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Al-Adimi G, Bhakta V, Eltringham-Smith LJ, Shirobokov V, Sheffield WP. Extension of the circulatory half-life of recombinant ecallantide via albumin fusion without loss of anti-kallikrein activity. J Biotechnol 2024; 391:11-19. [PMID: 38844246 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2024.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2024] [Revised: 05/31/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/10/2024]
Abstract
Ecallantide comprises Kunitz Domain 1 of Tissue Factor Pathway Inhibitor, mutated at seven amino acid positions to inhibit plasma kallikrein (PK). It is used to treat acute hereditary angioedema (HAE). We appended hexahistidine tags to the N- or C-terminus of recombinant Ecallantide (rEcall) and expressed and purified the resulting proteins, with or without fusion to human serum albumin (HSA), using Pichia pastoris. The inhibitory constant (Ki) of rEcall-H6 or H6-rEcall for PK was not increased by albumin fusion. When 125I-labelled rEcall proteins were injected intravenously into mice, the area under the clearance curve (AUC) was significantly increased, 3.4- and 3.6-fold, for fusion proteins H6-rEcall-HSA and HSA-rEcall-H6 versus their unfused counterparts but remained 2- to 3-fold less than that of HSA-H6. The terminal half-life of H6-rEcall-HSA and HSA-H6 did not differ, although that of HSA-rEcall-H6 was significantly shorter than either other protein. Receptor Associated Protein (RAP), a Low-density lipoprotein Receptor-related Protein (LRP1) antagonist, competed H6-rEcall-HSA clearance more effectively than intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg), a neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn) antagonist. HSA fusion decreases rEcall clearance in vivo, but LRP1-mediated clearance remains more important than FcRn-mediated recycling for rEcall fusion proteins. The properties of H6-rEcall-HSA warrant investigation in a murine model of HAE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghofran Al-Adimi
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Varsha Bhakta
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Valerie Shirobokov
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - William P Sheffield
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
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2
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Lamacchia D, Nappi E, Marzio V, Locatelli F, Messina MR, Heffler E. Hereditary angioedema: current therapeutic management and future approaches. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol 2024; 24:257-265. [PMID: 38743499 DOI: 10.1097/aci.0000000000000992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The aim of this review is to provide an account of the focus of therapeutic strategies for hereditary angioedema (HAE), give a brief overview of those used in the past and set aside and toughly discuss those currently available as first line. Further research is ongoing and the future therapeutic approaches that are still in different phases of study will be reviewed as well. RECENT FINDINGS In the last two decades, major research advancements on HAE pathophysiology and management were made and numerous novel therapeutic options are now available. Compared to the past, drugs available nowadays are more effective, well tolerated, and possibly have a more convenient administration route. Moreover, numerous other drugs with innovative mechanisms of action are under development. SUMMARY HAE is a rare genetic disease that if not promptly treated, it can lead to death from asphyxiation. Furthermore, due to its disfiguring and painful manifestations, HAE implies an important burden on the quality of life. Recently, following great research progresses on HAE therapy, evidence-based guidelines on HAE management were released. The therapeutic landscape of HAE is still under florid development, and it is possible novel treatments will remarkably revolutionize HAE management in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donatella Lamacchia
- Personalized Medicine, Asthma and Allergy, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital
| | - Emanuele Nappi
- Personalized Medicine, Asthma and Allergy, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital
| | - Valentina Marzio
- Personalized Medicine, Asthma and Allergy, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Francesca Locatelli
- Personalized Medicine, Asthma and Allergy, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital
| | - Maria Rita Messina
- Personalized Medicine, Asthma and Allergy, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University
| | - Enrico Heffler
- Personalized Medicine, Asthma and Allergy, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University
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3
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de Moraes LMP, Marques HF, Reis VCB, Coelho CM, Leitão MDC, Galdino AS, Porto de Souza TP, Piva LC, Perez ALA, Trichez D, de Almeida JRM, De Marco JL, Torres FAG. Applications of the Methylotrophic Yeast Komagataella phaffii in the Context of Modern Biotechnology. J Fungi (Basel) 2024; 10:411. [PMID: 38921397 PMCID: PMC11205268 DOI: 10.3390/jof10060411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2024] [Revised: 05/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Komagataella phaffii (formerly Pichia pastoris) is a methylotrophic yeast widely used in laboratories around the world to produce recombinant proteins. Given its advantageous features, it has also gained much interest in the context of modern biotechnology. In this review, we present the utilization of K. phaffii as a platform to produce several products of economic interest such as biopharmaceuticals, renewable chemicals, fuels, biomaterials, and food/feed products. Finally, we present synthetic biology approaches currently used for strain engineering, aiming at the production of new bioproducts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidia Maria Pepe de Moraes
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Brasília, Brasília 70910-900, DF, Brazil; (L.M.P.d.M.); (H.F.M.); (L.C.P.); (A.L.A.P.); (J.L.D.M.)
| | - Henrique Fetzner Marques
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Brasília, Brasília 70910-900, DF, Brazil; (L.M.P.d.M.); (H.F.M.); (L.C.P.); (A.L.A.P.); (J.L.D.M.)
| | - Viviane Castelo Branco Reis
- Laboratory of Genetics and Biotechnology, Embresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária (EMBRAPA) Agroenergy, Brasília 70770-901, DF, Brazil; (V.C.B.R.); (D.T.); (J.R.M.d.A.)
| | - Cintia Marques Coelho
- Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Department of Genetics and Morphology, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Brasília, Brasília 70910-900, DF, Brazil; (C.M.C.); (M.d.C.L.)
| | - Matheus de Castro Leitão
- Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Department of Genetics and Morphology, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Brasília, Brasília 70910-900, DF, Brazil; (C.M.C.); (M.d.C.L.)
| | - Alexsandro Sobreira Galdino
- Microbial Biotechnology Laboratory, Federal University of São João Del-Rei, Divinópolis 35501-296, MG, Brazil; (A.S.G.); (T.P.P.d.S.)
| | - Thais Paiva Porto de Souza
- Microbial Biotechnology Laboratory, Federal University of São João Del-Rei, Divinópolis 35501-296, MG, Brazil; (A.S.G.); (T.P.P.d.S.)
| | - Luiza Cesca Piva
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Brasília, Brasília 70910-900, DF, Brazil; (L.M.P.d.M.); (H.F.M.); (L.C.P.); (A.L.A.P.); (J.L.D.M.)
| | - Ana Laura Alfonso Perez
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Brasília, Brasília 70910-900, DF, Brazil; (L.M.P.d.M.); (H.F.M.); (L.C.P.); (A.L.A.P.); (J.L.D.M.)
| | - Débora Trichez
- Laboratory of Genetics and Biotechnology, Embresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária (EMBRAPA) Agroenergy, Brasília 70770-901, DF, Brazil; (V.C.B.R.); (D.T.); (J.R.M.d.A.)
| | - João Ricardo Moreira de Almeida
- Laboratory of Genetics and Biotechnology, Embresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária (EMBRAPA) Agroenergy, Brasília 70770-901, DF, Brazil; (V.C.B.R.); (D.T.); (J.R.M.d.A.)
| | - Janice Lisboa De Marco
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Brasília, Brasília 70910-900, DF, Brazil; (L.M.P.d.M.); (H.F.M.); (L.C.P.); (A.L.A.P.); (J.L.D.M.)
| | - Fernando Araripe Gonçalves Torres
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Brasília, Brasília 70910-900, DF, Brazil; (L.M.P.d.M.); (H.F.M.); (L.C.P.); (A.L.A.P.); (J.L.D.M.)
