks, California (D.A.R.); Seattle Genetics Inc., Seattle, Washington (N.V.C); and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center, New York City, New York (D.J.M.)
| | - Edit Tarcsa
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, and Metabolism, Pfizer Inc., La Jolla, California (E.K.); Preclinical and Translational Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics, Genentech, South San Francisco, California (A.V.K.); Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma, Basel, Switzerland (M.W.); Drug Metabolism, Pharmacokinetics, and Bioanalysis Department, AbbVie, Worcester, Massachusetts (E.T.); Disposition, Safety and Animal Research, Sanofi, Vitry sur Seine, France (A.D.); Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, New Jersey (R.A.I.); Departments of Drug Disposition, Development, and Commercialization, Eli Lilly and Co., Indianapolis, Indiana (A.D.-M.); Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Celgene Corp., Summit, New Jersey (P.S.); Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Bayer Pharma AG, Wuppertal, Germany (Mi.B.); Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Takeda Pharmaceuticals International Co., Boston, Massachusetts (J.J.Y.); Bioanalytical Science and Toxicokinetics, Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Ware, United Kingdom (Ma.B.); Preclinical Pharmacokinetics and In Vitro ADME, Biogen, Cambridge, Massachusetts (G.X.); Biologics Discovery Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics and Bioanalytics Department, Merck Research Laboratories, Palo Alto, California (E.E.); Biologics Clinical Pharmacology, Janssen R&D, Spring House, Pennsylvania, (W.W.); Amgen Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Thousand Oaks, California (D.A.R.); Seattle Genetics Inc., Seattle, Washington (N.V.C); and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center, New York City, New York (D.J.M.)
| | - Antoine Deslandes
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, and Metabolism, Pfizer Inc., La Jolla, California (E.K.); Preclinical and Translational Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics, Genentech, South San Francisco, California (A.V.K.); Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma, Basel, Switzerland (M.W.); Drug Metabolism, Pharmacokinetics, and Bioanalysis Department, AbbVie, Worcester, Massachusetts (E.T.); Disposition, Safety and Animal Research, Sanofi, Vitry sur Seine, France (A.D.); Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, New Jersey (R.A.I.); Departments of Drug Disposition, Development, and Commercialization, Eli Lilly and Co., Indianapolis, Indiana (A.D.-M.); Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Celgene Corp., Summit, New Jersey (P.S.); Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Bayer Pharma AG, Wuppertal, Germany (Mi.B.); Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Takeda Pharmaceuticals International Co., Boston, Massachusetts (J.J.Y.); Bioanalytical Science and Toxicokinetics, Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Ware, United Kingdom (Ma.B.); Preclinical Pharmacokinetics and In Vitro ADME, Biogen, Cambridge, Massachusetts (G.X.); Biologics Discovery Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics and Bioanalytics Department, Merck Research Laboratories, Palo Alto, California (E.E.); Biologics Clinical Pharmacology, Janssen R&D, Spring House, Pennsylvania, (W.W.); Amgen Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Thousand Oaks, California (D.A.R.); Seattle Genetics Inc., Seattle, Washington (N.V.C); and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center, New York City, New York (D.J.M.)
| | - Ramaswamy A Iyer
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, and Metabolism, Pfizer Inc., La Jolla, California (E.K.); Preclinical and Translational Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics, Genentech, South San Francisco, California (A.V.K.); Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma, Basel, Switzerland (M.W.); Drug Metabolism, Pharmacokinetics, and Bioanalysis Department, AbbVie, Worcester, Massachusetts (E.T.); Disposition, Safety and Animal Research, Sanofi, Vitry sur Seine, France (A.D.); Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, New Jersey (R.A.I.); Departments of Drug Disposition, Development, and Commercialization, Eli Lilly and Co., Indianapolis, Indiana (A.D.-M.); Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Celgene Corp., Summit, New Jersey (P.S.); Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Bayer Pharma AG, Wuppertal, Germany (Mi.B.); Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Takeda Pharmaceuticals International Co., Boston, Massachusetts (J.J.Y.); Bioanalytical Science and Toxicokinetics, Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Ware, United Kingdom (Ma.B.); Preclinical Pharmacokinetics and In Vitro ADME, Biogen, Cambridge, Massachusetts (G.X.); Biologics Discovery Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics and Bioanalytics Department, Merck Research Laboratories, Palo Alto, California (E.E.); Biologics Clinical Pharmacology, Janssen R&D, Spring House, Pennsylvania, (W.W.); Amgen Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Thousand Oaks, California (D.A.R.); Seattle Genetics Inc., Seattle, Washington (N.V.C); and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center, New York City, New York (D.J.M.)
