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Oberoi S, Crane JN, Haduong JH, Rudzinski ER, Wolden SL, Dasgupta R, Linardic CM, Weiss AR, Venkatramani R. Children's Oncology Group's 2023 blueprint for research: Soft tissue sarcomas. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2023; 70 Suppl 6:e30556. [PMID: 37430436 PMCID: PMC10519430 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.30556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023]
Abstract
In the United States, approximately 850-900 children and adolescents each year are diagnosed with soft tissue sarcomas (STS). STS are divided into rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) and non-rhabdomyosarcoma STS (NRSTS). RMS and NRSTS are risk stratified into low-, intermediate-, and high-risk categories, with 5-year survival rates of approximately 90%, 50%-70%, and 20%, respectively. Recent key achievements from the Children's Oncology Group (COG) STS Committee include the identification of new molecular prognostic factors for RMS, development and validation of a novel risk stratification system for NRSTS, successful completion of a collaborative NRSTS clinical trial with adult oncology consortia, and collaborative development of the INternational Soft Tissue SaRcoma ConsorTium (INSTRuCT). Current COG trials for RMS are prospectively evaluating a new risk stratification system that incorporates molecular findings, de-intensification of therapy for a very low-risk subgroup, and augmented therapy approaches for intermediate- and high-risk RMS. Trials for NRSTS exploring novel targets and local control modalities are in development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sapna Oberoi
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- Department of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, CancerCare Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Jacquelyn N Crane
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Josephine H Haduong
- Division of Oncology, Hyundai Cancer Institute, Children’s Hospital Orange County, Orange, California, USA
| | - Erin R. Rudzinski
- Division of Pediatrics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, USA
- Department of Laboratories, Seattle Children’s Hospital, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Suzanne L Wolden
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, USA
| | - Roshni Dasgupta
- Division of Pediatric General and Thoracic Surgery, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Corinne M Linardic
- Department of Pediatrics, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Pharmacology & Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Aaron R Weiss
- Department of Pediatrics, Maine Medical Center, Portland, Main, USA
| | - Rajkumar Venkatramani
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Texas Children’s Cancer Center, Texas Children’s Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
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2
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Hettmer S, Linardic CM, Kelsey A, Rudzinski ER, Vokuhl C, Selfe J, Ruhen O, Shern JF, Khan J, Kovach AR, Lupo PJ, Gatz SA, Schäfer BW, Volchenboum S, Minard-Colin V, Koscielniak E, Hawkins DS, Bisogno G, Sparber-Sauer M, Venkatramani R, Merks JHM, Shipley J. Molecular testing of rhabdomyosarcoma in clinical trials to improve risk stratification and outcome: A consensus view from European paediatric Soft tissue sarcoma Study Group, Children's Oncology Group and Cooperative Weichteilsarkom-Studiengruppe. Eur J Cancer 2022; 172:367-386. [PMID: 35839732 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2022.05.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Rhabdomyosarcomas (RMSs) are the most common soft tissue sarcomas in children/adolescents less than 18 years of age with an annual incidence of 1-2/million. Inter/intra-tumour heterogeneity raise challenges in clinical, pathological and biological research studies. Risk stratification in European and North American clinical trials previously relied on clinico-pathological features, but now, incorporates PAX3/7-FOXO1-fusion gene status in the place of alveolar histology. International working groups propose a coordinated approach through the INternational Soft Tissue SaRcoma ConsorTium to evaluate the specific genetic abnormalities and generate and integrate molecular and clinical data related to patients with RMS across different trial settings. We review relevant data and present a consensus view on what molecular features should be assessed. In particular, we recommend the assessment of the MYOD1-LR122R mutation for risk escalation, as it has been associated with poor outcomes in spindle/sclerosing RMS and rare RMS with classic embryonal histopathology. The prospective analyses of rare fusion genes beyond PAX3/7-FOXO1 will generate new data linked to outcomes and assessment of TP53 mutations and CDK4 amplification may confirm their prognostic value. Pathogenic/likely pathogenic germline variants in TP53 and other cancer predisposition genes should also be assessed. DNA/RNA profiling of tumours at diagnosis/relapse and serial analyses of plasma samples is recommended where possible to validate potential molecular biomarkers, identify new biomarkers and assess how liquid biopsy analyses can have the greatest benefit. Together with the development of new molecularly-derived therapeutic strategies that we review, a synchronised international approach is expected to enhance progress towards improved treatment assignment, management and outcomes for patients with RMS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Hettmer
- Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, University Medical Center Freiburg, University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Corinne M Linardic
- Department of Pediatrics, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology; Duke University of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Anna Kelsey
- Department of Paediatric Histopathology, Royal Manchester Children's Hospital, Manchester Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
| | - Erin R Rudzinski
- Section of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA; Department of Laboratories, Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Christian Vokuhl
- Section of Pediatric Pathology, Department of Pathology, University Hospital Bonn, Germany
| | - Joanna Selfe
- Sarcoma Molecular Pathology Team, Divisions of Molecular Pathology and Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Olivia Ruhen
- Sarcoma Molecular Pathology Team, Divisions of Molecular Pathology and Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Jack F Shern
- Genetics Branch, Oncogenomics Section, Center for Cancer Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA; Pediatric Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Javed Khan
- Genetics Branch, Oncogenomics Section, Center for Cancer Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Alexander R Kovach
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology; Duke University of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Philip J Lupo
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Hematology-Oncology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Susanne A Gatz
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, Cancer Research UK Clinical Trials Unit (CRCTU), University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Beat W Schäfer
- Department of Oncology and Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Ewa Koscielniak
- Klinikum der Landeshauptstadt Stuttgart GKAöR, Olgahospital, Stuttgart Cancer Center, Zentrum für Kinder-, Jugend- und Frauenmedizin, Pädiatrie 5 (Pädiatrische Onkologie, Hämatologie, Immunologie), Stuttgart, Germany; Medizinische Fakultät, University of Tübingen, Germany
| | - Douglas S Hawkins
- Seattle Children's Hospital, University of Washington, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Gianni Bisogno
- Hematology Oncology Division, Department of Women's and Children's Health, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - Monika Sparber-Sauer
- Klinikum der Landeshauptstadt Stuttgart GKAöR, Olgahospital, Stuttgart Cancer Center, Zentrum für Kinder-, Jugend- und Frauenmedizin, Pädiatrie 5 (Pädiatrische Onkologie, Hämatologie, Immunologie), Stuttgart, Germany; Medizinische Fakultät, University of Tübingen, Germany
| | - Rajkumar Venkatramani
- Department of Pediatrics, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | - Janet Shipley
- Sarcoma Molecular Pathology Team, Divisions of Molecular Pathology and Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK.
