1
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Ayanwuyi L, Tokarska N, McLean NA, Johnston JM, Verge VMK. Brief electrical nerve stimulation enhances intrinsic repair capacity of the focally demyelinated central nervous system. Neural Regen Res 2021; 17:1042-1050. [PMID: 34558531 PMCID: PMC8552867 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.324848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Our lab has shown that brief electrical nerve stimulation (ES) has a dramatic impact on remyelination of lysophosphatidyl choline (LPC)-induced focally demyelinated rat peripheral nerves, while also inducing an axon-protective phenotype and shifting macrophages from a predominantly pro-inflammatory toward a pro-repair phenotype. Whether this same potential exists in the central nervous system is not known. Thus, for proof of principle studies, the peripheral nerve demyelination and ES model was adapted to the central nervous system, whereby a unilateral focal LPC-induced demyelination of the dorsal column at the lumbar enlargement where the sciatic nerve afferents enter was created, so that subsequent ipsilateral sciatic nerve ES results in increased neural activity in the demyelinated axons. Data reveal a robust focal demyelination at 7 days post-LPC injection. Delivery of 1-hour ES at 7 days post-LPC polarizes macrophages/microglia toward a pro-repair phenotype when examined at 14 days post-LPC; results in smaller LPC-associated regions of inflammation compared to non-stimulated controls; results in significantly more cells of the oligodendroglial lineage in the demyelinated region; elevates myelin basic protein levels; and shifts the paranodal protein Caspr along demyelinated axons to a more restricted distribution, consistent with reformation of the paranodes of the nodes of Ranvier. ES also significantly enhanced levels of phosphorylated neurofilaments detected in the zones of demyelination, which has been shown to confer axon protection. Collectively these findings support that strategies that increase neural activity, such as brief electrical stimulation, can be beneficial for promoting intrinsic repair following focal demyelinating insults in demyelinating diseases such as multiple sclerosis. All animal procedures performed were approved by the University of Saskatchewan's Animal Research Ethics Board (protocol# 20090087; last approval date: November 5, 2020).
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Affiliation(s)
- Lydia Ayanwuyi
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology; Cameco MS Neuroscience Research Center, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Nataliya Tokarska
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology; Cameco MS Neuroscience Research Center, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Nikki A McLean
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology; Cameco MS Neuroscience Research Center, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Jayne M Johnston
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology; Cameco MS Neuroscience Research Center, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Valerie M K Verge
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology; Cameco MS Neuroscience Research Center, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
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2
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Facci L, Barbierato M, Fusco M, Giusti P, Zusso M. Co-Ultramicronized Palmitoylethanolamide/Luteolin-Induced Oligodendrocyte Precursor Cell Differentiation is Associated With Tyro3 Receptor Upregulation. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:698133. [PMID: 34276381 PMCID: PMC8277943 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.698133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Remyelination in patients with multiple sclerosis frequently fails, especially in the chronic phase of the disease promoting axonal and neuronal degeneration and progressive disease disability. Drug-based therapies able to promote endogenous remyelination capability of oligodendrocytes are thus emerging as primary approaches to multiple sclerosis. We have recently reported that the co-ultramicronized composite of palmitoylethanolamide and the flavonoid luteolin (PEALut) promotes oligodendrocyte precursor cell (OPC) maturation without affecting proliferation. Since TAM receptor signaling has been reported to be important modulator of oligodendrocyte survival, we here evaluated the eventual involvement of TAM receptors in PEALut-induced OPC maturation. The mRNAs related to TAM receptors -Tyro3, Axl, and Mertk- were all present at day 2 in vitro. However, while Tyro3 gene expression significantly increased upon cell differentiation, Axl and Mertk did not change during the first week in vitro. Tyro3 gene expression developmental pattern resembled that of MBP myelin protein. In OPCs treated with PEALut the developmental increase of Tyro3 mRNA was significantly higher as compared to vehicle while was reduced gene expression related to Axl and Mertk. Rapamycin, an inhibitor of mTOR, prevented oligodendrocyte growth differentiation and myelination. PEALut, administered to the cultures 30 min after rapamycin, prevented the alteration of mRNA basal expression of the TAM receptors as well as the expression of myelin proteins MBP and CNPase. Altogether, data obtained confirm that PEALut promotes oligodendrocyte differentiation as shown by the increase of MBP and CNPase and Tyro3 mRNAs as well as CNPase and Tyro3 immunostainings. The finding that these effects are reduced when OPCs are exposed to rapamycin suggests an involvement of mTOR signaling in PEALut effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Facci
