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High Grade of Amplification of Six Regions on Chromosome 2p in a Neuroblastoma Patient with Very Poor Outcome: The Putative New Oncogene TSSC1. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13225792. [PMID: 34830942 PMCID: PMC8616235 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13225792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Revised: 11/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Here, a case of neuroblastoma (NB) carrying a high-grade amplification of six loci besides MYCN is described. Since the patient had a very poor outcome, we postulated that these DNA co-amplifications might have a synergistic effect in increasing NB cell proliferation. In order to verify this hypothesis, we analyzed in silico the impact of high expression of the genes located within the amplifications on the NB patients’ outcome using a large dataset integrating three different platforms. These analyses disclosed that high expression of the TSSC1 gene was the most significantly associated with reduced overall survival of NB patients, suggesting that it may have a potential prognostic role in NB in both MYCN amplified and MYCN not amplified tumors. Further studies on TSSC1 interactions and functioning could lead to possible focused therapies for high-risk NB patients. Abstract We observed a case of high-risk neuroblastoma (NB) carried by a 28-month-old girl, displaying metastatic disease and a rapid decline of clinical conditions. By array-CGH analysis of the tumor tissue and of the metastatic bone marrow aspirate cells, we found a high-grade amplification of six regions besides MYCN on bands 2p25.3–p24.3. The genes involved in these amplifications were MYT1L, TSSC1, CMPK2, RSAD2, RNF144A, GREB1, NTSR2, LPIN1, NBAS, and the two intergenic non-protein coding RNAs LOC730811 and LOC339788. We investigated if these DNA co-amplifications may have an effect on enhancing tumor aggressiveness. We evaluated the association between the high expression of the amplified genes and NB patient’s outcome using the integration of gene expression data of 786 NB samples profiled with different public platforms from patients with at least five-year follow-up. NB patients with high expression of the TSSC1 gene were associated with a reduced survival rate. Immunofluorescence staining on primary tumor tissues confirmed that the TSSC1 protein expression was high in the relapsed or dead stage 4 cases, but it was generally low in NB patients in complete remission. TSSC1 appears as a putative new oncogene in NB.
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Li S, Hao M, Wu T, Wang Z, Wang X, Zhang J, Zhang L. Kaempferol alleviates human endothelial cell injury through circNOL12/miR-6873-3p/FRS2 axis. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 137:111419. [PMID: 33761622 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.111419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 02/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Atherosclerosis, inflammatory disease, is a major reason for cardiovascular diseases and stroke. Kaempferol (Kae) has been well-documented to have pharmacological activities in the previous studies. However, the detailed mechanisms by which Kae regulates inflammation, oxidative stress, and apoptosis in Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells (HUVECs) remain unknown. METHODS AND RESULTS The real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) was used to measure expression levels of circNOL12, nucleolar protein 12 (NOL12), miR-6873-3p, and Fibroblast growth factor receptor substrate 2 (FRS2) in HUVECs treated with either oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL) alone or in combination with Kae. The cells viability was assessed by 3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazol-3-ium bromide (MTT) assay. The inflammation and oxidative stress were assessed by checking inflammatory factors, Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS), Superoxide Dismutase (SOD), and Malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in ox-LDL-induced HUVECs. The apoptotic cells were quantified by flow cytometry assay. The western blot assay was used for measuring protein expression. The interaction relationship between miR-6873-3p and circNOL12 or FRS2 was analyzed by dual-luciferase reporter and RNA pull-down assays. Treatment with Kae could inhibit ox-LDL-induced the upregulation of circNOL12 in HUVECs. Importantly, Kae weakened ox-LDL-induced inflammation, oxidative stress, and apoptosis in HUVECs, which was abolished by overexpression of circNOL12. What's more, miR-6873-3p was a target of circNOL12 in HUVECs, and the upregulation of miR-6873-3p overturned circNOL12 overexpression-induced effects on HUVECs treated with ox-LDL and Kae. FRS2 was negatively regulated by miR-6873-3p in HUVECs. CONCLUSION Kae alleviated ox-LDL-induced inflammation, oxidative stress, and apoptosis in HUVECs by regulating circNOL12/miR-6873-3p/FRS2 axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuangzhan Li
- Department of Cardiology, Huaihe Hospital of Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, China
| | - Meihua Hao
- Department of Cardiology, Huaihe Hospital of Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, China
| | - Taisheng Wu
- Department of Cardiology, Huaihe Hospital of Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, China
| | - Zixuan Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Huaihe Hospital of Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, China
| | - Xicheng Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Huaihe Hospital of Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, China
| | - Junjian Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Huaihe Hospital of Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Huaihe Hospital of Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, China.
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Novel Therapeutic Insights in Dedifferentiated Liposarcoma: A Role for FGFR and MDM2 Dual Targeting. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12103058. [PMID: 33092134 PMCID: PMC7589658 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12103058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Well-differentiated/dedifferentiated liposarcomas (WDLPS/DDLPS) are the most frequent soft tissue sarcomas. Despite the hopes raised by some targeted therapies, effective well-tolerated treatments for DDLPS are still lacking. Small-molecule FGFR inhibitors are currently evaluated in advanced clinical trials including the potent FDA-approved pan-FGFR inhibitor erdafitinib. We provide the first analysis of FGFR1-4 expression and their prognostic value in a series of 694 WDLPS/DDLPS samples. We identified FGFR1 and FGFR4 as prognostic biomarkers. We demonstrated erdafitinib efficacy and showed that erdafitinib combination with the MDM2 antagonist idasanutlin was highly synergistic in vitro and in vivo. The clinical relevance of our findings was supported by our data on a patient with DDLPS refractory to multiple lines of treatment whose tumor was stabilized for 12 weeks on erdafitinib. These data provide a rationale to use FGFR expression as a biomarker to select patients for clinical trials investigating FGFR inhibitors and to test combined erdafitinib and idasanutlin. Abstract We aimed to evaluate the therapeutic potential of the pan-FGFR inhibitor erdafitinib to treat dedifferentiated liposarcoma (DDLPS). FGFR expression and their prognostic value were assessed in a series of 694 samples of well-differentiated/dedifferentiated liposarcoma (WDLPS/DDLPS). The effect of erdafitinib—alone or in combination with other antagonists—on tumorigenicity was evaluated in vitro and in vivo. We detected overexpression of FGFR1 and/or FGFR4 in a subset of WDLPS and DDLPS and demonstrated correlation of this expression with poor prognosis. Erdafitinib treatment reduced cell viability, inducing apoptosis and strong inhibition of the ERK1/2 pathway. Combining erdafitinib with the MDM2 antagonist RG7388 exerted a synergistic effect on viability, apoptosis, and clonogenicity in one WDLPS and two DDLPS cell lines. Efficacy of this combination was confirmed in vivo on a DDLPS xenograft. Importantly, we report the efficacy of erdafitinib in one patient with refractory DDLPS showing disease stabilization for 12 weeks. We provide evidence that the FGFR pathway has therapeutic potential for a subset of DDLPS and that an FGFR1/FGFR4 expression might constitute a powerful biomarker to select patients for FGFR inhibitor clinical trials. In addition, we show that combining erdafitinib with RG7388 is a promising strategy for patients with DDLPS that deserves further investigation in the clinical setting.