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Abstract
Rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) is an aggressive childhood mesenchymal tumor with two major molecular and histopathologic subtypes: fusion-positive (FP)RMS, characterized by the PAX3-FOXO1 fusion protein and largely of alveolar histology, and fusion-negative (FN)RMS, the majority of which exhibit embryonal tumor histology. Metastatic disease continues to be associated with poor overall survival despite intensive treatment strategies. Studies on RMS biology have provided some insight into autocrine as well as paracrine signaling pathways that contribute to invasion and metastatic propensity. Such pathways include those driven by the PAX3-FOXO1 fusion oncoprotein in FPRMS and signaling pathways such as IGF/RAS/MEK/ERK, PI3K/AKT/mTOR, cMET, FGFR4, and PDGFR in both FP and FNRMS. In addition, specific cytoskeletal proteins, G protein coupled receptors, Hedgehog, Notch, Wnt, Hippo, and p53 pathways play a role, as do specific microRNA. Paracrine factors, including secreted proteins and RMS-derived exosomes that carry cargo of protein and miRNA, have also recently emerged as potentially important players in RMS biology. This review summarizes the known factors contributing to RMS invasion and metastasis and their implications on identifying targets for treatment and a better understanding of metastatic RMS.
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Current Approaches for Personalized Therapy of Soft Tissue Sarcomas. Sarcoma 2020; 2020:6716742. [PMID: 32317857 PMCID: PMC7152984 DOI: 10.1155/2020/6716742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Revised: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Soft tissue sarcomas (STS) are a highly heterogeneous group of cancers of mesenchymal origin with diverse morphologies and clinical behaviors. While surgical resection is the standard treatment for primary STS, advanced and metastatic STS patients are not eligible for surgery. Systemic treatments, including standard chemotherapy and newer chemical agents, still play the most relevant role in the management of the disease. Discovery of specific genetic alterations in distinct STS subtypes allowed better understanding of mechanisms driving their pathogenesis and treatment optimization. This review focuses on the available targeted drugs or drug combinations based on genetic aberration involved in STS development including chromosomal translocations, oncogenic mutations, gene amplifications, and their perspectives in STS treatment. Furthermore, in this review, we discuss the possible use of chemotherapy sensitivity and resistance assays (CSRA) for the adjustment of treatment for individual patients. In summary, current trends in personalized management of advanced and metastatic STS are based on combination of both genetic testing and CSRA.
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Perillo B, Di Donato M, Pezone A, Di Zazzo E, Giovannelli P, Galasso G, Castoria G, Migliaccio A. ROS in cancer therapy: the bright side of the moon. Exp Mol Med 2020; 52:192-203. [PMID: 32060354 PMCID: PMC7062874 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-020-0384-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1032] [Impact Index Per Article: 258.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 01/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) constitute a group of highly reactive molecules that have evolved as regulators of important signaling pathways. It is now well accepted that moderate levels of ROS are required for several cellular functions, including gene expression. The production of ROS is elevated in tumor cells as a consequence of increased metabolic rate, gene mutation and relative hypoxia, and excess ROS are quenched by increased antioxidant enzymatic and nonenzymatic pathways in the same cells. Moderate increases of ROS contribute to several pathologic conditions, among which are tumor promotion and progression, as they are involved in different signaling pathways and induce DNA mutation. However, ROS are also able to trigger programmed cell death (PCD). Our review will emphasize the molecular mechanisms useful for the development of therapeutic strategies that are based on modulating ROS levels to treat cancer. Specifically, we will report on the growing data that highlight the role of ROS generated by different metabolic pathways as Trojan horses to eliminate cancer cells. Highly reactive molecules called reactive oxygen species (ROS), which at low levels are natural regulators of important signaling pathways in cells, might be recruited to act as “Trojan horses” to kill cancer cells. Researchers in Italy led by Bruno Perillo of the Institute of Food Sciences in Avelllino review the growing evidence suggesting that stimulating production of natural ROS species could become useful in treating cancer. Although ROS production is elevated in cancer cells it can also promote a natural process called programmed cell death. This normally regulates cell turnover, but could be selectively activated to target diseased cells. The authors discuss molecular mechanisms underlying the potential anti-cancer activity of various ROS-producing strategies, including drugs and light-stimulated therapies. They expect modifying the production of ROS to have potential for developing new treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Perillo
- Istituto di Scienze dell'Alimentazione, C.N.R., 83100, Avellino, Italy. .,Istituto per l'Endocrinologia e l'Oncologia Sperimentale, C.N.R., 80131, Naples, Italy.
| | - Marzia Di Donato
- Dipartimento di Medicina di Precisione, Università della Campania "L. Vanvitelli", 80138, Naples, Italy
| | - Antonio Pezone
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Università di Napoli "Federico II", 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Erika Di Zazzo
- Dipartimento di Medicina di Precisione, Università della Campania "L. Vanvitelli", 80138, Naples, Italy
| | - Pia Giovannelli
- Dipartimento di Medicina di Precisione, Università della Campania "L. Vanvitelli", 80138, Naples, Italy
| | - Giovanni Galasso
- Dipartimento di Medicina di Precisione, Università della Campania "L. Vanvitelli", 80138, Naples, Italy
| | - Gabriella Castoria
- Dipartimento di Medicina di Precisione, Università della Campania "L. Vanvitelli", 80138, Naples, Italy
| | - Antimo Migliaccio
- Dipartimento di Medicina di Precisione, Università della Campania "L. Vanvitelli", 80138, Naples, Italy
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6
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Chen C, Dorado Garcia H, Scheer M, Henssen AG. Current and Future Treatment Strategies for Rhabdomyosarcoma. Front Oncol 2019; 9:1458. [PMID: 31921698 PMCID: PMC6933601 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.01458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) is the most common soft tissue sarcoma in children, and can be subcategorized histologically and/or based on PAX-FOXO1 fusion gene status. Over the last four decades, there have been no significant improvements in clinical outcomes for advanced and metastatic RMS patients, underscoring a need for new treatment options for these groups. Despite significant advancements in our understanding of the genomic landscape and underlying biological mechanisms governing RMS that have informed the identification of novel therapeutic targets, development of these therapies in clinical trials has lagged far behind. In this review, we summarize the current frontline multi-modality therapy for RMS according to pediatric protocols, highlight emerging targeted therapies and immunotherapies identified by preclinical studies, and discuss early clinical trial data and the implications they hold for future clinical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celine Chen
- Department of Pediatric Oncology/Hematology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Heathcliff Dorado Garcia
- Department of Pediatric Oncology/Hematology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Monika Scheer
- Pediatrics 5, Klinikum Stuttgart, Olgahospital, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Anton G. Henssen
- Department of Pediatric Oncology/Hematology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Berlin, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center (ECRC) of the MDC and Charité Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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7
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Bhat AV, Palanichamy Kala M, Rao VK, Pignata L, Lim HJ, Suriyamurthy S, Chang KT, Lee VK, Guccione E, Taneja R. Epigenetic Regulation of the PTEN-AKT-RAC1 Axis by G9a Is Critical for Tumor Growth in Alveolar Rhabdomyosarcoma. Cancer Res 2019; 79:2232-2243. [PMID: 30833420 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-18-2676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2018] [Revised: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma (ARMS) is an aggressive pediatric cancer with poor prognosis. As transient and stable modifications to chromatin have emerged as critical mechanisms in oncogenic signaling, efforts to target epigenetic modifiers as a therapeutic strategy have accelerated in recent years. To identify chromatin modifiers that sustain tumor growth, we performed an epigenetic screen and found that inhibition of lysine methyltransferase G9a significantly affected the viability of ARMS cell lines. Targeting expression or activity of G9a reduced cellular proliferation and motility in vitro and tumor growth in vivo. Transcriptome and chromatin immunoprecipitation-sequencing analysis provided mechanistic evidence that the tumor-suppressor PTEN was a direct target gene of G9a. G9a repressed PTEN expression in a methyltransferase activity-dependent manner, resulting in increased AKT and RAC1 activity. Re-expression of constitutively active RAC1 in G9a-deficient tumor cells restored oncogenic phenotypes, demonstrating its critical functions downstream of G9a. Collectively, our study provides evidence for a G9a-dependent epigenetic program that regulates tumor growth and suggests targeting G9a as a therapeutic strategy in ARMS. SIGNIFICANCE: These findings demonstrate that RAC1 is an effector of G9a oncogenic functions and highlight the potential of G9a inhibitors in the treatment of ARMS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akshay V Bhat