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Massimo Barbierato
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Mariella Fusco
- Scientific Information and Documentation Center, Epitech Group SpA, Padua, Italy
| | - Pietro Giusti
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Morena Zusso
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy.,IRCCS San Camillo Hospital, Venice, Italy
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3
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Bilecki W, Latusz J, Gawlińska K, Chmelova M, Maćkowiak M. Prenatal MAM treatment altered fear conditioning following social isolation: Relevance to schizophrenia. Behav Brain Res 2021; 406:113231. [PMID: 33737089 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2021.113231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Adolescent social isolation (SI) might change the trajectory of brain development. In the present study, we investigated the effect of short-term adolescent SI on fear memory, anxiety and protein levels in the adult medial prefrontal cortex of rats prenatally treated with methylazoxymethanol, MAM-E17 model of schizophrenia. The animals were maintained in standard housing (SH) or social isolation (P30-P40, SI) conditions. Behavioural tests (trace or delay fear conditioning, light/dark box) were performed in late adolescence and early adulthood. The results showed that MAM treatment did not alter fear memory, which was investigated with the use of either trace or delay fear conditioning, at any age, and SI decreased the fear response in adult control animals only under trace conditioning. Neither MAM nor SI influenced anxiety-related behaviour measured in the light/dark box. A proteomics study showed that both MAM and SI changed the protein levels related to synapse maturation and cytoskeletal organization, energy transfer and metabolic processes. Prenatal or adolescent environmental factors are able to change the expression of proteins that are correlated with behavioural impairments. Moreover, SI reversed some alterations in proteins induced by MAM. Thus, normally developing brains showed different responses to adolescent SI than those with altering courses of MAM administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wiktor Bilecki
- Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Department of Pharmacology, Laboratory of Pharmacology and Brain Biostructure, Smętna Str. 12, 31-343 Kraków, Poland
| | - Joachim Latusz
- Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Department of Pharmacology, Laboratory of Pharmacology and Brain Biostructure, Smętna Str. 12, 31-343 Kraków, Poland
| | - Kinga Gawlińska
- Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Department of Pharmacology, Laboratory of Pharmacology and Brain Biostructure, Smętna Str. 12, 31-343 Kraków, Poland
| | - Magdalena Chmelova
- Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Department of Pharmacology, Laboratory of Pharmacology and Brain Biostructure, Smętna Str. 12, 31-343 Kraków, Poland
| | - Marzena Maćkowiak
- Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Department of Pharmacology, Laboratory of Pharmacology and Brain Biostructure, Smętna Str. 12, 31-343 Kraków, Poland.
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4
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Cao J, Hu Y, Shazeeb MS, Pedraza CE, Pande N, Weinstock D, Polites GH, Zhang W, Chandross KJ, Ying X. In Vivo Optical Imaging of Myelination Events in a Myelin Basic Protein Promoter-Driven Luciferase Transgenic Mouse Model. ASN Neuro 2019; 10:1759091418777329. [PMID: 29806482 PMCID: PMC5987236 DOI: 10.1177/1759091418777329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The compact myelin sheath is important for axonal function, and its loss
can lead to neuronal cell death and irreversible functional deficits.
Myelin is vulnerable to a variety of metabolic, toxic, and autoimmune
insults. In diseases like multiple sclerosis, there is currently no
therapy to stop myelin loss, underscoring the need for neuroprotective
and remyelinating therapies. Noninvasive, robust techniques are also
needed to confirm the effect of such therapies in animal models. This
article describes the generation, characterization, and potential uses
for a myelin basic protein-luciferase (MBP-luci) transgenic mouse
model, in which the firefly luciferase reporter gene is selectively
controlled by the MBP promoter. In vivo
bioluminescence imaging can be used to visualize and quantify
demyelination and remyelination at the transcriptional level,
noninvasively, and in real time. Transgenic mice were assessed in the
cuprizone-induced model of demyelination, and luciferase activity
highly correlated with demyelination and remyelination events as
confirmed by both magnetic resonance imaging and postmortem
histological analysis. Furthermore, MBP-luci mice demonstrated
enhanced luciferase signal and remyelination in the cuprizone model
after treatment with a peroxisome proliferator activated
