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Biswas A, Choudhury AD, Agrawal S, Bisen AC, Sanap SN, Verma SK, Kumar M, Mishra A, Kumar S, Chauhan M, Bhatta RS. Recent Insights into the Etiopathogenesis of Diabetic Retinopathy and Its Management. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther 2024; 40:13-33. [PMID: 37733327 DOI: 10.1089/jop.2023.0068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose: Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a microvascular retinal disease associated with chronic diabetes mellitus, characterized by the damage of blood vessels in the eye. It is projected to become the leading cause of blindness, given the increasing burden of the diabetic population worldwide. The diagnosis and management of DR pose significant challenges for physicians because of the involvement of multiple biochemical pathways and the complexity of ocular tissues. This review aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the molecular pathways implicated in the pathogenesis of DR, including the polyo pathway, hexosamine pathway, protein kinase C (PKC), JAK/STAT signaling pathways, and the renin-angiotensin system (RAS). Methods: Academic databases such as PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar and Web of Science was systematically searched using a carefully constructed search strategy incorporating keywords like "Diabetic Retinopathy," "Molecular Pathways," "Pharmacological Treatments," and "Clinical Trials" to identify relevant literature for the comprehensive review. Results: In addition to activating other inflammatory cascades, these pathways contribute to the generation of oxidative stress within the retina. Furthermore, it aims to explore the existing pharmacotherapy options available for the treatment of DR. In addition to conventional pharmacological therapies such as corticosteroids, antivascular endothelial growth factors, and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), this review highlights the potential of repurposed drugs, phyto-pharmaceuticals, and novel pipeline drugs currently undergoing various stages of clinical trials. Conclusion: Overall, this review serves as a technical exploration of the complex nature of DR, highlighting both established and emerging molecular pathways implicated in its pathogenesis. Furthermore, it delves into the available pharmacological treatments, as well as the promising repurposed drugs, phyto-pharmaceuticals, and novel drugs currently being evaluated in clinical trials, with a focus on their specific mechanisms of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arpon Biswas
- Pharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetic Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India
- Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Abhijit Deb Choudhury
- Pharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetic Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India
- Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Sristi Agrawal
- Pharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetic Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Amol Chhatrapati Bisen
- Pharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetic Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Sachin Nashik Sanap
- Pharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetic Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Sarvesh Kumar Verma
- Pharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetic Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India
- Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Mukesh Kumar
- Pharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetic Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India
- Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Anjali Mishra
- Pharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetic Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Shivansh Kumar
- Pharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetic Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India
| | - Mridula Chauhan
- Pharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetic Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India
| | - Rabi Sankar Bhatta
- Pharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetic Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India
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2
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Rational Designing of Quinazolin-4(3H)-one based ALR2 Inhibitors: Synthesis and Biological Evaluation. J Mol Struct 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2022.133825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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3
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Sherkhane B, Kalvala AK, Arruri VK, Khatri DK, Singh SB. Renoprotective potential of myo-inositol on diabetic kidney disease: Focus on the role of the PINK1/Parkin pathway and mitophagy receptors. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2022; 36:e23032. [PMID: 35243728 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.23032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies have emphasized the role of mitochondria in renal function as well as in renal injury. Poor mitochondrial quality control mechanisms including mitochondrial fusion, fission and mitophagy are major contributors for progression of diabetic renal injury. The current study is aimed to evaluate the protective role of myo-inositol (MI) against diabetic nephropathy (DN) by utilizing high glucose exposed NRK 52E cell and streptozotocin (STZ) induced DN model. MI supplementation (at doses 37.5 and 75 mg/kg) ameliorated albuminuria and enhanced the renal function as indicated significant improvement in urinary creatinine and urea levels. On the other hand, the western blot analysis of both in vitro and in vivo studies has revealed poor mitophagy in renal cells which was reversed upon myo-inositol treatment. Apart from targeting the canonical PINK1/Parkin pathway, we also focused on the role mitophagy receptors prohibitin (PHB) and NIP3-like protein (NIX). A significant reduction in expression of NIX and PHB2 was observed in renal tissue of diabetic control rats and high glucose exposed NRK 52E cells. Myo-inositol treatment resulted in positive modulation of PINK1/Parkin pathway as well as PHB2 and NIX. Myo-inositol also enhanced the mitochondrial biogenesis in renal tissue of diabetic rat by upregulating Nrf2/SIRT1/PGC-1α axis. The current study thus underlines the renoprotective effect myo-inositol, upregulation of mitophagy proteins and mitochondrial biogenesis upon myo-inositol treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhoomika Sherkhane