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Monica Palanichamy Kala
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Vinay Kumar Rao
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Luca Pignata
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Huey Jin Lim
- Department of Pathology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Sudha Suriyamurthy
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Kenneth T Chang
- Department of Pathology, KK Women and Children's Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Victor K Lee
- Department of Pathology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ernesto Guccione
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Reshma Taneja
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
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8
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Sun W, Chatterjee B, Shern JF, Patidar R, Song Y, Wang Y, Walker RL, Pawel BR, Linardic CM, Houghton P, Hewitt SM, Edelman DC, Khan J, Meltzer PS, Barr FG. Relationship of DNA methylation to mutational changes and transcriptional organization in fusion-positive and fusion-negative rhabdomyosarcoma. Int J Cancer 2019; 144:2707-2717. [PMID: 30565669 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.32006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Revised: 10/17/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Our previous study of DNA methylation in the pediatric soft tissue tumor rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) demonstrated that fusion-positive (FP) and fusion-negative (FN) RMS tumors exhibit distinct DNA methylation patterns. To further examine the significance of DNA methylation differences in RMS, we investigated genome-wide DNA methylation profiles in discovery and validation cohorts. Unsupervised analysis of DNA methylation data identified novel distinct subsets associated with the specific fusion subtype in FP RMS and with RAS mutation status in FN RMS. Furthermore, the methylation pattern in normal muscle is most similar to the FN subset with wild-type RAS mutation status. Several biologically relevant genes were identified with methylation and expression differences between the two fusion subtypes of FP RMS or between the RAS wild-type and mutant subsets of FN RMS. Genomic localization studies showed that promoter and intergenic regions were hypomethylated and the 3' untranslated regions were hypermethylated in FP compared to FN tumors. There was also a significant difference in the distribution of PAX3-FOXO1 binding sites between genes with and without differential methylation. Moreover, genes with PAX3-FOXO1 binding sites and promoter hypomethylation exhibited the highest frequency of overexpression in FP tumors. Finally, a comparison of RMS model systems revealed that patient-derived xenografts most closely recapitulate the DNA methylation patterns found in human RMS tumors compared to cell lines and cell line-derived xenografts. In conclusion, these findings highlight the interaction of epigenetic changes with mutational alterations and transcriptional organization in RMS tumors, and contribute to improved molecular categorization of these tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenyue Sun
- Laboratory of Pathology, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | | | - Jack F Shern
- Pediatric Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | - Rajesh Patidar
- Genetics Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | - Young Song
- Genetics Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | - Yonghong Wang
- Genetics Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | | | - Bruce R Pawel
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Corinne M Linardic
- Departments of Pediatrics and Pharmacology & Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
| | - Peter Houghton
- Greehey Children's Cancer Research Institute, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX
| | - Stephen M Hewitt
- Laboratory of Pathology, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | | | - Javed Khan
- Genetics Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | - Paul S Meltzer
- Genetics Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | - Frederic G Barr
- Laboratory of Pathology, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
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9
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Nguyen TH, Barr FG. Therapeutic Approaches Targeting PAX3-FOXO1 and Its Regulatory and Transcriptional Pathways in Rhabdomyosarcoma. Molecules 2018; 23:E2798. [PMID: 30373318 PMCID: PMC6278278 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23112798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2018] [Revised: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) is a family of soft tissue cancers that are related to the skeletal muscle lineage and predominantly occur in children and young adults. A specific chromosomal translocation t(2;13)(q35;q14) that gives rise to the chimeric oncogenic transcription factor PAX3-FOXO1 has been identified as a hallmark of the aggressive alveolar subtype of RMS. PAX3-FOXO1 cooperates with additional molecular changes to promote oncogenic transformation and tumorigenesis in various human and murine models. Its expression is generally restricted to RMS tumor cells, thus providing a very specific target for therapeutic approaches for these RMS tumors. In this article, we review the recent understanding of PAX3-FOXO1 as a transcription factor in the pathogenesis of this cancer and discuss recent developments to target this oncoprotein for treatment of RMS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Frederic G. Barr
- Laboratory of Pathology, National Cancer Institute, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA;
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10
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Genadry KC, Pietrobono S, Rota R, Linardic CM. Soft Tissue Sarcoma Cancer Stem Cells: An Overview. Front Oncol 2018; 8:475. [PMID: 30416982 PMCID: PMC6212576 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2018.00475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2018] [Accepted: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Soft tissue sarcomas (STSs) are an uncommon group of solid tumors that can arise throughout the human lifespan. Despite their commonality as non-bony cancers that develop from mesenchymal cell precursors, they are heterogeneous in their genetic profiles, histology, and clinical features. This has made it difficult to identify a single target or therapy specific to STSs. And while there is no one cell of origin ascribed to all STSs, the cancer stem cell (CSC) principle—that a subpopulation of tumor cells possesses stem cell-like properties underlying tumor initiation, therapeutic resistance, disease recurrence, and metastasis—predicts that ultimately it should be possible to identify a feature common to all STSs that could function as a therapeutic Achilles' heel. Here we review the published evidence for CSCs in each of the most common STSs, then focus on the methods used to study CSCs, the developmental signaling pathways usurped by CSCs, and the epigenetic alterations critical for CSC identity that may be useful for further study of STS biology. We conclude with discussion of some challenges to the field and future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katia C Genadry
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Silvia Pietrobono
- Department of Hematology-Oncology, Bambino Gesù Pediatric Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Rossella Rota
- Department of Hematology-Oncology, Bambino Gesù Pediatric Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Corinne M Linardic
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States.,Department of Pharmacology & Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
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11