| | - Amita Datta-Mannan
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, and Metabolism, Pfizer Inc., La Jolla, California (E.K.); Preclinical and Translational Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics, Genentech, South San Francisco, California (A.V.K.); Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma, Basel, Switzerland (M.W.); Drug Metabolism, Pharmacokinetics, and Bioanalysis Department, AbbVie, Worcester, Massachusetts (E.T.); Disposition, Safety and Animal Research, Sanofi, Vitry sur Seine, France (A.D.); Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, New Jersey (R.A.I.); Departments of Drug Disposition, Development, and Commercialization, Eli Lilly and Co., Indianapolis, Indiana (A.D.-M.); Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Celgene Corp., Summit, New Jersey (P.S.); Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Bayer Pharma AG, Wuppertal, Germany (Mi.B.); Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Takeda Pharmaceuticals International Co., Boston, Massachusetts (J.J.Y.); Bioanalytical Science and Toxicokinetics, Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Ware, United Kingdom (Ma.B.); Preclinical Pharmacokinetics and In Vitro ADME, Biogen, Cambridge, Massachusetts (G.X.); Biologics Discovery Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics and Bioanalytics Department, Merck Research Laboratories, Palo Alto, California (E.E.); Biologics Clinical Pharmacology, Janssen R&D, Spring House, Pennsylvania, (W.W.); Amgen Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Thousand Oaks, California (D.A.R.); Seattle Genetics Inc., Seattle, Washington (N.V.C); and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center, New York City, New York (D.J.M.)
| | - Priya Sriraman
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, and Metabolism, Pfizer Inc., La Jolla, California (E.K.); Preclinical and Translational Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics, Genentech, South San Francisco, California (A.V.K.); Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma, Basel, Switzerland (M.W.); Drug Metabolism, Pharmacokinetics, and Bioanalysis Department, AbbVie, Worcester, Massachusetts (E.T.); Disposition, Safety and Animal Research, Sanofi, Vitry sur Seine, France (A.D.); Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, New Jersey (R.A.I.); Departments of Drug Disposition, Development, and Commercialization, Eli Lilly and Co., Indianapolis, Indiana (A.D.-M.); Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Celgene Corp., Summit, New Jersey (P.S.); Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Bayer Pharma AG, Wuppertal, Germany (Mi.B.); Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Takeda Pharmaceuticals International Co., Boston, Massachusetts (J.J.Y.); Bioanalytical Science and Toxicokinetics, Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Ware, United Kingdom (Ma.B.); Preclinical Pharmacokinetics and In Vitro ADME, Biogen, Cambridge, Massachusetts (G.X.); Biologics Discovery Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics and Bioanalytics Department, Merck Research Laboratories, Palo Alto, California (E.E.); Biologics Clinical Pharmacology, Janssen R&D, Spring House, Pennsylvania, (W.W.); Amgen Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Thousand Oaks, California (D.A.R.); Seattle Genetics Inc., Seattle, Washington (N.V.C); and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center, New York City, New York (D.J.M.)