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Anil Kumar Kalvala
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Vijay Kumar Arruri
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Dharmendra Kumar Khatri
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Shashi Bala Singh
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, Telangana, India
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4
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Imran A, Tariq Shehzad M, Al Adhami T, Miraz Rahman K, Hussain D, Alharthy RD, Shafiq Z, Iqbal J. Development of coumarin-thiosemicarbazone hybrids as aldose reductase inhibitors: Biological assays, molecular docking, simulation studies and ADME evaluation. Bioorg Chem 2021; 115:105164. [PMID: 34314916 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2021.105164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The over expression of aldose reductase (ALR2) in the state of hyperglycemia causes the conversion of glucose into sorbitol and initiates polyol pathway. Accumulation of sorbitol in insulin insensitive tissue like peripheral nerves, glomerulus and eyes, induces diabetic complications like neuropathy, nephropathy and retinopathy. For the treatment of diabetic complications, the inhibition of aldose reductase (ALR2) is a promising approach. A series of coumarin-based thiosemicarbazone derivatives was synthesized as potential inhibitor of aldose reductase. Compound N-(2-fluorophenyl)-2-(1-(2-oxo-2H-chromen-3-yl)ethylidene)hydrazinecarbiothioamide (3n) was found to be the most promising inhibitor of ALR2 with an IC50 in micromolar range (2.07 µM) and high selectivity, relative to ALR1. The crystal structure of ALR2 complexed with 3n explored the types of interaction pattern which further demonstrated its high affinity. Compound 3n has excellent lead-likeness, underlined by its physicochemical parameters, and can be considered as a likely prospect for further structural optimization to get a drugable molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aqeel Imran
- Center for Advanced Drug Research, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, Abbottabad 22060, Pakistan; Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, United Kingdom
| | | | - Taha Al Adhami
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, United Kingdom
| | - Khondaker Miraz Rahman
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, United Kingdom
| | - Dilawar Hussain
- Center for Advanced Drug Research, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, Abbottabad 22060, Pakistan
| | - Rima D Alharthy
- Department of Chemistry, Science and Arts College, Rabigh Campus, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Zahid Shafiq
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 60800, Pakistan.
| | - Jamshed Iqbal
- Center for Advanced Drug Research, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, Abbottabad 22060, Pakistan.
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5
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Sharma DS, Singh SK, Thakur D, K.R A, Khursheed R, Wadhwa S. Current Strategies and Future Perspective for the Effective Treatment of Diabetic Retinopathy. CURRENT DRUG THERAPY 2020. [DOI: 10.2174/1574885514666191007101007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes Retinopathy (DR) is one of the main complications due to diabetes. DR will
damage the retinal capillaries and block them, which causes the loss of vision. Different drugs and
therapies are used for the treatment and prevention of the DR. The most commonly used treatment
is laser technology and combination therapy, along with some drugs. But these drugs possess side
effects in the form of cataract, glaucoma, and complete blindness of the eye. The main strategy to
overcome In DR, medicines with minimum side effects or maximum therapeutic effects are used.
This article emphasizes the current strategy used for the treatment of DR with allopathic as well as
herbal drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deep Shikha Sharma
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, India
| | - Sachin Kumar Singh
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, India
| | - Divya Thakur
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, Punjabi University, Patiala, Punjab, India
| | - Arya K.R
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, India
| | - Rubiya Khursheed
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, India
| | - Sheetu Wadhwa
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, India
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6
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Zhu Y, Sheng Y. RETRACTED: Sustained delivery of epalrestat to the retina using PEGylated solid lipid nanoparticles laden contact lens. Int J Pharm 2020; 587:119688. [PMID: 32717281 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2020.119688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2020] [Revised: 07/04/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
This article has been retracted: please see Elsevier Policy on Article Withdrawal (http://www.elsevier.com/locate/withdrawalpolicy). This article has been retracted at the request of the Editor-in-Chief. Significant similarities were noticed post-publication between this article and an article submitted to the Journal of Drug Delivery Science and Technology on the same day, by an apparently unrelated research group: Tong Zhang, Tianhui Zhu, Fanyin Wang, Ling Peng and Mingying Lai 60 (2020) 101949 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jddst.2020.101949 Moreover, the authors did not respond to the journal request to comment on these similarities and to provide the raw data, and the Editor-in-Chief decided to retract the article. One of the conditions of submission of a paper for publication is that authors declare explicitly that their work is original and genuine. As such this article represents a severe abuse of the scientific publishing system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanni Zhu
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Medical University, No. 167, Fangdong Street, Baqiao District, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710038, China
| | - Yanjuan Sheng
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second People's Hospital of Jinan, Jinan, Shandong 250001, China.