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Panahi Y, Azimi A, Naderi M, Jadidi K, Sahebkar A. An analytical enrichment-based review of structural genetic studies on keratoconus. J Cell Biochem 2018; 120:4748-4756. [PMID: 30260013 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.27764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Keratoconus is a progressive bilateral corneal protrusion that leads to irregular astigmatism and impairment of vision. Keratoconus is an etiologically heterogeneous corneal dystrophy and both environmental and genetic factors play a role in its etiopathogenesis. In this analytical review, we have studied all the genes that are structurally associated with keratoconus and have tried to explain the function of each gene and its association with other eye disorders in a concise way. In addition, using gene set enrichment analysis, it was attempted to find the most important impaired metabolic pathways in keratoconus. Several genetic studies have been carried out on keratoconus and several genes have been identified as risk factors involved in the etiology of the disease. In the current study, 16 studies, including nine association studies, five genome-wide association studies, one linkage study, and one meta-analysis, were reviewed and based on the 19 genes found, enrichment was performed and the most important metabolic pathways involved in the disease were identified. The enrichment results indicated that the two pathways, interleukin 1 processing and assembly of collagen fibrils, are significantly associated with the disease. Obviously, the results of this study, in addition to providing information about the genes involved in the disease, can provide an integrated insight into the gene-based etiology of keratoconus and therapeutic opportunities thereof.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunes Panahi
- Chemical Injuries Research Center, System Biology and Poisonings Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Azimi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Poostchi Eye Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mostafa Naderi
- Chemical Injuries Research Center, System Biology and Poisonings Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Khosrow Jadidi
- Chemical Injuries Research Center, System Biology and Poisonings Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Neurogenic inflammation Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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12
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Sannino S, Guerriero CJ, Sabnis AJ, Stolz DB, Wallace CT, Wipf P, Watkins SC, Bivona TG, Brodsky JL. Compensatory increases of select proteostasis networks after Hsp70 inhibition in cancer cells. J Cell Sci 2018; 131:jcs.217760. [PMID: 30131440 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.217760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer cells thrive when challenged with proteotoxic stress by inducing components of the protein folding, proteasome, autophagy and unfolded protein response (UPR) pathways. Consequently, specific molecular chaperones have been validated as targets for anti-cancer therapies. For example, inhibition of Hsp70 family proteins (hereafter Hsp70) in rhabdomyosarcoma triggers UPR induction and apoptosis. To define how these cancer cells respond to compromised proteostasis, we compared rhabdomyosarcoma cells that were sensitive (RMS13) or resistant (RMS13-R) to the Hsp70 inhibitor MAL3-101. We discovered that endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation (ERAD) and autophagy were activated in RMS13-R cells, suggesting that resistant cells overcome Hsp70 ablation by increasing misfolded protein degradation. Indeed, RMS13-R cells degraded ERAD substrates more rapidly than RMS cells and induced the autophagy pathway. Surprisingly, inhibition of the proteasome or ERAD had no effect on RMS13-R cell survival, but silencing of select autophagy components or treatment with autophagy inhibitors restored MAL3-101 sensitivity and led to apoptosis. These data indicate a route through which cancer cells overcome a chaperone-based therapy, define how cells can adapt to Hsp70 inhibition, and demonstrate the value of combined chaperone and autophagy-based therapies.This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Sannino
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | | | - Amit J Sabnis
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.,Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Donna Beer Stolz
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Callen T Wallace
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Peter Wipf
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Simon C Watkins
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Trever G Bivona
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.,Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Jeffrey L Brodsky
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
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13
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Wolff DW, Lee MH, Jothi M, Mal M, Li F, Mal AK. Camptothecin exhibits topoisomerase1-independent KMT1A suppression and myogenic differentiation in alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma cells. Oncotarget 2018; 9:25796-25807. [PMID: 29899822 PMCID: PMC5995248 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.25376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma (aRMS) is an aggressive subtype of the most common soft tissue cancer in children. A hallmark of aRMS tumors is incomplete myogenic differentiation despite expression of master myogenic regulators such as MyoD. We previously reported that histone methyltransferase KMT1A suppresses MyoD function to maintain an undifferentiated state in aRMS cells, and that loss of KMT1A is sufficient to induce differentiation and suppress malignant phenotypes in these cells. Here, we develop a chemical compound screening approach using MyoD-responsive luciferase reporter myoblast cells to identify compounds that alleviate suppression of MyoD-mediated differentiation by KMT1A. A screen of pharmacological compounds yielded the topoisomerase I (TOP1) poison camptothecin (CPT) as the strongest hit in our assay system. Furthermore, treatment of aRMS cells with clinically relevant CPT derivative irinotecan restores MyoD function, and myogenic differentiation in vitro and in a xenograft model. This differentiated phenotype was associated with downregulation of the KMT1A protein. Remarkably, loss of KMT1A in CPT-treated cells occurs independently of its well-known anti-TOP1 mechanism. We further demonstrate that CPT can directly inhibit KMT1A activity in vitro. Collectively, these findings uncover a novel function of CPT that downregulates KMT1A independently of CPT-mediated TOP1 inhibition and permits differentiation of aRMS cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- David W. Wolff
- Department of Cell Stress Biology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
| | - Min-Hyung Lee
- Department of Cell Stress Biology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
- Current address: Division of Biotechnology Review and Research IV, Office of Biotechnology Products, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Mathivanan Jothi
- Department of Cell Stress Biology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
- Current address: Department of Human Genetics, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bengaluru, KA 560029, India
| | - Munmun Mal
- Department of Cell Stress Biology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
| | - Fengzhi Li
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
| | - Asoke K. Mal
- Department of Cell Stress Biology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
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14
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Pandey PR, Chatterjee B, Olanich ME, Khan J, Miettinen MM, Hewitt SM, Barr FG. PAX3-FOXO1 is essential for tumour initiation and maintenance but not recurrence in a human myoblast model of rhabdomyosarcoma. J Pathol 2017; 241:626-637. [PMID: 28138962 DOI: 10.1002/path.4867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Revised: 12/09/2016] [Accepted: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The PAX3-FOXO1 fusion gene is generated by a 2;13 chromosomal translocation and is a characteristic feature of an aggressive subset of rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS). To dissect the mechanism of oncogene action during RMS tumourigenesis and progression, doxycycline-inducible PAX3-FOXO1 and constitutive MYCN expression constructs were introduced into immortalized human myoblasts. Although myoblasts expressing PAX3-FOXO1 or MYCN alone were not transformed in focus formation assays, combined PAX3-FOXO1 and MYCN expression resulted in transformation. Following intramuscular injection into immunodeficient mice, myoblasts expressing PAX3-FOXO1 and MYCN formed rapidly growing RMS tumours, whereas myoblasts expressing only PAX3-FOXO1 formed tumours after a longer latency period. Doxycycline withdrawal in myoblasts expressing inducible PAX3-FOXO1 and constitutive MYCN following tumour formation in vivo or focus formation in vitro resulted in tumour regression or smaller foci associated with myogenic differentiation and cell death. Following regression, most tumours recurred in the absence of doxycycline. Analysis of recurrent tumours revealed a subset without PAX3-FOXO1 expression, and cell lines derived from these recurrent tumours showed transformation in the absence of doxycycline. The doxycycline-independent oncogenicity in these recurrent tumour-derived lines persisted even after PAX3-FOXO1 was inactivated with a CRISPR/Cas9 editing strategy. Whereas cell lines derived from primary tumours were dependent on PAX3-FOXO1 and differentiated following doxycycline withdrawal, recurrent tumour-derived cells without PAX3-FOXO1 expression did not differentiate under these conditions. These findings indicate that PAX3-FOXO1 collaborates with MYCN during early RMS tumourigenesis to dysregulate proliferation and inhibit myogenic differentiation and cell death. Although most cells in the primary tumours are dependent on PAX3-FOXO1, recurrent tumours can develop by a PAX3-FOXO1-independent mechanism, in which rare cells are postulated to acquire secondary transforming events that were activated or selected by initial PAX3-FOXO1 expression. Published 2016. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Puspa R Pandey
- Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Bishwanath Chatterjee
- Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Mary E Olanich
- Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Javed Khan
- Genetics Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Markku M Miettinen
- Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Stephen M Hewitt
- Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Frederic G Barr
- Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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15
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Arnold MA, Barr FG. Molecular diagnostics in the management of rhabdomyosarcoma. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2017; 17:189-194. [PMID: 28058850 DOI: 10.1080/14737159.2017.1275965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION A classification of rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) with prognostic relevance has primarily relied on clinical features and histologic classification as either embryonal or alveolar RMS. The PAX3-FOXO1 and PAX7-FOXO1 gene fusions occur in 80% of cases with the alveolar subtype and are more predictive of outcome than histologic classification. Identifying additional molecular hallmarks that further subclassify RMS is an active area of research. Areas Covered: The authors review the current state of the PAX3-FOXO1 and PAX7-FOXO1 fusions as prognostic biomarkers. Emerging biomarkers, including mRNA expression profiling, MYOD1 mutations, RAS pathway mutations and gene fusions involving NCOA2 or VGLL2 are also reviewed. Expert commentary: Strategies for modifying RMS risk stratification based on molecular biomarkers are emerging with the potential to transform the clinical management of RMS, ultimately improving patient outcomes by tailoring therapy to predicted patient risk and identifying targets for novel therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Arnold
- a Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine , Nationwide Children's Hospital , Columbus , OH , USA.,b Department of Pathology , The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center , Columbus , OH , USA
| | - Fredric G Barr
- c Laboratory of Pathology , National Cancer Institute , Bethesda , MD , USA
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16
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Eguía-Aguilar P, López-Martínez B, Retana-Contreras C, Perezpeña-Diazconti M. Alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma: origin and prognostic implications of molecular findings. BOLETIN MEDICO DEL HOSPITAL INFANTIL DE MEXICO 2016; 73:405-410. [PMID: 29421285 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmhimx.2016.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2016] [Accepted: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
We present the case of a 2-year-old male patient with a facial tumor partially treated with chemotherapy before his admission to our institution. The tumor involved from the frontal region to the maxillary floor, the orbit, and the maxillary and sphenoid sinuses. The histopathological diagnosis revealed a stage IV alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma with infiltration to bone marrow and cerebrospinal fluid. He was managed with four cycles of adriamycin, actinomycin, cyclophosphamide and vincristine; cisplatin and irinotecan were added to the last cycle. The tumor had a 50% size reduction, but the patient died after a neutropenia and fever episode. The aggressive behavior of alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma has been associated with the expression of oncogenic fusion proteins resulting from chromosomal translocations, particularly t(2;13) (q35;q14) PAX3/FOXO1, and t(1;13) (p36;q14) PAX7/FOXO1 which were present in this patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pilar Eguía-Aguilar
- Departmento de Patología Clínica y Experimental, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Briceida López-Martínez
- Subdirección de Diagnóstico y Servicios Auxiliares, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Carmen Retana-Contreras
- Departmento de Patología Clínica y Experimental, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Mario Perezpeña-Diazconti
- Departmento de Patología Clínica y Experimental, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, Mexico City, Mexico.
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17
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Bharathy N, Suriyamurthy S, Rao VK, Ow JR, Lim HJ, Chakraborty P, Vasudevan M, Dhamne CA, Chang KTE, Min VLK, Kundu TK, Taneja R. P/CAF mediates PAX3-FOXO1-dependent oncogenesis in alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma. J Pathol 2016; 240:269-281. [PMID: 27453350 DOI: 10.1002/path.4773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Revised: 07/19/2016] [Accepted: 07/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma (ARMS) is an aggressive paediatric cancer of skeletal muscle with poor prognosis. A PAX3-FOXO1 fusion protein acts as a driver of malignancy in ARMS by disrupting tightly coupled but mutually exclusive pathways of proliferation and differentiation. While PAX3-FOXO1 is an attractive therapeutic target, no current treatments are designed to block its oncogenic activity. The present work shows that the histone acetyltransferase P/CAF (KAT2B) is overexpressed in primary tumours from ARMS patients. Interestingly, in fusion-positive ARMS cell lines, P/CAF acetylates and stabilizes PAX3-FOXO1 rather than MyoD, a master regulator of muscle differentiation. Silencing P/CAF, or pharmacological inhibition of its acetyltransferase activity, down-regulates PAX3-FOXO1 levels concomitant with reduced proliferation and tumour burden in xenograft mouse models. Our studies identify a P/CAF-PAX3-FOXO1 signalling node that promotes oncogenesis and may contribute to MyoD dysfunction in ARMS. This work exemplifies the therapeutic potential of targeting chromatin-modifying enzymes to inhibit fusion oncoproteins that are a frequent event in sarcomas. Copyright © 2016 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narendra Bharathy
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Sudha Suriyamurthy
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Vinay Kumar Rao
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jin Rong Ow
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Huey Jin Lim
- Department of Pathology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Payal Chakraborty
- Bionivid Technology Pvt Ltd, 401-4 AB Cross, 1st Main, Kasturi Nagar, Bangalore, India
| | - Madavan Vasudevan
- Bionivid Technology Pvt Ltd, 401-4 AB Cross, 1st Main, Kasturi Nagar, Bangalore, India
| | | | | | - Victor Lee Kwan Min
- Department of Pathology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Tapas K Kundu
- Molecular Biology and Genetics Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Bangalore, India
| | - Reshma Taneja
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
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18
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Combined chemical-genetic approach identifies cytosolic HSP70 dependence in rhabdomyosarcoma. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:9015-20. [PMID: 27450084 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1603883113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytosolic and organelle-based heat-shock protein (HSP) chaperones ensure proper folding and function of nascent and injured polypeptides to support cell growth. Under conditions of cellular stress, including oncogenic transformation, proteostasis components maintain homeostasis and prevent apoptosis. Although this cancer-relevant function has provided a rationale for therapeutically targeting proteostasis regulators (e.g., HSP90), cancer-subtype dependencies upon particular proteostasis components are relatively undefined. Here, we show that human rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) cells, but not several other cancer cell types, depend upon heat-shock protein 70 kDA (HSP70) for survival. HSP70-targeted therapy (but not chemotherapeutic agents) promoted apoptosis in RMS cells by triggering an unfolded protein response (UPR) that induced PRKR-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase (PERK)-eukaryotic translation initiation factor α (eIF2α)-CEBP homologous protein (CHOP) signaling and CHOP-mediated cell death. Intriguingly, inhibition of only cytosolic HSP70 induced the UPR, suggesting that the essential activity of HSP70 in RMS cells lies at the endoplasmic reticulum-cytosol interface. We also found that increased CHOP mRNA in clinical specimens was a biomarker for poor outcomes in chemotherapy-treated RMS patients. The data suggest that, like human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) amplification in breast cancer, increased CHOP in RMS is a biomarker of decreased response to chemotherapy but enhanced response to targeted therapy. Our findings identify the cytosolic HSP70-UPR axis as an unexpected regulator of RMS pathogenesis, revealing HSP70-targeted therapy as a promising strategy to engage CHOP-mediated apoptosis and improve RMS treatment. Our study highlights the utility of dissecting cancer subtype-specific dependencies on proteostasis networks to uncover unanticipated cancer vulnerabilities.