receptor-delta selective agonist and quetiapine. Imaging sensitivity
was further enhanced by using CycLuc 1, a luciferase substrate, which
has greater blood–brain barrier penetration. We demonstrated the
utility of MBP-luci model in tracking myelin changes in real time and
supporting target and therapeutic validation efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Cao
- 1 Translational In Vivo Model, Global Research Platform, Sanofi R&D, Framingham, MA, USA
| | - Yanping Hu
- 2 Multiple Sclerosis Cluster, Neuroscience Research, Sanofi R&D, Framingham, MA, USA
| | | | - Carlos E Pedraza
- 2 Multiple Sclerosis Cluster, Neuroscience Research, Sanofi R&D, Framingham, MA, USA
| | - Nilesh Pande
- 2 Multiple Sclerosis Cluster, Neuroscience Research, Sanofi R&D, Framingham, MA, USA
| | | | | | - Wenfei Zhang
- 5 Biostatistics and Programming, Sanofi R&D, Framingham, MA, USA
| | | | - Xiaoyou Ying
- 1 Translational In Vivo Model, Global Research Platform, Sanofi R&D, Framingham, MA, USA
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5
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Peppard JV, Rugg CA, Smicker MA, Powers E, Harnish E, Prisco J, Cirovic D, Wright PS, August PR, Chandross KJ. High-content phenotypic screening and triaging strategy to identify small molecules driving oligodendrocyte progenitor cell differentiation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 20:382-90. [PMID: 25394729 DOI: 10.1177/1087057114559490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Multiple Sclerosis is a demyelinating disease of the CNS and the primary cause of neurological disability in young adults. Loss of myelinating oligodendrocytes leads to neuronal dysfunction and death and is an important contributing factor to this disease. Endogenous oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs), which on differentiation are responsible for replacing myelin, are present in the adult CNS. As such, therapeutic agents that can stimulate OPCs to differentiate and remyelinate demyelinated axons under pathologic conditions may improve neuronal function and clinical outcome. We describe the details of an automated, cell-based, morphometric-based, high-content screen that is used to identify small molecules eliciting the differentiation of OPCs after 3 days. Primary screening was performed using rat CG-4 cells maintained in culture conditions that normally support a progenitor cell-like state. From a library of 73,000 diverse small molecules within the Sanofi collection, 342 compounds were identified that increased OPC morphological complexity as an indicator of oligodendrocyte maturation. Subsequent to the primary high-content screen, a suite of cellular assays was established that identified 22 nontoxic compounds that selectively stimulated primary rat OPCs but not C2C12 muscle cell differentiation. This rigorous triaging yielded several chemical series for further expansion and bio- or cheminformatics studies, and their compelling biological activity merits further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane V Peppard
- Lead Generation & Candidate Realization, Sanofi Tucson Innovation Center, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Catherine A Rugg
- Lead Generation & Candidate Realization, Sanofi R&D, Bridgewater, NJ, USA
| | | | - Elaine Powers
- Lead Generation & Candidate Realization, Sanofi Tucson Innovation Center, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Erica Harnish
- Lead Generation & Candidate Realization, Sanofi Tucson Innovation Center, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Joy Prisco
- Lead Generation & Candidate Realization, Sanofi Tucson Innovation Center, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Dragan Cirovic
- Lead Generation & Candidate Realization, Sanofi Tucson Innovation Center, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Paul S Wright
- Lead Generation & Candidate Realization, Sanofi Tucson Innovation Center, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Paul R August
- Lead Generation & Candidate Realization, Sanofi Tucson Innovation Center, Tucson, AZ, USA
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6
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Jennings AR, Carroll WM. Oligodendrocyte Lineage Cells in Chronic Demyelination of Multiple Sclerosis Optic Nerve. Brain Pathol 2014; 25:517-30. [PMID: 25175564 PMCID: PMC8028859 DOI: 10.1111/bpa.12193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2014] [Accepted: 08/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Reports that chronically demyelinated multiple sclerosis brain and spinal cord lesions contained immature oligodendrocyte lineage cells have generated major interest aimed at the potential for promotion of endogenous repair. Despite the prominence of the optic nerve as a lesion site and its importance in clinical disease assessment, no detailed studies of multiple sclerosis‐affected optic nerve exist. This study aims to provide insight into the cellular pathology of chronic demyelination in multiple sclerosis through direct morphological and immunohistochemical analysis of optic nerve in conjunction with observations from an experimental cat optic nerve model of successful remyelination. Myelin staining was followed by immunohistochemistry to differentially label neuroglia. Digitally immortalized sections were then analyzed to generate quantification data and antigenic phenotypes including maturational stages within the oligodendrocyte lineage. It was found that some chronically demyelinated multiple sclerosis optic nerve lesions contained oligodendroglial cells and that heterogeneity existed in the presence of myelin sheaths, oligodendrocyte maturational stages and extent of axonal investment. The findings advance our understanding of oligodendrocyte activity in chronically demyelinated human optic nerve and may have implications for studies aimed at enhancement of endogenous repair in multiple sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison Ruth Jennings