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7
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Dulull N, Kwa F, Osman N, Rai U, Shaikh B, Thrimawithana TR. Recent advances in the management of diabetic retinopathy. Drug Discov Today 2019; 24:1499-1509. [DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2019.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Revised: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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8
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Benzoxazinone-thiosemicarbazones as antidiabetic leads via aldose reductase inhibition: Synthesis, biological screening and molecular docking study. Bioorg Chem 2018; 87:857-866. [PMID: 30551808 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2018.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Revised: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Aldose reductase is an important enzyme in the polyol pathway, where glucose is converted to fructose, and sorbitol is released. Aldose reductase activity increases in diabetes as the glucose levels increase, resulting in increased sorbitol production. Sorbitol, being less cell permeable tends to accumulate in tissues such as eye lenses, peripheral nerves and glomerulus that are not insulin sensitive. This excessive build-up of sorbitol is responsible for diabetes associated complications such as retinopathy and neuropathy. In continuation of our interest to design and discover potent inhibitors of aldo-keto reductases (AKRs; aldehyde reductase ALR1 or AKR1A, and aldose reductase ALR2 or AKR1B), herein we designed and investigated a series of new benzoxazinone-thiosemicarbazones (3a-r) as ALR2 and ALR1 inhibitors. Most compounds exhibited excellent inhibitory activities with IC50 values in lower micro-molar range. Compounds 3b and 3l were found to be most active ALR2 inhibitors with IC50 values of 0.52 ± 0.04 and 0.19 ± 0.03 μM, respectively, both compounds were more effective inhibitors as compared to the standard ALR2 inhibitor (sorbinil, with IC50 value of 3.14 ± 0.02 μM).
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9
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Current Advances in Pharmacotherapy and Technology for Diabetic Retinopathy: A Systematic Review. J Ophthalmol 2018; 2018:1694187. [PMID: 29576875 PMCID: PMC5822768 DOI: 10.1155/2018/1694187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Revised: 10/12/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is classically defined by its vascular lesions and damage in the neurons of the retina. The cellular and clinical elements of DR have many features of chronic inflammation. Understanding the individual cell-specific inflammatory changes in the retina may lead to novel therapeutic approaches to prevent vision loss. The systematic use of available pharmacotherapy has been reported as a useful adjunct tool to laser photocoagulation, a gold standard therapy for DR. Direct injections or intravitreal anti-inflammatory and antiangiogenesis agents are widely used pharmacotherapy to effectively treat DR and diabetic macular edema (DME). However, their effectiveness is short term, and the delivery system is often associated with adverse effects, such as cataract and increased intraocular pressure. Further, systemic agents (particularly hypoglycemic, hypolipidemic, and antihypertensive agents) and plants-based drugs have also provided promising treatment in the progression of DR. Recently, advancements in pluripotent stem cells technology enable restoration of retinal functionalities after transplantation of these cells into animals with retinal degeneration. This review paper summarizes the developments in the current and potential pharmacotherapy and therapeutic technology of DR. Literature search was done on online databases, PubMed, Google Scholar, clinitrials.gov, and browsing through individual ophthalmology journals and leading pharmaceutical company websites.
