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Transcription Activation of Rab8A by PEA3 Augments Progression of Esophagus Cancer by Activating the Wnt/ β-Catenin Signaling Pathway. DISEASE MARKERS 2023; 2023:8143581. [PMID: 36815135 PMCID: PMC9940983 DOI: 10.1155/2023/8143581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
Abstract
Background Rab8A has been reported as an oncogenic gene in breast and cervical cancer. However, the function and molecular mechanism of Rab8A in esophagus cancer has not been reported. Methods Rab8A expression was detected by qPCR and western blotting assays, small interference RNA (siRNA) was applied to reduce Rab8A expression, and the biological behaviors of esophagus cancer cells were estimated by cell counting kit-8, colony formation, and transwell and western blotting assays. The transcriptional factor of Rab8A was verified by dual-luciferase assay and chromatin immunoprecipitation assay. The protein expression of key genes in the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway was determined by western blotting assay. M435-1279 was used to suppress the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. Results A significant increase of Rab8A expression has been found in esophagus cancer cells. Knockdown of Rab8A suppressed the viability, colony formation, migration, and invasion abilities of esophagus cancer cells and induced apoptosis. PEA3 transcriptionally regulated Rab8A expression and promoted the viability, colony formation, migration, and invasion abilities of esophagus cancer cells and blocked apoptosis, which were diminished by si-Rab8A transfection. Additionally, the expression levels of key genes related to the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway were strengthened by PEA3 overexpression, which were reduced by si-Rab8A transfection. M435-1279 treatment significantly reduced the viability and colony formation of esophagus cancer cells. Conclusions The data showed that Rab8A was transcriptionally regulated by PEA3 and promoted the malignant behaviors of esophagus cancer cells by activating the Wnt/β-catenin pathway. The above results indicated that Rab8A may be considered as a promising biomarker for diagnosis and precision treatment in esophagus cancer.
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Shibahara Y, Espin-Garcia O, Conner J, Weiss J, Derouet M, Allen J, Allison F, Kalimuthu S, Yeung JC, Darling GE. Intestinal Stem Cell Marker ASCL2 is a Novel Prognostic Predictor in Esophageal Adenocarcinoma. Cureus 2022; 14:e21021. [PMID: 35154991 PMCID: PMC8818334 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.21021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Intestinal stem cell markers play a significant role in esophageal adenocarcinoma carcinogenesis via Barrett’s esophagus; however, its utility as a prognostic biomarker has not been established. Methods We analyzed the immunohistochemical expression of intestinal stem cell markers, ASCL2 and LGR5, using whole slides (35 cases) and tissue microarray (TMA; 64 cases). On TMA slides, adjacent normal squamous epithelium, metaplastic glandular epithelium (Barrett's esophagus), and dysplastic glandular epithelium were inserted when applicable. Two pathologists semi-quantitatively scored stained slides independently, and the results were correlated with clinicopathologic factors and outcomes. Results In whole slides, 51% and 57% expressed high ASCL2 and high LGR5; in TMA, 69% and 88% expressed high ASCL2 and high LGR5, respectively. In TMA, high ASCL2 and low LGR5 expression significantly correlated to a higher number of involved lymph nodes (p=0.027 and p=0.0039), and LGR5 expression significantly correlated to the pathological stage (p=0.0032). Kaplan-Meier analysis showed a negative impact of high ASCL2 expression on overall survival (OS; WS p=0.0168, TMA p=0.0276) as well as progression-free survival (PFS; WS p=0.000638, TMA p=0.0466) but not LGR5. Multivariate Cox regression analysis revealed that ASCL2 expression is an independent prognostic factor for esophageal adenocarcinoma (OS; WS p=0.25, TMA p=0.011. PFS; WS p=0.012, TMA p=0.038). Analysis of the TCGA dataset showed that ASCL2 mRNA levels were correlated to nodal status but not overall survival. Conclusion High expression of the intestinal stem cell marker ASCL2 may predict unfavorable outcomes in surgically resected esophageal adenocarcinoma.
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Spitzner M, Emons G, Schütz KB, Wolff HA, Rieken S, Ghadimi BM, Schneider G, Grade M. Inhibition of Wnt/β-Catenin Signaling Sensitizes Esophageal Cancer Cells to Chemoradiotherapy. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms221910301. [PMID: 34638639 PMCID: PMC8509072 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 09/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The standard treatment of locally advanced esophageal cancer comprises multimodal treatment concepts including preoperative chemoradiotherapy (CRT) followed by radical surgical resection. However, despite intensified treatment approaches, 5-year survival rates are still low. Therefore, new strategies are required to overcome treatment resistance, and to improve patients’ outcome. In this study, we investigated the impact of Wnt/β-catenin signaling on CRT resistance in esophageal cancer cells. Experiments were conducted in adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma cell lines with varying expression levels of Wnt proteins and Wnt/β-catenin signaling activities. To investigate the effect of Wnt/β-catenin signaling on CRT responsiveness, we genetically or pharmacologically inhibited Wnt/β-catenin signaling. Our experiments revealed that inhibition of Wnt/β-catenin signaling sensitizes cell lines with robust pathway activity to CRT. In conclusion, Wnt/β-catenin activity may guide precision therapies in esophageal carcinoma patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Spitzner
- Department of General, Visceral and Pediatric Surgery, University Medical Center Goettingen, 37075 Goettingen, Germany; (M.S.); (G.E.); (K.B.S.); (B.M.G.); (G.S.)