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Cunningham DL, Sarhan AR, Creese AJ, Larkins KPB, Zhao H, Ferguson HR, Brookes K, Marusiak AA, Cooper HJ, Heath JK. Differential responses to kinase inhibition in FGFR2-addicted triple negative breast cancer cells: a quantitative phosphoproteomics study. Sci Rep 2020; 10:7950. [PMID: 32409632 PMCID: PMC7224374 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-64534-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast Growth Factor (FGF) dependent signalling is frequently activated in cancer by a variety of different mechanisms. However, the downstream signal transduction pathways involved are poorly characterised. Here a quantitative differential phosphoproteomics approach, SILAC, is applied to identify FGF-regulated phosphorylation events in two triple- negative breast tumour cell lines, MFM223 and SUM52, that exhibit amplified expression of FGF receptor 2 (FGFR2) and are dependent on continued FGFR2 signalling for cell viability. Comparative Gene Ontology proteome analysis revealed that SUM52 cells were enriched in proteins associated with cell metabolism and MFM223 cells enriched in proteins associated with cell adhesion and migration. FGFR2 inhibition by SU5402 impacts a significant fraction of the observed phosphoproteome of these cells. This study expands the known landscape of FGF signalling and identifies many new targets for functional investigation. FGF signalling pathways are found to be flexible in architecture as both shared, and divergent, responses to inhibition of FGFR2 kinase activity in the canonical RAF/MAPK/ERK/RSK and PI3K/AKT/PDK/mTOR/S6K pathways are identified. Inhibition of phosphorylation-dependent negative-feedback pathways is observed, defining mechanisms of intrinsic resistance to FGFR2 inhibition. These findings have implications for the therapeutic application of FGFR inhibitors as they identify both common and divergent responses in cells harbouring the same genetic lesion and pathways of drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debbie L Cunningham
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK.
| | - Adil R Sarhan
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
- Department of Medical Laboratory Techniques, Nasiriyah Technical Institute, Southern Technical University, Nasiriyah, 6400, Iraq
| | - Andrew J Creese
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
- Immunocore, 101 Park Drive, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxfordshire, OX14 4RY, UK
| | | | - Hongyan Zhao
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Harriet R Ferguson
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Function, School of Biological Science, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
| | - Katie Brookes
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Anna A Marusiak
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine, Centre of New Technologies, University of Warsaw, 02-097, Warszawa, Poland
| | - Helen J Cooper
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - John K Heath
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK.
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Das SK, Maji S, Wechman SL, Bhoopathi P, Pradhan AK, Talukdar S, Sarkar D, Landry J, Guo C, Wang XY, Cavenee WK, Emdad L, Fisher PB. MDA-9/Syntenin (SDCBP): Novel gene and therapeutic target for cancer metastasis. Pharmacol Res 2020; 155:104695. [PMID: 32061839 PMCID: PMC7551653 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.104695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Revised: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The primary cause of cancer-related death from solid tumors is metastasis. While unraveling the mechanisms of this complicated process continues, our ability to effectively target and treat it to decrease patient morbidity and mortality remains disappointing. Early detection of metastatic lesions and approaches to treat metastases (both pharmacological and genetic) are of prime importance to obstruct this process clinically. Metastasis is complex involving both genetic and epigenetic changes in the constantly evolving tumor cell. Moreover, many discrete steps have been identified in metastatic spread, including invasion, intravasation, angiogenesis, attachment at a distant site (secondary seeding), extravasation and micrometastasis and tumor dormancy development. Here, we provide an overview of the metastatic process and highlight a unique pro-metastatic gene, melanoma differentiation associated gene-9/Syntenin (MDA-9/Syntenin) also called syndecan binding protein (SDCBP), which is a major contributor to the majority of independent metastatic events. MDA-9 expression is elevated in a wide range of carcinomas and other cancers, including melanoma, glioblastoma multiforme and neuroblastoma, suggesting that it may provide an appropriate target to intervene in metastasis. Pre-clinical studies confirm that inhibiting MDA-9 either genetically or pharmacologically profoundly suppresses metastasis. An additional benefit to blocking MDA-9 in metastatic cells is sensitization of these cells to a second therapeutic agent, which converts anti-invasion effects to tumor cytocidal effects. Continued mechanistic and therapeutic insights hold promise to advance development of truly effective therapies for metastasis in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swadesh K Das
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, USA; VCU Institute of Molecular Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, USA; VCU Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, USA.
| | - Santanu Maji
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Stephen L Wechman
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Praveen Bhoopathi
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, USA; VCU Institute of Molecular Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Anjan K Pradhan
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, USA; VCU Institute of Molecular Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Sarmistha Talukdar
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, USA; VCU Institute of Molecular Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Devanand Sarkar
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, USA; VCU Institute of Molecular Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, USA; VCU Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Joseph Landry
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, USA; VCU Institute of Molecular Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, USA; VCU Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Chunqing Guo
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Xiang-Yang Wang
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, USA; VCU Institute of Molecular Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, USA; VCU Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Webster K Cavenee
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Luni Emdad
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, USA; VCU Institute of Molecular Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, USA; VCU Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Paul B Fisher
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, USA; VCU Institute of Molecular Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, USA; VCU Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, USA.
