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Chen PY, Han LT. Study on the molecular mechanism of anti-liver cancer effect of Evodiae fructus by network pharmacology and QSAR model. Front Chem 2023; 10:1060500. [PMID: 36700075 PMCID: PMC9868320 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2022.1060500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Evodiae Fructus (EF) is the dried, near ripe fruit of Euodia rutaecarpa (Juss.) Benth in Rutaceae. Numerous studies have demonstrated its anti-liver cancer properties. However, the molecular mechanism of Evodiae fructus against liver cancer and its structure-activity connection still require clarification. Methods: We utilized network pharmacology and a QSAR (2- and 3-dimensional) model to study the anti-liver cancer effect of Evodiae fructus. First, by using network pharmacology to screen the active substances and targets of Evodiae fructus, we investigated the signaling pathways involved in the anti-liver cancer actions of Evodiae fructus. The 2D-QSAR pharmacophore model was then used to predict the pIC50 values of compounds. The hiphop method was used to create an ideal 3D-QSAR pharmacophore model for the prediction of Evodiae fructus compounds. Finally, molecular docking was used to validate the rationality of the pharmacophore, and molecular dynamics was used to disclose the stability of the compounds by assessing the trajectories in 10 ns using RMSD, RMSF, Rg, and hydrogen bonding metrics. Results: In total, 27 compounds were acquired from the TCMSP and TCM-ID databases, and 45 intersection targets were compiled using Venn diagrams. Network integration analysis was used in this study to identify SRC as a primary target. Key pathways were discovered by KEGG pathway analysis, including PD-L1 expression and PD-1 checkpoint pathway, EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor resistance, and ErbB signaling pathway. Using a 2D-QSAR pharmacophore model and the MLR approach to predict chemical activity, ten highly active compounds were found. Two hydrophobic features and one hydrogen bond acceptor feature in the 3D-QSAR pharmacophore model were validated by training set chemicals. The results of molecular docking revealed that 10 active compounds had better docking scores with SRC and were linked to residues via hydrogen and hydrophobic bonds. Molecular dynamics was used to show the structural stability of obacunone, beta-sitosterol, and sitosterol. Conclusion:Pharmacophore 01 has high selectivity and the ability to distinguish active and inactive compounds, which is the optimal model for this study. Obacunone has the optimal binding ability with SRC. The pharmacophore model proposed in this study provides theoretical support for further screening effective anti-cancer Chinese herbal compounds and optimizing the compound structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng-Yu Chen
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, China
| | - Lin-Tao Han
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, China,Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Resources and Prescription, Ministry of Education, Wuhan, China,*Correspondence: Lin-Tao Han,
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2
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Ma L, Tian Y, Qian T, Li W, Liu C, Chu B, Kong Q, Cai R, Bai P, Ma L, Deng Y, Tian R, Wu C, Sun Y. Kindlin-2 promotes Src-mediated tyrosine phosphorylation of androgen receptor and contributes to breast cancer progression. Cell Death Dis 2022; 13:482. [PMID: 35595729 PMCID: PMC9122951 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-022-04945-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Androgen receptor (AR) signaling plays important roles in breast cancer progression. We show here that Kindlin-2, a focal adhesion protein, is critically involved in the promotion of AR signaling and breast cancer progression. Kindlin-2 physically associates with AR and Src through its two neighboring domains, namely F1 and F0 domains, resulting in formation of a Kindlin-2-AR-Src supramolecular complex and consequently facilitating Src-mediated AR Tyr-534 phosphorylation and signaling. Depletion of Kindlin-2 was sufficient to suppress Src-mediated AR Tyr-534 phosphorylation and signaling, resulting in diminished breast cancer cell proliferation and migration. Re-expression of wild-type Kindlin-2, but not AR-binding-defective or Src-binding-defective mutant forms of Kindlin-2, in Kindlin-2-deficient cells restored AR Tyr-534 phosphorylation, signaling, breast cancer cell proliferation and migration. Furthermore, re-introduction of phosphor-mimic mutant AR-Y534D, but not wild-type AR reversed Kindlin-2 deficiency-induced inhibition of AR signaling and breast cancer progression. Finally, using a genetic knockout strategy, we show that ablation of Kindlin-2 from mammary tumors in mouse significantly reduced AR Tyr-534 phosphorylation, breast tumor progression and metastasis in vivo. Our results suggest a critical role of Kindlin-2 in promoting breast cancer progression and shed light on the molecular mechanism through which it functions in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luyao Ma
- grid.263817.90000 0004 1773 1790Department of Biology, School of Life Sciences, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment and Disease Research, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055 China
| | - Yeteng Tian
- grid.263817.90000 0004 1773 1790Department of Biology, School of Life Sciences, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment and Disease Research, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055 China
| | - Tao Qian