| | - Michaela Bairlein
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, and Metabolism, Pfizer Inc., La Jolla, California (E.K.); Preclinical and Translational Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics, Genentech, South San Francisco, California (A.V.K.); Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma, Basel, Switzerland (M.W.); Drug Metabolism, Pharmacokinetics, and Bioanalysis Department, AbbVie, Worcester, Massachusetts (E.T.); Disposition, Safety and Animal Research, Sanofi, Vitry sur Seine, France (A.D.); Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, New Jersey (R.A.I.); Departments of Drug Disposition, Development, and Commercialization, Eli Lilly and Co., Indianapolis, Indiana (A.D.-M.); Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Celgene Corp., Summit, New Jersey (P.S.); Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Bayer Pharma AG, Wuppertal, Germany (Mi.B.); Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Takeda Pharmaceuticals International Co., Boston, Massachusetts (J.J.Y.); Bioanalytical Science and Toxicokinetics, Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Ware, United Kingdom (Ma.B.); Preclinical Pharmacokinetics and In Vitro ADME, Biogen, Cambridge, Massachusetts (G.X.); Biologics Discovery Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics and Bioanalytics Department, Merck Research Laboratories, Palo Alto, California (E.E.); Biologics Clinical Pharmacology, Janssen R&D, Spring House, Pennsylvania, (W.W.); Amgen Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Thousand Oaks, California (D.A.R.); Seattle Genetics Inc., Seattle, Washington (N.V.C); and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center, New York City, New York (D.J.M.)
| | - Johnny J Yang
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, and Metabolism, Pfizer Inc., La Jolla, California (E.K.); Preclinical and Translational Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics, Genentech, South San Francisco, California (A.V.K.); Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma, Basel, Switzerland (M.W.); Drug Metabolism, Pharmacokinetics, and Bioanalysis Department, AbbVie, Worcester, Massachusetts (E.T.); Disposition, Safety and Animal Research, Sanofi, Vitry sur Seine, France (A.D.); Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, New Jersey (R.A.I.); Departments of Drug Disposition, Development, and Commercialization, Eli Lilly and Co., Indianapolis, Indiana (A.D.-M.); Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Celgene Corp., Summit, New Jersey (P.S.); Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Bayer Pharma AG, Wuppertal, Germany (Mi.B.); Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Takeda Pharmaceuticals International Co., Boston, Massachusetts (J.J.Y.); Bioanalytical Science and Toxicokinetics, Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Ware, United Kingdom (Ma.B.); Preclinical Pharmacokinetics and In Vitro ADME, Biogen, Cambridge, Massachusetts (G.X.); Biologics Discovery Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics and Bioanalytics Department, Merck Research Laboratories, Palo Alto, California (E.E.); Biologics Clinical Pharmacology, Janssen R&D, Spring House, Pennsylvania, (W.W.); Amgen Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Thousand Oaks, California (D.A.R.); Seattle Genetics Inc., Seattle, Washington (N.V.C); and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center, New York City, New York (D.J.M.)
| | - Matthew Barfield
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, and Metabolism, Pfizer Inc., La Jolla, California (E.K.); Preclinical and Translational Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics, Genentech, South San Francisco, California (A.V.K.); Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma, Basel, Switzerland (M.W.); Drug Metabolism, Pharmacokinetics, and Bioanalysis Department, AbbVie, Worcester, Massachusetts (E.T.); Disposition, Safety and Animal Research, Sanofi, Vitry sur Seine, France (A.D.); Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, New Jersey (R.A.I.); Departments of Drug Disposition, Development, and Commercialization, Eli Lilly and Co., Indianapolis, Indiana (A.D.-M.); Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Celgene Corp., Summit, New Jersey (P.S.); Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Bayer Pharma AG, Wuppertal, Germany (Mi.B.); Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Takeda Pharmaceuticals International Co., Boston, Massachusetts (J.J.Y.); Bioanalytical Science and Toxicokinetics, Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Ware, United Kingdom (Ma.B.); Preclinical Pharmacokinetics and In Vitro ADME, Biogen, Cambridge, Massachusetts (G.X.); Biologics Discovery Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics and Bioanalytics Department, Merck Research Laboratories, Palo Alto, California (E.E.); Biologics Clinical Pharmacology, Janssen R&D, Spring House, Pennsylvania, (W.W.); Amgen Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Thousand Oaks, California (D.A.R.); Seattle Genetics Inc., Seattle, Washington (N.V.C); and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center, New York City, New York (D.J.M.)