- School of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | - William M Carroll
- School of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia.,Department of Neurology, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands, WA, Australia
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7
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McLean NA, Popescu BF, Gordon T, Zochodne DW, Verge VMK. Delayed nerve stimulation promotes axon-protective neurofilament phosphorylation, accelerates immune cell clearance and enhances remyelination in vivo in focally demyelinated nerves. PLoS One 2014; 9:e110174. [PMID: 25310564 PMCID: PMC4195712 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0110174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2014] [Accepted: 09/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Rapid and efficient axon remyelination aids in restoring strong electrochemical communication with end organs and in preventing axonal degeneration often observed in demyelinating neuropathies. The signals from axons that can trigger more effective remyelination in vivo are still being elucidated. Here we report the remarkable effect of delayed brief electrical nerve stimulation (ES; 1 hour @ 20 Hz 5 days post-demyelination) on ensuing reparative events in a focally demyelinated adult rat peripheral nerve. ES impacted many parameters underlying successful remyelination. It effected increased neurofilament expression and phosphorylation, both implicated in axon protection. ES increased expression of myelin basic protein (MBP) and promoted node of Ranvier re-organization, both of which coincided with the early reappearance of remyelinated axons, effects not observed at the same time points in non-stimulated demyelinated nerves. The improved ES-associated remyelination was accompanied by enhanced clearance of ED-1 positive macrophages and attenuation of glial fibrillary acidic protein expression in accompanying Schwann cells, suggesting a more rapid clearance of myelin debris and return of Schwann cells to a nonreactive myelinating state. These benefits of ES correlated with increased levels of brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in the acute demyelination zone, a key molecule in the initiation of the myelination program. In conclusion, the tremendous impact of delayed brief nerve stimulation on enhancement of the innate capacity of a focally demyelinated nerve to successfully remyelinate identifies manipulation of this axis as a novel therapeutic target for demyelinating pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikki A. McLean
- CMSNRC (Cameco MS Neuroscience Research Center) and Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Bogdan F. Popescu
- CMSNRC (Cameco MS Neuroscience Research Center) and Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Tessa Gordon
- Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic Reconstructive Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Douglas W. Zochodne
- Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Valerie M. K. Verge
- CMSNRC (Cameco MS Neuroscience Research Center) and Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
- * E-mail:
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8
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Boulanger JJ, Messier C. From precursors to myelinating oligodendrocytes: contribution of intrinsic and extrinsic factors to white matter plasticity in the adult brain. Neuroscience 2014; 269:343-66. [PMID: 24721734 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2014.03.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2013] [Revised: 03/28/2014] [Accepted: 03/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPC) are glial cells that metamorphose into myelinating oligodendrocytes during embryogenesis and early stages of post-natal life. OPCs continue to divide throughout adulthood and some eventually differentiate into oligodendrocytes in response to demyelinating lesions. There is growing evidence that OPCs are also involved in activity-driven de novo myelination of previously unmyelinated axons and myelin remodeling in adulthood. In this review, we summarize the interwoven factors and cascades that promote the activation, recruitment and differentiation of OPCs into myelinating oligodendrocytes in the adult brain based mostly on results found in the study of demyelinating diseases. The goal of the review was to draw a complete picture of the transformation of OPCs into mature oligodendrocytes to facilitate the study of this transformation in both the normal and diseased adult brain.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - C Messier
- School of Psychology, University of Ottawa, Canada.