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4
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Özçelik C, Beğli Ö, Hınçer A, Ahan RE, Kesici MS, Oğuz O, Kasırga TS, Özçubukçu S, Şeker UÖŞ. Synergistic Screening of Peptide-Based Biotechnological Drug Candidates for Neurodegenerative Diseases Using Yeast Display and Phage Display. ACS Chem Neurosci 2023; 14:3609-3621. [PMID: 37638647 PMCID: PMC10557061 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.3c00248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Peptide therapeutics are robust and promising molecules for treating diverse disease conditions. These molecules can be developed from naturally occurring or mimicking native peptides, through rational design and peptide libraries. We developed a new platform for the rapid screening of the peptide therapeutics for disease targets. In the course of the study, we aimed to employ our platform to screen a new generation of peptide therapeutic candidates against aggregation-prone protein targets. Two peptide drug candidates were screened for protein aggregation-prone diseases, namely, Parkinson's and Alzheimer's diseases. Currently, there are several therapeutic applications that are only effective in masking or slowing down symptom development. Nonetheless, different approaches are being developed for inhibiting amyloid aggregation in the secondary nucleation phase, which is critical for amyloid fibril formation. Instead of targeting secondary nucleated protein structures, we tried to inhibit the aggregation of monomeric amyloid units as a novel approach for halting the disease condition. To achieve this, we combined yeast surface display and phage display library platforms. We expressed α-synuclein, amyloid β40, and amyloid β42 on the yeast surface, and we selected peptides by using phage display library. After iterative biopanning cycles optimized for yeast cells, several peptides were selected for interaction studies. All of the peptides have been used for in vitro characterization methods, which are quartz crystal microbalance-dissipation (QCM-D) measurement, atomic force microscopy (AFM) imaging, dot-blotting, and ThT assay, and some of them have yielded promising results in blocking fibrillization. The rest of the peptides, although, interacted with amyloid units which made them usable as a sensor molecule candidate. Therefore, peptides selected by yeast surface display and phage display library combination are good choice for diverse disease-prone molecule inhibition, particularly those inhibiting fibrillization. Additionally, these selected peptides can be used as drugs and sensors to detect diseases quickly and halt disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cemile
Elif Özçelik
- UNAM
− Institute of Materials Science and Nanotechnology, Bilkent University, Ankara 06800, Turkey
| | - Özge Beğli
- UNAM
− Institute of Materials Science and Nanotechnology, Bilkent University, Ankara 06800, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Hınçer
- UNAM
− Institute of Materials Science and Nanotechnology, Bilkent University, Ankara 06800, Turkey
| | - Recep Erdem Ahan
- UNAM
− Institute of Materials Science and Nanotechnology, Bilkent University, Ankara 06800, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Seçkin Kesici
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Middle
East Technical University, Ankara 06800, Turkey
| | - Oğuzhan Oğuz
- UNAM
− Institute of Materials Science and Nanotechnology, Bilkent University, Ankara 06800, Turkey
| | - Talip Serkan Kasırga
- UNAM
− Institute of Materials Science and Nanotechnology, Bilkent University, Ankara 06800, Turkey
| | - Salih Özçubukçu
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Middle
East Technical University, Ankara 06800, Turkey
| | - Urartu Özgür Şafak Şeker
- UNAM
− Institute of Materials Science and Nanotechnology, Bilkent University, Ankara 06800, Turkey
- Interdisciplinary
Program in Neuroscience, Bilkent University, Ankara 06800, Turkey
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5
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Motta G, Juliano L, Chagas JR. Human plasma kallikrein: roles in coagulation, fibrinolysis, inflammation pathways, and beyond. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1188816. [PMID: 37711466 PMCID: PMC10499198 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1188816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Human plasma kallikrein (PKa) is obtained by activating its precursor, prekallikrein (PK), historically named the Fletcher factor. Human PKa and tissue kallikreins are serine proteases from the same family, having high- and low-molecular weight kininogens (HKs and LKs) as substrates, releasing bradykinin (Bk) and Lys-bradykinin (Lys-Bk), respectively. This review presents a brief history of human PKa with details and recent observations of its evolution among the vertebrate coagulation proteins, including the relations with Factor XI. We explored the role of Factor XII in activating the plasma kallikrein-kinin system (KKS), the mechanism of activity and control in the KKS, and the function of HK on contact activation proteins on cell membranes. The role of human PKa in cell biology regarding the contact system and KSS, particularly the endothelial cells, and neutrophils, in inflammatory processes and infectious diseases, was also approached. We examined the natural plasma protein inhibitors, including a detailed survey of human PKa inhibitors' development and their potential market.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guacyara Motta
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luiz Juliano
- Departamento de Biofisica, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jair Ribeiro Chagas
- Departamento de Biofisica, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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6
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Anand U, Bandyopadhyay A, Jha NK, Pérez de la Lastra JM, Dey A. Translational aspect in peptide drug discovery and development: An emerging therapeutic candidate. Biofactors 2022; 49:251-269. [PMID: 36326181 DOI: 10.1002/biof.1913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
In the last two decades, protein-protein interactions (PPIs) have been used as the main target for drug development. However, with larger or superficial binding sites, it has been extremely difficult to disrupt PPIs with small molecules. On the other hand, intracellular PPIs cannot be targeted by antibodies that cannot penetrate the cell membrane. Peptides that have a combination of conformational rigidity and flexibility can be used to target difficult binding interfaces with appropriate binding affinity and specificity. Since the introduction of insulin nearly a century ago, more than 80 peptide drugs have been approved to treat a variety of diseases. These include deadly diseases such as cancer and human immunodeficiency virus infection. It is also useful against diabetes, chronic pain, and osteoporosis. Today, more research is being done on these drugs as lessons learned from earlier approaches, which are still valid today, complement newer approaches such as peptide display libraries. At the same time, integrated genomics and peptide display libraries are new strategies that open new avenues for peptide drug discovery. The purpose of this review is to examine the problems in elucidating the peptide-protein recognition mechanism. This is important to develop peptide-based interventions that interfere with endogenous protein interactions. New approaches are being developed to improve the binding affinity and specificity of existing approaches and to develop peptide agents as potentially useful drugs. We also highlight the key challenges that must be overcome in peptide drug development to realize their potential and provide an overview of recent trends in peptide drug development. In addition, we take an in-depth look at early efforts in human hormone discovery, smart medicinal chemistry and design, natural peptide drugs, and breakthrough advances in molecular biology and peptide chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uttpal Anand
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | | | - Niraj Kumar Jha
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Engineering and Technology, Sharda University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
- Department of Biotechnology Engineering and Food Technology, Chandigarh University, Mohali, Punjab, India
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Applied and Life Sciences, Uttaranchal University, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India
| | - José M Pérez de la Lastra
- Biotechnology of Macromolecules Research Group, Instituto de Productos Naturales y Agrobiología, IPNA-CSIC, Tenerife, Spain
| | - Abhijit Dey
- Department of Life Sciences, Presidency University, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
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7
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Miniproteins in medicinal chemistry. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2022; 71:128806. [PMID: 35660515 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2022.128806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Miniproteins exhibit great potential as scaffolds for drug candidates because of their well-defined structure and good synthetic availability. Because of recently described methodologies for their de novo design, the field of miniproteins is emerging and can provide molecules that effectively bind to problematic targets, i.e., those that have been previously considered to be undruggable. This review describes methodologies for the development of miniprotein scaffolds and for the construction of biologically active miniproteins.
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8
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Jia Z, Liu Y, Ji X, Zheng Y, Li Z, Jiang S, Li H, Kong Y. DAKS1, a Kunitz Scaffold Peptide from the Venom Gland of Deinagkistrodon acutus Prevents Carotid-Artery and Middle-Cerebral-Artery Thrombosis via Targeting Factor XIa. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14100966. [PMID: 34681191 PMCID: PMC8539665 DOI: 10.3390/ph14100966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Revised: 09/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Scaffold-based peptides (SBPs) are fragments of large proteins that are characterized by potent bioactivity, high thermostability, and low immunogenicity. Some SBPs have been approved by the FDA for human use. In the present study, we developed SBPs from the venom gland of Deinagkistrodon acutus (D. acutus) by combining transcriptome sequencing and Pfam annotation. To that end, 10 Kunitz peptides were discovered from the venom gland of D. acutus, and most of which peptides exhibited Factor XIa (FXIa) inhibitory activity. One of those, DAKS1, exhibiting strongest inhibitory activity against FXIa, was further evaluated for its anticoagulant and antithrombotic activity. DAKS1 prolonged twofold APTT at a concentration of 15 μM in vitro. DAKS1 potently inhibited thrombosis in a ferric chloride-induced carotid-artery injury model in mice at a dose of 1.3 mg/kg. Furthermore, DAKS1 prevented stroke in a transient middle cerebral-artery occlusion (tMCAO) model in mice at a dose of 2.6 mg/kg. Additionally, DAKS1 did not show significant bleeding risk at a dose of 6.5 mg/kg. Together, our results indicated that DAKS1 is a promising candidate for drug development for the treatment of thrombosis and stroke disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Yi Kong
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-025-832-712-82
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9
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Chee SMQ, Wongsantichon J, Yi LS, Sana B, Frosi Y, Robinson RC, Ghadessy FJ. Functional display of bioactive peptides on the vGFP scaffold. Sci Rep 2021; 11:10127. [PMID: 33980885 PMCID: PMC8115314 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-89421-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Grafting bioactive peptides into recipient protein scaffolds can often increase their activities by conferring enhanced stability and cellular longevity. Here, we describe use of vGFP as a novel scaffold to display peptides. vGFP comprises GFP fused to a bound high affinity Enhancer nanobody that potentiates its fluorescence. We show that peptides inserted into the linker region between GFP and the Enhancer are correctly displayed for on-target interaction, both in vitro and in live cells by pull-down, measurement of target inhibition and imaging analyses. This is further confirmed by structural studies highlighting the optimal display of a vGFP-displayed peptide bound to Mdm2, the key negative regulator of p53 that is often overexpressed in cancer. We also demonstrate a potential biosensing application of the vGFP scaffold by showing target-dependent modulation of intrinsic fluorescence. vGFP is relatively thermostable, well-expressed and inherently fluorescent. These properties make it a useful scaffold to add to the existing tool box for displaying peptides that can disrupt clinically relevant protein–protein interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon Min Qi Chee
- p53 Laboratory, A*STAR, 8A Biomedical Grove, Singapore, 138648, Singapore
| | - Jantana Wongsantichon
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Lau Sze Yi
- p53 Laboratory, A*STAR, 8A Biomedical Grove, Singapore, 138648, Singapore
| | - Barindra Sana
- p53 Laboratory, A*STAR, 8A Biomedical Grove, Singapore, 138648, Singapore
| | - Yuri Frosi
- p53 Laboratory, A*STAR, 8A Biomedical Grove, Singapore, 138648, Singapore
| | - Robert C Robinson
- School of Biomolecular Science and Engineering (BSE), Vidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology (VISTEC), Rayong, 21210, Thailand.,Research Institute for Interdisciplinary Science, Okayama University, Okayama, 700-8530, Japan
| | - Farid J Ghadessy
- p53 Laboratory, A*STAR, 8A Biomedical Grove, Singapore, 138648, Singapore.