| | - Guangqing Xiao
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, and Metabolism, Pfizer Inc., La Jolla, California (E.K.); Preclinical and Translational Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics, Genentech, South San Francisco, California (A.V.K.); Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma, Basel, Switzerland (M.W.); Drug Metabolism, Pharmacokinetics, and Bioanalysis Department, AbbVie, Worcester, Massachusetts (E.T.); Disposition, Safety and Animal Research, Sanofi, Vitry sur Seine, France (A.D.); Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, New Jersey (R.A.I.); Departments of Drug Disposition, Development, and Commercialization, Eli Lilly and Co., Indianapolis, Indiana (A.D.-M.); Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Celgene Corp., Summit, New Jersey (P.S.); Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Bayer Pharma AG, Wuppertal, Germany (Mi.B.); Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Takeda Pharmaceuticals International Co., Boston, Massachusetts (J.J.Y.); Bioanalytical Science and Toxicokinetics, Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Ware, United Kingdom (Ma.B.); Preclinical Pharmacokinetics and In Vitro ADME, Biogen, Cambridge, Massachusetts (G.X.); Biologics Discovery Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics and Bioanalytics Department, Merck Research Laboratories, Palo Alto, California (E.E.); Biologics Clinical Pharmacology, Janssen R&D, Spring House, Pennsylvania, (W.W.); Amgen Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Thousand Oaks, California (D.A.R.); Seattle Genetics Inc., Seattle, Washington (N.V.C); and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center, New York City, New York (D.J.M.)
| | - Enrique Escandon
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, and Metabolism, Pfizer Inc., La Jolla, California (E.K.); Preclinical and Translational Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics, Genentech, South San Francisco, California (A.V.K.); Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma, Basel, Switzerland (M.W.); Drug Metabolism, Pharmacokinetics, and Bioanalysis Department, AbbVie, Worcester, Massachusetts (E.T.); Disposition, Safety and Animal Research, Sanofi, Vitry sur Seine, France (A.D.); Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, New Jersey (R.A.I.); Departments of Drug Disposition, Development, and Commercialization, Eli Lilly and Co., Indianapolis, Indiana (A.D.-M.); Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Celgene Corp., Summit, New Jersey (P.S.); Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Bayer Pharma AG, Wuppertal, Germany (Mi.B.); Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Takeda Pharmaceuticals International Co., Boston, Massachusetts (J.J.Y.); Bioanalytical Science and Toxicokinetics, Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Ware, United Kingdom (Ma.B.); Preclinical Pharmacokinetics and In Vitro ADME, Biogen, Cambridge, Massachusetts (G.X.); Biologics Discovery Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics and Bioanalytics Department, Merck Research Laboratories, Palo Alto, California (E.E.); Biologics Clinical Pharmacology, Janssen R&D, Spring House, Pennsylvania, (W.W.); Amgen Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Thousand Oaks, California (D.A.R.); Seattle Genetics Inc., Seattle, Washington (N.V.C); and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center, New York City, New York (D.J.M.)
| | - Weirong Wang
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, and Metabolism, Pfizer Inc., La Jolla, California (E.K.); Preclinical and Translational Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics, Genentech, South San Francisco, California (A.V.K.); Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma, Basel, Switzerland (M.W.); Drug Metabolism, Pharmacokinetics, and Bioanalysis Department, AbbVie, Worcester, Massachusetts (E.T.); Disposition, Safety and Animal Research, Sanofi, Vitry sur Seine, France (A.D.); Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, New Jersey (R.A.I.); Departments of Drug Disposition, Development, and Commercialization, Eli Lilly and Co., Indianapolis, Indiana (A.D.-M.); Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Celgene Corp., Summit, New Jersey (P.S.); Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Bayer Pharma AG, Wuppertal, Germany (Mi.B.); Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Takeda Pharmaceuticals International Co., Boston, Massachusetts (J.J.Y.); Bioanalytical Science and Toxicokinetics, Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Ware, United Kingdom (Ma.B.); Preclinical Pharmacokinetics and In Vitro ADME, Biogen, Cambridge, Massachusetts (G.X.); Biologics Discovery Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics and Bioanalytics Department, Merck Research Laboratories, Palo Alto, California (E.E.); Biologics Clinical Pharmacology, Janssen R&D, Spring House, Pennsylvania, (W.W.); Amgen Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Thousand Oaks, California (D.A.R.); Seattle Genetics Inc., Seattle, Washington (N.V.C); and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center, New York City, New York (D.J.M.)