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19
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Rengaswamy V, Zimmer D, Süss R, Rössler J. RGD liposome-protamine-siRNA (LPR) nanoparticles targeting PAX3-FOXO1 for alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma therapy. J Control Release 2016; 235:319-327. [PMID: 27261335 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2016.05.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2016] [Revised: 05/26/2016] [Accepted: 05/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma (ARMS) are aggressive soft tissue tumors harboring specific fusion transcripts, notably PAX3-FOXO1 (P3F). Current therapy concepts result in unsatisfactory survival rates making the search for innovative approaches necessary: targeting PAX3-FOXO1 could be a promising strategy. In this study, we developed integrin receptor-targeted Lipid-Protamine-siRNA (LPR) nanoparticles using the RGD peptide and validated target specificity as well as their post-silencing effects. We demonstrate that RGD-LPRs are specific to ARMS in vitro and in vivo. Loaded with siRNA directed against the breakpoint of P3F, these particles efficiently down regulated the fusion transcript and inhibited cell proliferation, but did not induce substantial apoptosis. In a xenograft ARMS model, LPR nanoparticles targeting P3F showed statistically significant tumor growth delay as well as inhibition of tumor initiation when injected in parallel with the tumor cells. These findings suggest that RGD-LPR targeting P3F are promising to be highly effective in the setting of minimal residual disease for ARMS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venkatesh Rengaswamy
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Doris Zimmer
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy and Freiburger, Materialforschungszentrum (FMF), University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Regine Süss
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy and Freiburger, Materialforschungszentrum (FMF), University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jochen Rössler
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany.
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20
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Unno R, Mizuno K, Ito Y, Etani T, Okada A, Kawai N, Yasui T, Saitoh S, Hayashi Y. Treatment Strategy for Pediatric Paratesticular Rhabdomyosarcoma Based on Chimeric Gene Assessment. Urology 2016; 95:187-9. [PMID: 27017905 DOI: 10.1016/j.urology.2016.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2015] [Revised: 02/24/2016] [Accepted: 03/08/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS), a malignant tumor of the soft tissue, occurs in two major subtypes: embryonal and alveolar. A majority of pediatric RMS cases involve the embryonal type and occur in the soft tissues of the head and neck or the urogenital organs, which contain paratesticular tissues. We report herein two cases of pediatric paratesticular RMS. One case was embryonal, whereas the other case was alveolar; the latter exhibited PAX7-FOXO1 gene chimerism and rapid progression. Notably, this is the first report of pediatric paratesticular pure-type alveolar RMS in Japan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rei Unno
- Department of Nephro-urology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Kentaro Mizuno
- Department of Nephro-urology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan.
| | - Yasuhiko Ito
- Department of Pediatrics and Neonatology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Toshiki Etani
- Department of Nephro-urology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Atsushi Okada
- Department of Nephro-urology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Noriyasu Kawai
- Department of Nephro-urology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Takahiro Yasui
- Department of Nephro-urology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Shinji Saitoh
- Department of Pediatrics and Neonatology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yutaro Hayashi
- Department of Nephro-urology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
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21
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The Tumorigenic Roles of the Cellular REDOX Regulatory Systems. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2015; 2016:8413032. [PMID: 26682014 PMCID: PMC4670861 DOI: 10.1155/2016/8413032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2015] [Accepted: 08/10/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The cellular REDOX regulatory systems play a central role in maintaining REDOX homeostasis that is crucial for cell integrity, survival, and proliferation. To date, a substantial amount of data has demonstrated that cancer cells typically undergo increasing oxidative stress as the tumor develops, upregulating these important antioxidant systems in order to survive, proliferate, and metastasize under these extreme oxidative stress conditions. Since a large number of chemotherapeutic agents currently used in the clinic rely on the induction of ROS overload or change of ROS quality to kill the tumor, the cancer cell REDOX adaptation represents a significant obstacle to conventional chemotherapy. In this review we will first examine the different factors that contribute to the enhanced oxidative stress generally observed within the tumor microenvironment. We will then make a comprehensive assessment of the current literature regarding the main antioxidant proteins and systems that have been shown to be positively associated with tumor progression and chemoresistance. Finally we will make an analysis of commonly used chemotherapeutic drugs that induce ROS. The current knowledge of cancer cell REDOX adaptation raises the issue of developing novel and more effective therapies for these tumors that are usually resistant to conventional ROS inducing chemotherapy.