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Panigrahy SK, Bhatt R, Kumar A. Reactive oxygen species: sources, consequences and targeted therapy in type 2 diabetes. J Drug Target 2016; 25:93-101. [PMID: 27356044 DOI: 10.1080/1061186x.2016.1207650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress has been considered as a central mediator in the progression of diabetic complication. The intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) leads to oxidative stress and it is raised from the mitochondria as well as by activation of five major pathways: increased polyol pathway flux, activation of protein kinase C (PKC) pathway, increased formation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs), over activity of hexosamine pathway and increased production of angiotensin II. The increased ROS through these pathways leads to β-cell dysfunction and insulin resistance, responsible for cell damage and death. This review not only highlights the sources of ROS production and their involvement in the progression of diabetes, but also emphasizes on pharmacological interventions and targeting of ROS in type 2 diabetes. This review summarizes the ROS as potential therapeutic targets, based on a putative mechanism in the progression of the diabetes. It also summarizes current knowledge of ROS activation in type 2 diabetes as well as ROS as a possible target for its treatment. Eventually, it would be a promising target for various strategies and drugs to modulate ROS levels in diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suchitra Kumari Panigrahy
- a Department of Biotechnology , Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya (a Central University) , Bilaspur , India
| | - Renu Bhatt
- a Department of Biotechnology , Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya (a Central University) , Bilaspur , India
| | - Awanish Kumar
- b Department of Biotechnology , National Institute of Technology (NIT) , Raipur , India
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Abstract
This is a summary of current and emerging pharmacologic therapies utilized in the treatment of diabetic retinopathy (DR). Current therapies, such as ranibizumab, bevacizumab, triamcinolone acetonide, and fluocinolone acetonide, inhibit angiogenesis and inflammation and may be used alone or in combination with laser treatment. Emerging therapies aim to reduce oxidative stress or inhibit other signal transduction pathways, including the protein kinase C cascade and aldose reductase pathway. Future therapies may target other molecules crucial to the pathogenesis of DR, including hepatocyte growth factors and matrix metalloproteinase 9. Finally, the emergence of novel mechanisms of medication delivery may also be on the horizon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vaidehi S. Dedania
- Department of Ophthalmology, Albany Medical Center, Lions Eye Institute, Albany, NY 12208, USA
| | - Sophie J. Bakri
- Department of Ophthalmology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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Abu El-Asrar AM, Al-Mezaine HS, Ola MS. Pathophysiology and management of diabetic retinopathy. EXPERT REVIEW OF OPHTHALMOLOGY 2014. [DOI: 10.1586/eop.09.52] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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13
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Saeed A, Tehseen Y, Rafique H, Furtmann N, Bajorath J, Flörke U, Iqbal J. Benzothiazolyl substituted iminothiazolidinones and benzamido-oxothiazolidines as potent and partly selective aldose reductase inhibitors. MEDCHEMCOMM 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4md00206g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Two new series of oxothiazolidine benzoate and acetate derivatives were synthesized and evaluated as aldehyde reductase (ALR1) and aldose reductase (ALR2) inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aamer Saeed
- Department of Chemistry
- Quaid-i-Azam University
- 1slamabad, Pakistan
| | - Yildiz Tehseen
- Centre for Advanced Drug Research
- COMSATS Institute of Information Technology
- Abbottabad, Pakistan
| | - Hummera Rafique
- Department of Chemistry
- Quaid-i-Azam University
- 1slamabad, Pakistan
| | - Norbert Furtmann
- Department of Life Science Informatics
- B-IT, LIMES Program Unit Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry
- Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität
- D-53113 Bonn, Germany
- Pharmaceutical Institute
| | - Jürgen Bajorath
- Department of Life Science Informatics
- B-IT, LIMES Program Unit Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry
- Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität
- D-53113 Bonn, Germany
| | - Ulrich Flörke
- Department Chemie
- Fakultät für Naturwissenschaften
- Universität Paderborn
- D-33098 Paderborn, Germany
| | - Jamshed Iqbal
- Centre for Advanced Drug Research
- COMSATS Institute of Information Technology
- Abbottabad, Pakistan