| | - Dan A Rock
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, and Metabolism, Pfizer Inc., La Jolla, California (E.K.); Preclinical and Translational Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics, Genentech, South San Francisco, California (A.V.K.); Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma, Basel, Switzerland (M.W.); Drug Metabolism, Pharmacokinetics, and Bioanalysis Department, AbbVie, Worcester, Massachusetts (E.T.); Disposition, Safety and Animal Research, Sanofi, Vitry sur Seine, France (A.D.); Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, New Jersey (R.A.I.); Departments of Drug Disposition, Development, and Commercialization, Eli Lilly and Co., Indianapolis, Indiana (A.D.-M.); Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Celgene Corp., Summit, New Jersey (P.S.); Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Bayer Pharma AG, Wuppertal, Germany (Mi.B.); Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Takeda Pharmaceuticals International Co., Boston, Massachusetts (J.J.Y.); Bioanalytical Science and Toxicokinetics, Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Ware, United Kingdom (Ma.B.); Preclinical Pharmacokinetics and In Vitro ADME, Biogen, Cambridge, Massachusetts (G.X.); Biologics Discovery Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics and Bioanalytics Department, Merck Research Laboratories, Palo Alto, California (E.E.); Biologics Clinical Pharmacology, Janssen R&D, Spring House, Pennsylvania, (W.W.); Amgen Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Thousand Oaks, California (D.A.R.); Seattle Genetics Inc., Seattle, Washington (N.V.C); and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center, New York City, New York (D.J.M.)
| | - Nagendra V Chemuturi
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, and Metabolism, Pfizer Inc., La Jolla, California (E.K.); Preclinical and Translational Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics, Genentech, South San Francisco, California (A.V.K.); Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma, Basel, Switzerland (M.W.); Drug Metabolism, Pharmacokinetics, and Bioanalysis Department, AbbVie, Worcester, Massachusetts (E.T.); Disposition, Safety and Animal Research, Sanofi, Vitry sur Seine, France (A.D.); Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, New Jersey (R.A.I.); Departments of Drug Disposition, Development, and Commercialization, Eli Lilly and Co., Indianapolis, Indiana (A.D.-M.); Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Celgene Corp., Summit, New Jersey (P.S.); Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Bayer Pharma AG, Wuppertal, Germany (Mi.B.); Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Takeda Pharmaceuticals International Co., Boston, Massachusetts (J.J.Y.); Bioanalytical Science and Toxicokinetics, Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Ware, United Kingdom (Ma.B.); Preclinical Pharmacokinetics and In Vitro ADME, Biogen, Cambridge, Massachusetts (G.X.); Biologics Discovery Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics and Bioanalytics Department, Merck Research Laboratories, Palo Alto, California (E.E.); Biologics Clinical Pharmacology, Janssen R&D, Spring House, Pennsylvania, (W.W.); Amgen Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Thousand Oaks, California (D.A.R.); Seattle Genetics Inc., Seattle, Washington (N.V.C); and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center, New York City, New York (D.J.M.)
| | - David J Moore
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, and Metabolism, Pfizer Inc., La Jolla, California (E.K.); Preclinical and Translational Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics, Genentech, South San Francisco, California (A.V.K.); Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma, Basel, Switzerland (M.W.); Drug Metabolism, Pharmacokinetics, and Bioanalysis Department, AbbVie, Worcester, Massachusetts (E.T.); Disposition, Safety and Animal Research, Sanofi, Vitry sur Seine, France (A.D.); Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, New Jersey (R.A.I.); Departments of Drug Disposition, Development, and Commercialization, Eli Lilly and Co., Indianapolis, Indiana (A.D.-M.); Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Celgene Corp., Summit, New Jersey (P.S.); Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Bayer Pharma AG, Wuppertal, Germany (Mi.B.); Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Takeda Pharmaceuticals International Co., Boston, Massachusetts (J.J.Y.); Bioanalytical Science and Toxicokinetics, Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Ware, United Kingdom (Ma.B.); Preclinical Pharmacokinetics and In Vitro ADME, Biogen, Cambridge, Massachusetts (G.X.); Biologics Discovery Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics and Bioanalytics Department, Merck Research Laboratories, Palo Alto, California (E.E.); Biologics Clinical Pharmacology, Janssen R&D, Spring House, Pennsylvania, (W.W.); Amgen Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Thousand Oaks, California (D.A.R.); Seattle Genetics Inc., Seattle, Washington (N.V.C); and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center, New York City, New York (D.J.M.)