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10
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Abstract
Since the introduction of insulin almost a century ago, more than 80 peptide drugs have reached the market for a wide range of diseases, including diabetes, cancer, osteoporosis, multiple sclerosis, HIV infection and chronic pain. In this Perspective, we summarize key trends in peptide drug discovery and development, covering the early efforts focused on human hormones, elegant medicinal chemistry and rational design strategies, peptide drugs derived from nature, and major breakthroughs in molecular biology and peptide chemistry that continue to advance the field. We emphasize lessons from earlier approaches that are still relevant today as well as emerging strategies such as integrated venomics and peptide-display libraries that create new avenues for peptide drug discovery. We also discuss the pharmaceutical landscape in which peptide drugs could be particularly valuable and analyse the challenges that need to be addressed for them to reach their full potential.
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11
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Nunes MA, Toricelli M, Schöwe NM, Malerba HN, Dong-Creste KE, Farah DMAT, De Angelis K, Irigoyen MC, Gobeil F, Araujo Viel T, Buck HS. Kinin B2 Receptor Activation Prevents the Evolution of Alzheimer's Disease Pathological Characteristics in a Transgenic Mouse Model. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2020; 13:ph13100288. [PMID: 33019732 PMCID: PMC7601323 DOI: 10.3390/ph13100288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Revised: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Alzheimer’s disease is mainly characterized by remarkable neurodegeneration in brain areas related to memory formation. This progressive neurodegeneration causes cognitive impairment, changes in behavior, functional disability, and even death. Our group has demonstrated changes in the kallikrein–kinin system (KKS) in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) experimental models, but there is a lack of evidence about the role of the KKS in Alzheimer’s disease. Aim: In order to answer this question, we evaluated the potential of the kinin B2 receptors (BKB2R) to modify AD characteristics, particularly memory impairment, neurodegeneration, and Aβ peptide deposition. Methods: To assess the effects of B2, we used transgenic Alzheimer’s disease mice treated with B2 receptor (B2R) agonists and antagonists, and performed behavioral and biochemical tests. In addition, we performed organotypic hippocampal culture of wild-type (WT) and transgenic (TG) animals, where the density of cytokines, neurotrophin BDNF, activated astrocyte marker S100B, and cell death were analyzed after treatments. Results: Treatment with the B2R agonist preserved the spatial memory of transgenic mice and decreased amyloid plaque deposition. In organotypic hippocampal culture, treatment with B2R agonist decreased cell death, neuroinflammation, and S100B levels, and increased BDNF release. Conclusions: Our results indicate that the kallikrein–kinin system plays a beneficial role in Alzheimer’s disease through B2R activation. The use of B2R agonists could, therefore, be a possible therapeutic option for patients diagnosed with Alzheimer’s disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marielza Andrade Nunes
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Santa Casa de Sao Paulo School of Medical Sciences, Sao Paulo 01221-020, Brazil; (M.A.N.); (M.T.); (K.E.D.-C.)
| | - Mariana Toricelli
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Santa Casa de Sao Paulo School of Medical Sciences, Sao Paulo 01221-020, Brazil; (M.A.N.); (M.T.); (K.E.D.-C.)
| | - Natalia Mendes Schöwe
- School of Arts, Sciences and Humanities, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 03828-080, Brazil; (N.M.S.); (H.N.M.); (T.A.V.)
| | - Helena Nascimento Malerba
- School of Arts, Sciences and Humanities, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 03828-080, Brazil; (N.M.S.); (H.N.M.); (T.A.V.)
| | - Karis Ester Dong-Creste
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Santa Casa de Sao Paulo School of Medical Sciences, Sao Paulo 01221-020, Brazil; (M.A.N.); (M.T.); (K.E.D.-C.)
| | - Daniela Moura Azevedo Tuma Farah
- Heart Institute (Incor), Hypertension Unit, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 05403-900, Brazil; (D.M.A.T.F.); (M.C.I.)
- Department of Physiology, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), Sao Paulo 04023-901, Brazil;
| | - Katia De Angelis
- Department of Physiology, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), Sao Paulo 04023-901, Brazil;
- Translational Physiology Laboratory, Universidade Nove de Julho (UNINOVE), Sao Paulo 01504-001, Brazil
| | - Maria Claudia Irigoyen
- Heart Institute (Incor), Hypertension Unit, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 05403-900, Brazil; (D.M.A.T.F.); (M.C.I.)
| | - Fernand Gobeil
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1H 5N4, Canada;
| | - Tânia Araujo Viel
- School of Arts, Sciences and Humanities, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 03828-080, Brazil; (N.M.S.); (H.N.M.); (T.A.V.)
| | - Hudson Sousa Buck
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Santa Casa de Sao Paulo School of Medical Sciences, Sao Paulo 01221-020, Brazil; (M.A.N.); (M.T.); (K.E.D.-C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel./Fax: +55-11-3367-7790
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12
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Mishra M. Evolutionary Aspects of the Structural Convergence and Functional Diversification of Kunitz-Domain Inhibitors. J Mol Evol 2020; 88:537-548. [PMID: 32696206 DOI: 10.1007/s00239-020-09959-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Kunitz-type domains are ubiquitously found in natural systems as serine protease inhibitors or animal toxins in venomous animals. Kunitz motif is a cysteine-rich peptide chain of ~ 60 amino acid residues with alpha and beta fold, stabilized by three conserved disulfide bridges. An extensive dataset of amino acid variations is found on sequence analysis of various Kunitz peptides. Kunitz peptides show diverse biological activities like inhibition of proteases of other classes and/or adopting a new function of blocking or modulating the ion channels. Based on the amino acid residues at the functional site of various Kunitz-type inhibitors, it is inferred that this 'flexibility within the structural rigidity' is responsible for multiple biological activities. Accelerated evolution of functional sites in response to the co-evolving molecular targets of the hosts of venomous animals or parasites, gene sharing, and gene duplication have been discussed as the most likely mechanisms responsible for the functional heterogeneity of Kunitz-domain inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manasi Mishra
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Natural Sciences, Shiv Nadar University, Gautam Buddha Nagar, Uttar Pradesh, 201314, India.
