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Replacing the Burden of the Gluten Free Diet: Then, Now, and the Future. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232315108. [PMID: 36499446 PMCID: PMC9741045 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232315108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 11/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Without a doubt, a majority of diseases are food-pattern-related. However, one disease stands out as an increasingly more common autoimmune-mediated enteropathy triggered by the ingestion of gluten. Celiac disease (CD) is an old disease, with changing clinical patterns, affecting any age, including infancy and adolescence, and becoming more frequent among the elderly. The gluten-free diet (GFD) has been the sole provider of clinical, serological, and histological improvement for patients with CD for more than seven decades. Nowadays, complete avoidance of dietary gluten is rarely possible because of the wide availability of wheat and other processed foods that contain even more gluten, to the detriment of gluten-free products. Undeniably, there is a definite need for replacing the burdensome GFD. An add-on therapy that could control the dietary transgressions and inadvertent gluten consumption that can possibly lead to overt CD should be considered while on GFD. Nevertheless, future drugs should be able to provide patients some freedom to self-manage CD and increase food independence, while actively reducing exposure and mucosal damage and alleviating GI symptoms. Numerous clinical trials assessing different molecules have already been performed with favorable outcomes, and hopefully they will soon be available for patient use.
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Rationally engineered prolyl endopeptidases from Sphingomonas capsulata with improved hydrolytic activity towards pathogenic peptides of celiac diseases. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 202:112499. [PMID: 32668378 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Revised: 05/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Celiac disease affects approximately 1% of the population and is a major public health problem worldwide. It is trigged by gluten-derived peptides, which have unusually high proline-glutamine motif content and are highly resistant to proteolysis by digestive enzymes of the gastrointestinal tract. The only treatment for celiac disease is strict, lifelong adherence to a gluten-free diet, which is effective but costly and difficult to maintain. Therefore, novel non-dietary therapies for celiac disease are urgently needed. Gluten-degrading enzymes are promising non-dietary treatments, and some enzymes have been investigated in preclinical or clinical studies. A combination of prolyl endopeptidase from Sphingomonas capsulata (SC PEP) and a glutamine-specific endoprotease (EP-B2 from barley) known as latiglutenase showed insufficient benefits in phase II clinical trials, likely because of its low enzyme activity in the gastric environment. Therefore, improving enzyme activity is essential for the clinical application of SC PEP. Enzyme activity can be enhanced using computer-aided rational protein design tools. In this study, we combined molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulation to rationally design SC PEP mutants and experimentally evaluated their activities. We identified mutants with up to 90-103% increases in specific activity and up to 80-202% increases in the catalytic rate. We have investigated the mechanism underlying the enhanced activity of these mutants, and found that a conformational transition of the β-propeller domain and catalytic domain of SC PEP was important for enzyme activity, and this transition was affected by residues in the catalytic domain and at the domain interface; a shorter distance between the substrate Pro and the oxyanion holes was also crucial for improving SC PEP catalytic activity. Our results provide useful information for the rational design of highly active SC PEPs to accelerate the development of enzyme therapeutics candidates for Celiac disease.
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Kramer K, Yeboah-Awudzi M, Magazine N, King JM, Xu Z, Losso JN. Procyanidin B2 rich cocoa extracts inhibit inflammation in Caco-2 cell model of in vitro celiac disease by down-regulating interferon-gamma- or gliadin peptide 31-43-induced transglutaminase-2 and interleukin-15. J Funct Foods 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2019.03.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
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Sadki A, Le Besnerais M, Héron F, Marie I. Traitement par olmésartan et entéropathie : à propos de deux cas et revue de la littérature. Rev Med Interne 2019; 40:112-116. [DOI: 10.1016/j.revmed.2018.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Revised: 07/22/2018] [Accepted: 08/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Abstract
Gluten‐related disorders are a complex group of diseases that involve the activation of the immune system triggered by the ingestion of gluten. Among these, celiac disease, with a prevalence of 1 %, is the most investigated, but recently, a new pathology, named nonceliac gluten sensitivity, was reported with a general prevalence of 7 %. Finally, there other less‐prevalent gluten‐related diseases such as wheat allergy, gluten ataxia, and dermatitis herpetiformis (with an overall prevalence of less than 0.1 %). As mentioned, the common molecular trigger is gluten, a complex mixture of storage proteins present in wheat, barley, and a variety of oats that are not fully degraded by humans. The most‐studied protein related to disease is gliadin, present in wheat, which possesses in its sequence many pathological fragments. Despite a lot of effort to treat these disorders, the only effective method is a long‐life gluten‐free diet. This Review summarizes the actual knowledge of gluten‐related disorders from a translational chemistry point of view. We discuss what is currently known from the literature about the interaction of gluten with the gut and the critical host responses it evokes and, finally, connect them to our current and novel molecular understanding of the supramolecular organization of gliadin and the 33‐mer gliadin peptide fragment under physiological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen M Lammers
- Laboratory Immunogenetics, Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Control VU University Medical Center 1081 Amsterdam Netherlands
| | - Maria G Herrera