| | - Georg Emons
- Department of General, Visceral and Pediatric Surgery, University Medical Center Goettingen, 37075 Goettingen, Germany; (M.S.); (G.E.); (K.B.S.); (B.M.G.); (G.S.)
| | - Karl Burkhard Schütz
- Department of General, Visceral and Pediatric Surgery, University Medical Center Goettingen, 37075 Goettingen, Germany; (M.S.); (G.E.); (K.B.S.); (B.M.G.); (G.S.)
- Department of Urology and Andrology, Sankt Georg Medical Centre and Hospital, 04129 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Hendrik A. Wolff
- Department of Radiotherapy and Radiooncology, University Medical Center Goettingen, 37075 Goettingen, Germany; (H.A.W.); (S.R.)
- Department of Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Radiotherapy, Radiology Munich, 80331 Munich, Germany
| | - Stefan Rieken
- Department of Radiotherapy and Radiooncology, University Medical Center Goettingen, 37075 Goettingen, Germany; (H.A.W.); (S.R.)
| | - B. Michael Ghadimi
- Department of General, Visceral and Pediatric Surgery, University Medical Center Goettingen, 37075 Goettingen, Germany; (M.S.); (G.E.); (K.B.S.); (B.M.G.); (G.S.)
| | - Günter Schneider
- Department of General, Visceral and Pediatric Surgery, University Medical Center Goettingen, 37075 Goettingen, Germany; (M.S.); (G.E.); (K.B.S.); (B.M.G.); (G.S.)
| | - Marian Grade
- Department of General, Visceral and Pediatric Surgery, University Medical Center Goettingen, 37075 Goettingen, Germany; (M.S.); (G.E.); (K.B.S.); (B.M.G.); (G.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-551-39-67809
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Fatehi Hassanabad A, Chehade R, Breadner D, Raphael J. Esophageal carcinoma: Towards targeted therapies. Cell Oncol (Dordr) 2019; 43:195-209. [PMID: 31848929 DOI: 10.1007/s13402-019-00488-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with esophageal cancer are confronted with high mortality rates. Whether it is esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) or esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC), patients usually present at advanced stages, with treatment options traditionally involving chemotherapy in metastatic settings. With the comprehensive genomic characterization of esophageal cancers, targeted therapies are gaining interest and agents such as ramucirumab, trastuzumab and pembrolizumab are already being used for the treatment of EAC. CONCLUSIONS Pembrolizumab has recently been FDA-approved for PD-L1 positive, locally advanced or metastatic ESCC. Despite comprehensive molecular characterization, however, available targed therapies for ESCC are still lagging behind. Herein, we discuss current trends towards more targeted therapies in esophageal cancers, taking into consideration unique features of ESCCs and EACs. Patients progressing on standard therapies should be subjected to genomic profiling and considered for clinical trials aimed at testing targeted therapies. Future targeted therapies may include CDK4/6 inhibitors, PARP inhibitors and inhibitors targeting the NRF2 and Wnt signaling pathways. Ultimately, optimized biomarker assays and next generation sequencing platforms may allow for the identification of subcategories of ESCC and EAC patients that will benefit from selective targeted therapies and/or combinations thereof.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rania Chehade
- Department of Medicine, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry at Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Daniel Breadner
- Department of Oncology, Division of Medical Oncology, London Regional Cancer Program, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry at Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Jacques Raphael
- Department of Oncology, Division of Medical Oncology, London Regional Cancer Program, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry at Western University, London, ON, Canada
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Liu X, Cheng Y, Abraham JM, Wang Z, Wang Z, Ke X, Yan R, Shin EJ, Ngamruengphong S, Khashab MA, Zhang G, McNamara G, Ewald AJ, Lin D, Liu Z, Meltzer SJ. Modeling Wnt signaling by CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing recapitulates neoplasia in human Barrett epithelial organoids. Cancer Lett 2018; 436:109-118. [PMID: 30144514 PMCID: PMC6152930 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2018.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Revised: 08/15/2018] [Accepted: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Primary organoid cultures generated from patient biopsies comprise a novel improved platform for disease modeling, being genetically stable and closely recapitulating in vivo scenarios. Barrett esophagus (BE) is the major risk factor for esophageal adenocarcinoma. There has been a dearth of long-term in vitro expansion models of BE neoplastic transformation. We generated a long-term virus-free organoid expansion model of BE neoplasia from patient biopsies. Both wild-type and paired APC-knockout (APCKO) BE organoids genome-edited by CRISPR-Cas9 showed characteristic goblet cell differentiation. Autonomous Wnt activation was confirmed in APCKO organoids by overexpression of Wnt target genes and nuclear-translocated β-catenin expression after withdrawal of Wnt-3A and R-spondin-1. Wnt-activated organoids demonstrated histologic atypia, higher proliferative and replicative activity, reduced apoptosis, and prolonged culturability. Wnt-activated organoids also showed sustained protrusive migration ability accompanied by disrupted basement membrane reorganization and integrity. This CRISPR-Cas9 editing human-derived organoid model recapitulates the critical role of aberrant Wnt/β-catenin signaling activation in BE neoplastic transformation. This system can be used to study other 'driver' pathway alterations in BE-associated neoplasia, avoiding signaling noise present in immortalized or cancer-derived cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Liu
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi' an Jiaotong University, No. 277 Yanta West Road, Xi' an, 710061, Shaanxi, China; Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA; Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Yulan Cheng
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA; Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - John M Abraham
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA; Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Zhixiong Wang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhe Wang
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA; Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Xiquan Ke
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui, China
| | - Rong Yan
- Department of Surgical Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi' an Jiaotong University, No. 277 Yanta West Road, Xi' an, 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Eun Ji Shin