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13
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Aggarwal NK, Subramanian A. Antifibrinolytics and cardiac surgery: The past, the present, and the future. Ann Card Anaesth 2020; 23:193-199. [PMID: 32275035 PMCID: PMC7336973 DOI: 10.4103/aca.aca_205_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2018] [Revised: 01/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiac surgery is usually associated with significant blood loss, which often necessitates blood transfusion. In order to decrease the risks associated with the latter, pharmacological as well as nonpharmacological strategies have been used to reduce blood loss. Among the pharmacological approaches, antifibrinolytic drugs are the mainstay. Aprotinin, which was the first ubiquitously used drug, fell into disrepute only to re-emerge after much debate. The decline of aprotinin paved the way for the lysine analogs. However, we must be aware with the side effects of these drugs as well as the dose modification required in special situations. Nonsaccharide glycosaminoglycans have been under investigation to overcome the drawbacks of the lysine analogs. It remains to be seen whether these drugs can replace the traditional antifibrinolytics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naresh K Aggarwal
- Department of Cardiac Anesthesia, Manipal Hospitals, New Delhi, India
| | - Arun Subramanian
- Department of Cardiac Anesthesia, Manipal Hospitals, New Delhi, India
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14
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Steinmetzer T, Pilgram O, Wenzel BM, Wiedemeyer SJA. Fibrinolysis Inhibitors: Potential Drugs for the Treatment and Prevention of Bleeding. J Med Chem 2019; 63:1445-1472. [PMID: 31658420 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b01060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Hyperfibrinolytic situations can lead to life-threatening bleeding, especially during cardiac surgery. The approved antifibrinolytic agents such as tranexamic acid, ε-aminocaproic acid, 4-aminomethylbenzoic acid, and aprotinin were developed in the 1960s without the structural insight of their respective targets. Crystal structures of the main antifibrinolytic targets, the lysine binding sites on plasminogen's kringle domains, and plasmin's serine protease domain greatly contributed to the structure-based drug design of novel inhibitor classes. Two series of ligands targeting the lysine binding sites have been recently described, which are more potent than the most-widely used antifibrinolytic agent, tranexamic acid. Furthermore, four types of promising active site inhibitors of plasmin have been developed: tranexamic acid conjugates targeting the S1 pocket and primed sites, substrate-analogue linear homopiperidylalanine-containing 4-amidinobenzylamide derivatives, macrocyclic inhibitors addressing nonprimed binding regions, and bicyclic 14-mer SFTI-1 analogues blocking both, primed and nonprimed binding sites of plasmin. Furthermore, several allosteric plasmin inhibitors based on heparin mimetics have been developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Torsten Steinmetzer
- Department of Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry , Philipps University Marburg , Marbacher Weg 6 , D-35032 Marburg , Germany
| | - Oliver Pilgram
- Department of Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry , Philipps University Marburg , Marbacher Weg 6 , D-35032 Marburg , Germany
| | - Benjamin M Wenzel
- Department of Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry , Philipps University Marburg , Marbacher Weg 6 , D-35032 Marburg , Germany
| | - Simon J A Wiedemeyer
- Department of Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry , Philipps University Marburg , Marbacher Weg 6 , D-35032 Marburg , Germany
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15
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Cohen I, Coban M, Shahar A, Sankaran B, Hockla A, Lacham S, Caulfield TR, Radisky ES, Papo N. Disulfide engineering of human Kunitz-type serine protease inhibitors enhances proteolytic stability and target affinity toward mesotrypsin. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:5105-5120. [PMID: 30700553 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.007292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2018] [Revised: 01/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Serine protease inhibitors of the Kunitz-bovine pancreatic trypsin inhibitor (BPTI) family are ubiquitous biological regulators of proteolysis. These small proteins are resistant to proteolysis, but can be slowly cleaved within the protease-binding loop by target proteases, thereby compromising their activity. For the human protease mesotrypsin, this cleavage is especially rapid. Here, we aimed to stabilize the Kunitz domain structure against proteolysis through disulfide engineering. Substitution within the Kunitz inhibitor domain of the amyloid precursor protein (APPI) that incorporated a new disulfide bond between residues 17 and 34 reduced proteolysis by mesotrypsin 74-fold. Similar disulfide engineering of tissue factor pathway inhibitor-1 Kunitz domain 1 (KD1TFPI1) and bikunin Kunitz domain 2 (KD2bikunin) likewise stabilized these inhibitors against mesotrypsin proteolysis 17- and 6.6-fold, respectively. Crystal structures of disulfide-engineered APPI and KD1TFPI1 variants in a complex with mesotrypsin at 1.5 and 2.0 Å resolution, respectively, confirmed the formation of well-ordered disulfide bonds positioned to stabilize the binding loop. Long all-atom molecular dynamics simulations of disulfide-engineered Kunitz domains and their complexes with mesotrypsin revealed conformational stabilization of the primed side of the inhibitor-binding loop by the engineered disulfide, along with global suppression of conformational dynamics in the Kunitz domain. Our findings suggest that the Cys-17-Cys-34 disulfide slows proteolysis by dampening conformational fluctuations in the binding loop and minimizing motion at the enzyme-inhibitor interface. The generalizable approach developed here for the stabilization against proteolysis of Kunitz domains, which can serve as important scaffolds for therapeutics, may thus find applications in drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Itay Cohen
- From the Avram and Stella Goldstein-Goren Department of Biotechnology Engineering and the National Institute of Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Matt Coban
- the Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic Comprehensive Cancer Center, Jacksonville, Florida 32224
| | - Anat Shahar
- the National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev (NIBN), Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Banumathi Sankaran
- the Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Berkeley Center for Structural Biology, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, and
| | - Alexandra Hockla
- the Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic Comprehensive Cancer Center, Jacksonville, Florida 32224
| | - Shiran Lacham
- From the Avram and Stella Goldstein-Goren Department of Biotechnology Engineering and the National Institute of Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Thomas R Caulfield
- the Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Jacksonville, Florida 32224
| | - Evette S Radisky
- the Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic Comprehensive Cancer Center, Jacksonville, Florida 32224,
| | - Niv Papo
- From the Avram and Stella Goldstein-Goren Department of Biotechnology Engineering and the National Institute of Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel,
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16
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Farkas H, Debreczeni ML, Kőhalmi KV. Investigational drugs in phase I and phase II clinical trials for hereditary angioedema. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2017; 27:87-103. [PMID: 29226721 DOI: 10.1080/13543784.2018.1415325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Hereditary angioedema (HAE) with C1-inhibitor deficiency (C1-INH-HAE) is a rare bradykinin-mediated disease characterized by recurrent subcutaneous and/or submucosal angioedematous attacks (HAE attacks), which occur unpredictably. The recurrent HAE attacks do not respond to conventional treatments, and may evolve into a life-threatening condition; therefore, special therapy is required. AREAS COVERED The agents used so far for the acute management of HAE attacks act by blocking the release of bradykinin, or its binding to its receptor. By contrast, the investigational medicinal products under evaluation in Phase I and II clinical trials are targeted at the prevention of HAE attacks. Chemically, these new drugs are small synthetic molecules, oligonucleotides, or antibodies, which inhibit either kallikrein, or Factor XII. EXPERT OPINION The key considerations for the development of new medicinal products include more straightforward dosing, self-administration, longer duration of action, and keeping the patient attack-free. This review summarizes the status and the findings of the currently ongoing Phase I and Phase II clinical trials of C1-INH-HAE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henriette Farkas
- a Hungarian Angioedema Center, 3rd Department of Internal Medicine , Semmelweis University , Budapest , Hungary
| | - Márta Lídia Debreczeni
- a Hungarian Angioedema Center, 3rd Department of Internal Medicine , Semmelweis University , Budapest , Hungary
| | - Kinga Viktória Kőhalmi
- a Hungarian Angioedema Center, 3rd Department of Internal Medicine , Semmelweis University , Budapest , Hungary
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Affiliation(s)
- Madduri Srinivasarao
- Purdue Institute for Drug
Discovery, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Philip S. Low
- Purdue Institute for Drug
Discovery, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
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18
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Cuesta-Astroz Y, Oliveira FSD, Nahum LA, Oliveira G. Helminth secretomes reflect different lifestyles and parasitized hosts. Int J Parasitol 2017; 47:529-544. [PMID: 28336271 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2017.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2016] [Revised: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Helminths cause a number of medical and agricultural problems and are a major cause of parasitic infections in humans, animals and plants. Comparative analysis of helminth genes and genomes are important to understand the genomic biodiversity and evolution of parasites and their hosts in terms of different selective pressures in their habitats. The interactions between the infective organisms and their hosts are mediated in large part by secreted proteins, known collectively as the "secretome". Proteins secreted by parasites are able to modify a host's environment and modulate their immune system. The composition and function of this set of proteins varies depending on the ecology, lifestyle and environment of an organism. The present study aimed to predict, in silico, the secretome in 44 helminth species including Nematoda (31 species) and Platyhelminthes (13 species) and, understand the diversity and evolution of secretomes. Secretomes from plant helminths range from 7.6% (943 proteins) to 13.9% (2,077 proteins) of the filtered proteome with an average of 10.2% (1,412 proteins) and from free-living helminths range from 4.4% (870 proteins) to 13% (3,121 proteins) with an average of 9.8% (2,126 proteins), respectively, and thus are considerably larger secretomes in relation to animal helminth secretomes which range from 4.2% (431 proteins) to 11.8% (2,419 proteins) of the proteomes, with an average of 7.1% (804 proteins). Across 44 secretomes in different helminth species, we found five conserved domains: (i) PF00014 (Kunitz/Bovine pancreatic trypsin inhibitor domain), (ii) PF00046 (Homeobox domain), (iii) PF00188 (cysteine-rich secretory proteins, antigen 5, and pathogenesis-related 1 proteins), (iv) PF00085 (Thioredoxin) and (v) PF07679 (Immunoglobulin I-set domain). Our results detected secreted proteins associated with invasion, infection, adhesion and immunoregulation processes as protease inhibitors and cytokines, among other functions. In summary, this study will contribute towards the understanding of host-parasite interactions and possibly identify new molecular targets for the treatment or diagnosis of helminthiases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yesid Cuesta-Astroz
- Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou (CPqRR), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Belo Horizonte, MG 30190-002, Brazil; Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Francislon Silva de Oliveira
- Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou (CPqRR), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Belo Horizonte, MG 30190-002, Brazil; Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Laila Alves Nahum
- Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou (CPqRR), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Belo Horizonte, MG 30190-002, Brazil; Faculdade Promove de Tecnologia, Belo Horizonte, MG 30130-180, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Oliveira
- Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou (CPqRR), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Belo Horizonte, MG 30190-002, Brazil; Instituto Tecnológico Vale, Belém, PA 66055-090, Brazil.