- grid.263817.90000 0004 1773 1790Department of Biology, School of Life Sciences, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment and Disease Research, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055 China
| | - Wenjun Li
- grid.263817.90000 0004 1773 1790Department of Biology, School of Life Sciences, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment and Disease Research, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055 China
| | - Chengmin Liu
- grid.263817.90000 0004 1773 1790Department of Biology, School of Life Sciences, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment and Disease Research, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055 China
| | - Bizhu Chu
- grid.263817.90000 0004 1773 1790Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055 China
| | - Qian Kong
- grid.263817.90000 0004 1773 1790Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055 China
| | - Renwei Cai
- grid.263817.90000 0004 1773 1790Department of Biology, School of Life Sciences, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment and Disease Research, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055 China
| | - Panzhu Bai
- grid.263817.90000 0004 1773 1790Department of Biology, School of Life Sciences, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment and Disease Research, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055 China
| | - Lisha Ma
- grid.263817.90000 0004 1773 1790Department of Biology, School of Life Sciences, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment and Disease Research, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055 China
| | - Yi Deng
- grid.263817.90000 0004 1773 1790Department of Biology, School of Life Sciences, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment and Disease Research, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055 China
| | - Ruijun Tian
- grid.263817.90000 0004 1773 1790Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055 China
| | - Chuanyue Wu
- grid.21925.3d0000 0004 1936 9000Department of Pathology, School of Medicine and University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260 USA
| | - Ying Sun
- grid.263817.90000 0004 1773 1790Department of Biology, School of Life Sciences, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment and Disease Research, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055 China
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3
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Bellat V, Verchère A, Ashe SA, Law B. Transcriptomic insight into salinomycin mechanisms in breast cancer cell lines: synergistic effects with dasatinib and induction of estrogen receptor β. BMC Cancer 2020; 20:661. [PMID: 32678032 PMCID: PMC7364656 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-020-07134-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tumors are heterogeneous in nature, composed of different cell populations with various mutations and/or phenotypes. Using a single drug to encounter cancer progression is generally ineffective. To improve the treatment outcome, multiple drugs of distinctive mechanisms but complementary anticancer activities (combination therapy) are often used to enhance antitumor efficacy and minimize the risk of acquiring drug resistance. We report here the synergistic effects of salinomycin (a polyether antibiotic) and dasatinib (a Src kinase inhibitor). METHODS Functionally, both drugs induce cell cycle arrest, intracellular reactive oxygen species (iROS) production, and apoptosis. We rationalized that an overlapping of the drug activities should offer an enhanced anticancer effect, either through vertical inhibition of the Src-STAT3 axis or horizontal suppression of multiple pathways. We determined the toxicity induced by the drug combination and studied the kinetics of iROS production by fluorescence imaging and flow cytometry. Using genomic and proteomic techniques, including RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq), reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR), and Western Blot, we subsequently identified the responsible pathways that contributed to the synergistic effects of the drug combination. RESULTS Compared to either drug alone, the drug combination showed enhanced potency against MDA-MB-468, MDA-MB-231, and MCF-7 human breast cancer (BC) cell lines and tumor spheroids. The drug combination induces both iROS generation and apoptosis in a time-dependent manner, following a 2-step kinetic profile. RNA-seq data revealed that the drug combination exhibited synergism through horizontal suppression of multiple pathways, possibly through a promotion of cell cycle arrest at the G1/S phase via the estrogen-mediated S-phase entry pathway, and partially via the BRCA1 and DNA damage response pathway. CONCLUSION Transcriptomic analyses revealed for the first time, that the estrogen-mediated S-phase entry pathway partially contributed to the synergistic effect of the drug combination. More importantly, our studies led to the discoveries of new potential therapeutic targets, such as E2F2, as well as a novel drug-induced targeting of estrogen receptor β (ESR2) approach for triple-negative breast cancer treatment, currently lacking of targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Bellat
- Molecular Imaging Innovations Institute, Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Alice Verchère
- Department of Biochemistry, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sally A Ashe
- Molecular Imaging Innovations Institute, Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Benedict Law
- Molecular Imaging Innovations Institute, Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA. .,Lead contact, New York, USA.