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Zhan P, Pannecouque C, De Clercq E, Liu X. Anti-HIV Drug Discovery and Development: Current Innovations and Future Trends. J Med Chem 2015; 59:2849-78. [PMID: 26509831 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b00497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 229] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The early effectiveness of combinatorial antiretroviral therapy (cART) in the treatment of HIV infection has been compromised to some extent by rapid development of multidrug-resistant HIV strains, poor bioavailability, and cumulative toxicities, and so there is a need for alternative strategies of antiretroviral drug discovery and additional therapeutic agents with novel action modes or targets. From this perspective, we first review current strategies of antiretroviral drug discovery and optimization, with the aid of selected examples from the recent literature. We highlight the development of phosphate ester-based prodrugs as a means to improve the aqueous solubility of HIV inhibitors, and the introduction of the substrate envelope hypothesis as a new approach for overcoming HIV drug resistance. Finally, we discuss future directions for research, including opportunities for exploitation of novel antiretroviral targets, and the strategy of activation of latent HIV reservoirs as a means to eradicate the virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Zhan
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University , 44, West Culture Road, 250012, Jinan, Shandong, P. R. China
| | - Christophe Pannecouque
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven , Minderbroedersstraat 10, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Erik De Clercq
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven , Minderbroedersstraat 10, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Xinyong Liu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University , 44, West Culture Road, 250012, Jinan, Shandong, P. R. China
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Akash MSH, Rehman K, Parveen A, Ibrahim M. Antibody-drug conjugates as drug carrier systems for bioactive agents. INT J POLYM MATER PO 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/00914037.2015.1038818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Maass KF, Kulkarni C, Quadir MA, Hammond PT, Betts AM, Wittrup KD. A Flow Cytometric Clonogenic Assay Reveals the Single-Cell Potency of Doxorubicin. J Pharm Sci 2015; 104:4409-4416. [PMID: 26344409 DOI: 10.1002/jps.24631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2015] [Revised: 07/29/2015] [Accepted: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Standard cell proliferation assays use bulk media drug concentration to ascertain the potency of chemotherapeutic drugs; however, the relevant quantity is clearly the amount of drug actually taken up by the cell. To address this discrepancy, we have developed a flow cytometric clonogenic assay to correlate the amount of drug in a single cell with the cell's ability to proliferate using a cell tracing dye and doxorubicin, a naturally fluorescent chemotherapeutic drug. By varying doxorubicin concentration in the media, length of treatment time, and treatment with verapamil, an efflux pump inhibitor, we introduced 10(5) -10(10) doxorubicin molecules per cell; then used a dye-dilution assay to simultaneously assess the number of cell divisions. We find that a cell's ability to proliferate is a surprisingly conserved function of the number of intracellular doxorubicin molecules, resulting in single-cell IC50 values of 4-12 million intracellular doxorubicin molecules. The developed assay is a straightforward method for understanding a drug's single-cell potency and can be used for any fluorescent or fluorescently labeled drug, including nanoparticles or antibody-drug conjugates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie F Maass
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology; David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology
| | - Chethana Kulkarni
- Oncology Medicinal Chemistry, Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development
| | - Mohiuddin A Quadir
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology
| | - Paula T Hammond
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology; David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology
| | - Alison M Betts
- Translational Research Group, Department of Pharmacokinetics Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development
| | - Karl Dane Wittrup
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology; David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
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Vazquez-Lombardi R, Phan TG, Zimmermann C, Lowe D, Jermutus L, Christ D. Challenges and opportunities for non-antibody scaffold drugs. Drug Discov Today 2015; 20:1271-83. [PMID: 26360055 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2015.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2015] [Revised: 08/06/2015] [Accepted: 09/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The first candidates from the promising class of small non-antibody protein scaffolds are now moving into clinical development and practice. Challenges remain, and scaffolds will need to be further tailored toward applications where they provide real advantages over established therapeutics to succeed in a rapidly evolving drug development landscape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Vazquez-Lombardi