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Angert I, Karuka SR, Hennen J, Chen Y, Albanesi JP, Mansky LM, Mueller JD. Sensitive Detection of Protein Binding to the Plasma Membrane with Dual-Color Z-Scan Fluorescence. Biophys J 2020; 118:281-293. [PMID: 31870539 PMCID: PMC6976807 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2019.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Revised: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Delicate and transitory protein engagement at the plasma membrane (PM) is crucial to a broad range of cellular functions, including cell motility, signal transduction, and virus replication. Here, we describe a dual-color (DC) extension of the fluorescence z-scan technique, which has proven successful for quantification of peripheral membrane protein binding to the PM in living cells. We demonstrate that the coexpression of a second, distinctly colored fluorescent protein provides a soluble reference species that delineates the extent of the cell cytoplasm and lowers the detection threshold of z-scan PM-binding measurements by an order of magnitude. DC z-scan generates an intensity profile for each detection channel that contains information on the axial distribution of the peripheral membrane and reference protein. Fit models for DC z-scan are developed and verified using simple model systems. Next, we apply the quantitative DC z-scan technique to investigate the binding of two peripheral membrane protein systems for which previous z-scan studies failed to detect binding: human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) matrix (MA) protein and lipidation-deficient mutants of the fibroblast growth factor receptor substrate 2α. Our findings show that these mutations severely disrupt PM association of fibroblast growth factor receptor substrate 2α but do not eliminate it. We further detected binding of HIV-1 MA to the PM using DC z-scan. Interestingly, our data indicate that HIV-1 MA binds cooperatively to the PM with a dissociation coefficient of Kd ∼16 μM and Hill coefficient of n ∼2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac Angert
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | | | - Jared Hennen
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Yan Chen
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota; Institute for Molecular Virology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Joseph P Albanesi
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Louis M Mansky
- Institute for Molecular Virology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota; Division of Basic Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota; School of Dentistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Joachim D Mueller
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota; Institute for Molecular Virology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota.
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Amoroso L, Ognibene M, Morini M, Conte M, Di Cataldo A, Tondo A, D'Angelo P, Castellano A, Garaventa A, Lasorsa VA, Podestà M, Capasso M, Pezzolo A. Genomic coamplification of CDK4/MDM2/FRS2 is associated with very poor prognosis and atypical clinical features in neuroblastoma patients. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2019; 59:277-285. [PMID: 31756773 DOI: 10.1002/gcc.22827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Revised: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroblastoma (NB) is the most common extracranial malignant tumor of childhood and is characterized by a broad heterogeneity in clinical presentation and evolution. Recent advances in pangenomic analysis of NB have revealed different recurrent chromosomal aberrations. Indeed, it is now well established that the overall genomic profile is important for treatment stratification. In previous studies, 11 genes were shown to be recurrently amplified (ODC1, ALK, GREB1, NTSR2, LIN28B, MDM2, CDK4, MYEOV, CCND1, TERT, and MYC) besides MYCN, with poor survival of NB patients harboring these amplifications being suggested. Genomic profiles of 628 NB samples analyzed by array-comparative genome hybridization (a-CGH) were re-examined to identify gene amplifications other them MYCN amplification. Clinical data were retrospectively collected. We additionally evaluated the association of FRS2 gene expression with NB patient outcome using the public R2 Platform. We found eight NB samples with high grade amplification of one or two loci on chromosome arm 12q. The regional amplifications were located on bands 12q13.3-q14.1 and 12q15-q21.1 involving the genes CDK4, MDM2, and the potential oncogenic gene FRS2. The CDK4, MDM2, and FRS2 loci were coamplified in 8/8 samples. The 12q amplifications were associated with very poor prognosis and atypical clinical features of NB patients. Further functional and clinical investigations are needed to confirm or refute these associations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marzia Ognibene
- Laboratorio Cellule Staminali e Terapie Cellulari, IRCCS Istituto Gaslini, Genova, Italy
| | - Martina Morini
- Laboratorio di Biologia Molecolare, IRCCS Istituto Gaslini, Genova, Italy
| | - Massimo Conte
- UOC Oncologia, IRCCS Istituto Gaslini, Genova, Italy
| | | | - Annalisa Tondo
- UOC Oncologia Pediatrica, Ospedale Meyer, Firenze, Italy
| | - Paolo D'Angelo
- UOC Onco-ematologia Pediatrica, Ospedale dei Bambini, Palermo, Italy
| | | | | | - Vito A Lasorsa
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Naples, Italy.,CEINGE Biotecnologie Avanzate, Naples, Italy
| | - Marina Podestà
- Laboratorio Cellule Staminali e Terapie Cellulari, IRCCS Istituto Gaslini, Genova, Italy
| | - Mario Capasso
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Naples, Italy.,CEINGE Biotecnologie Avanzate, Naples, Italy
| | - Annalisa Pezzolo
- Laboratorio Cellule Staminali e Terapie Cellulari, IRCCS Istituto Gaslini, Genova, Italy
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Barylko B, Chen YJ, Hennen J, Angert I, Chen Y, Mueller JD, Sun HQ, Taylor CA, Liou J, Yin H, Albanesi JP. Myristoylation-Dependent Palmitoylation of the Receptor Tyrosine Kinase Adaptor FRS2α. Biochemistry 2019; 58:2809-2813. [PMID: 31184863 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.9b00299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
An early step in signaling from activated receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) is the recruitment of cytosolic adaptor proteins to autophosphorylated tyrosines in the receptor cytoplasmic domains. Fibroblast growth factor receptor substrate 2α (FRS2α) associates via its phosphotyrosine-binding domain (PTB) to FGF receptors (FGFRs). Upon FGFR activation, FRS2α undergoes phosphorylation on multiple tyrosines, triggering recruitment of the adaptor Grb2 and the tyrosine phosphatase Shp2, resulting in stimulation of PI3K/AKT and MAPK signaling pathways. FRS2α also undergoes N-myristoylation, which was shown to be important for its localization to membranes and its ability to stimulate downstream signaling events (Kouhara et al., 1997). Here we show that FRS2α is also palmitoylated in cells and that cysteines 4 and 5 account for the entire modification. We further show that mutation of those two cysteines interferes with FRS2α localization to the plasma membrane (PM), and we quantify this observation using fluorescence fluctuation spectroscopy approaches. Importantly, prevention of myristoylation by introduction of a G2A mutation also abrogates palmitoylation, raising the possibility that signaling defects previously ascribed to the G2A mutant may actually be due to a failure of that mutant to undergo palmitoylation. Our results demonstrate that FRS2α undergoes coupled myristoylation and palmitoylation. Unlike stable cotranslational modifications, such as myristoylation and prenylation, palmitoylation is reversible due to the relative lability of the thioester linkage. Therefore, palmitoylation may provide a mechanism, in addition to phosphorylation, for dynamic regulation of FRS2 and its downstream signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jared Hennen
- School of Physics and Astronomy , University of Minnesota , Minneapolis , Minnesota 55455 , United States
| | - Isaac Angert
- School of Physics and Astronomy , University of Minnesota , Minneapolis , Minnesota 55455 , United States
| | - Yan Chen
- School of Physics and Astronomy , University of Minnesota , Minneapolis , Minnesota 55455 , United States
| | - Joachim D Mueller
- School of Physics and Astronomy , University of Minnesota , Minneapolis , Minnesota 55455 , United States
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Cheng J, Guo J, North BJ, Tao K, Zhou P, Wei W. The emerging role for Cullin 4 family of E3 ligases in tumorigenesis. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2018; 1871:138-159. [PMID: 30602127 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2018.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2018] [Revised: 11/28/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
As a member of the Cullin-RING ligase family, Cullin-RING ligase 4 (CRL4) has drawn much attention due to its broad regulatory roles under physiological and pathological conditions, especially in neoplastic events. Based on evidence from knockout and transgenic mouse models, human clinical data, and biochemical interactions, we summarize the distinct roles of the CRL4 E3 ligase complexes in tumorigenesis, which appears to be tissue- and context-dependent. Notably, targeting CRL4 has recently emerged as a noval anti-cancer strategy, including thalidomide and its derivatives that bind to the substrate recognition receptor cereblon (CRBN), and anticancer sulfonamides that target DCAF15 to suppress the neoplastic proliferation of multiple myeloma and colorectal cancers, respectively. To this end, PROTACs have been developed as a group of engineered bi-functional chemical glues that induce the ubiquitination-mediated degradation of substrates via recruiting E3 ligases, such as CRL4 (CRBN) and CRL2 (pVHL). We summarize the recent major advances in the CRL4 research field towards understanding its involvement in tumorigenesis and further discuss its clinical implications. The anti-tumor effects using the PROTAC approach to target the degradation of undruggable targets are also highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Cheng
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China; Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Jianping Guo
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Brian J North
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Kaixiong Tao
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Pengbo Zhou
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Ave., New York, NY 10065, USA.