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19
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Alizadeh AA, Hamzeh-Mivehroud M, Farajzadeh M, Dastmalchi S. Identification of novel peptides against TNF-α using phage display technique and in silico modeling of their modes of binding. Eur J Pharm Sci 2017; 96:490-498. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2016.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2016] [Revised: 10/03/2016] [Accepted: 10/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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20
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Abstract
Over the last 3 decades, monoclonal antibodies have become the most important class of therapeutic biologicals on the market. Development of therapeutic antibodies was accelerated by recombinant DNA technologies, which allowed the humanization of murine monoclonal antibodies to make them more similar to those of the human body and suitable for a broad range of chronic diseases like cancer and autoimmune diseases. In the early 1990s in vitro antibody selection technologies were developed that enabled the discovery of “fully” human antibodies with potentially superior clinical efficacy and lowest immunogenicity. Antibody phage display is the first and most widely used of the in vitro selection technologies. It has proven to be a robust, versatile platform technology for the discovery of human antibodies and a powerful engineering tool to improve antibody properties. As of the beginning of 2016, 6 human antibodies discovered or further developed by phage display were approved for therapy. In 2002, adalimumab (Humira®) became the first phage display-derived antibody granted a marketing approval. Humira® was also the first approved human antibody, and it is currently the best-selling antibody drug on the market. Numerous phage display-derived antibodies are currently under advanced clinical investigation, and, despite the availability of other technologies such as human antibody-producing transgenic mice, phage display has not lost its importance for the discovery and engineering of therapeutic antibodies. Here, we provide a comprehensive overview about phage display-derived antibodies that are approved for therapy or in clinical development. A selection of these antibodies is described in more detail to demonstrate different aspects of the phage display technology and its development over the last 25 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Frenzel
- a YUMAB GmbH , Rebenring , Braunschweig.,b Technische Universität Braunschweig, Institut für Biochemie, Biotechnologie und Bioinformatik, Abteilung Biotechnologie , Braunschweig , Germany
| | | | - Michael Hust
- b Technische Universität Braunschweig, Institut für Biochemie, Biotechnologie und Bioinformatik, Abteilung Biotechnologie , Braunschweig , Germany
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21
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Aloyouny A, Stoopler ET. Vibrational angioedema: considerations for oral health care providers. SPECIAL CARE IN DENTISTRY 2016; 36:335-338. [DOI: 10.1111/scd.12185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ashwag Aloyouny
- Resident, Department of Oral Medicine; University of Pennsylvania School of Dental Medicine; Philadelphia Pennsylvania
| | - Eric T. Stoopler
- Associate Professor; Department of Oral Medicine; University of Pennsylvania School of Dental Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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22
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Poth AG, Chan LY, Craik DJ. Cyclotides as grafting frameworks for protein engineering and drug design applications. Biopolymers 2016; 100:480-91. [PMID: 23893608 DOI: 10.1002/bip.22284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2013] [Revised: 04/30/2013] [Accepted: 05/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Cyclotides are a family of naturally occurring backbone-cyclized macrocyclic mini-proteins from plants that have a knotted trio of intramolecular disulfide bonds. Their structural features imbue cyclotides with extraordinary stability against degradation at elevated temperatures or in the presence of proteolytic enzymes. The plasticity of their intracysteine loop sequences is exemplified by the more than 250 natural cyclotides sequenced to date, and this tolerance to sequence variation, along with their diverse bioactivities, underpins the suitability of the cyclic cystine knot motif as a valuable drug design scaffold and research tool for protein engineering studies. Here, we review the recent literature on applications of cyclotides for the stabilization of peptide epitopes and related protein engineering studies. Possible future directions in this field are also described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron G Poth
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, 4072, Australia
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23
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Beckmann AM, Maurer E, Lülsdorff V, Wilms A, Furtmann N, Bajorath J, Gütschow M, Stirnberg M. En Route to New Therapeutic Options for Iron Overload Diseases: Matriptase-2 as a Target for Kunitz-Type Inhibitors. Chembiochem 2016; 17:595-604. [PMID: 26762582 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201500651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The cell-surface serine protease matriptase-2 is a critical stimulator of iron absorption by negatively regulating hepcidin, the key hormone of iron homeostasis. Thus, it has attracted much attention as a target in primary and secondary iron overload diseases. Here, we have characterised Kunitz-type inhibitors hepatocyte growth factor activator inhibitor 1 (HAI-1) and HAI-2 as powerful, slow-binding matriptase-2 inhibitors. The binding modes of the matriptase-2-HAI complexes were suggested by molecular modelling. Different assays, including cell-free and cell-based measurements of matriptase-2 activity, determination of inhibition constants and evaluation of matriptase-2 inhibition by analysis of downstream effects in human liver cells, demonstrated that matriptase-2 is an excellent target for Kunitz inhibitors. In particular, HAI-2 is considered a promising scaffold for the design of potent and selective matriptase-2 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eva Maurer
- Pharmaceutical Institute, University of Bonn, An der Immenburg 4, 53121, Bonn, Germany
| | - Verena Lülsdorff
- Pharmaceutical Institute, University of Bonn, An der Immenburg 4, 53121, Bonn, Germany
| | - Annika Wilms
- Pharmaceutical Institute, University of Bonn, An der Immenburg 4, 53121, Bonn, Germany
| | - Norbert Furtmann
- Pharmaceutical Institute, University of Bonn, An der Immenburg 4, 53121, Bonn, Germany.,Department of Life Science Informatics, B-IT, LIMES Program Unit Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, University of Bonn, Dahlmannstrasse 2, 53113, Bonn, Germany
| | - Jürgen Bajorath
- Department of Life Science Informatics, B-IT, LIMES Program Unit Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, University of Bonn, Dahlmannstrasse 2, 53113, Bonn, Germany
| | - Michael Gütschow
- Pharmaceutical Institute, University of Bonn, An der Immenburg 4, 53121, Bonn, Germany
| | - Marit Stirnberg
- Pharmaceutical Institute, University of Bonn, An der Immenburg 4, 53121, Bonn, Germany.
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24
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Gunnoo SB, Madder A. Bioconjugation – using selective chemistry to enhance the properties of proteins and peptides as therapeutics and carriers. Org Biomol Chem 2016; 14:8002-13. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ob00808a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Both peptide and protein therapeutics are becoming increasingly important for treating a wide range of diseases. Functionalisation of theseviasite-selective chemical modification leads to enhancement of their therapeutic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Smita B. Gunnoo
- Organic and Biomimetic Chemistry Research Group
- Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry
- Ghent University
- Ghent
- Belgium
| | - Annemieke Madder
- Organic and Biomimetic Chemistry Research Group
- Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry
- Ghent University
- Ghent
- Belgium
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25
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Synthetic Cystine-Knot Miniproteins - Valuable Scaffolds for Polypeptide Engineering. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2016; 917:121-44. [PMID: 27236555 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-32805-8_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Peptides with the cystine-knot architecture, often termed knottins, are promising scaffolds for biomolecular engineering. These unique molecules combine diverse bioactivities with excellent structural, thermal, and proteolytical stability. Being different in the composition and structure of their amino acid backbone, knottins share the same core element, namely cystine knot, which is built by six cysteine residues forming three disulfides upon oxidative folding. This motif ensures a notably rigid framework that highly tolerates both rational and combinatorial changes in the primary structure. Being accessible through recombinant production and total chemical synthesis, cystine-knot miniproteins can be endowed with novel bioactivities by variation of surface-exposed loops and incorporation of non-natural elements within their non-conserved regions towards the generation of tailor-made peptidic compounds. In this chapter the topology of cystine-knot peptides, their synthesis and applications for diagnostics and therapy is discussed.
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Abstract
This article provides an overview of the information and factors relevant to designing bioanalytical strategies in support of in vivo nonclinical and clinical studies of protein therapeutics. The summarized information includes representative types of the therapeutic proteins, their key structural characteristics, the relationship between post-translational modifications and function, issues during purification and formulation, PK of therapeutic proteins and immunogenicity. The effect of each of those on bioanalysis strategy has been pointed out. The impacts of structural variant and ‘free’/‘bound’ forms on PK assessment have been discussed.
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27
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Shah DK. Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic considerations for the next generation protein therapeutics. J Pharmacokinet Pharmacodyn 2015; 42:553-71. [PMID: 26373957 DOI: 10.1007/s10928-015-9447-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2015] [Accepted: 09/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Increasingly sophisticated protein engineering efforts have been undertaken lately to generate protein therapeutics with desired properties. This has resulted in the discovery of the next generation of protein therapeutics, which include: engineered antibodies, immunoconjugates, bi/multi-specific proteins, antibody mimetic novel scaffolds, and engineered ligands/receptors. These novel protein therapeutics possess unique physicochemical properties and act via a unique mechanism-of-action, which collectively makes their pharmacokinetics (PK) and pharmacodynamics (PD) different than other established biological molecules. Consequently, in order to support the discovery and development of these next generation molecules, it becomes important to understand the determinants controlling their PK/PD. This review discusses the determinants that a PK/PD scientist should consider during the design and development of next generation protein therapeutics. In addition, the role of systems PK/PD models in enabling rational development of the next generation protein therapeutics is emphasized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhaval K Shah
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York at Buffalo, 455 Kapoor Hall, Buffalo, NY, 14214-8033, USA.