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4
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Wang D, Liu C, Wang J, Jia Y, Hu X, Jiang H, Shao ZM, Zeng YA. Protein C receptor stimulates multiple signaling pathways in breast cancer cells. J Biol Chem 2017; 293:1413-1424. [PMID: 29217770 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.814046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2017] [Revised: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The protein C receptor (PROCR) has emerged as a stem cell marker in several normal tissues and has also been implicated in tumor progression. However, the functional role of PROCR and the signaling mechanisms downstream of PROCR remain poorly understood. Here, we dissected the PROCR signaling pathways in breast cancer cells. Combining protein array, knockdown, and overexpression methods, we found that PROCR concomitantly activates multiple pathways. We also noted that PROCR-dependent ERK and PI3k-Akt-mTOR signaling pathways proceed through Src kinase and transactivation of insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF-1R). These pathway activities led to the accumulation of c-Myc and cyclin D1. On the other hand, PROCR-dependent RhoA-ROCK-p38 signaling relied on coagulation factor II thrombin receptor (F2R). We confirmed these findings in primary cells isolated from triple-negative breast cancer-derived xenografts (PDX) that have high expression of PROCR. To the best our knowledge, this is the first comprehensive study of PROCR signaling in breast cancer cells, and its findings also shed light on the molecular mechanisms of PROCR in stem cells in normal tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisong Wang
- From the State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Chunye Liu
- From the State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Jingqiang Wang
- From the State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Yingying Jia
- From the State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Xin Hu
- Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer in Shanghai, Department of Breast Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China, and
| | - Hai Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Systems Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Zhi-Ming Shao
- Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer in Shanghai, Department of Breast Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China, and
| | - Yi Arial Zeng
- From the State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China,
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5
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Kim S, Min A, Lee KH, Yang Y, Kim TY, Lim JM, Park SJ, Nam HJ, Kim JE, Song SH, Han SW, Oh DY, Kim JH, Kim TY, Hangauer D, Lau JYN, Im K, Lee DS, Bang YJ, Im SA. Antitumor Effect of KX-01 through Inhibiting Src Family Kinases and Mitosis. Cancer Res Treat 2016; 49:643-655. [PMID: 27737538 PMCID: PMC5512373 DOI: 10.4143/crt.2016.168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2016] [Accepted: 09/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE KX-01 is a novel dual inhibitor of Src and tubulin. Unlike previous Src inhibitors that failed to show clinical benefit during treatment of breast cancer, KX-01 can potentially overcome the therapeutic limitations of current Src inhibitors through inhibition of both Src and tubulin. The present study further evaluates the activity and mechanism of KX-01 in vitro and in vivo. MATERIALS AND METHODS The antitumor effect of KX-01 in triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) cell lines was determined by MTT assay. Wound healing and immunofluorescence assays were performed to evaluate the action mechanisms of KX-01. Changes in the cell cycle and molecular changes induced by KX-01 were also evaluated. A MDA-MB-231 mouse xenograft model was used to demonstrate the in vivo effects. RESULTS KX-01 effectively inhibited the growth of breast cancer cell lines. The expression of phospho-Src and proliferative-signaling molecules were down-regulated in KX-01-sensitive TNBC cell lines. In addition, migration inhibition was observed by wound healing assay. KX-01-induced G2/M cell cycle arrest and increased the aneuploid cell population in KX-01-sensitive cell lines. Multi-nucleated cells were significantly increased after KX-01 treatment. Furthermore, KX-01 effectively delayed tumor growth in a MDA-MB-231 mouse xenograft model. CONCLUSION KX-01 effectively inhibited cell growth and migration of TNBC cells. Moreover, this study demonstrated that KX-01 showed antitumor effects through the inhibition of Src signaling and the induction of mitotic catastrophe. The antitumor effects of KX-01 were also demonstrated in vivo using a mouse xenograft model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seongyeong Kim
- Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ahrum Min
- Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea.,Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyung-Hun Lee
- Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea.,Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yaewon Yang
- Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea.,Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Tae-Yong Kim
- Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea.,Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jee Min Lim
- Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - So Jung Park
- Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyun-Jin Nam
- Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jung Eun Kim
- Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sang-Hyun Song
- Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sae-Won Han
- Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea.,Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Do-Youn Oh
- Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea.,Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jee Hyun Kim
- Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Tae-You Kim
- Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea.,Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - David Hangauer
- Kinex Pharmaceutical Corporation, New York State Center of Excellence in Bioinformartics and Life Sciences, NY, USA
| | - Johnson Yiu-Nam Lau
- Kinex Pharmaceutical Corporation, New York State Center of Excellence in Bioinformartics and Life Sciences, NY, USA
| | - Kyongok Im
- Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Dong Soon Lee
- Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yung-Jue Bang
- Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea.,Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seock-Ah Im
- Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea.,Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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6
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The extracellular matrix in breast cancer. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2016; 97:41-55. [PMID: 26743193 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2015.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 261] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2015] [Revised: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 12/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The extracellular matrix (ECM) is increasingly recognized as an important regulator in breast cancer. ECM in breast cancer development features numerous changes in composition and organization when compared to the mammary gland under homeostasis. Matrix proteins that are induced in breast cancer include fibrillar collagens, fibronectin, specific laminins and proteoglycans as well as matricellular proteins. Growing evidence suggests that many of these induced ECM proteins play a major functional role in breast cancer progression and metastasis. A number of the induced ECM proteins have moreover been shown to be essential components of metastatic niches, promoting stem/progenitor signaling pathways and metastatic growth. ECM remodeling enzymes are also markedly increased, leading to major changes in the matrix structure and biomechanical properties. Importantly, several ECM components and ECM remodeling enzymes are specifically induced in breast cancer or during tissue regeneration while healthy tissues under homeostasis express exceedingly low levels. This may indicate that ECM and ECM-associated functions may represent promising drug targets against breast cancer, providing important specificity that could be utilized when developing therapies.