| | - Wenyi Wei
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
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Chen J, Cui X, Li L, Qu J, Raj JU, Gou D. MiR-339 inhibits proliferation of pulmonary artery smooth muscle cell by targeting FGF signaling. Physiol Rep 2018; 5:5/18/e13441. [PMID: 28947594 PMCID: PMC5617928 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.13441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Revised: 08/08/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary artery hypertension (PAH) is a fatal disorder. Recent studies suggest that microRNA (miRNA) plays an important role in regulating proliferation of pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells (PASMC), which underlies the pathology of PAH. However, the exact mechanism of action of miRNAs remains elusive. In this study, we found that miR‐339 was highly expressed in the cardiovascular system and was downregulated by a group of cytokines and growth factors, especially PDGF‐BB and FGF2. Functional analyses revealed that miR‐339 can inhibit proliferation of PASMC. Also, miR‐339 inhibited FGF2‐induced proliferation, but had no effect on proliferation induced by PDGF‐BB. The fibroblast growth factor receptor substrate 2 (FRS2) was identified as a potential direct target of miR‐339. Consistent with the actions of miR‐339, knockdown of FRS2 only inhibited FGF2‐ but not PDGF‐BB‐induced proliferation of PASMC. In addition, our results showed that inhibition of ERK and PI3K abrogated the downregulation of miR‐339 induced by PDGF‐BB. Finally, miR‐339 expression was found to be decreased in the pulmonary arteries of rats with MCT‐induced PAH. Our study is the first report on the biological role of miR‐339 in regulating proliferation of PASMC by targeting FGF signaling, providing new mechanistic insights into PASMC proliferation and pathogenesis of PAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jidong Chen
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresource and Eco-environmental Science, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Microbial Genetic Engineering, College of Life Sciences, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China.,Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices, Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaolei Cui
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresource and Eco-environmental Science, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Microbial Genetic Engineering, College of Life Sciences, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Li Li
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresource and Eco-environmental Science, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Microbial Genetic Engineering, College of Life Sciences, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Junle Qu
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices, Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - J Usha Raj
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Deming Gou
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresource and Eco-environmental Science, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Microbial Genetic Engineering, College of Life Sciences, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
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12
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Li Q, Alsaidan OA, Ma Y, Kim S, Liu J, Albers T, Liu K, Beharry Z, Zhao S, Wang F, Lebedyeva I, Cai H. Pharmacologically targeting the myristoylation of the scaffold protein FRS2α inhibits FGF/FGFR-mediated oncogenic signaling and tumor progression. J Biol Chem 2018. [PMID: 29540482 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra117.000940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor (FGF)/FGF receptor (FGFR) signaling facilitates tumor initiation and progression. Although currently approved inhibitors of FGFR kinase have shown therapeutic benefit in clinical trials, overexpression or mutations of FGFRs eventually confer drug resistance and thereby abrogate the desired activity of kinase inhibitors in many cancer types. In this study, we report that loss of myristoylation of fibroblast growth factor receptor substrate 2 (FRS2α), a scaffold protein essential for FGFR signaling, inhibits FGF/FGFR-mediated oncogenic signaling and FGF10-induced tumorigenesis. Moreover, a previously synthesized myristoyl-CoA analog, B13, which targets the activity of N-myristoyltransferases, suppressed FRS2α myristoylation and decreased the phosphorylation with mild alteration of FRS2α localization at the cell membrane. B13 inhibited oncogenic signaling induced by WT FGFRs or their drug-resistant mutants (FGFRsDRM). B13 alone or in combination with an FGFR inhibitor suppressed FGF-induced WT FGFR- or FGFRDRM-initiated phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) activity or MAPK signaling, inducing cell cycle arrest and thereby inhibiting cell proliferation and migration in several cancer cell types. Finally, B13 significantly inhibited the growth of xenograft tumors without pathological toxicity to the liver, kidney, or lung in vivo In summary, our study suggests a possible therapeutic approach for inhibiting FGF/FGFR-mediated cancer progression and drug-resistant FGF/FGFR mutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianjin Li
- From the Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, and
| | - Omar Awad Alsaidan
- From the Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, and
| | - Yongjie Ma
- From the Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, and
| | - Sungjin Kim
- From the Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, and
| | - Junchen Liu
- the Center for Cancer and Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Houston, Texas 77030
| | | | - Kebin Liu
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia 30912, and
| | - Zanna Beharry
- the Department of Chemistry and Physics, Florida Gulf Coast University, Fort Myers, Florida 33965
| | - Shaying Zhao
- the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602
| | - Fen Wang
- the Center for Cancer and Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Houston, Texas 77030
| | | | - Houjian Cai
- From the Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, and
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13
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Hensel N, Schön A, Konen T, Lübben V, Förthmann B, Baron O, Grothe C, Leifheit-Nestler M, Claus P, Haffner D. Fibroblast growth factor 23 signaling in hippocampal cells: impact on neuronal morphology and synaptic density. J Neurochem 2016; 137:756-69. [PMID: 26896818 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2015] [Revised: 01/18/2016] [Accepted: 02/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Endocrine fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) is predominantly secreted by osteocytes and facilitates renal phosphate excretion. However, FGF23 is also present in cerebrospinal fluid. In chronic kidney disease, FGF23 serum levels are excessively elevated and associated with learning and memory deficits. Structural plasticity of the hippocampus such as formation of new synapses or an altered dendritic arborization comprises a cellular and morphological correlate of memory formation. Therefore, we hypothesize that FGF23 alters hippocampal neuron morphology and synapses. To address this, we prepared primary murine hippocampal cultures and incubated them with recombinant FGF23 alone or together with a soluble isoform of its co-receptor α-Klotho. Neuronal expression of a fluorescent reporter allowed for a detailed evaluation of the neuronal morphology by Sholl analysis. Additionally, we evaluated synaptic density, identified by stainings, for synaptic markers. We show an enhanced number of primary neurites combined with a reduced arborization, resulting in a less complex morphology of neurons treated with FGF23. Moreover, FGF23 enhances the synaptic density in a FGF-receptor (FGF-R) dependent manner. Finally, we addressed the corresponding signaling events downstream of FGF-R employing a combination of western blots and quantitative immunofluorescence. Interestingly, FGF23 induces phospholipase Cγ activity in primary hippocampal neurons. Co-application of soluble α-Klotho leads to activation of the Akt-pathway and modifies FGF23-impact on neuronal morphology and synaptic density. Compared with other FGFs, this alternative signaling pattern is a possible reason for differential effects of FGF23 on hippocampal neurons and may thereby contribute to learning and memory deficits in chronic kidney disease patients. In this study, we show that fibroblast growth factor 23 inhibits neuronal ramification and enhances the synaptic density in primary hippocampal cultures accompanied by phospholipase Cγ-activation. Co-application of the co-receptor α-Klotho leads to an Akt-activation and further modifies neuronal morphology and number of synapses. Those effects provide a mechanistic basis for memory deficits in patients suffering from chronic kidney disease (CKD) characterized by excessively elevated FGF23 levels as well as memory deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niko Hensel