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry Institute of biological chemistry and Physicochemical CONICET-University of Buenos Aires Junín 956 C1113AAD Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - Veronica I Dodero
- Department of Chemistry, Organic Chemistry III Bielefeld University Universitätsstraße 25 33615 Bielefeld Germany
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Greuter T, Schmidlin S, Lattmann J, Stotz M, Lehmann R, Zeitz J, Scharl M, Misselwitz B, Pohl D, Fried M, Tutuian R, Fasano A, Schoepfer AM, Rogler G, Biedermann L, Vavricka SR. The perspective of celiac disease patients on emerging treatment options and non-celiac gluten sensitivity. Dig Liver Dis 2017; 49:268-272. [PMID: 28034662 DOI: 10.1016/j.dld.2016.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2016] [Revised: 11/27/2016] [Accepted: 11/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Non-celiac gluten sensitivity (NCGS) and emerging treatment options are hot topics in the celiac disease (CeD) scientific literature. However, very little is known about the perspective on these issues of CeD patients. METHODS We performed a large patient survey among unselected CeD patients in Switzerland. RESULTS A total of 1689 patients were analyzed. 57.5% have previously heard of NCGS. 64.5% believe in the existence of this entity. Regarding a potential influence of NCGS on CeD awareness, 31.7% show a positive and 27.5% a negative perception. Patients with prior use of alternative medicine and women more often have heard of and believe in the existence of NCGS vs. those never having used alternative methods and men, respectively (66.9 vs. 56.9%, p=0.001 and 78.5 vs. 69.0%, p=0.001; 60.7 vs. 44.2%, p<0.001 and 71.0 vs. 60.8%, p=0.002). Women and patients ≥30 years more often show a negative attitude towards NCGS (32.2% vs. 24.8%, p=0.024 and 32.2% vs. 24.2%, p=0.018). With regard to emerging treatment options for CeD, 43.3% have previously heard of novel agents, more women than men (46.0 vs. 38.0%, p=0.019). CONCLUSIONS Perception of and attitude towards NCGS differ depending on sex, age and prior use of alternative medicine. Knowledge of the progress towards emerging treatment options is currently limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Greuter
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sandra Schmidlin
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Triemli Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jaqueline Lattmann
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Triemli Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Matthias Stotz
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Triemli Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Romina Lehmann
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Triemli Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jonas Zeitz
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Michael Scharl
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Benjamin Misselwitz
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Pohl
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Michael Fried
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Radu Tutuian
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Spital Tiefenau, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Alessio Fasano
- Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, MassGeneral Hospital for Children, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Alain M Schoepfer
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Lausanne-CHUV, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Gerhard Rogler
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Luc Biedermann
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Stephan R Vavricka
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Triemli Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
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Picascia S, Mandile R, Auricchio R, Troncone R, Gianfrani C. Gliadin-Specific T-Cells Mobilized in the Peripheral Blood of Coeliac Patients by Short Oral Gluten Challenge: Clinical Applications. Nutrients 2015; 7:10020-31. [PMID: 26633487 PMCID: PMC4690067 DOI: 10.3390/nu7125515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2015] [Revised: 11/17/2015] [Accepted: 11/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Celiac disease (CD) is a common lifelong food intolerance triggered by dietary gluten affecting 1% of the general population. Gliadin-specific T-cell lines and T-cell clones obtained from intestinal biopsies have provided great support in the investigation of immuno-pathogenesis of CD. In the early 2000 a new in vivo, less invasive, approach was established aimed to evaluate the adaptive gliadin-specific T-cell response in peripheral blood of celiac patients on a gluten free diet. In fact, it has been demonstrated that three days of ingestion of wheat-containing food induces the mobilization of memory T lymphocytes reactive against gliadin from gut-associated lymphoid tissue into peripheral blood of CD patients. Such antigen-specific T-cells releasing interferon-γ can be transiently detected by using the enzyme-linked immunospot (ELISPOT) assays or by flow cytometry tetramer technology. This paper discusses the suitability of this in vivo tool to investigate the repertoire of gluten pathogenic peptides, to support CD diagnosis, and to assess the efficacy of novel therapeutic strategies. A systematic review of all potential applications of short oral gluten challenge is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Picascia
- Institute of Protein Biochemistry-CNR, Via Pietro Castellino 111, Naples 80131, Italy.
| | - Roberta Mandile
- Department of Translational Medical Science (DISMET), Section of Pediatrics, University of Naples Federico II, Via S Pansini 5, Naples 80131, Italy.
| | - Renata Auricchio
- Department of Translational Medical Science (DISMET), Section of Pediatrics, University of Naples Federico II, Via S Pansini 5, Naples 80131, Italy.
- European Laboratory for the Investigation of Food-Induced Diseases (ELFID), University of Naples Federico II, Via S Pansini 5, Naples 80131, Italy.
| | - Riccardo Troncone
- Department of Translational Medical Science (DISMET), Section of Pediatrics, University of Naples Federico II, Via S Pansini 5, Naples 80131, Italy.
- European Laboratory for the Investigation of Food-Induced Diseases (ELFID), University of Naples Federico II, Via S Pansini 5, Naples 80131, Italy.
| | - Carmen Gianfrani
- Institute of Protein Biochemistry-CNR, Via Pietro Castellino 111, Naples 80131, Italy.
- European Laboratory for the Investigation of Food-Induced Diseases (ELFID), University of Naples Federico II, Via S Pansini 5, Naples 80131, Italy.
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