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Missing-in-Metastasis regulates cell motility and invasion via PTPδ-mediated changes in SRC activity. Biochem J 2015; 465:89-101. [PMID: 25287652 DOI: 10.1042/bj20140573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
MIM (Missing-in-Metastasis), also known as MTSS1 (metastasis suppressor 1), is a scaffold protein that is down-regulated in multiple metastatic cancer cell lines compared with non-metastatic counterparts. MIM regulates cytoskeletal dynamics and actin polymerization, and has been implicated in the control of cell motility and invasion. MIM has also been shown to bind to a receptor PTP (protein tyrosine phosphatase), PTPδ, an interaction that may provide a link between tyrosine-phosphorylation-dependent signalling and metastasis. We used shRNA-mediated gene silencing to investigate the consequences of loss of MIM on the migration and invasion of the MCF10A mammary epithelial cell model of breast cancer. We observed that suppression of MIM by RNAi enhanced migration and invasion of MCF10A cells, effects that were associated with increased levels of PTPδ. Furthermore, analysis of human clinical data indicated that PTPδ was elevated in breast cancer samples when compared with normal tissue. We demonstrated that the SRC protein tyrosine kinase is a direct substrate of PTPδ and, upon suppression of MIM, we observed changes in the phosphorylation status of SRC; in particular, the inhibitory site (Tyr527) was hypophosphorylated, whereas the activating autophosphorylation site (Tyr416) was hyperphosphorylated. Thus the absence of MIM led to PTPδ-mediated activation of SRC. Finally, the SRC inhibitor SU6656 counteracted the effects of MIM suppression on cell motility and invasion. The present study illustrates that both SRC and PTPδ have the potential to be therapeutic targets for metastatic tumours associated with loss of MIM.
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8
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Herrera VL, Decano JL, Tan GA, Moran AM, Pasion KA, Matsubara Y, Ruiz-Opazo N. DEspR roles in tumor vasculo-angiogenesis, invasiveness, CSC-survival and anoikis resistance: a 'common receptor coordinator' paradigm. PLoS One 2014; 9:e85821. [PMID: 24465725 PMCID: PMC3897535 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0085821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2013] [Accepted: 12/02/2013] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
A priori, a common receptor induced in tumor microvessels, cancer cells and cancer stem-like cells (CSCs) that is involved in tumor angiogenesis, invasiveness, and CSC anoikis resistance and survival, could underlie contemporaneous coordination of these events rather than assume stochasticity. Here we show that functional analysis of the dual endothelin1/VEGFsignal peptide receptor, DEspR, (formerly named Dear, Chr.4q31.2) supports the putative common receptor paradigm in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) and glioblastoma (GBM) selected for their invasiveness, CD133+CSCs, and polar angiogenic features. Unlike normal tissue, DEspR is detected in PDAC and GBM microvessels, tumor cells, and CSCs isolated from PDAC-Panc1 and GBM-U87 cells. DEspR-inhibition decreased angiogenesis, invasiveness, CSC-survival and anoikis resistance in vitro, and decreased Panc1-CSC and U87-CSC xenograft tumor growth, vasculo-angiogenesis and invasiveness in nude(nu/nu) rats, suggesting that DEspR activation would coordinate these tumor progression events. As an accessible, cell-surface 'common receptor coordinator', DEspR-inhibition defines a novel targeted-therapy paradigm for pancreatic cancer and glioblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria L. Herrera
- Department of Medicine and Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Julius L. Decano
- Department of Medicine and Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Glaiza A. Tan
- Department of Medicine and Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Ann M. Moran
- Department of Medicine and Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Khristine A. Pasion
- Department of Medicine and Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Yuichi Matsubara
- Department of Medicine and Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Nelson Ruiz-Opazo
- Department of Medicine and Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
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9
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de Melo Gagliato D, Gonzalez-Angulo AM. Targeting multiple pathways in breast cancer. BREAST CANCER MANAGEMENT 2014. [DOI: 10.2217/bmt.13.66] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
SUMMARY Breast cancer (BC) is a highly prevalent disease. Worldwide, it is the most common cancer diagnosed and the leading cause of cancer death in women, making this disease a very important focus of interest and research. There is great heterogeneity in clinical outcomes among women diagnosed with BC, possibly indicating that biological heterogeneity is a major factor interfering with tumor development and progression. Presently, it is known that specific genetic expression patterns divide BC into distinct molecular subtypes. In fact, a better understanding of molecular profiles in BC and more advances in biological technology has divided each BC subtype further into additional subcategories. This means that more pathways are being recognized as important drivers or contributors to BC development and progression. The implication in BC treatment and management can be enormous. A more complete knowledge of the biology of the tumor has many implications. Development of therapies that specifically target the activated pathways can allow the delivery of more effective treatments and spare patients from treatments that would only cause side effects. This article will focus on exploring and reviewing the different molecular pathways involved in each clinically relevant BC subtype, namely hormone receptor-positive, HER2-positive and triple-negative BC. For each BC subtype, novel targeted therapies that are already incorporated in clinical practice, as well as drugs in clinical development, will be described, including the safety profiles of each one. We will highlight the major molecular pathways involved in each BC subtype, providing a rationale for the development of specific targeted therapies. Mechanisms of resistance to conventional therapies by pathway activation will be discussed. Strategies to overcome resistance are also a major focus of this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debora de Melo Gagliato
- Department of Breast Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Unit 1354, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030-4009, USA
| | - Ana M Gonzalez-Angulo
- Department of Breast Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Unit 1354, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030-4009, USA.