- Institute of Neuroanatomy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Anne Schön
- Department of Pediatric Kidney, Liver and Metabolic Diseases, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Timo Konen
- Institute of Neuroanatomy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Verena Lübben
- Institute of Neuroanatomy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.,Center of Systems Neuroscience (ZSN) Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Olga Baron
- Institute of Neuroanatomy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Claudia Grothe
- Institute of Neuroanatomy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.,Center of Systems Neuroscience (ZSN) Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Maren Leifheit-Nestler
- Department of Pediatric Kidney, Liver and Metabolic Diseases, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Peter Claus
- Institute of Neuroanatomy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.,Center of Systems Neuroscience (ZSN) Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Dieter Haffner
- Department of Pediatric Kidney, Liver and Metabolic Diseases, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
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14
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Luo LY, Hahn WC. Oncogenic Signaling Adaptor Proteins. J Genet Genomics 2015; 42:521-529. [PMID: 26554907 PMCID: PMC4643408 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgg.2015.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2015] [Revised: 08/31/2015] [Accepted: 09/02/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Signal transduction pathways activated by receptor tyrosine kinases (RTK) play a critical role in many aspects of cell function. Adaptor proteins serve an important scaffolding function that facilitates key signaling transduction events downstream of RTKs. Recent work integrating both structural and functional genomic approaches has identified several adaptor proteins as new oncogenes. In this review, we focus on the discovery, structure and function, and therapeutic implication of three of these adaptor oncogenes, CRKL, GAB2, and FRS2. Each of the three genes is recurrently amplified in lung adenocarcinoma or ovarian cancer, and is essential to cancer cell lines that harbor such amplification. Overexpression of each gene is able to transform immortalized human cell lines in in vitro or in vivo models. These observations identify adaptor protein as a distinct class of oncogenes and potential therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leo Y Luo
- Health Sciences and Technology Program, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - William C Hahn
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Broad Institute of Harvard and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Center for Cancer Genome Discovery, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
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15
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Zeng L, Kuti M, Mujtaba S, Zhou MM. Structural insights into FRS2α PTB domain recognition by neurotrophin receptor TrkB. Proteins 2015; 82:1534-41. [PMID: 24470253 DOI: 10.1002/prot.24523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2013] [Revised: 12/27/2013] [Accepted: 01/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) substrate 2 (FRS2) family proteins function as scaffolding adapters for receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs). The FRS2α proteins interact with RTKs through the phosphotyrosine-binding (PTB) domain and transfer signals from the activated receptors to downstream effector proteins. Here, we report the nuclear magnetic resonance structure of the FRS2α PTB domain bound to phosphorylated TrkB. The structure reveals that the FRS2α-PTB domain is comprised of two distinct but adjacent pockets for its mutually exclusive interaction with either nonphosphorylated juxtamembrane region of the FGFR, or tyrosine phosphorylated peptides TrkA and TrkB. The new structural insights suggest rational design of selective small molecules through targeting of the two conjunct pockets in the FRS2α PTB domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zeng
- Department of Structural and Chemical Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, 10029
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16
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Ho TH, Liu XD, Huang Y, Warneke CL, Johnson MM, Hoang A, Tamboli P, Wang F, Jonasch E. The impact of FGFR1 and FRS2α expression on sorafenib treatment in metastatic renal cell carcinoma. BMC Cancer 2015; 15:304. [PMID: 25900027 PMCID: PMC4406182 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-015-1302-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2014] [Accepted: 03/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Angiogenesis plays a role in tumor growth and is partly mediated by factors in both the fibroblast growth factor (FGF) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) pathways. Durable clinical responses with VEGF tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) may be limited by intrinsic tumor resistance. We hypothesized that FGF signaling may impact clinical responses to sorafenib. Methods Nephrectomy material was available from 40 patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma (RCC) enrolled in a phase II clinical trial of sorafenib ± interferon (ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier NCT00126594). Fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 (FGFR1) and fibroblast growth factor receptor substrate 2 alpha (FRS2α) expression was assessed by in situ hybridization and immunofluorescence, respectively. The relationship between fibroblast growth factor pathway marker levels and progression-free survival (PFS) was analyzed using Kaplan-Meier and Cox proportional hazards regression methods. Results Univariate analysis indicated that more intense FGFR1 staining was associated with shorter PFS (log-rank P = 0.0452), but FRS2α staining was not significantly associated with PFS (log-rank P = 0.2610). Multivariate Cox proportional hazards regression models were constructed for FGFR1 and FRS2α individually, adjusting for baseline Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status, treatment arm and anemia status. When adjusted for each of these variables, the highest intensity level of FGFR1 (level 3 or 4) had increased progression risk relative to the lowest intensity level of FGFR1 (level 1) (P = 0.0115). The highest intensity level of FRS2α (level 3 or 4) had increased progression risk relative to the lowest intensity level of FRS2α (level 1) (P = 0.0126). Conclusions Increased expression of FGFR1 and FRS2α was associated with decreased PFS among patients with metastatic RCC treated with sorafenib. The results suggest that FGF pathway activation may impact intrinsic resistance to VEGF receptor inhibition. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12885-015-1302-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thai H Ho
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, USA.