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Nawaz MI, Abouammoh M, Khan HA, Alhomida AS, Alfaran MF, Ola MS. Novel drugs and their targets in the potential treatment of diabetic retinopathy. Med Sci Monit 2013; 19:300-8. [PMID: 23619778 PMCID: PMC3659065 DOI: 10.12659/msm.883895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is the most common complication of diabetes. It causes vision loss, and the incidence is increasing with the growth of the diabetes epidemic worldwide. Over the past few decades a number of clinical trials have confirmed that careful control of glycemia and blood pressure can reduce the risk of developing DR and control its progression. In recent years, many treatment options have been developed for clinical management of the complications of DR (e.g., proliferative DR and macular edema) using laser-based therapies, intravitreal corticosteroids and anti-vascular endothelial growth factors, and vitrectomy to remove scarring and hemorrhage, but all these have limited benefits. In this review, we highlight and discuss potential molecular targets and new approaches that have shown great promise for the treatment of DR. New drugs and strategies are based on targeting a number of hyperglycemia-induced metabolic stress pathways, oxidative stress and inflammatory pathways, the renin-angiotensin system, and neurodegeneration, in addition to the use of stem cells and ribonucleic acid interference (RNAi) technologies. At present, clinical trials of some of these newer drugs in humans are yet to begin or are in early stages. Together, the new therapeutic drugs and approaches discussed may control the incidence and progression of DR with greater efficacy and safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Imtiaz Nawaz
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Marwan Abouammoh
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Haseeb A. Khan
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah S. Alhomida
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mubarak F. Alfaran
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad Shamsul Ola
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Corresponding Author: Mohammad Shamsul Ola, e-mail: and
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Hsieh YY, Huang YC, Chang CC, Wang YK, Lin WH, Tsai FJ. Chromosome 15q21-22-related polymorphisms and haplotypes are associated with susceptibility to type-2 diabetic nonproliferative retinopathy. Genet Test Mol Biomarkers 2012; 16:442-8. [PMID: 22409602 DOI: 10.1089/gtmb.2011.0092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a microvascular complication of diabetes with a complex multifactorial pathogenesis. We aimed to investigate whether chromosome 15q21-22-related gene polymorphisms could be used as markers of DR susceptibility in type 2 diabetic (T2D) individuals. METHODS Individuals were divided into three groups: (1) T2D with nonproliferative DR (NPDR; n=102); (2) T2D with proliferative DR (PDR; n=72); (3) T2D without DR (n=573). Six single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) (rs7174997, rs3751624, rs8025011, rs17818837, rs2922220, and rs2414520) lying within chromosome 15q21-22 region were genotyped by using Illumina HumanHap550-Duo BeadChips. Genotypes/allelic frequencies and haplotypes for these polymorphisms in each group were compared. RESULTS The MYO5C related SNP (rs3751624)*A related genotype and allele are associated with higher susceptibilities to DR, including PDR and NPDR. The rs3751624*GG/AA+AG percentages in each group are (1) 75.5%/24.5%, (2) 73.6%/26.4%, and (3) 82.5%/17.5%. In contrast, the other five SNPs in each group were not significantly different. One haplotype (G-A-G-G-T-G) appears significantly different between T2D individuals with and without DR. Other haplotype distributions were not significantly different between each group. CONCLUSION The MYO5C related SNP (rs3751624)*A related genotype/allele and haplotype (G-A-G-G-T-G) might be associated with susceptibility for retinopathy in T2D individuals. Some chromosome 15q21-22* related genetic variations might contribute to the pathogenesis of DR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao-Yuan Hsieh
- School of Chinese Medicine, College of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
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Verspohl EJ. Novel Pharmacological Approaches to the Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes. Pharmacol Rev 2012; 64:188-237. [DOI: 10.1124/pr.110.003319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
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17
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Advanced glycation end products and diabetic retinopathy. Amino Acids 2011; 44:1397-407. [DOI: 10.1007/s00726-011-1071-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2011] [Accepted: 08/27/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Huang H, Gandhi JK, Zhong X, Wei Y, Gong J, Duh EJ, Vinores SA. TNFalpha is required for late BRB breakdown in diabetic retinopathy, and its inhibition prevents leukostasis and protects vessels and neurons from apoptosis. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2011; 52:1336-44. [PMID: 21212173 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.10-5768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Blood-retinal barrier [BRB] breakdown, characteristic of diabetic retinopathy (DR), is believed to depend on inflammation and apoptosis. Retinal inflammation is almost completely suppressed in the absence of TNFα, which is also associated with apoptosis. This study was conducted to determine the role of TNFα in these diabetic complications. METHODS Diabetes was induced with streptozotocin in Tnfa knockout (KO) mice, to provide a chemical model of diabetes, and Tnfa (KO) mice were crossed with Ins2(Akita) mice to generate a genetic model, with both models being devoid of TNFα. The BRB was assessed at 1, 1.5, 3, and 6 months. Leukostasis was assessed using