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10
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Tsai PC, Chu CL, Fu YS, Tseng CH, Chen YL, Chang LS, Lin SR. Naphtho[1,2-b]furan-4,5-dione inhibits MDA-MB-231 cell migration and invasion by suppressing Src-mediated signaling pathways. Mol Cell Biochem 2013; 387:101-11. [DOI: 10.1007/s11010-013-1875-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2013] [Accepted: 10/18/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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11
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Tsai PC, Chu CL, Chiu CC, Chang LS, Lin SR. Inhibition of Src activation with cardiotoxin III blocks migration and invasion of MDA-MB-231 cells. Toxicon 2013; 74:56-67. [PMID: 23933586 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2013.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2013] [Revised: 07/19/2013] [Accepted: 07/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Cardiotoxin III (CTX III), a basic polypeptide isolated from Naja naja atra venom, has been demonstrated to display anticancer activity. Breast cancer is a highly malignant carcinoma and most deaths of breast cancer are caused by metastasis. In this study, we show that CTX III blocks migration and invasion of MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells without affecting apoptosis or cell cycle arrest. CTX III caused significant block of Src kinase activity in MDA-MB-231 cells. Moreover, CTX III treatment was correlated with reduced phosphorylation of FAK at Tyr576, 861 and 925 sites, p130(Cas) at Tyr410, and paxillin at Tyr118. CTX III also suppressed the activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase1/2 and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt. Consistent with inhibition of these signaling pathways and invasion, CTX III inhibited the expression of matrix metalloproteinase-9. In addition, Src specific inhibitor PP2 caused a significant decrease in the phosphorylation of FAK, p130(Cas), paxillin, PI3K/Akt, and ERK1/2. Taken together, CTX III significantly inhibited phosphorylation of Src and downstream molecules as well as cell migration and invasion. Our findings provide evidences that CTX III inhibits Src-mediated signaling pathways involved in controlling MDA-MB-231 cell migration and invasion, suggesting that it has therapeutic potential in breast cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Chien Tsai
- Department of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
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12
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Kim JH, Lee YG, Yoo S, Oh J, Jeong D, Song WK, Yoo BC, Rhee MH, Park J, Cha SH, Hong S, Cho JY. Involvement of Src and the actin cytoskeleton in the antitumorigenic action of adenosine dialdehyde. Biochem Pharmacol 2013; 85:1042-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2013.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2012] [Revised: 12/28/2012] [Accepted: 01/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Han B, Ma X, Zhao R, Zhang J, Wei X, Liu X, Liu X, Zhang C, Tan C, Jiang Y, Chen Y. Development and experimental test of support vector machines virtual screening method for searching Src inhibitors from large compound libraries. Chem Cent J 2012; 6:139. [PMID: 23173901 PMCID: PMC3538513 DOI: 10.1186/1752-153x-6-139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2012] [Accepted: 11/07/2012] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED BACKGROUND Src plays various roles in tumour progression, invasion, metastasis, angiogenesis and survival. It is one of the multiple targets of multi-target kinase inhibitors in clinical uses and trials for the treatment of leukemia and other cancers. These successes and appearances of drug resistance in some patients have raised significant interest and efforts in discovering new Src inhibitors. Various in-silico methods have been used in some of these efforts. It is desirable to explore additional in-silico methods, particularly those capable of searching large compound libraries at high yields and reduced false-hit rates. RESULTS We evaluated support vector machines (SVM) as virtual screening tools for searching Src inhibitors from large compound libraries. SVM trained and tested by 1,703 inhibitors and 63,318 putative non-inhibitors correctly identified 93.53%~ 95.01% inhibitors and 99.81%~ 99.90% non-inhibitors in 5-fold cross validation studies. SVM trained by 1,703 inhibitors reported before 2011 and 63,318 putative non-inhibitors correctly identified 70.45% of the 44 inhibitors reported since 2011, and predicted as inhibitors 44,843 (0.33%) of 13.56M PubChem, 1,496 (0.89%) of 168 K MDDR, and 719 (7.73%) of 9,305 MDDR compounds similar to the known inhibitors. CONCLUSIONS SVM showed comparable yield and reduced false hit rates in searching large compound libraries compared to the similarity-based and other machine-learning VS methods developed from the same set of training compounds and molecular descriptors. We tested three virtual hits of the same novel scaffold from in-house chemical libraries not reported as Src inhibitor, one of which showed moderate activity. SVM may be potentially explored for searching Src inhibitors from large compound libraries at low false-hit rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bucong Han
