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Gupta SM, Mania-Pramanik J. Molecular mechanisms in progression of HPV-associated cervical carcinogenesis. J Biomed Sci 2019; 26:28. [PMID: 31014351 PMCID: PMC6477741 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-019-0520-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cervical cancer is the fourth most frequent cancer in women worldwide and a major cause of mortality in developing countries. Persistent infection with high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) is a necessary cause for the development of cervical cancer. In addition, genetic and epigenetic alterations in host cell genes are crucial for progression of cervical precancerous lesions to invasive cancer. Although much progress has been made in understanding the life cycle of HPV and it’s role in the development of cervical cancer, there is still a critical need for accurate surveillance strategies and targeted therapeutic options to eradicate these cancers in patients. Given the widespread nature of HPV infection and the type specificity of currently available HPV vaccines, it is crucial that molecular details of the natural history of HPV infection as well as the biological activities of viral oncoproteins be elucidated. A better understanding of the mechanisms involved in oncogenesis can provide novel insights and opportunities for designing effective therapeutic approaches against HPV-associated malignancies. In this review, we briefly summarize epigenetic alterations and events that cause alterations in host genomes inducing cell cycle deregulation, aberrant proliferation and genomic instability contributing to tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadhana M Gupta
- Department of Infectious Diseases Biology, National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health, J.M. Street, Parel, Mumbai, 400012, India.
| | - Jayanti Mania-Pramanik
- Department of Infectious Diseases Biology, National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health, J.M. Street, Parel, Mumbai, 400012, India
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Human Papillomavirus: Current and Future RNAi Therapeutic Strategies for Cervical Cancer. J Clin Med 2015; 4:1126-55. [PMID: 26239469 PMCID: PMC4470221 DOI: 10.3390/jcm4051126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2015] [Accepted: 05/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Human papillomaviruses (HPVs) are small DNA viruses; some oncogenic ones can cause different types of cancer, in particular cervical cancer. HPV-associated carcinogenesis provides a classical model system for RNA interference (RNAi) based cancer therapies, because the viral oncogenes E6 and E7 that cause cervical cancer are expressed only in cancerous cells. Previous studies on the development of therapeutic RNAi facilitated the advancement of therapeutic siRNAs and demonstrated its versatility by siRNA-mediated depletion of single or multiple cellular/viral targets. Sequence-specific gene silencing using RNAi shows promise as a novel therapeutic approach for the treatment of a variety of diseases that currently lack effective treatments. However, siRNA-based targeting requires further validation of its efficacy in vitro and in vivo, for its potential off-target effects, and of the design of conventional therapies to be used in combination with siRNAs and their drug delivery vehicles. In this review we discuss what is currently known about HPV-associated carcinogenesis and the potential for combining siRNA with other treatment strategies for the development of future therapies. Finally, we present our assessment of the most promising path to the development of RNAi therapeutic strategies for clinical settings.
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Kriegel C, Attarwala H, Amiji M. Multi-compartmental oral delivery systems for nucleic acid therapy in the gastrointestinal tract. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2013; 65:891-901. [PMID: 23220324 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2012.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2012] [Revised: 11/02/2012] [Accepted: 11/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Gene and RNA interference therapies have significant potential for alleviating countless diseases, including many associated with the gastro-intestinal (GI) tract. Unfortunately, oral delivery of genes and small interfering RNA (siRNA) is very challenging due to the extracellular and intracellular barriers. In this review, we discuss the utilization of multi-compartmental delivery systems for oral administration of nucleic acid therapies. Some of the illustrative examples of multi-compartmental systems include solid nanoparticles-in-microsphere, solid nanoparticles-in-emulsion, and liquid nanoparticles-in-emulsion. Using type B gelatin nanoparticles encapsulated in poly(ε-caprolactone) microspheres, we have prepared nanoparticles-in-microsphere oral system (NiMOS) for gene and siRNA delivery for the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). The results of these studies show that the multi-compartmental formulations can overcome many of the barriers for effective oral gene and siRNA delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hun Soon Jung
- Laboratory of Molecular Pathology and Cancer Genomics, Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Korea
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Inhibition of the proliferation of human gastric cancer cells SGC-7901 in vitro and in vivo using Bcl-2 siRNA. Chin Med J (Engl) 2007. [DOI: 10.1097/00029330-200712010-00008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