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA; Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Saowanee Ngamruengphong
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA; Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Mouen A Khashab
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA; Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Guanjun Zhang
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi' an Jiaotong University, No. 277 Yanta West Road, Xi' an, 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - George McNamara
- Division of Gastroenterology - Ross Fluorescence Imaging Center, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Andrew J Ewald
- Department of Cell Biology and Oncology, Center for Cell Dynamics, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - DeChen Lin
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, 90048, USA
| | - Zhengwen Liu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi' an Jiaotong University, No. 277 Yanta West Road, Xi' an, 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Stephen J Meltzer
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA; Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.
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Modeling Wnt signaling by CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing recapitulates neoplasia in human Barrett epithelial organoids. Cancer Lett 2018. [PMID: 30144514 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2018.08.017.] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/28/2022]
Abstract
Primary organoid cultures generated from patient biopsies comprise a novel improved platform for disease modeling, being genetically stable and closely recapitulating in vivo scenarios. Barrett esophagus (BE) is the major risk factor for esophageal adenocarcinoma. There has been a dearth of long-term in vitro expansion models of BE neoplastic transformation. We generated a long-term virus-free organoid expansion model of BE neoplasia from patient biopsies. Both wild-type and paired APC-knockout (APCKO) BE organoids genome-edited by CRISPR-Cas9 showed characteristic goblet cell differentiation. Autonomous Wnt activation was confirmed in APCKO organoids by overexpression of Wnt target genes and nuclear-translocated β-catenin expression after withdrawal of Wnt-3A and R-spondin-1. Wnt-activated organoids demonstrated histologic atypia, higher proliferative and replicative activity, reduced apoptosis, and prolonged culturability. Wnt-activated organoids also showed sustained protrusive migration ability accompanied by disrupted basement membrane reorganization and integrity. This CRISPR-Cas9 editing human-derived organoid model recapitulates the critical role of aberrant Wnt/β-catenin signaling activation in BE neoplastic transformation. This system can be used to study other 'driver' pathway alterations in BE-associated neoplasia, avoiding signaling noise present in immortalized or cancer-derived cell lines.
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7
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Clark RJ, Craig MP, Agrawal S, Kadakia M. microRNA involvement in the onset and progression of Barrett's esophagus: a systematic review. Oncotarget 2018; 9:8179-8196. [PMID: 29487725 PMCID: PMC5814292 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.24145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2016] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC) is a highly aggressive malignancy that develops from Barrett's esophagus (BE), an intestinal metaplasia of the distal esophagus. microRNAs (miRNAs), short non-coding regulatory RNAs, are frequently dysregulated in BE and are thought to play key roles in the onset of BE and its progression to EAC. miRNAs thus have potential diagnostic and prognostic value and are increasingly being used as cancer biomarkers. This review summarizes the current literature related to miRNAs that are dysregulated in BE within the context of Hedgehog, Notch, MAPK, NF kappa-B, Wnt and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) signaling which are thought to drive BE onset and progression. This comprehensive analysis of miRNAs and their associated signaling in the regulation of BE provides an overview of vital discoveries in this field and highlights gaps in our understanding of BE pathophysiology that warrant further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reilly J Clark
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Wright State University, Dayton, OH, USA
| | - Michael P Craig
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Wright State University, Dayton, OH, USA
| | | | - Madhavi Kadakia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Wright State University, Dayton, OH, USA
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DNA methylation profiling of esophageal adenocarcinoma using Methylation Ligation-dependent Macroarray (MLM). Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2016; 479:231-237. [PMID: 27634218 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.09.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Accepted: 09/11/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Most types of cancer cells are characterized by aberrant methylation of promoter genes. In this study, we described a rapid, reproducible, and relatively inexpensive approach allowing the detection of multiple human methylated promoter genes from many tissue samples, without the need of bisulfite conversion. The Methylation Ligation-dependent Macroarray (MLM), an array-based analysis, was designed in order to measure methylation levels of 58 genes previously described as putative biomarkers of cancer. The performance of the design was proven by screening the methylation profile of DNA from esophageal cell lines, as well as microdissected formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissues from esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC). Using the MLM approach, we identified 32 (55%) hypermethylated promoters in EAC, and not or rarely methylated in normal tissues. Among them, 21promoters were found aberrantly methylated in more than half of tumors. Moreover, seven of them (ADAMTS18, APC, DKK2, FOXL2, GPX3, TIMP3 and WIF1) were found aberrantly methylated in all or almost all the tumor samples, suggesting an important role for these genes in EAC. In addition, dysregulation of the Wnt pathway with hypermethylation of several Wnt antagonist genes was frequently observed. MLM revealed a homogeneous pattern of methylation for a majority of tumors which were associated with an advanced stage at presentation and a poor prognosis. Interestingly, the few tumors presenting less methylation changes had a lower pathological stage. In conclusion, this study demonstrated the feasibility and accuracy of MLM for DNA methylation profiling of FFPE tissue samples.