FITC-conjugated ConA to label leukocytes. Apoptosis was assessed with TUNEL and activated caspase-3 staining. PECAM1 identified endothelial cells, and SMA identified pericytes. RESULTS At 1 month of diabetes, the absence of TNFα had no effect on DR-associated BRB breakdown, even though it prevented retinal leukostasis, demonstrating that neither TNFα nor inflammation is essential for early BRB breakdown in DR in either model of diabetes. At 3 months of diabetes, BRB breakdown was significantly suppressed and at 6 months, it was completely prevented in the absence of TNFα in both models, showing that TNFα is essential for progressive BRB breakdown. DR-mediated apoptosis in the retina, which appears to involve endothelial cells, pericytes, and neurons, was inhibited in the absence of TNFα in both models. CONCLUSIONS Although neither TNFα nor inflammation is necessary for early BRB breakdown in DR, TNFα is critical for later complications and would be a good therapeutic target for the prevention of the progressive BRB breakdown, retinal leukostasis, and apoptosis associated with DR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hu Huang
- Wilmer Eye Institute, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21287, USA
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Curtis TM, Hamilton R, Yong PH, McVicar CM, Berner A, Pringle R, Uchida K, Nagai R, Brockbank S, Stitt AW. Müller glial dysfunction during diabetic retinopathy in rats is linked to accumulation of advanced glycation end-products and advanced lipoxidation end-products. Diabetologia 2011; 54:690-8. [PMID: 21116609 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-010-1971-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2010] [Accepted: 10/14/2010] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS The impact of AGEs and advanced lipoxidation end-products (ALEs) on neuronal and Müller glial dysfunction in the diabetic retina is not well understood. We therefore sought to identify dysfunction of the retinal Müller glia during diabetes and to determine whether inhibition of AGEs/ALEs can prevent it. METHODS Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into three groups: (1) non-diabetic; (2) untreated streptozotocin-induced diabetic; and (3) diabetic treated with the AGE/ALE inhibitor pyridoxamine for the duration of diabetes. Rats were killed and their retinas were evaluated for neuroglial pathology. RESULTS AGEs and ALEs accumulated at higher levels in diabetic retinas than in controls (p < 0.001). AGE/ALE immunoreactivity was significantly diminished by pyridoxamine treatment of diabetic rats. Diabetes was also associated with the up-regulation of the oxidative stress marker haemoxygenase-1 and the induction of glial fibrillary acidic protein production in Müller glia (p < 0.001). Pyridoxamine treatment of diabetic rats had a significant beneficial effect on both variables (p < 0.001). Diabetes also significantly altered the normal localisation of the potassium inwardly rectifying channel Kir4.1 and the water channel aquaporin 4 to the Müller glia end-feet interacting with retinal capillaries. These abnormalities were prevented by pyridoxamine treatment. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION While it is established that AGE/ALE formation in the retina during diabetes is linked to microvascular dysfunction, this study suggests that these pathogenic adducts also play a role in Müller glial dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- T M Curtis
- Centre for Vision and Vascular Science, Queen's University Belfast, Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast BT12 6BA, Northern Ireland, UK
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Boscia
- Department of Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology, University of Bari, Bari, Italy.
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Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy is a common and specific microvascular complication of diabetes, and remains the leading cause of preventable blindness in working-aged people. It is identified in a third of people with diabetes and associated with increased risk of life-threatening systemic vascular complications, including stroke, coronary heart disease, and heart failure. Optimum control of blood glucose, blood pressure, and possibly blood lipids remains the foundation for reduction of risk of retinopathy development and progression. Timely laser therapy is effective for preservation of sight in proliferative retinopathy and macular oedema, but its ability to reverse visual loss is poor. Vitrectomy surgery might occasionally be needed for advanced retinopathy. New therapies, such as intraocular injection of steroids and antivascular endothelial growth-factor agents, are less destructive to the retina than are older therapies, and could be useful in patients who respond poorly to conventional therapy. The outlook for future treatment modalities, such as inhibition of other angiogenic factors, regenerative therapy, and topical therapy, is promising.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Cheung
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, University of Melbourne, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
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Current World Literature. Curr Opin Ophthalmol 2010; 21:239-46. [DOI: 10.1097/icu.0b013e32833983a3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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