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Thoma G, Miltz W, Srinivas H, Penno CA, Kiffe M, Gajewska M, Klein K, Evans A, Beerli C, Röhn TA. Structure-Guided Elaboration of a Fragment-Like Hit into an Orally Efficacious Leukotriene A4 Hydrolase Inhibitor. J Med Chem 2024. [PMID: 38476002 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.4c00290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
Leukotriene A4 hydrolase (LTA4H) is the final and rate-limiting enzyme in the biosynthesis of pro-inflammatory leukotriene B4 (LTB4). Preclinical studies have provided strong evidence that LTA4H is an attractive drug target for the treatment of chronic inflammatory diseases. Here, we describe the transformation of compound 2, a fragment-like hit, into the potent inhibitor of LTA4H 3. Our strategy involved two key steps. First, we aimed to increase the polarity of fragment 2 to improve its drug-likeness, particularly its solubility, while preserving both its promising potency and low molecular weight. Second, we utilized structural information and incorporated a basic amino function, which allowed for the formation of an essential hydrogen bond with Q136 of LTA4H and consequently enhanced the potency. Compound 3 exhibited exceptional selectivity and showed oral efficacy in a KRN passive serum-induced arthritis model in mice. The anticipated human dose to achieve 90% target engagement at the trough concentration was determined to be 40 mg administered once daily.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gebhard Thoma
- Global Discovery Chemistry, Biomedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, 4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Wolfgang Miltz
- Global Discovery Chemistry, Biomedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, 4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Honnappa Srinivas
- Discovery Sciences, Biomedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, 4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Carlos A Penno
- Discovery Sciences, Biomedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, 4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Michael Kiffe
- PK Sciences, Biomedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, 4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Monika Gajewska
- PK Sciences, Biomedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, 4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Kai Klein
- PK Sciences, Biomedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, 4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Amanda Evans
- Immunology Disease Area, Biomedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, 4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Christian Beerli
- Immunology Disease Area, Biomedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, 4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Till A Röhn
- Immunology Disease Area, Biomedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, 4002 Basel, Switzerland
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2
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Xin Y, Xiong S, Zhou L, Lin X. Activation of leukotriene B 4 receptor 1 is a prerequisite for complement receptor 3-mediated antifungal responses of neutrophils. Cell Mol Immunol 2024; 21:245-259. [PMID: 38297112 PMCID: PMC10901876 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-024-01130-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Invasive fungal infections are life-threatening, and neutrophils are vital cells of the innate immune system that defend against them. The role of LTA4H-LTB4-BLT1 axis in regulation of neutrophil responses to fungal infection remains poorly understood. Here, we demonstrated that the LTA4H-LTB4-BLT1 axis protects the host against Candida albicans and Aspergillus fumigatus, but not Cryptococcus neoformans infection, by regulating the antifungal activity of neutrophils. Our results show that deleting Lta4h or Blt1 substantially impairs the fungal-specific phagocytic capacity of neutrophils. Moreover, defective activation of the spleen tyrosine kinase (Syk) and extracellular signal-related kinase (ERK1/2) pathways in neutrophils accompanies this impairment. Mechanistically, BLT1 regulates CR3-mediated, β-1,3-glucan-induced neutrophil phagocytosis, while a physical interaction with CR3 with slight influence on its dynamics is observed. Our findings thus demonstrate that the LTA4H-LTB4-BLT1 axis is essential for the phagocytic function of neutrophils in host antifungal immune response against Candida albicans and Aspergillus fumigatus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Xin
- Institute for Immunology and School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China
- Tsinghua University-Peking University Center for Life Sciences, 100084, Beijing, China
| | - Sihan Xiong
- Institute for Immunology and School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China
| | - Linghong Zhou
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Biosafety Emergency Response, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Xin Lin
- Institute for Immunology and School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China.
- Tsinghua University-Peking University Center for Life Sciences, 100084, Beijing, China.