- The Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Guangdong Province, The Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, People’s Republic of China
- Computation and Systems Biology, Singapore-MIT Alliance, National University of Singapore, E4-04-10, 4 Engineering Drive 3, Singapore, 117576, Singapore
- Bioinformatics and Drug Design Group, Department of Pharmacy, Centre for Computational Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Blk S16, Level 8, 3 Science Drive 2, Singapore, 117543, Singapore
| | - Xiaohua Ma
- Bioinformatics and Drug Design Group, Department of Pharmacy, Centre for Computational Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Blk S16, Level 8, 3 Science Drive 2, Singapore, 117543, Singapore
| | - Ruiying Zhao
- Central Research Institute of China Chemical Science and Technology, 20 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100083, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jingxian Zhang
- Bioinformatics and Drug Design Group, Department of Pharmacy, Centre for Computational Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Blk S16, Level 8, 3 Science Drive 2, Singapore, 117543, Singapore
| | - Xiaona Wei
- Computation and Systems Biology, Singapore-MIT Alliance, National University of Singapore, E4-04-10, 4 Engineering Drive 3, Singapore, 117576, Singapore
- Bioinformatics and Drug Design Group, Department of Pharmacy, Centre for Computational Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Blk S16, Level 8, 3 Science Drive 2, Singapore, 117543, Singapore
| | - Xianghui Liu
- Bioinformatics and Drug Design Group, Department of Pharmacy, Centre for Computational Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Blk S16, Level 8, 3 Science Drive 2, Singapore, 117543, Singapore
| | - Xin Liu
- Bioinformatics and Drug Design Group, Department of Pharmacy, Centre for Computational Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Blk S16, Level 8, 3 Science Drive 2, Singapore, 117543, Singapore
| | - Cunlong Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Guangdong Province, The Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chunyan Tan
- The Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Guangdong Province, The Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuyang Jiang
- The Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Guangdong Province, The Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuzong Chen
- The Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Guangdong Province, The Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, People’s Republic of China
- Computation and Systems Biology, Singapore-MIT Alliance, National University of Singapore, E4-04-10, 4 Engineering Drive 3, Singapore, 117576, Singapore
- Bioinformatics and Drug Design Group, Department of Pharmacy, Centre for Computational Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Blk S16, Level 8, 3 Science Drive 2, Singapore, 117543, Singapore
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Siemann DW, Dong M, Pampo C, Shi W. Src-signaling interference impairs the dissemination of blood-borne tumor cells. Cell Tissue Res 2012; 349:541-50. [PMID: 22526632 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-012-1415-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2011] [Accepted: 03/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Although solid tumors continuously shed cells, only a small fraction of the neoplastic cells that enter the blood stream are capable of establishing metastases. In order to be successful, these cells must attach, extravasate, proliferate and induce angiogenesis. Preclinical studies have shown that small-molecule ATP-competitive Src kinase inhibitors can effectively impair metastasis-associated tumor cell functions in vitro. However, the impact of these agents on the metastatic cascade in vivo is less well understood. In the present studies, we have examined the ability of saracatinib, a dual-specific, orally available inhibitor of Src and Abl protein tyrosine kinases, to interfere with the establishment of lung metastases in mice by tumor cells introduced into the blood stream. The results demonstrate that Src inhibition most effectively interferes with the establishment of secondary tumor deposits when treatments are administered while tumor cells are in the initial phases of dissemination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dietmar W Siemann
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Shands Cancer Center, University of Florida, 2000 SW Archer Road, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.