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28
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da Costa JP, Cova M, Ferreira R, Vitorino R. Antimicrobial peptides: an alternative for innovative medicines? Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2015; 99:2023-40. [PMID: 25586583 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-015-6375-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2014] [Revised: 12/26/2014] [Accepted: 12/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides are small molecules with activity against bacteria, yeasts, fungi, viruses, bacteria, and even tumor cells that make these molecules attractive as therapeutic agents. Due to the alarming increase of antimicrobial resistance, interest in alternative antimicrobial agents has led to the exploitation of antimicrobial peptides, both synthetic and from natural sources. Thus, many peptide-based drugs are currently commercially available for the treatment of numerous ailments, such as hepatitis C, myeloma, skin infections, and diabetes. Initial barriers are being increasingly overcome with the development of cost-effective, more stable peptides. Herein, we review the available strategies for their synthesis, bioinformatics tools for the rational design of antimicrobial peptides with enhanced therapeutic indices, hurdles and shortcomings limiting the large-scale production of AMPs, as well as the challenges that the pharmaceutical industry faces on their use as therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Pinto da Costa
- Mass Spectrometry Centre, QOPNA, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
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29
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Al-Horani RA, Desai UR. Recent advances on plasmin inhibitors for the treatment of fibrinolysis-related disorders. Med Res Rev 2014; 34:1168-1216. [PMID: 24659483 PMCID: PMC8788159 DOI: 10.1002/med.21315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
Growing evidence suggests that plasmin is involved in a number of physiological processes in addition to its key role in fibrin cleavage. Plasmin inhibition is critical in preventing adverse consequences arising from plasmin overactivity, e.g., blood loss that may follow cardiac surgery. Aprotinin was widely used as an antifibrinolytic drug before its discontinuation in 2008. Tranexamic acid and ε-aminocaproic acid, two small molecule plasmin inhibitors, are currently used in the clinic. Several molecules have been designed utilizing covalent, but reversible, chemistry relying on reactive cyclohexanones, nitrile warheads, and reactive aldehyde peptidomimetics. Other major classes of plasmin inhibitors include the cyclic peptidomimetics and polypeptides of the Kunitz and Kazal-type. Allosteric inhibitors of plasmin have also been designed including small molecule lysine analogs that bind to plasmin's kringle domain(s) and sulfated glycosaminoglycan mimetics that bind to plasmin's catalytic domain. Plasmin inhibitors have also been explored for resolving other disease states including cell metastasis, cell proliferation, angiogenesis, and embryo implantation. This review highlights functional and structural aspects of plasmin inhibitors with the goal of advancing their design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rami A Al-Horani
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Institute for Structural Biology and Drug Discovery, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
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Blanco-Toribio A, Lacadena J, Nuñez-Prado N, Álvarez-Cienfuegos A, Villate M, Compte M, Sanz L, Blanco FJ, Álvarez-Vallina L. Efficient production of single-chain fragment variable-based N-terminal trimerbodies in Pichia pastoris. Microb Cell Fact 2014; 13:116. [PMID: 25112455 PMCID: PMC4249718 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-014-0116-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2014] [Accepted: 07/31/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Recombinant antibodies are highly successful in many different pathological conditions and currently enjoy overwhelming recognition of their potential. There are a wide variety of protein expression systems available, but almost all therapeutic antibodies are produced in mammalian cell lines, which mimic human glycosylation. The production of clinical-grade antibodies in mammalian cells is, however, extremely expensive. Compared to mammalian systems, protein production in yeast strains such as Pichia pastoris, is simpler, faster and usually results in higher yields. Results In this work, a trivalent single-chain fragment variable (scFv)-based N-terminal trimerbody, specific for the human carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), was expressed in human embryonic kidney 293 cells and in Pichia pastoris. Mammalian- and yeast-produced anti-CEA trimerbody molecules display similar functional and structural properties, yet, the yield of trimerbody expressed in P. pastoris is about 20-fold higher than in human cells. Conclusions P. pastoris is an efficient expression system for multivalent trimerbody molecules, suitable for their commercial production. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12934-014-0116-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Kovaleva M, Ferguson L, Steven J, Porter A, Barelle C. Shark variable new antigen receptor biologics - a novel technology platform for therapeutic drug development. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2014; 14:1527-39. [PMID: 25090369 DOI: 10.1517/14712598.2014.937701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Biologics drugs have succeeded in achieving a commercial dominance in the global market for new therapies and large pharmaceutical companies' interest remains strong through a continued commitment to pipeline development. It is not surprising, therefore, that next-generation biologics, particularly antibody-like scaffolds that offer many of the advantages of the original biologic drugs but in simplified formats, have entered the clinic as competing substitute therapeutic products, to capture market share. AREAS COVERED Specifically, this paper will position shark-derived variable new antigen receptors (VNARs) within an overview of the existing biologics landscape including the growth, diversity and success to date of alternative scaffolds. The intention is not to provide a comprehensive review of biologics as a whole but to discuss the main competing single-domain technologies and the exciting therapeutic potential of VNAR domains as clinical candidates within this context. EXPERT OPINION The inherent ability to specifically bind target and intervene in disease-related biological processes, while reducing off-site toxicity, makes mAbs an effective, potent and now proven class of therapeutics. There are, however, limitations to these 'magic bullets'. Their size and complexity can restrict their utility in certain diseases types and disease locations. In contrast, a number of so-called alternative scaffolds, derived from both immunoglobulin- and non-immunoglobulin-based sources have been developed with real potential to overcome many of the shortcomings documented for mAb treatments. Unlike competing approaches such as Darpins and Affibodies, we now know that shark VNAR domains (like camel VHH nanobody domains), are an integral part of the adaptive immune system of these animals and have evolved naturally (but from very different starting molecules) to exhibit high affinity and selectivity for target. In addition, and again influenced by the environment in which they have evolved naturally, their small size, simple architecture, high solubility and stability, deliver additional flexibility compared to classical antibodies (and many non-natural alternative scaffolds), thereby providing an attractive basis for particular clinical indications where these attributes may offer advantages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Kovaleva
- University of Aberdeen, Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Life Sciences and Medicine , Foresterhill, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD , UK +012 2443 8545 ;
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Bork K. Pasteurized and nanofiltered, plasma-derived C1 esterase inhibitor concentrate for the treatment of hereditary angioedema. Immunotherapy 2014; 6:533-51. [DOI: 10.2217/imt.14.33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Hamzeh-Mivehroud M, Alizadeh AA, Morris MB, Church WB, Dastmalchi S. Phage display as a technology delivering on the promise of peptide drug discovery. Drug Discov Today 2013; 18:1144-57. [PMID: 24051398 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2013.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2012] [Revised: 08/29/2013] [Accepted: 09/09/2013] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Phage display represents an important approach in the development pipeline for producing peptides and peptidomimetics therapeutics. Using randomly generated DNA sequences and molecular biology techniques, large diverse peptide libraries can be displayed on the phage surface. The phage library can be incubated with a target of interest and the phage which bind can be isolated and sequenced to reveal the displayed peptides' primary structure. In this review, we focus on the 'mechanics' of the phage display process, whilst highlighting many diverse and subtle ways it has been used to further the drug-development process, including the potential for the phage particle itself to be used as a drug carrier targeted to a particular pathogen or cell type in the body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Hamzeh-Mivehroud
- Biotechnology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; School of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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Abstract
The 2 most commonly encountered primary immunodeficiency syndromes in adult practice are antibody deficiency disorders and hereditary angioedema.Immunologic therapy for these disorders has significantly improved patient management. Therapy with immunoglobulin leads to improvement in overall quality of life. With increasing survival rates and decreasing levels of life-threatening infections in patients with primary antibody deficiencies, disease complications are more commonly encountered. Treatment of these complications with monoclonal antibody therapy seems promising and is likely to increase in the future. More recently,several additional agents have become available, including novel drugs targeted at different elements of the disease process.
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MESH Headings
- Adrenergic beta-Antagonists/therapeutic use
- Anemia, Hemolytic, Autoimmune/therapy
- Angioedemas, Hereditary/therapy
- Bradykinin/analogs & derivatives
- Bradykinin/therapeutic use
- Complement C1 Inactivator Proteins/therapeutic use
- Complement C1 Inhibitor Protein/therapeutic use
- Cost-Benefit Analysis
- Delayed Diagnosis
- Disease Transmission, Infectious
- Filtration/methods
- Granuloma/therapy
- Home Infusion Therapy
- Humans
- Hypersensitivity, Delayed
- Hypersensitivity, Immediate
- Immunization, Passive
- Immunoglobulin G/blood
- Immunoglobulins/therapeutic use
- Immunologic Deficiency Syndromes/therapy
- Infections/epidemiology
- Kallikreins/antagonists & inhibitors
- Nanotechnology
- Peptides/therapeutic use
- Purpura, Thrombocytopenic, Idiopathic/therapy
- Quality Control
- Quality of Life
- Recombinant Proteins/therapeutic use
- Self Administration
- Technology, Pharmaceutical
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip Wood
- Department of Clinical Immunology, St James's University Hospital, Beckett Wing, Leeds, Yorkshire LS9 7TF, UK.