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Doorbar J, Griffin H. Intrabody strategies for the treatment of human papillomavirus-associated disease. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2007; 7:677-89. [PMID: 17477805 DOI: 10.1517/14712598.7.5.677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Human papillomaviruses (HPVs) are associated with a variety of epithelial lesions, including benign genital warts and cervical intraepithelial neoplasia. Both cause significant morbidity in the general population, with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia progressing to cervical cancer in a subset of women who cannot resolve their infection. At present, there are no antiviral agents for the treatment of genital HPV infections, with many lesions requiring surgical intervention. Although other approaches are available for the treatment of genital warts, HPV infection cannot usually be cured and lesion recurrence is often a problem. A growing understanding of the molecular biology of HPV infection has identified several viral protein functions that may serve as drug targets. Among these are the HPV E1 and E2 proteins, which are necessary for viral genome replication and partitioning, and the E6 and E7 proteins, which are necessary for cell proliferation and apoptotic inhibition. With the exception of E1, these proteins lack enzymatic activity and achieve their effects by interacting with cellular proteins. Protein-protein interactions are in general quite difficult to inhibit using conventional small molecule drugs, but are amenable to inhibition using intracellular antibodies or intrabodies, which bind the viral proteins and sterically inhibit their association with cellular partners. The lack of homology between viral and cellular proteins, and the fact that HPV infections can be treated topically, makes them particularly well suited to the intrabody approach. This review covers the various strategies that are being considered for the treatment of HPV infections and the different intrabody formats that have been used to inhibit HPV function in model systems. The clinical utility of the approach is considered alongside the general difficulties of using protein molecules as intracellular therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Doorbar
- National Institute for Medical Research, Division of Virology, The Ridgeway, Mill Hill, London, NW7 1AA, UK.
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Yang H, He S, Quan Z, Peng W, Yan B, Liu J, Wen F, Cao R, Xu Y, Wen G, Hu W. Small interfering RNA-mediated caveolin-1 knockout on plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 expression in insulin-stimulated human vascular endothelial cells. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2007; 39:224-33. [PMID: 17342262 DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-7270.2007.00270.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Using human vascular endothelial cells (ECV304) as the target, we studied the effect of caveolin (CAV)-1 in the course of insulin-stimulated expression of plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI)-1. The appropriate single-stranded oligonucleotides representing the RNAi CAV-1 gene were analyzed by Ambion software. After annealing to generate double-stranded oligonucleotides (ds oligo), it was cloned into the pENTR/U6 entry vector containing RNA polymerase III expression element by T4 DNA ligase. The short hairpin (shRNA) sequences transferred from the pENTR/U6 entry were cloned into the pLenti6/BLOCK-iT-DEST vector with an LR recombination reaction. After identification by sequencing, we successfully constructed the CAV-1 RNAi lentiviral expression system using Gateway technology. Silencing efficiency was assayed by real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, immunofluorescence staining and Western blotting. ECV304 cells were cultured in the medium containing different concentrations of insulin (1x10(-9) to 1x10(-7) M) with the CAV-1 gene silenced or not. The expression level and subcellular localization of PAI-1 and CAV-1 were compared using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, immunofluorescence staining and Western blot assay. The results showed that the potent inhibition of CAV-1 expression could reach 85%, and it was specific to the CAV-1-derived shRNA, not the S100A13-derived shRNA. There was no dramatic difference in PAI-1 expression between the RNAi+ and RNAi- ECV304 cells incubated with physiological insulin, but PAI-1 protein did accumulate under the cell membrane. As the concentration of insulin increased, the expression of PAI-1 was up-regulated, whereas the expression of CAV-1 attenuated. Furthermore, PAI-1 clearly augmented after CAV-1 knockdown. These results indicated that hyperinsulinism could promote PAI-1 expression by inhibiting CAV-1, and stabilizing or up-regulating CAV-1 expression in endothelial cells might reduce complications of the great vessels and capillary vessels in diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiling Yang
- Institute of Clinic Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanhua University, Hengyang, China