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9
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Cárdenas-García M, González-Pérez PP, Montagna S, Cortés OS, Caballero EH. Modeling Intercellular Communication as a Survival Strategy of Cancer Cells: An In Silico Approach on a Flexible Bioinformatics Framework. Bioinform Biol Insights 2016; 10:5-18. [PMID: 26997867 PMCID: PMC4790585 DOI: 10.4137/bbi.s38075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2015] [Revised: 01/25/2016] [Accepted: 01/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Intercellular communication is very important for cell development and allows a group of cells to survive as a population. Cancer cells have a similar behavior, presenting the same mechanisms and characteristics of tissue formation. In this article, we model and simulate the formation of different communication channels that allow an interaction between two cells. This is a first step in order to simulate in the future processes that occur in healthy tissue when normal cells surround a cancer cell and to interrupt the communication, thus preventing the spread of malignancy into these cells. The purpose of this study is to propose key molecules, which can be targeted to allow us to break the communication between cancer cells and surrounding normal cells. The simulation is carried out using a flexible bioinformatics platform that we developed, which is itself based on the metaphor chemistry-based model.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pedro P. González-Pérez
- Departamento de Matemáticas Aplicadas y Sistemas, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Sara Montagna
- Dipartimento di Informatica – Scienza e Ingegneria, Università degli Studi di Bologna, Bologna, Italia
| | - Oscar Sánchez Cortés
- Departamento de Matemáticas Aplicadas y Sistemas, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Ciudad de México, México
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Prins MJD, Ruurda JP, Lolkema MP, Sitarz R, Ten Kate FJW, van Hillegersberg R. The role of biological markers of epithelial to mesenchymal transition in oesophageal adenocarcinoma, an immunohistochemical study. J Clin Pathol 2015; 68:529-35. [PMID: 25855799 DOI: 10.1136/jclinpath-2015-202962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2015] [Accepted: 03/14/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND E-cadherin, β-catenin, epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), neuronal cadherin (N-cadherin) and Cyclin D1 are involved in epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT). However, the prognostic significance of EMT markers in oesophageal adenocarcinoma (OAC) is unknown. Aim of this study was to evaluate the prognostic value of, and the association between different EMT markers in OAC. METHODS Tumour cores of 154 patients with OAC were included in a tissue microarray. Scoring criteria was based on immunohistochemical staining intensity. RESULTS EMT-associated markers were expressed in OAC: reduced membranous E-cadherin and β-catenin were seen in 11.4% and 51.7%, nuclear β-catenin in 19.1% and EGFR and Cyclin D1 overexpression in 56.5% and 27.4% of tumours. Mesenchymal marker N-cadherin was not expressed in OAC. A positive correlation was seen between membranous β-catenin and E-cadherin expression (R=0.209, p=0.001) and between EGFR and Cyclin D1 (R=0.257, p=0.002). In univariate analysis, EGFR overexpression and membranous β-catenin staining were significantly associated with a poor survival (HR 2.145; 95% CI 1.429 to 3.218, p<0.001 and HR 1.665; 95% CI 1.114 to 2.488; p=0.013). However, Cyclin D1 (HR 1.092; 95% CI 0.702 to 1.698; p=0.697), nuclear β-catenin (HR 1.322; 95% CI 0.799 to 2.189; p=0.277) and E-cadherin (HR 1.012; 95% CI 0.554 to 1.851; p=0.968) were not associated with survival. In multivariate analysis, EGFR overexpression was an independent prognostic factor for poor survival (HR 1.678; 95% CI 1.055 to 2.668; p=0.029) together with T stage (HR 2.759; 95% CI 1.356 to 5.576; p=0.005). CONCLUSIONS This study supports the presence of EMT in OAC. Moreover, EGFR overexpression was independently associated with a poor survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J D Prins
- Department of Surgery, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - J P Ruurda
- Department of Surgery, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - M P Lolkema
- Department of Medical Oncology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - R Sitarz
- Department of Surgery, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - F J W Ten Kate
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - R van Hillegersberg
- Department of Surgery, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Abstract
Familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) is caused by germ line mutations in the APC gene. Barrett's esophagus (BE) and Barrett's adenocarcinoma are intestinal type lesions of the esophagus characterized by an early loss of heterozygosity at the APC locus. We hypothesized that patients with FAP are at risk for the early development of BE due to the inherited mutations in the APC gene (haploinsufficiency). Upper gastrointestinal (UGI) tract biopsies from 36 patients with FAP were reviewed to determine the incidence and characteristics of BE in these patients. Twenty-four patients were confirmed carriers of a deleterious germline APC mutation. The other 12 patients were from FAP families with known APC gene mutations and had clinical manifestations of FAP. The control group consisted of patients who did not have a personal or family history of FAP undergoing UGI endoscopic examination in our institution over a 30 month period of time. The difference in expression of Wnt pathway proteins (APC, β-catenin, E-cadherin and cyclin D1) in BE between BE(+)/FAP(+), BE(-)/FAP(+) and