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A phase 2 prospective, randomized, double-blind trial comparing the effects of tranexamic acid with ecallantide on blood loss from high-risk cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass (CONSERV-2 Trial). J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2012; 143:1022-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2011.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2011] [Revised: 03/29/2011] [Accepted: 06/06/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Cicardi M, Bork K, Caballero T, Craig T, Li HH, Longhurst H, Reshef A, Zuraw B. Evidence-based recommendations for the therapeutic management of angioedema owing to hereditary C1 inhibitor deficiency: consensus report of an International Working Group. Allergy 2012; 67:147-57. [PMID: 22126399 DOI: 10.1111/j.1398-9995.2011.02751.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 270] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Angioedema owing to hereditary deficiency of C1 inhibitor (HAE) is a rare, life-threatening, disabling disease. In the last 2 years, the results of well-designed and controlled trials with existing and new therapies for this condition have been published, and new treatments reached the market. Current guidelines for the treatment for HAE were released before the new trials and before the new treatments became available and were essentially based on observational studies and expert opinion. To provide evidence-based HAE treatment guidelines supported by the new studies, a conference was held in Gargnano del Garda, Italy, from September 26 to 29, 2010. The meeting hosted 58 experienced HAE expert physicians, representatives of pharmaceutical companies and representatives of HAE patients' associations. Here, we report the topics discussed during the meeting and evidence-based consensus about management approaches for HAE in adult/adolescent patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Cicardi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche "Luigi Sacco", Università di Milano, Ospedale L. Sacco, Milano, Italy.
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Getz JA, Rice JJ, Daugherty PS. Protease-resistant peptide ligands from a knottin scaffold library. ACS Chem Biol 2011; 6:837-44. [PMID: 21615106 PMCID: PMC3158827 DOI: 10.1021/cb200039s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Peptides within the knottin family have been shown to possess inherent stability, making them attractive scaffolds for the development of therapeutic and diagnostic agents. Given its remarkable stability to proteases, the cyclic peptide kalata B1 was employed as a scaffold to create a large knottin library displayed on the surface of E. coli. A library exceeding 10(9) variants was constructed by randomizing seven amino acids within a loop of the kalata B1 scaffold and screened using fluorescence-activated cell sorting to identify peptide ligands specific for the active site of human thrombin. Refolded thrombin binders exhibited high nanomolar affinities in solution and slow dissociation rates and were able to inhibit thrombin's enzymatic activity. Importantly, 80% of a knottin-based thrombin inhibitor remained intact after a 2 h incubation both with trypsin and with chymotrypsin, demonstrating that modifying the kalata B1 sequence did not compromise its stability properties. In addition, the knottin variant mediated 20-fold enhanced affinity for thrombin, when compared to the same seven residue binding epitope constrained by a single disulfide bond. Our results indicate that peptide libraries derived from the kalata B1 scaffold can yield high-affinity protein ligands that retain the remarkable protease resistance associated with the parent scaffold. More generally, this strategy may prove useful in the development of stable peptide ligands suitable for in vivo applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer A. Getz
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106
- Institute for Collaborative Biotechnologies, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106
| | - Jeffrey J. Rice
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106
- Institute for Collaborative Biotechnologies, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106
| | - Patrick S. Daugherty
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106
- Institute for Collaborative Biotechnologies, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106
- Biomolecular Science and Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106
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Earl STH, Richards R, Johnson LA, Flight S, Anderson S, Liao A, de Jersey J, Masci PP, Lavin MF. Identification and characterisation of Kunitz-type plasma kallikrein inhibitors unique to Oxyuranus sp. snake venoms. Biochimie 2011; 94:365-73. [PMID: 21843588 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2011.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2011] [Accepted: 08/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
As part of a wider study on Australian snake venom components, we have identified and characterised Kunitz-type protease inhibitors from the venoms of Oxyuranus scutellatus and Oxyuranus microlepidotus (Australian taipans) with plasma kallikrein inhibitory activity. Each inhibitor had a mass of 7 kDa and was purified from the venom as part of a protein complex. Mass spectrometry and N-terminal sequencing was employed to obtain amino acid sequence information for each inhibitor and a recombinant form of the O. scutellatus inhibitor, termed TSPI, was subsequently expressed and purified. TSPI was investigated for inhibition against a panel of 12 enzymes involved in haemostasis and estimates of the K(i) value determined for each enzyme. TSPI was found to be a broad spectrum inhibitor with most potent inhibitory activity observed against plasma kallikrein that corresponded to a K(i) of 0.057 ± 0.019 nM. TSPI also inhibited fibrinolysis in whole blood and prolonged the intrinsic clotting time. These inhibitors are also unique in that they appear to be found only in Oxyuranus sp. venoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen T H Earl
- The Queensland Institute of Medical Research, PO Royal Brisbane Hospital, Brisbane 4029, Australia
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Sheffer AL, Campion M, Levy RJ, Li HH, Horn PT, Pullman WE. Ecallantide (DX-88) for acute hereditary angioedema attacks: Integrated analysis of 2 double-blind, phase 3 studies. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2011; 128:153-159.e4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2011.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2010] [Revised: 02/24/2011] [Accepted: 03/01/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Post-translational modification of genetically encoded polypeptide libraries. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2011; 15:355-61. [PMID: 21489857 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2011.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2011] [Revised: 03/17/2011] [Accepted: 03/17/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The genetic encoding of polypeptides with biological display systems enables the facile generation and screening of very large combinatorial libraries of molecules. By post-translationally modifying the encoded polypeptides, chemically and structurally more diverse molecules beyond linear amino acid polymers can be generated. The first post-translational modification applied to encoded polypeptides, the oxidation of cysteine residues to form disulfide bridges, is a natural one and was used to cyclise short peptides soon after the invention of phage display. Recently a range of non-natural chemical strategies for the post-translational modification of encoded polypeptide repertoires were applied to generate optical biosensors, semisynthetic polypeptides, peptide-drug conjugates, redox-insensitive monocyclic peptides or multicyclic peptides, and these strategies are reviewed in this article.
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Zoller F, Haberkorn U, Mier W. Miniproteins as phage display-scaffolds for clinical applications. Molecules 2011; 16:2467-85. [PMID: 21407148 PMCID: PMC6259850 DOI: 10.3390/molecules16032467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2010] [Revised: 03/04/2011] [Accepted: 03/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Miniproteins are currently developed as alternative, non-immunoglobin proteins for the generation of novel binding motifs. Miniproteins are rigid scaffolds that are stabilised by alpha-helices, beta-sheets and disulfide-constrained secondary structural elements. They are tolerant to multiple amino acid substitutions, which allow for the integration of a randomised affinity function into the stably folded framework. These properties classify miniprotein scaffolds as promising tools for lead structure generation using phage display technologies. Owing to their high enzymatic resistance and structural stability, miniproteins are ideal templates to display binding epitopes for medical applications in vivo. This review summarises the characteristics and the engineering of miniproteins as a novel class of scaffolds to generate of alternative binding agents using phage display screening. Moreover, recent developments for therapeutic and especially diagnostic applications of miniproteins are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederic Zoller
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Nuclear Medicine, German Cancer Research Center, INF 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; E-Mails: (F.Z.); (U.H.)
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg, INF 400, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Uwe Haberkorn
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Nuclear Medicine, German Cancer Research Center, INF 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; E-Mails: (F.Z.); (U.H.)