| | - Xian-De Liu
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, USA.
| | - Yanqing Huang
- Center for Cancer and Stem Cell Biology, Texas A&M Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Houston, USA.
| | - Carla L Warneke
- Department of Biostatistics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, USA.
| | - Marcella M Johnson
- Department of Biostatistics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, USA.
| | - Anh Hoang
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, USA.
| | - Pheroze Tamboli
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, USA.
| | - Fen Wang
- Center for Cancer and Stem Cell Biology, Texas A&M Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Houston, USA.
| | - Eric Jonasch
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, USA.
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17
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The therapeutic potential of a novel non-ATP-competitive fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 inhibitor on gastric cancer. Anticancer Drugs 2015; 26:379-87. [DOI: 10.1097/cad.0000000000000195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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18
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The docking protein FRS2α is a critical regulator of VEGF receptors signaling. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:5514-9. [PMID: 24706887 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1404545111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular endothelial growth factors (VEGFs) signal via their cognate receptor tyrosine kinases designated VEGFR1-3. We report that the docking protein fibroblast growth factor receptor substrate 2 (FRS2α) plays a critical role in cell signaling via these receptors. In vitro FRS2α regulates VEGF-A and VEGF-C-dependent activation of extracellular signal-regulated receptor kinase signaling and blood and lymphatic endothelial cells migration and proliferation. In vivo endothelial-specific deletion of FRS2α results in the profound impairment of postnatal vascular development and adult angiogenesis, lymphangiogenesis, and arteriogenesis. We conclude that FRS2α is a previously unidentified component of VEGF receptors signaling.
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19
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Kakazu N, Yamane H, Miyachi M, Shiwaku K, Hosoi H. Identification of the 12q15 amplicon within the homogeneously staining regions in the embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma cell line RMS-YM. Cytogenet Genome Res 2014; 142:167-73. [PMID: 24480864 DOI: 10.1159/000357930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Gene amplification represents one of the molecular mechanisms of oncogene overexpression in many types of tumors. Homogeneously staining regions (HSRs) are cytogenetic hallmarks of gene amplification. Rhabdomyosarcoma is the most common malignant soft-tissue tumor in children. RMS-YM is an embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma cell line that possesses 3 HSRs. This cytogenetic finding suggests the presence of gene amplifications associated with tumor development or progression in RMS-YM. Here, using fluorescence in situ hybridization, we detected high amplification of the MDM2 gene in the HSRs of RMS-YM. We also refined the region of the amplicon and identified that the FRS2 gene and others are amplified in RMS-YM. MDM2 and FRS2 play important roles as a regulator of p53 and a mediator of FGF signaling, respectively, and thus are potential molecular targets for therapy in many different tumors. RMS-YM may be useful for studies of the molecular pathways of tumorigenesis and tumor progression in rhabdomyosarcoma and for in vitro evaluation of newly developed therapeutic agents that target MDM2 or FRS2.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Kakazu
- Department of Environmental and Preventive Medicine, Shimane University School of Medicine, Izumo, Japan
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20
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Minegishi Y, Shibagaki Y, Mizutani A, Fujita K, Tezuka T, Kinoshita M, Kuroda M, Hattori S, Gotoh N. Adaptor protein complex of FRS2β and CIN85/CD2AP provides a novel mechanism for ErbB2/HER2 protein downregulation. Cancer Sci 2013; 104:345-52. [PMID: 23279575 DOI: 10.1111/cas.12086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2012] [Revised: 12/06/2012] [Accepted: 12/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Overexpression of the ErbB2/HER2 receptor tyrosine kinase contributes to tumorigenesis. However, mechanisms regulating ErbB2 protein levels remain largely unclear. Here, we identified novel mechanisms of ErbB2 downregulation. ErbB2 constitutively binds to an adaptor protein FRS2β. We found that FRS2β bound to CD2AP and CIN85, which induces endosomal trafficking that targets lysosomes. FRS2β colocalized with CIN85 in the cytoplasm. Expression of wild type FRS2β but not its CIN85 non-binding mutant, downregulated the ErbB2 protein and inhibited anchorage-independent cell growth. Moreover, the E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase Cbl was contained within a complex of FRS2β and CIN85. Knockdown of both CIN85 and CD2AP or of Cbl, or treatment with lysosomal degradation inhibitors diminished FRS2β downregulation of ErbB2. In addition, knockdown of endogenous FRS2β caused upregulation of ErbB2 in primary neural cells. Finally, immunohistochemical analysis showed that human breast cancer tissues that overexpress ErbB2 expressed low levels of FRS2β. Thus, an FRS2β-CIN85/CD2AP-Cbl axis for downregulation of ErbB2 may regulate ErbB2 protein levels in physiological and pathological settings. Molecular targeting drugs that can increase or stabilize the ErbB2-FRS2β-CIN85/CD2AP-Cbl axis may have promise for the control of ErbB2-overexpressing tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuriko Minegishi
- Division of Systems Biomedical Technology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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21
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Development of transcriptomic biomarker signature in human saliva to detect lung cancer. Cell Mol Life Sci 2012; 69:3341-3350. [PMID: 22689099 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-012-1027-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2012] [Revised: 04/23/2012] [Accepted: 05/07/2012] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer death for both men and women worldwide. Since most of the symptoms found for lung cancer are nonspecific, diagnosis is mostly done at late and progressed stage with the consecutive poor therapy outcome. Effective early detection techniques are sorely needed. The emerging field of salivary diagnostics could provide scientifically credible, easy-to-use, non-invasive and cost-effective detection methods. Recent advances have allowed us to develop discriminatory salivary biomarkers for a variety of diseases from oral to systematic diseases. In this study, salivary transcriptomes of lung cancer patients were profiled and led to the discovery and pre-validation of seven highly discriminatory transcriptomic salivary biomarkers (BRAF, CCNI, EGRF, FGF19, FRS2, GREB1, and LZTS1). The logistic regression model combining five of the mRNA biomarkers (CCNI, EGFR, FGF19, FRS2, and GREB1) could differentiate lung cancer patients from normal control subjects, yielding AUC value of 0.925 with 93.75 % sensitivity and 82.81 % specificity in the pre-validation sample set. These salivary mRNA biomarkers possess the discriminatory power for the detection of lung cancer. This report provides the proof of concept of salivary biomarkers for the non-invasive detection of the systematic disease. These results poised the salivary biomarkers for the initiation of a multi-center validation in a definitive clinical context.