age-matched BE(+)/FAP(-) groups was studied using immunohistochemistry. BE was found in 6 of 36 (6/36 or 16%) patients with FAP and in 266 of 1662 patients (16%) in the control group of symptomatic patients. The average age at the first diagnosis of BE in FAP patients was 37.8 versus 57.5 years in the control group (sporadic BE). When compared to age matched BE(+)/FAP- group (7/334), patients with FAP had a significantly (p = 0.005843, odds ratio 9.2; Fisher exact test) higher incidence of BE. Both classic FAP and attenuated FAP phenotypes were associated with BE .Two types of germ line mutations in APC gene were identified in BE(+)/FAP(+) patients: Five patients had 2-base deletion in exon 4 (426delAT) and one patient had 4-base deletion in exon 15 (3202del4). No difference in Wnt signaling pathway proteins expression was detected between BE(+)/FAP(+) and the age matched group of patients with sporadic BE (BE(+)/FAP(-)). Patients with FAP appear to have increased risk for the development of BE, which on average develops some 20 years earlier than in patients without FAP. This association needs to be taken in account when caring for the patients with FAP.
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12
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van Nistelrooij AMJ, Dinjens WNM, Wagner A, Spaander MCW, van Lanschot JJB, Wijnhoven BPL. Hereditary Factors in Esophageal Adenocarcinoma. Gastrointest Tumors 2014; 1:93-8. [PMID: 26675496 DOI: 10.1159/000362575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The vast majority of Barrett's esophagus (BE) and esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC) cases are sporadic and caused by somatic mutations. However, over the last decades several families have been identified with clustering of EAC. Here, we review data from the published literature in order to address the current knowledge on familial EAC. SUMMARY Although familial EAC comprises a relatively small group of patients, it is a clinically relevant category due to the poor prognosis of this type of cancer. Efforts should be made to identify specific genetic risk factors for familial EAC to enable identification of relatives at risk, since endoscopic surveillance can diagnose preneoplastic or early neoplastic lesions leading to early treatment, with improved outcome. KEY MESSAGE Although familial EAC comprises a relatively small group of patients, this is a clinically relevant category due to the poor prognosis. Efforts should be made to identify specific genetic risk factors for familial EAC in order to facilitate the identification of other family members with a predisposition for this type of cancer. PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS Approximately 7% of BE and EAC cases are considered familial. Age at diagnosis is generally lower for patients with familial EAC as compared to sporadic cases, while other known risk factors for EAC, such as male gender and Caucasian ethnicity, do not differ between the two groups. In several described families with clustering of EAC the pattern of inheritance seems to be consistent with a rare autosomal dominant genetic trait. However, some association has been found with (attenuated) familial adenomatous polyposis, mismatch repair deficiency and recently with the genes MSR1, ASCC1 and CTHRC1. Nevertheless, no specific genetic predisposition has yet been identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna M J van Nistelrooij
- Department of Surgery, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands ; Department of Pathology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Winand N M Dinjens
- Department of Pathology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Anja Wagner
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Manon C W Spaander
- Department of Gastroenterology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - J Jan B van Lanschot
- Department of Surgery, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bas P L Wijnhoven
- Department of Surgery, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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The Antitumor Activity of Antrodia camphorata in Melanoma Cells: Modulation of Wnt/β-Catenin Signaling Pathways. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2012; 2012:197309. [PMID: 23049605 PMCID: PMC3463817 DOI: 10.1155/2012/197309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2012] [Accepted: 08/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Antrodia camphorata (AC) is well known in Taiwan as a traditional Chinese medicine. The aim of this study was to investigate whether a fermented culture broth of AC could inhibit melanoma proliferation and progression via suppression of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. In this study, we observed that AC treatment resulted in decreased cell viability and disturbed Wnt/β-catenin cascade in B16F10 and/or B16F1 melanoma cells. This result was accompanied by a decrease in the expression of Wnt/β-catenin transcriptional targets, including c-Myc and survivin. Furthermore, treatment of melanoma cells with AC resulted in a significant increase in apoptosis, which was associated with DNA fragmentation, cytochrome c release, caspase-9 and -3 activation, PARP degradation, Bcl-2/Bax dysregulation, and p53 expression. We also observed that AC caused G1 phase arrest mediated by a downregulation of cyclin D1 and CDK4 and increased p21 and p27 expression. In addition, we demonstrated that non- and subcytotoxic concentrations of AC markedly inhibited migration and invasion of highly metastatic B16F10 cells. The antimetastatic effect of AC was further confirmed by reductions in the levels of MMP-2, MMP-9, and VEGF expression. These results suggest that Antrodia camphorata may exert antitumor activity by downregulating the Wnt/β-catenin pathways.