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, 384 Victoria Street, Darlinghurst, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia; The University of New South Wales, Faculty of Medicine, St Vincent's Clinical School, Darlinghurst, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Tri Giang Phan
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, 384 Victoria Street, Darlinghurst, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia; The University of New South Wales, Faculty of Medicine, St Vincent's Clinical School, Darlinghurst, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Carsten Zimmermann
- University of San Diego, School of Business Administration, 5998 Alcala Park, San Diego, CA 92110, USA
| | - David Lowe
- MedImmune Ltd., Granta Park, Cambridge CB21 6GH, UK
| | - Lutz Jermutus
- MedImmune Ltd., Granta Park, Cambridge CB21 6GH, UK; Trinity Hall, University of Cambridge, Trinity Lane CB2 1TJ, UK.
| | - Daniel Christ
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, 384 Victoria Street, Darlinghurst, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia; The University of New South Wales, Faculty of Medicine, St Vincent's Clinical School, Darlinghurst, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia.
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Jiang L, Yang M, Zhang X, Bao S, Ma L, Fan D, Zhou Y, Xiong D, Zhen Y. A novel antibody-drug conjugate anti-CD19(Fab)-LDM in the treatment of B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma xenografts with enhanced anticancer activity. J Drug Target 2015. [PMID: 26204323 DOI: 10.3109/1061186x.2015.1055568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rituximab is widely used in clinical setting for the treatment of B malignant lymphoma and has achieved remarkable success. However, in most patients, the disease ultimately relapses and become resistant to rituximab. To overcome the limitation, there is still a need to find novel strategy for improving therapeutic efficacy. OBJECTIVE To construct genetically engineered antibody anti-CD19(Fab)-LDM, and verify the anticancer activity targeted toward B-lymphoma. METHODS The anticancer activity of anti-CD19(Fab)-LDM in vitro and in vivo was examined. In vitro, the binding activity and internalization of anti-CD19(Fab)-LDP were measured. Using comet assay and apoptosis, the cytotoxicity of energized fusion proteins was observed. From in vivo experiments, targeting of therapeutic effect and anticancer efficacy bythe fusion protein was verified. RESULTS Data showed that anti-CD19(Fab)-LDM does not only binding the cell surface but is also internalized into the cell. The energized fusion proteins anti-CD19(Fab)-LDM can induce DNA damage. Furthermore, significant in vivo therapeutic efficacy was observed. CONCLUSION The present study demonstrated that the genetically engineered antibody anti-CD19(Fab)-LDM exhibited enhanced cytotoxicity compared to LDM alone. One of the most powerful advantages of anti-CD19(Fab)-LDM, however, is that it can be internalized within the cells and carry out cytotoxic effects. Therefore, anti-CD19(Fab)-LDM may be as a useful targeted therapy for B-cell lymphoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linlin Jiang
- a State key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Hospital of Blood Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College , China and
| | - Ming Yang
- a State key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Hospital of Blood Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College , China and
| | - Xiaoyun Zhang
- a State key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Hospital of Blood Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College , China and
| | - Shiqi Bao
- a State key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Hospital of Blood Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College , China and
| | - Li Ma
- a State key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Hospital of Blood Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College , China and
| | - Dongmei Fan
- a State key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Hospital of Blood Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College , China and
| | - Yuan Zhou
- a State key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Hospital of Blood Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College , China and
| | - Dongsheng Xiong
- a State key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Hospital of Blood Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College , China and
| | - Yongsu Zhen
- b Department of Oncology , Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College , China
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Nunes JPM, Morais M, Vassileva V, Robinson E, Rajkumar VS, Smith MEB, Pedley RB, Caddick S, Baker JR, Chudasama V. Functional native disulfide bridging enables delivery of a potent, stable and targeted antibody-drug conjugate (ADC). Chem Commun (Camb) 2015; 51:10624-7. [PMID: 26051118 DOI: 10.1039/c5cc03557k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Herein we report the use of next generation maleimides (NGMs) for the construction of a potent antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) via functional disulfide bridging. The linker has excellent stability in blood serum and the ADC, armed with monomethyl auristatin E (MMAE), shows excellent potency and cancer cell selectivity in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- João P M Nunes
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, London, WC1H 0AJ, UK.