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Ewert KK, Evans HM, Zidovska A, Bouxsein NF, Ahmad A, Safinya CR. A Columnar Phase of Dendritic Lipid−Based Cationic Liposome−DNA Complexes for Gene Delivery: Hexagonally Ordered Cylindrical Micelles Embedded in a DNA Honeycomb Lattice. J Am Chem Soc 2006; 128:3998-4006. [PMID: 16551108 DOI: 10.1021/ja055907h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Gene therapy holds great promise as a future approach to fighting disease and is explored in worldwide clinical trials. Cationic liposome (CL)-DNA complexes are a prevalent nonviral delivery vector, but their efficiency requires improvement and the understanding of their mechanism of action is incomplete. As part of our effort to investigate the structure-transfection efficiency relationships of self-assembled CL-DNA vectors, we have synthesized a new, highly charged (16+) multivalent cationic lipid, MVLBG2, with a dendritic headgroup. Our synthetic scheme allows facile variation of the headgroup charge and the spacer connecting hydrophobic and headgroup moieties as well as gram-scale synthesis. Complexes of DNA with mixtures of MVLBG2 and neutral 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycerophosphatidylcholine (DOPC) exhibit the well-known lamellar phase at 90 mol % DOPC. Starting at 20 mol % dendritic lipid, however, two novel nonlamellar phases are observed by synchrotron X-ray diffraction. The structure of one of these phases, present in a narrow range of composition around 25 mol % MVLBG2, has been solved. In this novel dual lattice structure, termed H(I)C, hexagonally arranged tubular lipid micelles are surrounded by DNA rods forming a three-dimensionally continuous substructure with honeycomb symmetry. Complexes in the H(I)C phase efficiently transfect mouse and human cells in culture. Their transfection efficiency, as well as that of the lamellar complexes containing only 10 mol% dendritic lipid, reaches and surpasses that of commercially available, optimized DOTAP-based complexes. In particular, complexes containing MVLBG2 are significantly more transfectant over the entire composition range in mouse embryonic fibroblasts, a cell line empirically known to be hard to transfect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai K Ewert
- Department of Materials, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA
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Kountouras J, Zavos C, Chatzopoulos D. Apoptotic and anti-angiogenic strategies in liver and gastrointestinal malignancies. J Surg Oncol 2005; 90:249-59. [PMID: 15906369 DOI: 10.1002/jso.20254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Inappropriate suppression of apoptosis is strongly implicated in tumorigenesis. Tumor development is heralded by the mutation of tumor suppressor genes and overexpression of anti-apoptotic genes permitting cell survival. Thus, inducing the apoptotic process in various ways can be applied to cancer management. Besides, angiogenesis is a crucial process for tumor growth and metastasis. New strategies targeting fundamental play-markers of the angiogenic process are currently under investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jannis Kountouras
- Department of Medicine, Second Medical Clinic, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Ippokration Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece.
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Wang YH, Liu S, Zhang G, Zhou CQ, Zhu HX, Zhou XB, Quan LP, Bai JF, Xu NZ. Knockdown of c-Myc expression by RNAi inhibits MCF-7 breast tumor cells growth in vitro and in vivo. Breast Cancer Res 2004; 7:R220-8. [PMID: 15743499 PMCID: PMC1064129 DOI: 10.1186/bcr975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2004] [Revised: 09/26/2004] [Accepted: 11/24/2004] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Breast cancer is the leading cause of cancer death in women worldwide. Elevated expression of c-Myc is a frequent genetic abnormality seen in this malignancy. For a better understanding of its role in maintaining the malignant phenotype, we used RNA interference (RNAi) directed against c-Myc in our study. RNAi provides a new, reliable method to investigate gene function and has the potential for gene therapy. The aim of the study was to examine the anti-tumor effects elicited by a decrease in the protein level of c-Myc by RNAi and its possible mechanism of effects in MCF-7 cells. Method A plasmid-based polymerase III promoter system was used to deliver and express short interfering RNA (siRNA) targeting c-myc to reduce its expression in MCF-7 cells. Western blot analysis was used to measure the protein level of c-Myc. We assessed the effects of c-Myc silencing on tumor growth by a growth curve, by soft agar assay and by nude mice experiments in vivo. Standard fluorescence-activated cell sorter analysis and TdT-mediated dUTP nick end labelling assay were used to determine apoptosis of the cells. Results Our data showed that plasmids expressing siRNA against c-myc markedly and durably reduced its expression in MCF-7 cells by up to 80%, decreased the growth rate of MCF-7 cells, inhibited colony formation in soft agar and significantly reduced tumor growth in nude mice. We also found that depletion of c-Myc in this manner promoted apoptosis of MCF-7 cells upon serum withdrawal. Conclusion c-Myc has a pivotal function in the development of breast cancer. Our data show that decreasing the c-Myc protein level in MCF-7 cells by RNAi could significantly inhibit tumor growth both in vitro and in vivo, and imply the therapeutic potential of RNAi on the treatment of breast cancer by targeting overexpression oncogenes such as c-myc, and c-myc might be a potential therapeutic target for human breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-hua Wang
- Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology, Cancer Institute & Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, PR China
| | - Shuang Liu
- Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology, Cancer Institute & Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, PR China
| | - Guo Zhang
- Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology, Cancer Institute & Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, PR China
| | - Cui-qi Zhou
- Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology, Cancer Institute & Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, PR China
| | - Hong-xia Zhu
- Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology, Cancer Institute & Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, PR China
| | - Xiao-bo Zhou
- Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology, Cancer Institute & Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, PR China
| | - Lan-ping Quan
- Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology, Cancer Institute & Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, PR China
| | - Jin-feng Bai
- Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology, Cancer Institute & Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, PR China
| | - Ning-zhi Xu
- Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology, Cancer Institute & Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, PR China
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Lee SO, Lou W, Qureshi KM, Mehraein-Ghomi F, Trump DL, Gao AC. RNA interference targeting Stat3 inhibits growth and induces apoptosis of human prostate cancer cells. Prostate 2004; 60:303-9. [PMID: 15264241 DOI: 10.1002/pros.20072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Stat3, a member of the signal transduction and activation of transcription (STAT) family, is a key signal transduction protein that mediates signaling by cytokines, peptide growth factors, and oncoproteins and is constitutively activated in numerous cancers including prostate. Previous studies demonstrated that constitutively activated Stat3 plays an important role in the development and progression of prostate cancer by promoting cell proliferation and protecting against apoptosis. The present study was designed to investigate the potential use of RNA interference to block Stat3 expression and activation and the effect on the growth of human prostate cancer cells. We identified a small interfering RNA (siRNA) specific for Stat3 and demonstrate that blockade of Stat3 activation by the Stat3 siRNA suppresses the growth of human prostate cancer cells and Stat3-mediated gene expression and induces apoptotic cell death. The Stat3 siRNA does not inhibit the proliferation nor induces apoptosis of Stat3-inactive human prostate cancer cells. In addition, the Stat3 siRNA inhibits the levels of androgen-regulated prostate specific antigen (PSA) expression in prostate cancer cells. These results demonstrate that targeting Stat3 signaling using siRNA technique may serve as a novel therapeutic strategy for treatment of prostate cancer expressing constitutively activated Stat3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soo Ok Lee
- Department of Medicine and Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York, USA
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N/A. N/A. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2004; 12:959-961. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v12.i4.959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/26/2023] Open
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Godfrey A, Laman H, Boshoff C. RNA interference: a potential tool against Kaposiʼs sarcoma-associated herpesvirus. Curr Opin Infect Dis 2003; 16:593-600. [PMID: 14624111 DOI: 10.1097/00001432-200312000-00013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW RNA interference is a conserved cellular function that controls viral infection, the expression of transposable elements, repetitive sequences and genes in embryonic development. Originally described as an antiviral mechanism in plants, known as posttranscriptional gene silencing, it is now appreciated that this phenomenon occurs in all living cells. Double-stranded RNA, when acting as part of RNA interference, reduces expression of genes with sequence similarity, but has no effect on the expression of genes of unrelated sequence. Studies of RNA interference in mammalian cells have demonstrated that exogenous genes delivered by DNA transfection as well as endogenous gene expression can be suppressed by the delivery of RNA interference. We discuss here the potential for exploiting this phenomenon to prevent or treat viral infections, in particular Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus. RECENT FINDINGS There have been several studies showing that RNA interference can be exploited to target a wide range of human viruses, including HIV-1, human T cell leukaemia virus-1, human papillomavirus, hepatitis B, hepatitis C and the polio virus. RNA interference is effective in mammalian cells and can be delivered by various methods. Double-stranded RNA has been injected into the tail veins of mice to block both virally and chemically induced hepatitis. SUMMARY A greater understanding of RNA interference allows us to exploit this phenomenon in order to study the functions of genes in mammalian cells, and also to target the expression of mutated cellular or viral genes. New delivery techniques should be developed to allow the process to be used as a therapeutic tool against viruses and malignancies in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Godfrey
- Cancer Research UK Viral Oncology Group, Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research, University College London, London, UK
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