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22
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Basma H, Ghayad SE, Rammal G, Mancinelli A, Harajly M, Ghamloush F, Dweik L, El-Eit R, Zalzali H, Rabeh W, Pisano C, Darwiche N, Saab R. The synthetic retinoid ST1926 as a novel therapeutic agent in rhabdomyosarcoma. Int J Cancer 2015; 138:1528-37. [PMID: 26453552 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.29886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Revised: 09/10/2015] [Accepted: 09/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) is the most frequent soft tissue sarcoma in children. Despite multiple attempts at intensifying chemotherapeutic approaches to treatment, only moderate improvements in survival have been made for patients with advanced disease. Retinoic acid is a differentiation agent that has shown some antitumor efficacy in RMS cells in vitro; however, the effects are of low magnitude. E-3-(4'-hydroxyl-3'-adamantylbiphenyl-4-yl) acrylic acid (ST1926) is a novel orally available synthetic atypical retinoid, shown to have more potent activity than retinoic acid in several types of cancer cells. We used in vitro and in vivo models of RMS to explore the efficacy of ST1926 as a possible therapeutic agent in this sarcoma. We found that ST1926 reduced RMS cell viability in all tested alveolar (ARMS) and embryonal (ERMS) RMS cell lines, at readily achievable micromolar concentrations in mice. ST1926 induced an early DNA damage response (DDR), which led to increase in apoptosis, in addition to S-phase cell cycle arrest and a reduction in protein levels of the cell cycle kinase CDK1. Effects were irrespective of TP53 mutational status. Interestingly, in ARMS cells, ST1926 treatment decreased PAX3-FOXO1 fusion oncoprotein levels, and this suppression occurred at a post-transcriptional level. In vivo, ST1926 was effective in inhibiting growth of ARMS and ERMS xenografts, and induced a prominent DDR. We conclude that ST1926 has preclinical efficacy against RMS, and should be further developed in this disease in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hussein Basma
- Children's Cancer Institute, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Sandra E Ghayad
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, EDST, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Ghina Rammal
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, EDST, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Angelo Mancinelli
- Medicinal Investigational Research, Biogem Research Institute, Ariano Irpino, Italy
| | - Mohammad Harajly
- Children's Cancer Institute, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Farah Ghamloush
- Children's Cancer Institute, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Loai Dweik
- Children's Cancer Institute, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Rabab El-Eit
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiology, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Hassan Zalzali
- Children's Cancer Institute, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Wissam Rabeh
- Children's Cancer Institute, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Claudio Pisano
- Medicinal Investigational Research, Biogem Research Institute, Ariano Irpino, Italy
| | - Nadine Darwiche
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Raya Saab
- Children's Cancer Institute, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon.,Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiology, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
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23
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Olanich ME, Sun W, Hewitt SM, Abdullaev Z, Pack SD, Barr FG. CDK4 Amplification Reduces Sensitivity to CDK4/6 Inhibition in Fusion-Positive Rhabdomyosarcoma. Clin Cancer Res 2015; 21:4947-59. [PMID: 25810375 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-14-2955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2014] [Accepted: 03/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) is the most common pediatric soft tissue sarcoma and includes a PAX3- or PAX7-FOXO1 fusion-positive subtype. Amplification of chromosomal region 12q13-q14, which contains the CDK4 proto-oncogene, was identified in an aggressive subset of fusion-positive RMS. CDK4/6 inhibitors have antiproliferative activity in CDK4-amplified liposarcoma and neuroblastoma, suggesting CDK4/6 inhibition as a potential therapeutic strategy in fusion-positive RMS. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We examined the biologic consequences of CDK4 knockdown, CDK4 overexpression, and pharmacologic CDK4/6 inhibition by LEE011 in fusion-positive RMS cell lines and xenografts. RESULTS Knockdown of CDK4 abrogated proliferation and transformation of 12q13-14-amplified and nonamplified fusion-positive RMS cells via G1-phase cell-cycle arrest. This arrest was mediated by reduced RB phosphorylation and E2F-responsive gene expression. Significant differences in E2F target expression, cell-cycle distribution, proliferation, or transformation were not observed in RMS cells overexpressing CDK4. Treatment with LEE011 phenocopied CDK4 knockdown, decreasing viability, RB phosphorylation, and E2F-responsive gene expression and inducing G1-phase cell-cycle arrest. Although all fusion-positive cell lines showed sensitivity to CDK4/6 inhibition, there was diminished sensitivity associated with CDK4 amplification and overexpression. This variable responsiveness to LEE011 was recapitulated in xenograft models of CDK4-amplified and nonamplified fusion-positive RMS. CONCLUSIONS Our data demonstrate that CDK4 is necessary but overexpression is not sufficient for RB-E2F-mediated G1-phase cell-cycle progression, proliferation, and transformation in fusion-positive RMS. Our studies indicate that LEE011 is active in the setting of fusion-positive RMS and suggest that low CDK4-expressing fusion-positive tumors may be particularly susceptible to CDK4/6 inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary E Olanich
- Cancer Molecular Pathology Section, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Wenyue Sun
- Cancer Molecular Pathology Section, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Stephen M Hewitt
- Tissue Array Research Program and Applied Molecular Pathology Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Zied Abdullaev
- Chromosome Pathology Unit, Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Svetlana D Pack
- Chromosome Pathology Unit, Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Frederic G Barr
- Cancer Molecular Pathology Section, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland.