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Graversen JH, Moestrup SK. Drug Trafficking into Macrophages via the Endocytotic Receptor CD163. MEMBRANES 2015; 5:228-52. [PMID: 26111002 PMCID: PMC4496642 DOI: 10.3390/membranes5020228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2015] [Accepted: 06/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In inflammatory diseases, macrophages are a main producer of a range of cytokines regulating the inflammatory state. This also includes inflammation induced by tumor growth, which recruits so-called tumor-associated macrophages supporting tumor growth. Macrophages are therefore relevant targets for cytotoxic or phenotype-modulating drugs in the treatment of inflammatory and cancerous diseases. Such targeting of macrophages has been tried using the natural propensity of macrophages to non-specifically phagocytose circulating foreign particulate material. In addition, the specific targeting of macrophage-expressed receptors has been used in order to obtain a selective uptake in macrophages and reduce adverse effects of off-target delivery of drugs. CD163 is a highly expressed macrophage-specific endocytic receptor that has been studied for intracellular delivery of small molecule drugs to macrophages using targeted liposomes or antibody drug conjugates. This review will focus on the biology of CD163 and its potential role as a target for selective macrophage targeting compared with other macrophage targeting approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Heilskov Graversen
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, J. B. Winsløws Vej 25, 5000-Odense C, Denmark.
| | - Søren Kragh Moestrup
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, J. B. Winsløws Vej 25, 5000-Odense C, Denmark.
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Odense University Hospital, 5000-Odense C, Denmark.
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Singh SK, Luisi DL, Pak RH. Antibody-Drug Conjugates: Design, Formulation and Physicochemical Stability. Pharm Res 2015; 32:3541-71. [PMID: 25986175 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-015-1704-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Accepted: 04/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The convergence of advanced understanding of biology with chemistry has led to a resurgence in the development of antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs), especially with two recent product approvals. Design and development of ADCs requires the synergistic combination of the monoclonal antibody, the linker and the payload. Advances in antibody science has enabled identification and generation of high affinity, highly selective, humanized or human antibodies for a given target. Novel linker technologies have been synthesized and highly potent cytotoxic drug payloads have been created. As the first generation of ADCs utilizing lysine and cysteine chemistries moves through the clinic and into commercialization, second generation ADCs involving site specific conjugation technologies are being evaluated and tested. The latter aim to be better characterized and controlled, with wider therapeutic indices as well as improved pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic (PK-PD) profiles. ADCs offer some interesting physicochemical properties, due to conjugation itself, and to the (often) hydrophobic payloads that must be considered during their CMC development. New analytical methodologies are required for the ADCs, supplementing those used for the antibody itself. Regulatory filings will be a combination of small molecule and biologics. The regulators have put forth some broad principles but this landscape is still evolving.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satish K Singh
- Pfizer, Inc., Pharmaceutical R&D, 700 Chesterfield Parkway West, Chesterfield, Missouri, 63017, USA
| | - Donna L Luisi
- Pfizer, Inc., Pharmaceutical R&D, 1 Burtt Road, Bldg. K, Andover, Massachusetts, 01810, USA
| | - Roger H Pak
- Pfizer, Inc., Pharmaceutical R&D, 1 Burtt Road, Bldg. K, Andover, Massachusetts, 01810, USA.
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