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15
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Role of Src in breast cancer cell migration and invasion in a breast cell/bone-derived cell microenvironment. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2011; 133:201-14. [PMID: 21894461 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-011-1753-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2011] [Accepted: 08/18/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
The preferential metastasis of breast cancer cells to bone comprises a complex set of events including homing and preferential growth, which may require unique factors produced by bone or other cells in the immediate microenvironment. In this study, an in vitro co-culture system composed of bone mesenchymal stem cells and breast cancer cell lines is used to examine the role of Src kinase on breast cancer cell migration and invasion in the presence of bone-derived cells. This research shows that Src kinase activity in breast cancer cell lines with either high or low levels of endogenous Src activity is increased by bone-derived cell-conditioned medium but not HS68 fibroblast-conditioned medium. Breast cancer cells exhibit enhanced migration in co-culture with bone-derived cells but not HS68 fibroblasts or no co-cultured cells. Inhibition of Src kinase activity using the inhibitors PP2 or saracatinib or using siRNA abrogates the preferential migration of the breast cancer cell lines in response to bone-derived cells. Inhibition of Src activity with saracatinib does not have any significant effect on breast cancer cell invasion in the presence of bone-derived cells. Factors are identified that are produced preferentially by bone-derived cells over HS68 cells that may impact breast cancer cell behavior. This research implicates Src kinase as an important effector of bone-derived cell signals on breast cancer cell migration.
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Abstract
Src-family Kinases (SFKs) participate in the regulation of proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, autophagy, adhesion, migration, invasion and angiogenesis in normal and cancer cells. Abnormal expression of SFKs has been documented in cancers that arise in breast, colon, ovary, melanocyte, gastric mucosa, head and neck, pancreas, lung, and brain. Targeting SFKs in cancer cells has been shown to be a promising therapeutic strategy in solid tumors, particularly in ovarian, colon and breast cancers. Paclitaxel is one of most widely used chemotherapeutic agents for the management of ovarian, breast, lung and head/neck cancers. As a microtubule-stabilizing agent, paclitaxel possesses both mitosis-dependent and mitosis-independent activities against cancer cells. A variety of mechanisms such as deregulation of P-glycoprotein, alteration of tubulin isotypes, alteration of microtubule-regulatory proteins, deregulation of apoptotic signaling pathways, mutation of tubulins and overexpression of copper transporters have been implicated in the development of primary or secondary resistance to paclitaxel. By affecting cancer cell survival, proliferation, autophagy, microtubule stability, motility, and/or angiogenesis, SFKs interact with mechanisms that regulate paclitaxel sensitivity. Inhibition of SFKs can potentiate the anti-tumor activity of paclitaxel by enhancing apoptosis, autophagy and microtubule stability. Based on pre-clinical observations, administration of SFK inhibitors in combination with paclitaxel could improve treatment for ovarian, breast, lung and head/neck cancers. Identification and validation of predictive biomarkers could also permit personalization of the therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Feng Le
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, USA.
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Chen PH, Peng CY, Pai HC, Teng CM, Chen CC, Yang CR. Denbinobin suppresses breast cancer metastasis through the inhibition of Src-mediated signaling pathways. J Nutr Biochem 2011; 22:732-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2010.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2010] [Revised: 05/14/2010] [Accepted: 06/04/2010] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Luan X, Gao C, Zhang N, Chen Y, Sun Q, Tan C, Liu H, Jin Y, Jiang Y. Exploration of acridine scaffold as a potentially interesting scaffold for discovering novel multi-target VEGFR-2 and Src kinase inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem 2011; 19:3312-9. [PMID: 21576023 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2011.04.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2011] [Revised: 04/27/2011] [Accepted: 04/28/2011] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
VEGFR-2 and Src kinases both play important roles in cancers. In certain cancers, Src works synergistically with VEGFR-2 to promote its activation. Development of multi-target drugs against VEGFR-2 and Src is of therapeutic advantage against these cancers. By using molecular docking and SVM virtual screening methods and based on subsequent synthesis and bioassay studies, we identified 9-aminoacridine derivatives with an acridine scaffold as potentially interesting novel dual VEGFR-2 and Src inhibitors. The acridine scaffold has been historically used for deriving topoisomerase inhibitors, but has not been found in existing VEGFR-2 inhibitors and Src inhibitors. A series of 21 acridine derivatives were synthesized and evaluated for their antiproliferative activities against K562, HepG-2, and MCF-7 cells. Some of these compounds showed better activities against K562 cells in vitro than imatinib. The structure-activity relationships (SAR) of these compounds were analyzed. One of the compounds (7r) showed low μM activity against K562 and HepG-2 cancer cell-lines, and inhibited VEGFR-2 and Src at inhibition rates of 44% and 8% at 50μM, respectively, without inhibition of topoisomerase. Moreover, 10μM compound 7r could reduce the levels of activated ERK1/2 in a time dependant manner, a downstream effector of both VEGFR-2 and Src. Our study suggested that acridine scaffold is a potentially interesting scaffold for developing novel multi-target kinase inhibitors such as VEGFR-2 and Src dual inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xudong Luan