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Thalhammer V, Lopez-Garcia LA, Herrero-Martin D, Hecker R, Laubscher D, Gierisch ME, Wachtel M, Bode P, Nanni P, Blank B, Koscielniak E, Schäfer BW. PLK1 phosphorylates PAX3-FOXO1, the inhibition of which triggers regression of alveolar Rhabdomyosarcoma. Cancer Res 2015; 75:98-110. [PMID: 25398439 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-14-1246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Pediatric tumors harbor very low numbers of somatic mutations and therefore offer few targets to improve therapeutic management with targeted drugs. In particular, outcomes remain dismal for patients with metastatic alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma (aRMS), where the chimeric transcription factor PAX3/7-FOXO1 has been implicated but problematic to target. In this report, we addressed this challenge by developing a two-armed screen for druggable upstream regulatory kinases in the PAX3/7-FOXO1 pathway. Screening libraries of kinome siRNA and small molecules, we defined PLK1 as an upstream-acting regulator. Mechanistically, PLK1 interacted with and phosphorylated PAX3-FOXO1 at the novel site S503, leading to protein stabilization. Notably, PLK1 inhibition led to elevated ubiquitination and rapid proteasomal degradation of the PAX3-FOXO1 chimeric oncoprotein. On this basis, we embarked on a preclinical validation of PLK1 as a target in a xenograft mouse model of aRMS, where the PLK1 inhibitor BI 2536 reduced PAX3-FOXO1-mediated gene expression and elicited tumor regression. Clinically, analysis of human aRMS tumor biopsies documented high PLK1 expression to offer prognostic significance for both event-free survival and overall survival. Taken together, these preclinical studies validate the PLK1-PAX3-FOXO1 axis as a rational target to treat aRMS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verena Thalhammer
- Department of Oncology and Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Laura A Lopez-Garcia
- Department of Oncology and Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - David Herrero-Martin
- Department of Oncology and Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Regina Hecker
- Department of Oncology and Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Dominik Laubscher
- Department of Oncology and Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Maria E Gierisch
- Department of Oncology and Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Marco Wachtel
- Department of Oncology and Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Peter Bode
- Department of Surgical Pathology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Paolo Nanni
- Functional Genomics Center Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Bernd Blank
- Department of Oncology/Hematology/Immunology, Olgahospital, Klinikum Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Ewa Koscielniak
- Department of Oncology/Hematology/Immunology, Olgahospital, Klinikum Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Beat W Schäfer
- Department of Oncology and Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
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25
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Hameed M. Molecular diagnosis of soft tissue neoplasia: clinical applications and recent advances. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2014; 14:961-77. [PMID: 25109831 DOI: 10.1586/14737159.2014.946909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Sarcomas are rare and heterogeneous neoplasms of mesenchymal tissues with diverse morphologies and clinical behavior. In the last few years, the discovery of specific genetic aberrations in these tumors has allowed better classification and understanding of mechanisms driving their pathogenesis. While the majority of sarcomas are still treated by traditional modalities, molecular markers driving the pathogenesis have paved the way for more accurate diagnosis and opportunity to explore other therapeutic strategies. This review discusses the available molecular tools in sarcoma diagnostics and highlight some of the biological significance of the recent discoveries and their clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meera Hameed
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
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26
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Gorrini C, Harris IS, Mak TW. Modulation of oxidative stress as an anticancer strategy. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2014; 12:931-47. [PMID: 24287781 DOI: 10.1038/nrd4002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2382] [Impact Index Per Article: 238.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The regulation of oxidative stress is an important factor in both tumour development and responses to anticancer therapies. Many signalling pathways that are linked to tumorigenesis can also regulate the metabolism of reactive oxygen species (ROS) through direct or indirect mechanisms. High ROS levels are generally detrimental to cells, and the redox status of cancer cells usually differs from that of normal cells. Because of metabolic and signalling aberrations, cancer cells exhibit elevated ROS levels. The observation that this is balanced by an increased antioxidant capacity suggests that high ROS levels may constitute a barrier to tumorigenesis. However, ROS can also promote tumour formation by inducing DNA mutations and pro-oncogenic signalling pathways. These contradictory effects have important implications for potential anticancer strategies that aim to modulate levels of ROS. In this Review, we address the controversial role of ROS in tumour development and in responses to anticancer therapies, and elaborate on the idea that targeting the antioxidant capacity of tumour cells can have a positive therapeutic impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Gorrini
- 1] The Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research, University Health Network, 620 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2C1, Canada. [2]
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27
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Faggi F, Mitola S, Sorci G, Riuzzi F, Donato R, Codenotti S, Poliani PL, Cominelli M, Vescovi R, Rossi S, Calza S, Colombi M, Penna F, Costelli P, Perini I, Sampaolesi M, Monti E, Fanzani A. Phosphocaveolin-1 enforces tumor growth and chemoresistance in rhabdomyosarcoma. PLoS One 2014; 9:e84618. [PMID: 24427291 PMCID: PMC3888403 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0084618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2013] [Accepted: 11/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Caveolin-1 (Cav-1) can ambiguously behave as either tumor suppressor or oncogene depending on its phosphorylation state and the type of cancer. In this study we show that Cav-1 was phosphorylated on tyrosine 14 (pCav-1) by Src-kinase family members in various human cell lines and primary mouse cultures of rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS), the most frequent soft-tissue sarcoma affecting childhood. Cav-1 overexpression in the human embryonal RD or alveolar RH30 cells yielded increased pCav-1 levels and reinforced the phosphorylation state of either ERK or AKT kinase, respectively, in turn enhancing in vitro cell proliferation, migration, invasiveness and chemoresistance. In contrast, reducing the pCav-1 levels by administration of a Src-kinase inhibitor or through targeted Cav-1 silencing counteracted the malignant in vitro phenotype of RMS cells. Consistent with these results, xenotransplantation of Cav-1 overexpressing RD cells into nude mice resulted in substantial tumor growth in comparison to control cells. Taken together, these data point to pCav-1 as an important and therapeutically valuable target for overcoming the progression and multidrug resistance of RMS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiorella Faggi
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
- Interuniversity Institute of Myology (IIM), Italy
| | - Stefania Mitola
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Guglielmo Sorci
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Biochemical Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
- Interuniversity Institute of Myology (IIM), Italy
| | - Francesca Riuzzi
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Biochemical Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
- Interuniversity Institute of Myology (IIM), Italy
| | - Rosario Donato
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Biochemical Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
- Interuniversity Institute of Myology (IIM), Italy
| | - Silvia Codenotti
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
- Interuniversity Institute of Myology (IIM), Italy
| | - Pietro Luigi Poliani
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Manuela Cominelli
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Raffaella Vescovi
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Stefania Rossi
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Stefano Calza
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Marina Colombi
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Fabio Penna
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Oncology, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
- Interuniversity Institute of Myology (IIM), Italy
| | - Paola Costelli
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Oncology, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
- Interuniversity Institute of Myology (IIM), Italy
| | - Ilaria Perini
- Stem Cell Research Institute, University Hospital Gasthuisberg, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Maurilio Sampaolesi
- Stem Cell Research Institute, University Hospital Gasthuisberg, Leuven, Belgium
- Human Anatomy Section, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
- Interuniversity Institute of Myology (IIM), Italy
| | - Eugenio Monti
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Alessandro Fanzani
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
- Interuniversity Institute of Myology (IIM), Italy
- * E-mail:
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28
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Brodeur GM, Iyer R, Croucher JL, Zhuang T, Higashi M, Kolla V. Therapeutic targets for neuroblastomas. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2014; 18:277-92. [PMID: 24387342 DOI: 10.1517/14728222.2014.867946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Neuroblastoma (NB) is the most common and deadly solid tumor in children. Despite recent improvements, the long-term outlook for high-risk NB is still < 50%. Further, there is considerable short- and long-term toxicity. More effective, less toxic therapy is needed, and the development of targeted therapies offers great promise. AREAS COVERED Relevant literature was reviewed to identify current and future therapeutic targets that are critical to malignant transformation and progression of NB. The potential or actual NB therapeutic targets are classified into four categories: i) genes activated by amplification, mutation, translocation or autocrine overexpression; ii) genes inactivated by deletion, mutation or epigenetic silencing; iii) membrane-associated genes expressed on most NBs but few other tissues; or iv) common target genes relevant to NB as well as other tumors. EXPERT OPINION Therapeutic approaches have been developed to some of these targets, but many remain untargeted at the present time. It is unlikely that single targeted agents will be sufficient for long-term cure, at least for high-risk NBs. The challenge will be how to integrate targeted agents with each other and with conventional therapy to enhance their efficacy, while simultaneously reducing systemic toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garrett M Brodeur
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Division of Oncology , CTRB Rm. 3018, 3501 Civic Center Blvd., Philadelphia, PA 19104-4302 , USA +1 215 590 2817 ; +1 215 590 3770 ;
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