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Moyes LH, McEwan H, Radulescu S, Pawlikowski J, Lamm CG, Nixon C, Sansom OJ, Going JJ, Fullarton GM, Adams PD. Activation of Wnt signalling promotes development of dysplasia in Barrett's oesophagus. J Pathol 2012; 228:99-112. [PMID: 22653845 DOI: 10.1002/path.4058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2012] [Revised: 04/24/2012] [Accepted: 05/21/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Barrett's oesophagus is a precursor of oesophageal adenocarcinoma, via intestinal metaplasia and dysplasia. Risk of cancer increases substantially with dysplasia, particularly high-grade dysplasia. Thus, there is a clinical need to identify and treat patients with early-stage disease (metaplasia and low-grade dysplasia) that are at high risk of cancer. Activated Wnt signalling is critical for normal intestinal development and homeostasis, but less so for oesophageal development. Therefore, we asked whether abnormally increased Wnt signalling contributes to the development of Barrett's oesophagus (intestinal metaplasia) and/or dysplasia. Forty patients with Barrett's metaplasia, dysplasia or adenocarcinoma underwent endoscopy and biopsy. Mice with tamoxifen- and β-naphthoflavone-induced expression of activated β-catenin were used to up-regulate Wnt signalling in mouse oesophagus. Immunohistochemistry of β-catenin, Ki67, a panel of Wnt target genes, and markers of intestinal metaplasia was performed on human and mouse tissues. In human tissues, expression of nuclear activated β-catenin was found in dysplasia, particularly high grade. Barrett's metaplasia did not show high levels of activated β-catenin. Up-regulation of Ki67 and Wnt target genes was also mostly associated with high-grade dysplasia. Aberrant activation of Wnt signalling in mouse oesophagus caused marked tissue disorganization with features of dysplasia, but only selected molecular indicators of metaplasia. Based on these results in human tissues and a mouse model, we conclude that abnormal activation of Wnt signalling likely plays only a minor role in initiation of Barrett's metaplasia but a more critical role in progression to dysplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa H Moyes
- University Department of Surgery, Royal Infirmary, Glasgow, UK.
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15
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Chen H, Li J, Li H, Hu Y, Tevebaugh W, Yamamoto M, Que J, Chen X. Transcript profiling identifies dynamic gene expression patterns and an important role for Nrf2/Keap1 pathway in the developing mouse esophagus. PLoS One 2012; 7:e36504. [PMID: 22567161 PMCID: PMC3342176 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0036504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2012] [Accepted: 04/02/2012] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Morphological changes during human and mouse esophageal development have been well characterized. However, changes at the molecular level in the course of esophageal morphogenesis remain unclear. This study aims to globally profile critical genes and signaling pathways during the development of mouse esophagus. By using microarray analysis this study also aims to determine how the Nrf2/Keap1 pathway regulates the morphogenesis of the esophageal epithelium. METHODS Gene expression microarrays were used to survey gene expression in the esophagus at three critical phases: specification, metaplasia and maturation. The esophagi were isolated from wild-type, Nrf2(-/-), Keap1(-/-), or Nrf2(-/-)Keap1(-/-) embryos or young adult mice. Array data were statistically analyzed for differentially expressed genes and pathways. Histochemical and immunohistochemical staining were used to verify potential involvement of the Wnt pathway, Pparβ/δ and the PI3K/Akt pathway in the development of esophageal epithelium. RESULTS Dynamic gene expression patterns accompanied the morphological changes of the developing esophagus at critical phases. Particularly, the Nrf2/Keap1 pathway had a baseline activity in the metaplasia phase and was further activated in the maturation phase. The Wnt pathway was active early and became inactive later in the metaplasia phase. In addition, Keap1(-/-) mice showed increased expression of Nrf2 downstream targets and genes involved in keratinization. Microarray and immunostaining data also suggested that esophageal hyperkeratosis in the Keap1(-/-) mice was due to activation of Pparβ/δ and the PI3K/Akt pathway. CONCLUSIONS Morphological changes of the esophageal epithelium are associated with dynamic changes in gene expression. Nrf2/Keap1 pathway activity is required for maturation of mouse esophageal epithelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Chen
- Cancer Research Program, JLC-BBRI, North Carolina Central University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Jianying Li
- Frontier Bioinformatics Solution, LLC, Cary, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Haiyan Li
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Yuhui Hu
- Cancer Research Program, JLC-BBRI, North Carolina Central University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Whitney Tevebaugh
- Cancer Research Program, JLC-BBRI, North Carolina Central University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Masayuki Yamamoto
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Jianwen Que
- Department of Biomedical Genetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Xiaoxin Chen
- Cancer Research Program, JLC-BBRI, North Carolina Central University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Center of Esophageal Disease and Swallowing, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
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16
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Nasopharyngeal carcinoma signaling pathway: an update on molecular biomarkers. Int J Cell Biol 2012; 2012:594681. [PMID: 22500174 PMCID: PMC3303613 DOI: 10.1155/2012/594681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2011] [Revised: 12/20/2011] [Accepted: 12/20/2011] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is an uncommon cancer, which has a distinctive ethnic and geographic distribution. Etiology of NPC is considered to be related with a complex interaction of environmental and genetic factors as well as Epstein-Barr virus infection. Since NPC is located in the silent painless area, the disease is usually therefore diagnosed at the advanced stages; hence early detection of NPC is difficult. Furthermore, understanding in molecular pathogenesis is still lacking, pondering the identification of effective prognostic and diagnostic biomarkers. Dysregulation of signaling molecules in intracellular signal transduction, which regulate cell proliferation, apoptosis, and adhesion, underlines the basis of NPC pathogenesis. In this paper, the molecular signaling pathways in the NPC are discussed for the holistic view of NPC development and progression. The important insights toward NPC pathogenesis may offer strategies for identification of novel biomarkers for diagnosis and prognosis.