- The Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, The Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, PR China
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Ciccimaro E, Hanks SK, Blair IA. Quantification of focal adhesion kinase activation loop phosphorylation as a biomarker of Src activity. Mol Pharmacol 2008; 75:658-66. [PMID: 19098120 DOI: 10.1124/mol.108.052464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A recently developed stable isotope dilution liquid chromatography-multiple reaction/mass spectrometry method to quantify focal adhesion kinase (FAK) activation loop phosphorylation was used to study endogenous Src kinase activity. This revealed that bis-phosphorylated pTyr(576)/Tyr(577)-FAK was a biomarker of Src activity and inactivation in vitro and in cell culture. Mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) expressing endogenous Src family kinases contained 65% unmodified Tyr(576)/Tyr(577), 33% mono-phosphorylated-pTyr(576)-FAK, and 6% bis-phosphorylated-pTyr(576)/pTyr(577)-FAK. In contrast, MEFs expressing oncogenic Y(529)FSrc contained 38% unmodified Tyr(576)/Tyr(577)-FAK, 29% mono-phosphorylated-pTyr(576)-FAK, and 19% bis-phosphorylated-pTyr(576)/pTyr(577)-FAK. This new method has made it possible to accurately determine the absolute amounts of FAK phosphorylation that occur after Src inhibition in cell culture and in vitro with increasing concentrations of the Src inhibitor N-(5-chloro-1,3-benzodioxol-4-yl)-7-[2-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)ethoxy]-5-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-yloxy)quinazolin-4-amine (AZD0530). Phosphorylation of FAK at Tyr(576)/Tyr(577) was inhibited by AZD0530 in a dose-dependent manner both in cell culture and in vitro. However, there was a substantial difference in the ability of AZD0530 to inhibit Src that was constitutively activated in a cellular context (IC(50) = 2.12 muM) compared with the isolated enzyme (IC(50) = 0.14 muM). When normal MEFs and Y(529)FSrc-expressing MEFs were treated with pervanadate (a global phosphatase inhibitor), pTyr(576)/pTyr(577)-FAK accounted for almost 60% of the total FAK present in the cells. This suggests that activation loop phosphorylation is regulated by tyrosine phosphatases. These results confirm that FAK phosphorylation is a useful biomarker of Src inhibition in vivo. The accuracy and specificity of stable isotope dilution liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry methodology offers significant advantages over current immunochemical approaches for monitoring Src activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugene Ciccimaro
- Department of Pharmacology, Centers for Cancer Pharmacology and Excellence in Environmental Toxicology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6160, USA
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Piazza TM, Lu JC, Carver KC, Schuler LA. SRC family kinases accelerate prolactin receptor internalization, modulating trafficking and signaling in breast cancer cells. Mol Endocrinol 2008; 23:202-12. [PMID: 19056863 DOI: 10.1210/me.2008-0341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the growing body of evidence supporting prolactin (PRL) actions in human breast cancer, little is known regarding PRL regulation of its own receptor in these cells. Ligand-initiated endocytosis is a key process in the regulation of receptor availability and signaling cascades that may lead to oncogenic actions. Although exposure to exogenous PRL accelerates degradation of the long isoform of the PRL receptor (lPRLR), neither the signals initiated by PRL that lead to lPRLR internalization and subsequent down-regulation, nor the relationship to downstream pathways are understood in breast cancer cells. In this study, we showed that PRL-induced down-regulation of the lPRLR was reduced by inhibition of src family kinases (SFKs), but not Janus kinase 2, in MCF-7 cells. Inhibition of SFKs also resulted in accumulation of a PRL-induced PRLR fragment containing the extracellular domain, which appeared to be generated from newly synthesized PRLR. lPRLR was constitutively associated with SFKs in lipid rafts. PRL-induced SFK activation led to recruitment of the guanosine triphosphatase, dynamin-2, to an internalization complex, resulting in endocytosis. Inhibition of endocytosis by small interfering RNA-mediated knockdown of dynamin-2 blocked PRL-induced down-regulation of lPRLR, confirming that internalization is essential for this process. Endocytosis also was required for optimal phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and Akt, but not for Janus kinase 2 or signal transducer and activator of transcription 5, indicating that internalization selectively modulates signaling cascades. Together, these data indicate that SFKs are key mediators of ligand-initiated lPRLR internalization, down-regulation, and signal transduction in breast cancer cells, and underscore the importance of target cell context in receptor trafficking and signal transduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy M Piazza
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
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