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22
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Lewitzky M, Simister PC, Feller SM. Beyond 'furballs' and 'dumpling soups' - towards a molecular architecture of signaling complexes and networks. FEBS Lett 2012; 586:2740-50. [PMID: 22710161 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2012.04.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2012] [Accepted: 04/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The molecular architectures of intracellular signaling networks are largely unknown. Understanding their design principles and mechanisms of processing information is essential to grasp the molecular basis of virtually all biological processes. This is particularly challenging for human pathologies like cancers, as essentially each tumor is a unique disease with vastly deranged signaling networks. However, even in normal cells we know almost nothing. A few 'signalosomes', like the COP9 and the TCR signaling complexes have been described, but detailed structural information on their architectures is largely lacking. Similarly, many growth factor receptors, for example EGF receptor, insulin receptor and c-Met, signal via huge protein complexes built on large platform proteins (Gab, Irs/Dok, p130Cas[BCAR1], Frs families etc.), which are structurally not well understood. Subsequent higher order processing events remain even more enigmatic. We discuss here methods that can be employed to study signaling architectures, and the importance of too often neglected features like macromolecular crowding, intrinsic disorder in proteins and the sophisticated cellular infrastructures, which need to be carefully considered in order to develop a more mature understanding of cellular signal processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Lewitzky
- Biological Systems Architecture Group, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, United Kingdom.
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23
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Wang F, Osawa T, Tsuchida R, Yuasa Y, Shibuya M. Downregulation of receptor for activated C-kinase 1 (RACK1) suppresses tumor growth by inhibiting tumor cell proliferation and tumor-associated angiogenesis. Cancer Sci 2011; 102:2007-13. [PMID: 21848913 PMCID: PMC11159629 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2011.02065.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
By behaving as molecular hubs, scaffold proteins can assemble a large number of signaling molecules and organize complicated intracellular signaling networks in time and space. Owing to their crucial role in mediating intracellular signaling related to tumor cell growth and migration, recent studies have highlighted the relevance of scaffold proteins in human cancers and indicated that interfering with their expression and/or their ability to bind effector proteins can inhibit cancer progression. Here, we show that receptor for activated C-kinase 1 (RACK1), a ubiquitously expressed scaffolding protein, plays a crucial regulatory role in tumor growth. Using an RNA silencing approach, we found that downregulation of RACK1 expression in HeLa and A673 tumor cells markedly suppressed the proliferation and invasion of these cells in vitro and tumor development in vivo. Consequently, we found that significant suppression of constitutive phosphorylation of Akt and MAPK by RACK1 silencing may contribute to the inhibition of tumor growth. Moreover, RACK1 silencing significantly attenuated tumor-associated angiogenesis by, at least in part, inhibiting the expression of two critical angiogenic factors, namely vascular endothelial growth factor-B and fibroblast growth factor 2. The results of the present study show that RACK1 is a potent enhancer of tumor growth and, thus, a potential anti-cancer therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Wang
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine and Dentistry, Tokyo Dental and Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
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24
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Simister PC, Feller SM. Order and disorder in large multi-site docking proteins of the Gab family--implications for signalling complex formation and inhibitor design strategies. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2011; 8:33-46. [PMID: 21935523 DOI: 10.1039/c1mb05272a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Large multi-site docking (LMD) proteins of the Gab, IRS, FRS, DOK and Cas families consist of one or two folded N-terminal domains, followed by a predominantly disordered C-terminal extension. Their primary function is to provide a docking platform for signalling molecules (including PI3K, PLC, Grb2, Crk, RasGAP, SHP2) in intracellular signal transmission from activated cell-surface receptors, to which they become coupled. A detailed analysis of the structural nature and intrinsic disorder propensity of LMD proteins, with Gab proteins as specific examples, is presented. By primary sequence analysis and literature review the varying levels of disorder and hidden order are predicted, revealing properties and a physical architecture that help to explain their biological function and characteristics, common for network hub proteins. The virulence factor, CagA, from Helicobacter pylori is able to mimic Gab function once injected by this human pathogen into stomach epithelial cells. Its predicted differential structure is compared to Gab1 with respect to its functional mimicry. Lastly, we discuss how LMD proteins, in particular Gab1 and Gab2, and their protein partners, such as SH2 and SH3 domain-containing adaptors like Grb2, might qualify for future anti-cancer strategies in developing protein-protein interaction (PPI) inhibitors towards binary interactors consisting of an intrinsically disordered epitope and a structured domain surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip C Simister
- Department of Oncology, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK.