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Chen H, Fang Y, Tevebaugh W, Orlando RC, Shaheen NJ, Chen X. Molecular mechanisms of Barrett's esophagus. Dig Dis Sci 2011; 56:3405-20. [PMID: 21984436 PMCID: PMC3750118 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-011-1885-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2011] [Accepted: 08/16/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Barrett's esophagus (BE) is defined as the metaplastic conversion of esophageal squamous epithelium to intestinalized columnar epithelium. As a premalignant lesion of esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC), BE develops as a result of chronic gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). Many studies have been conducted to understand the molecular mechanisms of this disease. This review summarizes recent results involving squamous and intestinal transcription factors, signaling pathways, stromal factors, microRNAs, and other factors in the development of BE. A conceptual framework is proposed to guide future studies. We expect elucidation of the molecular mechanisms of BE to help in the development of improved management of GERD, BE, and EAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Chen
- Cancer Research Program, JLC-BBRI, North Carolina Central University, Durham, NC 27707, USA
| | - Yu Fang
- Cancer Research Program, JLC-BBRI, North Carolina Central University, Durham, NC 27707, USA
| | - Whitney Tevebaugh
- Cancer Research Program, JLC-BBRI, North Carolina Central University, Durham, NC 27707, USA
| | - Roy C. Orlando
- Center for Esophageal Diseases and Swallowing, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7080, USA
| | - Nicholas J. Shaheen
- Center for Esophageal Diseases and Swallowing, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7080, USA
| | - Xiaoxin Chen
- Cancer Research Program, JLC-BBRI, North Carolina Central University, Durham, NC 27707, USA,Center for Esophageal Diseases and Swallowing, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7080, USA,Corresponding authors: Xiaoxin Luke Chen, MD, PhD, Cancer Research Program, Julius L. Chambers Biomedical Biotechnology Research Institute, North Carolina Central University, 700 George Street, Durham, NC 27707, USA. Tel: 919-530-6425; Fax: 919-530-7780;
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18
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Keld RR, Ang YS. Targeting key signalling pathways in oesophageal adenocarcinoma: A reality for personalised medicine? World J Gastroenterol 2011; 17:2781-90. [PMID: 21734785 PMCID: PMC3120937 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v17.i23.2781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2010] [Revised: 07/20/2010] [Accepted: 07/27/2010] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer treatments are rapidly changing. Curative treatment for oesophageal adenocarcinoma currently involves surgery and cytotoxic chemotherapy or chemoradiotherapy. Outcomes for both regimes are generally poor as a result of tumor recurrence. We have reviewed the key signalling pathways associated with oesophageal adenocarcinomas and discussed the recent trials of novel agents that attempt to target these pathways. There are many trials underway with the aim of improving survival in oesophageal cancer. Currently, phase 2 and 3 trials are focused on MAP kinase inhibition, either through inhibition of growth factor receptors or signal transducer proteins. In order to avoid tumor resistance, it appears to be clear that targeted therapy will be needed to combat the multiple signalling pathways that are in operation in oesophageal adenocarcinomas. This may be achievable in the future with the advent of gene signatures and a combinatorial approach.