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg, INF 400, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Walter Mier
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg, INF 400, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +49-6221-56-7720; Fax: +49-6221-56-5473
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Hereditäre Stoffwechselerkrankungen mit kutaner Manifestation. Hautarzt 2011; 62:98-106. [DOI: 10.1007/s00105-010-2051-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Bajaj MS, Ogueli GI, Kumar Y, Vadivel K, Lawson G, Shanker S, Schmidt AE, Bajaj SP. Engineering kunitz domain 1 (KD1) of human tissue factor pathway inhibitor-2 to selectively inhibit fibrinolysis: properties of KD1-L17R variant. J Biol Chem 2010; 286:4329-40. [PMID: 21115497 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.191163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Tissue factor pathway inhibitor-2 (TFPI-2) inhibits factor XIa, plasma kallikrein, and factor VIIa/tissue factor; accordingly, it has been proposed for use as an anticoagulant. Full-length TFPI-2 or its isolated first Kunitz domain (KD1) also inhibits plasmin; therefore, it has been proposed for use as an antifibrinolytic agent. However, the anticoagulant properties of TFPI-2 or KD1 would diminish its antifibrinolytic function. In this study, structure-based investigations and analysis of the serine protease profiles revealed that coagulation enzymes prefer a hydrophobic residue at the P2' position in their substrates/inhibitors, whereas plasmin prefers a positively charged arginine residue at the corresponding position in its substrates/inhibitors. Based upon this observation, we changed the P2' residue Leu-17 in KD1 to Arg (KD1-L17R) and compared its inhibitory properties with wild-type KD1 (KD1-WT). Both WT and KD1-L17R were expressed in Escherichia coli, folded, and purified to homogeneity. N-terminal sequences and mass spectra confirmed proper expression of KD1-WT and KD1-L17R. Compared with KD1-WT, the KD1-L17R did not inhibit factor XIa, plasma kallikrein, or factor VIIa/tissue factor. Furthermore, KD1-L17R inhibited plasmin with ∼6-fold increased affinity and effectively prevented plasma clot fibrinolysis induced by tissue plasminogen activator. Similarly, in a mouse liver laceration bleeding model, KD1-L17R was ∼8-fold more effective than KD1-WT in preventing blood loss. Importantly, in this bleeding model, KD1-L17R was equally or more effective than aprotinin or tranexamic acid, which have been used as antifibrinolytic agents to prevent blood loss during major surgery/trauma. Furthermore, as compared with aprotinin, renal toxicity was not observed with KD1-L17R.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhu S Bajaj
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
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Longhurst HJ. Management of acute attacks of hereditary angioedema: potential role of icatibant. Vasc Health Risk Manag 2010; 6:795-802. [PMID: 20859548 PMCID: PMC2941790 DOI: 10.2147/vhrm.s4332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Icatibant (Firazyr(®)) is a novel subcutaneous treatment recently licensed in the European Union for acute hereditary angioedema. Hereditary angioedema, resulting from inherited partial C1 inhibitor deficiency, is a disabling condition characterized by intermittent episodes of bradykinin-mediated angioedema. Icatibant blocks bradykinin B2 receptors, attenutating the episode. Randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled trials of icatibant, showed significant superiority over oral tranexamic acid in 74 European patients and a trend to improvement in a similar US trial comparing icatibant with placebo in 55 patients. Outcomes for several endpoints did not reach significance in the US trial, perhaps because of low participant numbers and confounding factors: a further trial is planned. Open label studies have shown benefit in multiple treatments for attacks at all sites. Approximately 10% of patients require a second dose for re-emergent symptoms, usually 10 to 27 hours after the initial treatment. Its subcutaneous route of administration, good tolerability and novel mode of action make icatibant a promising addition to the limited repertoire of treatments for hereditary angioedema.
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Cicardi M, Levy RJ, McNeil DL, Li HH, Sheffer AL, Campion M, Horn PT, Pullman WE. Ecallantide for the treatment of acute attacks in hereditary angioedema. N Engl J Med 2010; 363:523-31. [PMID: 20818887 DOI: 10.1056/nejmoa0905079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 212] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hereditary angioedema is a rare genetic disorder characterized by acute, intermittent, and potentially life-threatening attacks of edema of the skin and mucosa. We evaluated ecallantide, a newly developed recombinant plasma kallikrein inhibitor, for the treatment of acute attacks of angioedema. METHODS In this double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, patients with hereditary angioedema presenting with an acute attack were randomly assigned, in a 1:1 ratio, to receive subcutaneous ecallantide, at a dose of 30 mg, or placebo. Two measures of patient-reported outcomes were used to assess the response: treatment outcome scores, which range from +100 (designated in the protocol as significant improvement in symptoms) to -100 (significant worsening of symptoms), and the change from baseline in the mean symptom complex severity score, which range from +2 (representing a change from mild symptoms at baseline to severe symptoms after) to -3 (representing a change from severe symptoms at baseline to no symptoms after). The primary end point was the treatment outcome score 4 hours after study-drug administration. Secondary end points included the change from baseline in the mean symptom complex severity score at 4 hours and the time to significant improvement. RESULTS A total of 71 of the 72 patients completed the trial. The median treatment outcome score at 4 hours was 50.0 in the ecallantide group and 0.0 in the placebo group (interquartile range [IQR], 0.0 to 100.0 in both groups; P=0.004). The median change in the mean symptom complex severity score at 4 hours was -1.00 (IQR, -1.50 to 0.00) with ecallantide, versus -0.50 (IQR, -1.00 to 0.00) with placebo (P=0.01). The estimated time to significant improvement was 165 minutes with ecallantide versus more than 240 minutes with placebo (P=0.14). There were no deaths, treatment-related serious adverse events, or withdrawals owing to adverse events. CONCLUSIONS Four hours after administration of ecallantide or placebo for acute attacks of angioedema in patients with hereditary angioedema, patient-reported treatment outcome scores and mean symptom complex severity scores were significantly better with ecallantide than with placebo. (Funded by Dyax; ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00262080.)
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Cicardi
- University of Milan, Dept. of Internal Medicine, Ospedale Luigi Sacco, Via Giovanni Battista Grassi 74, 20157 Milan, Italy.
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Pande J, Szewczyk MM, Grover AK. Phage display: concept, innovations, applications and future. Biotechnol Adv 2010; 28:849-58. [PMID: 20659548 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2010.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 329] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2010] [Revised: 06/27/2010] [Accepted: 07/08/2010] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Phage display is the technology that allows expression of exogenous (poly)peptides on the surface of phage particles. The concept is simple in principle: a library of phage particles expressing a wide diversity of peptides is used to select those that bind the desired target. The filamentous phage M13 is the most commonly used vector to create random peptide display libraries. Several methods including recombinant techniques have been developed to increase the diversity of the library. On the other extreme, libraries with various biases can be created for specific purposes. For instance, when the sequence of the peptide that binds the target is known, its affinity and selectivity can be increased by screening libraries created with limited mutagenesis of the peptide. Phage libraries are screened for binding to synthetic or native targets. The initial screening of library by basic biopanning has been extended to column chromatography including negative screening and competition between selected phage clones to identify high affinity ligands with greater target specificity. The rapid isolation of specific ligands by phage display is advantageous in many applications including selection of inhibitors for the active and allosteric sites of the enzymes, receptor agonists and antagonists, and G-protein binding modulatory peptides. Phage display has been used in epitope mapping and analysis of protein-protein interactions. The specific ligands isolated from phage libraries can be used in therapeutic target validation, drug design and vaccine development. Phage display can also be used in conjunction with other methods. The past innovations and those to come promise a bright future for this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyoti Pande
- Department of Medicine, HSC 4N41 McMaster Univ, Hamilton, ON, Canada
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Nagy N, Grattan CE, McGrath JA. New insights into hereditary angio-oedema: Molecular diagnosis and therapy. Australas J Dermatol 2010; 51:157-62. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-0960.2010.00649.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Bratkovic T. Progress in phage display: evolution of the technique and its application. Cell Mol Life Sci 2010; 67:749-67. [PMID: 20196239 PMCID: PMC11115567 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-009-0192-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2009] [Revised: 10/18/2009] [Accepted: 10/23/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Phage display, the presentation of (poly)peptides as fusions to capsid proteins on the surface of bacterial viruses, celebrates its 25th birthday in 2010. The technique, coupled with in vitro selection, enables rapid identification and optimization of proteins based on their structural or functional properties. In the last two decades, it has advanced tremendously and has become widely accepted by the scientific community. This by no means exhaustive review aims to inform the reader of the key modifications in phage display. Novel display formats, innovative library designs and screening strategies are discussed. I will also briefly review some recent uses of the technology to illustrate its incredible versatility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomaz Bratkovic
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Askerceva 7, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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Beck A, Cochet O, Wurch T. GlycoFi's technology to control the glycosylation of recombinant therapeutic proteins. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2009; 5:95-111. [DOI: 10.1517/17460440903413504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Bryant J, Shariat-Madar Z. Human plasma kallikrein-kinin system: physiological and biochemical parameters. Cardiovasc Hematol Agents Med Chem 2009; 7:234-50. [PMID: 19689262 PMCID: PMC4905712 DOI: 10.2174/187152509789105444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The plasma kallikrein-kinin system (KKS) plays a critical role in human physiology. The KKS encompasses coagulation factor XII (FXII), the complex of prekallikrein (PK) and high molecular weight kininogen (HK). The conversion of plasma prekallikrein to kallikrein by the activated FXII and in response to numerous different stimuli leads to the generation of bradykinin (BK) and activated HK (HKa, an antiangiogenic peptide). BK is a proinflammatory peptide, a pain mediator and potent vasodilator, leading to robust accumulation of fluid in the interstitium. Systemic production of BK, HKa with the interplay between BK bound-BK receptors and the soluble form of HKa are key to angiogenesis and hemodynamics. KKS has been implicated in the pathogenesis of inflammation, hypertension, endotoxemia, and coagulopathy. In all these cases increased BK levels is the hallmark. In some cases, the persistent production of BK due to the deficiency of the blood protein C1-inhibitor, which controls FXII, is detrimental to the survival of the patients with hereditary angioedema (HAE). In others, the inability of angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) to degrade BK leads to elevated BK levels and edema in patients on ACE inhibitors. Thus, the mechanisms that interfere with BK liberation or degradation would lead to blood pressure dysfunction. In contrast, anti-kallikrein treatment could have adverse effects in hemodynamic changes induced by vasoconstrictor agents. Genetic models of kallikrein deficiency are needed to evaluate the quantitative role of kallikrein and to validate whether strategies designed to activate or inhibit kallikrein may be important for regulating whole-body BK sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- J.W. Bryant
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, CVMED Exploratory, Groton, CT 06340
| | - z Shariat-Madar
- School of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology, University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677-1848
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