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25
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Wang X, Asmann YW, Erickson-Johnson MR, Oliveira JL, Zhang H, Moura RD, Lazar AJ, Lev D, Bill K, Lloyd RV, Yaszemski MJ, Maran A, Oliveira AM. High-resolution genomic mapping reveals consistent amplification of the fibroblast growth factor receptor substrate 2 gene in well-differentiated and dedifferentiated liposarcoma. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2011; 50:849-58. [DOI: 10.1002/gcc.20906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2010] [Revised: 06/17/2011] [Accepted: 06/20/2011] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
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Valsesia A, Rimoldi D, Martinet D, Ibberson M, Benaglio P, Quadroni M, Waridel P, Gaillard M, Pidoux M, Rapin B, Rivolta C, Xenarios I, Simpson AJG, Antonarakis SE, Beckmann JS, Jongeneel CV, Iseli C, Stevenson BJ. Network-guided analysis of genes with altered somatic copy number and gene expression reveals pathways commonly perturbed in metastatic melanoma. PLoS One 2011; 6:e18369. [PMID: 21494657 PMCID: PMC3072964 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0018369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2010] [Accepted: 02/28/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer genomes frequently contain somatic copy number alterations (SCNA) that can significantly perturb the expression level of affected genes and thus disrupt pathways controlling normal growth. In melanoma, many studies have focussed on the copy number and gene expression levels of the BRAF, PTEN and MITF genes, but little has been done to identify new genes using these parameters at the genome-wide scale. Using karyotyping, SNP and CGH arrays, and RNA-seq, we have identified SCNA affecting gene expression ('SCNA-genes') in seven human metastatic melanoma cell lines. We showed that the combination of these techniques is useful to identify candidate genes potentially involved in tumorigenesis. Since few of these alterations were recurrent across our samples, we used a protein network-guided approach to determine whether any pathways were enriched in SCNA-genes in one or more samples. From this unbiased genome-wide analysis, we identified 28 significantly enriched pathway modules. Comparison with two large, independent melanoma SCNA datasets showed less than 10% overlap at the individual gene level, but network-guided analysis revealed 66% shared pathways, including all but three of the pathways identified in our data. Frequently altered pathways included WNT, cadherin signalling, angiogenesis and melanogenesis. Additionally, our results emphasize the potential of the EPHA3 and FRS2 gene products, involved in angiogenesis and migration, as possible therapeutic targets in melanoma. Our study demonstrates the utility of network-guided approaches, for both large and small datasets, to identify pathways recurrently perturbed in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armand Valsesia
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Donata Rimoldi
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Danielle Martinet
- Service of Medical Genetics, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Mark Ibberson
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Paola Benaglio
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Manfredo Quadroni
- Protein Analysis Facility, Center for Integrative Genomics, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Patrice Waridel
- Protein Analysis Facility, Center for Integrative Genomics, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Muriel Gaillard
- Service of Medical Genetics, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Mireille Pidoux
- Service of Medical Genetics, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Blandine Rapin
- Service of Medical Genetics, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Carlo Rivolta
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Andrew J. G. Simpson
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, New York, New York, United States of America
| | | | - Jacques S. Beckmann
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Service of Medical Genetics, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - C. Victor Jongeneel
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Institute for Genomic Biology and National Center for Supercomputing Applications, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Christian Iseli
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
- * E-mail: (CI); (BJS)
| | - Brian J. Stevenson
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
- * E-mail: (CI); (BJS)
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Sato T, Shimazaki T, Naka H, Fukami SI, Satoh Y, Okano H, Lax I, Schlessinger J, Gotoh N. FRS2α regulates Erk levels to control a self-renewal target Hes1 and proliferation of FGF-responsive neural stem/progenitor cells. Stem Cells 2010; 28:1661-73. [PMID: 20652960 PMCID: PMC2996081 DOI: 10.1002/stem.488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor (FGF) is among the most common growth factors used in cultures to maintain self-renewal and proliferative capabilities of a variety of stem cells, including neural stem cells (NSCs). However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the control by FGF have remained elusive. Studies on mutant mice of FGF receptor substrate 2α (FRS2α), a central mediator for FGF signaling, combined with FRS2α knockdown or gain-of-function experiments, allowed us to dissect the role of FGF signaling for the self-renewal and proliferation of NSCs and to provide novel molecular mechanisms for them. We identified Hes1 as a novel self-renewal target of FGF-signaling. Quantitatively different levels of Erk activation mediated by FRS2α may regulate self-renewal of NSCs and proliferation of neural stem/progenitor cells (NSPCs); low levels of Erk activation are sufficient for the former, however, higher levels are required for maximum activity of the latter. Thus, FRS2α fine-tunes the FGF-signaling to control qualitatively different biological activities, self-renewal at least partly through Hes1 versus proliferation of NSPCs. Stem Cells 2010; 28:1661–1673.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Sato
- Division of Systems Biomedical Technology, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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A genome-wide RNA interference screen reveals an essential CREB3L2-ATF5-MCL1 survival pathway in malignant glioma with therapeutic implications. Nat Med 2010; 16:671-7. [PMID: 20495567 PMCID: PMC2882506 DOI: 10.1038/nm.2158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2009] [Accepted: 04/23/2010] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Activating transcription factor 5 (ATF5) is highly expressed in malignant glioma and plays an important role in promoting cell survival. Here we perform a genome-wide RNA interference (RNAi) screen to identify transcriptional regulators of ATF5. Our results reveal an essential survival pathway in malignant glioma, whereby activation of a RAS/MAPK or PI3K signaling cascade leads to induction of the transcription factor CREB3L2, which directly activates ATF5 expression. ATF5, in turn, promotes survival by stimulating transcription of MCL1, an anti-apoptotic BCL2 family member. Analysis of human malignant glioma samples indicates that ATF5 expression inversely correlates with disease prognosis. The RAF inhibitor sorafenib suppresses ATF5 expression in glioma stem cells and inhibits malignant glioma growth in cell culture and mouse xenografts. Our results demonstrate that ATF5 plays an essential role in malignant glioma genesis, and reveal that the ATF5-mediated survival pathway described here provides potential therapeutic targets for treatment of malignant glioma.
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FRS2beta, a potential prognostic gene for non-small cell lung cancer, encodes a feedback inhibitor of EGF receptor family members by ERK binding. Oncogene 2010; 29:3087-99. [PMID: 20228838 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2010.69] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
An adaptor protein FRS2beta inhibits epidermal growth factor-receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase without being phosphorylated at tyrosine residues after EGF stimulation. Although binding to ERK appears to be important for this inhibition, the precise molecular mechanisms and the role of FRS2beta in signal transduction mediated by other EGFR family members, as well as its role in human cancer, remain unclear. In this study, we demonstrate that FRS2beta inhibits anchorage-independent cell growth induced by oncogenic ErbB2, another member of EGFR family, and that it inhibits heterodimer formation between EGFR and ErbB2. We mapped the residues important for the FRS2beta and ERK interaction to two docking (D) domain-like sequences on FRS2beta and two aspartic acid residues in the common docking (CD) domain of ERK. Moreover, in response to EGF, ERK translocated to the plasma membrane in cells expressing FRS2beta but not an FRS2beta mutant in which four arginine residues in the D domains were replaced with alanines, suggesting that FRS2beta serves as a plasma membrane anchor for activated ERK. Finally, a low mRNA expression level of FRS2beta was significantly correlated with poor prognosis in a cohort of 60 non-small cell lung cancer patients. Therefore, we have identified the molecular mechanisms by which FRS2beta acts as a feedback inhibitor of EGFR family members and suggest a role for FRS2beta as a tumor suppressor.
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