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Grotenhuis BA, Dinjens WNM, Wijnhoven BPL, Sonneveld P, Sacchetti A, Franken PF, van Dekken H, Tilanus HW, van Lanschot JJB, Fodde R. Barrett's oesophageal adenocarcinoma encompasses tumour-initiating cells that do not express common cancer stem cell markers. J Pathol 2010; 221:379-89. [DOI: 10.1002/path.2733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Moserle L, Ghisi M, Amadori A, Indraccolo S. Side population and cancer stem cells: Therapeutic implications. Cancer Lett 2010; 288:1-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2009.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2009] [Revised: 05/15/2009] [Accepted: 05/18/2009] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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22
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Bi X, Zhao Y, Fang W, Yang W. Anticancer activity of Panax notoginseng extract 20(S)-25-OCH3-PPD: Targetting beta-catenin signalling. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2009; 36:1074-8. [PMID: 19413587 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1681.2009.05203.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
1. The Wnt/beta-catenin pathway plays a critical role in carcinogenesis and so agents that target Wnt/beta-catenin may have potential in cancer prevention and therapy. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the anticancer activity of the novel natural product dammarane-type triterpene sapogenin (20(S)-25-OCH3-PPD; PPD25) isolated from the leaves of Panax notoginseng. 2. The anticancer activity of PPD25 was evaluated in three colon cancer cell lines and in one lung cancer cell line. The effects of PPD25 to inhibit proliferation and to induce apoptosis were evaluated. In addition, the potential mechanisms underlying the effects of PPD25 were investigated. 3. It was found that the addition of 5 or 25 micromol/L PPD25 to the culture medium significantly inhibited cell proliferation and induced apoptosis in all four cancer cell lines. Mechanistic studies revealed that PPD25 significantly reduced the expression of beta-catenin, a key mediator in the Wnt pathway, as well as transcriptional targets of beta-catenin, namely c-myc, cyclin D1, cdk4 and T cell factor (TCF)-4. In addition, beta-catenin/TCF transcriptional activity was significantly suppressed by PPD25. 4. The data demonstrate that the PPD25 exerts its anticancer effect by targetting beta-catenin signalling, suggesting that PPD25 may have potential as a chemotherapeutic and/or chemopreventive agent for colon and lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuli Bi
- Department of Pathology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612, USA
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Zhang HY, Spechler SJ, Souza RF. Esophageal adenocarcinoma arising in Barrett esophagus. Cancer Lett 2008; 275:170-7. [PMID: 18703277 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2008.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2008] [Revised: 07/03/2008] [Accepted: 07/04/2008] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The major risk factors for esophageal adenocarcinoma are gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) and Barrett esophagus, a squamous-to-columnar cell metaplasia that predisposes to malignancy. Adenocarcinomas in Barrett esophagus are thought to arise through a sequence of growth-promoting, genetic alterations that accumulate until the cells have acquired the physiologic hallmarks of cancer proposed by Hanahan and Weinberg. Moreover, GERD and Barrett esophagus are associated with chronic esophagitis, and inflammation is a well known risk factor for cancer formation. The cell that gives rise to Barrett metaplasia is not known. It has been proposed that the metaplasia may arise from a change in the differentiation pattern of stem cells that either reside in the esophagus or are recruited to the esophagus from the bone marrow. Alternatively, it is possible that Barrett metaplasia develops through the conversion of one differentiated cell type into another. Regardless of the cell of origin, Barrett metaplasia ultimately must be sustained by stem cells, which might be identified by intestinal stem cell markers. An emerging concept in tumor biology is that cancer stem cells are responsible for sustaining tumor growth. If Barrett cancers develop from Barrett stem cells, then a therapy targeted at those stem cells might prevent esophageal adenocarcinoma. This report reviews the risk factors for Barrett esophagus and esophageal adenocarcinoma, the mechanisms by which genetic alterations might contribute to carcinogenesis in Barrett esophagus, and the role of stem cells in the development of Barrett metaplasia and adenocarcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Ying Zhang
- Department of Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX, USA
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Han A, Song Z, Tong C, Hu D, Bi X, Augenlicht LH, Yang W. Sulindac suppresses beta-catenin expression in human cancer cells. Eur J Pharmacol 2008; 583:26-31. [PMID: 18291362 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2007.12.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2007] [Revised: 12/09/2007] [Accepted: 12/20/2007] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Sulindac has been reported to be effective in suppressing tumor growth through the induction of p21WAF1/cip1 in human, animal models of colon cancer and colon cancer cells. In this study, we treated human breast cancer cell line MCF-7 and lung cancer cell line A549 as well as colon cancer cell line SW620 with sulindac to observe the effects of sulindac in other tissue sites. In all cell lines, proliferation was significantly inhibited by sulindac after 24 and 72 h of treatment. Apoptosis was induced by sulindac in both lung cancer cells and colon cancer cells but was not induced in breast cancer cells. Western blots showed that p21 protein level were induced by sulindac in lung cancer cells and colon cancer cells, but not in breast cancer cells. However, the suppression of beta-catenin, a key mediator of Wnt signaling pathway, was seen in all three cell lines with sulindac administration. Further studies revealed that transcriptional activities of beta-catenin were significantly inhibited by sulindac and that the inhibition was sulindac dosage-dependent. The transcriptional targets of beta-catenin, c-myc, cyclin D1 and cdk 4 were also dramatically downregulated. In conclusion, our data demonstrated that the efficacy of sulindac in the inhibition of cell proliferation (rather than the induction of apoptosis) might be through the suppression of beta-catenin pathway in human cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjia Han
- Department of Pathology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
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