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9
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Nakahara J. [Novel remyelination strategy for multiple sclerosis in the era of oligodendrocytopathy]. Rinsho Shinkeigaku 2012. [PMID: 23196615 DOI: 10.5692/clinicalneurol.52.1351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Spontaneous remyelination occurs in many early multiple sclerosis (MS) patients, however its capacity decreases as the disease becomes chronic. Even in those chronic MS patients, an enough number of oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) are preserved within the demyelinated lesions, suggesting that the differentiation arrest of oligodendroglial cells underlies the remyelination failure in chronic MS. We have previously reported that TIP30, a factor inhibiting nucleocytoplasmic transport within the cell, is responsible for the differentiation arrest in MS lesions. Overexpression of TIP30 in the preserved OPCs in MS lesions results in the failure of nuclear translocation of transcription factors necessary for oligodendroglial differentiation. Therefore, anti-TIP30 therapy to regain the nuclear access within the OPCs is necessary for sufficient remyelination in chronic MS patients. Moreover, inflammatory conditions surrounding OPCs may be involved in the efficient remyelination in early MS lesions, alternative stimulatory factor may therefore be mandatory to induce OPC differentiation into oligodendrocytes within the chronic lesion. We have previously reported that targeting FcRγ protein on OPCs may stimulate their differentiation and consequently remyelination in the chronic lesions. A timely collaboration of these two approaches may be required for successful remyelination and neurological recovery in chronic MS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Nakahara
- Department of Neurology, Keio University School of Medicine
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10
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Chen XS, Zhang YH, Cai QY, Yao ZX. ID2: A negative transcription factor regulating oligodendroglia differentiation. J Neurosci Res 2012; 90:925-32. [PMID: 22253220 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.22826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2011] [Revised: 09/18/2011] [Accepted: 10/12/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Remyelination of the central nervous system in multiple sclerosis patients is often incomplete. Remyelination depends on normal oligodendrogenesis and the differentiation of oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPC) into mature oligodendrocytes (OL). Inhibitor of DNA binding (ID), a transcription factor, is thought to inhibit oligodendrogenesis and the differentiation of OPC. This Mini-Review aims to reveal the roles of and mechanisms used by IDs (mainly ID2) in this process. An interaction between ID2 and retinoblastoma tumor suppressor is responsible for the cell cycle transition from G1 to S. The translocation of ID2 between the nucleus and cytoplasm is regulated by E47 and OLIG. An interaction between ID2 and OLIG mediates the inhibitory effects of bone morphogenic proteins and G protein-coupled receptor 17 on oligodendroglia differentiation. ID2 expression is regulated by Wnt and histone deacetylases during the differentiation of OPC. ID4, another member of the ID family, functions similarly to ID2 in regulating the differentiation of OPC. The main difference is that ID4 is essential for oligodendrogenesis, whereas ID2 is nonessential. This could have important implications for demyelinating diseases, and interfering with these pathways might represent a viable therapeutic approach for these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing-Shu Chen
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
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11
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Nakahara J, Aiso S, Suzuki N. Autoimmune versus oligodendrogliopathy: the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz) 2010; 58:325-33. [PMID: 20676785 DOI: 10.1007/s00005-010-0094-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2010] [Accepted: 04/06/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is the most common inflammatory demyelinating disease of the central nervous system (CNS); it affect millions of patients worldwide and the number of patients is on the rise. Current treatment options are fairly limited and there is a strong unmet need for disease-targeted therapies for MS. The most widely accepted hypothesis for the pathogenesis of MS is that it is a primary autoimmune disease in which myelin-specific T cells play a central role in the progression of demyelination. According to this hypothesis, a powerful immune suppression or a reconstruction of the immune system to abrogate disease-specific leukocytes early in the development of the disease is expected to halt or even reverse the disease, since remyelination is an exceptionally efficient regenerative process in the CNS. However, recent neuropathological studies have provided evidence of primary oligodendrogliopathy as a cause of demyelination, suggesting that immune reactions may be a mere secondary event in the course of MS. On the other hand, some recent clinical trial results of new immune-suppressive treatments showed a nearly complete blockade of relapses and significant, albeit incomplete, neurological improvement. Therefore, which hypothesis--autoimmunity or oligodendrogliopathy--lights the correct path to a "cure" for MS?
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Nakahara
- Department of Neurology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan.
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12
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Yu HJ, Fei J, Chen XS, Cai QY, Liu HL, Liu GD, Yao ZX. Progesterone attenuates neurological behavioral deficits of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis through remyelination with nucleus-sublocalized Olig1 protein. Neurosci Lett 2010; 476:42-5. [PMID: 20381586 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2010.03.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2010] [Revised: 03/31/2010] [Accepted: 03/31/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is the most common demyelination disease of central nervous system (CNS). The deterioration of the disease is characterized by the axonal loss with defective remyelination. Progesterone can promote the remyelination, but whether it exerts beneficial effect on treatment of MS still remains unclear. Olig1 protein is a key regulator in the remyelination, when the intracellular sublocalization plays an import role too. We observed the effect of progesterone on experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) in rats by injecting the progesterone after the neurological behavioral deficits were shown up. The results showed no continuous increase of the nervous function score from day 10 after injection (p<0.05). Electron microscopy and LFB staining found prominent increase of OD value of normal myelin in the brain from day 6 after injection (p<0.05). Olig1 protein was localized almost completely in the cytoplasm of Olig1-positive cells from normal rats' brain. In EAE rats, the Olig1 protein has been translocated to the nucleus of 32.17% of Olig1-positive cells, which was increased to 68.52% after injection with progesterone at day 6 after injection (p<0.01). The results indicate that the progesterone is beneficial to attenuating neurological behavioral deficits, for it can promote more successful remyelination of EAE with aid of the nucleus-sublocalized Olig1 protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Jun Yu
- Department of Rehabilitation, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
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