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3
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Thoma G, Markert C, Lueoend R, Miltz W, Spanka C, Bollbuck B, Wolf RM, Srinivas H, Penno CA, Kiffe M, Gajewska M, Bednarczyk D, Wieczorek G, Evans A, Beerli C, Röhn TA. Discovery of Amino Alcohols as Highly Potent, Selective, and Orally Efficacious Inhibitors of Leukotriene A4 Hydrolase. J Med Chem 2023; 66:16410-16425. [PMID: 38015154 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c01866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
The discovery of chiral amino alcohols derived from our previously disclosed clinical LTA4H inhibitor LYS006 is described. In a biochemical assay, their optical antipodes showed similar potencies, which could be rationalized by the cocrystal structures of these compounds bound to LTA4H. Despite comparable stabilities in liver microsomes, they showed distinct in vivo PK properties. Selective O-phosphorylation of the (R)-enantiomers in blood led to clearance values above the hepatic blood flow, whereas the (S)-enantiomers were unaffected and exhibited satisfactory metabolic stabilities in vivo. Introduction of two pyrazole rings led to compound (S)-2 with a more balanced distribution of polarity across the molecule, exhibiting high selectivity and excellent potency in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, compound (S)-2 showed favorable profiles in 16-week IND-enabling toxicology studies in dogs and rats. Based on allometric scaling and potency in whole blood, compound (S)-2 has the potential for a low oral efficacious dose administered once daily.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gebhard Thoma
- Global Discovery Chemistry, Biomedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, 4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Christian Markert
- Global Discovery Chemistry, Biomedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, 4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Rainer Lueoend
- Global Discovery Chemistry, Biomedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, 4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Wolfgang Miltz
- Global Discovery Chemistry, Biomedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, 4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Carsten Spanka
- Global Discovery Chemistry, Biomedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, 4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Birgit Bollbuck
- Global Discovery Chemistry, Biomedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, 4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Romain M Wolf
- Global Discovery Chemistry, Biomedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, 4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Honnappa Srinivas
- Chemical Biology & Therapeutics, Biomedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, 4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Carlos A Penno
- Chemical Biology & Therapeutics, Biomedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, 4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Michael Kiffe
- PK Sciences, Biomedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, 4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Monika Gajewska
- PK Sciences, Biomedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, 4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Dallas Bednarczyk
- Discovery & Translational Lab, Biomedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, 250 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Grazyna Wieczorek
- Immunology Disease Area, Biomedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, 4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Amanda Evans
- Immunology Disease Area, Biomedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, 4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Christian Beerli
- Immunology Disease Area, Biomedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, 4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Till A Röhn
- Immunology Disease Area, Biomedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, 4002 Basel, Switzerland
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Yu CM, Wang Y, Ren SC, Liu ZL, Zhu CL, Liu Q, Li HR, Sun CY, Sun XY, Xie J, Wang JF, Deng XM. Caffeic acid modulates activation of neutrophils and attenuates sepsis-induced organ injury by inhibiting 5-LOX/LTB4 pathway. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 125:111143. [PMID: 37913569 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.111143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sepsis is a critical systemic inflammatory syndrome which usually leads to multiple organ dysfunction. Caffeic acid (CA), a phenolic compound derived from various plants, has been proved to be essential in neuroprotection, but its role in septic organ damage is unclear. This research aimed to investigate whether CA protects against organ injury in a mouse model of cecal ligation and puncture (CLP). METHODS CA (30 mg/kg) or vehicle was administered by intraperitoneal injection immediately after CLP. The samples of blood, lungs, and livers were collected 24 h later. Organ injury was assessed by histopathological examination (HE staining), neutrophil infiltration (myeloperoxidase fluorescence), oxidative stress levels (MDA, SOD, HO-1), and inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6) release in lung and liver tissues. Neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) formation was analyzed by immunofluorescence. In vitro experiments were performed to investigate the potential mechanisms of CA using small interfering RNA (siRNA) techniques in neutrophils, and the effect of CA on neutrophil apoptosis was analyzed by flow cytometry. RESULTS Results showed that CA treatment improved the 7-day survival rate and attenuated the histopathological injury in the lung and liver of CLP mice. CA significantly reduced neutrophil infiltration in the lungs and livers of CLP mice. TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6 and LTB4 were reduced in serum, lung, and liver of CA-treated CLP mice, and phosphorylation of MAPK (p38, ERK, JNK) and p65 NF-κB was inhibited in lungs and livers. CA treatment further increased HO-1 levels and enhanced superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, but reduced malondialdehyde (MDA) levels and NET formation. Similarly, in vitro experiments showed that CA treatment and 5-LOX siRNA interference inhibited inflammatory activation and NET release in neutrophils, suppressed MAPK and NF-κB phosphorylation in LPS-treated neutrophils, and decreased LTB4 and cfDNA levels. Flow cytometric analysis revealed that CA treatment reversed LPS-mediated delayed apoptosis in human neutrophils, and Western blot also indicated that CA treatment inhibited Bcl-2 expression but increased Bax expression. CA treatment did not induce further changes in neutrophil apoptosis, inflammatory activation, and NET release when 5-LOX was knocked down by siRNA interference. CONCLUSIONS CA has a protective effect on lung and liver injury in a murine model of sepsis, which may be related to inhibition of the 5-LOX/LTB4 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Meng Yu
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China; Faculty of Anesthesiology, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Wang
- Faculty of Anesthesiology, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Shi-Chun Ren
- Faculty of Anesthesiology, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi-Li Liu
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China; Faculty of Anesthesiology, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Cheng-Long Zhu
- Faculty of Anesthesiology, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiang Liu
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China; Faculty of Anesthesiology, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui-Ru Li
- Faculty of Anesthesiology, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China; Faculty of Anesthesiology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Chen-Yan Sun
- Faculty of Anesthesiology, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Yang Sun
- Faculty of Anesthesiology, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China; Faculty of Anesthesiology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Xie
- Faculty of Anesthesiology, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Jia-Feng Wang
- Faculty of Anesthesiology, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xiao-Ming Deng
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China; Faculty of Anesthesiology, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China; Faculty of Anesthesiology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong Province, People's Republic of China.
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5
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Zhang J, Wang MG, He JQ. Association between a single nucleotide polymorphism of the ALOX5 gene and susceptibility to multisystem tuberculosis in a Chinese Han population. Microb Pathog 2023; 183:106289. [PMID: 37567324 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2023.106289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Revised: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Host genetic single nucleotide polymorphisms can exert an influence susceptibility to tuberculosis infection. Previous investigations have demonstrated an association between the polymorphism in the ALOX5 gene and a range of diseases, encompassing not only noninfectious conditions like asthma, acute myocardial infarction, and cerebral infarction but also infections caused by various pathogens. However, the relationship between ALOX5 gene polymorphism and susceptibility to tuberculosis has received limited research attention. The ALOX5 gene encodes arachidonic acid 5-lipoxygenase(5-LO), which serves as the initiating catalyst in the generation of the inflammatory mediator leukotriene. Leukotrienes, products derived from the 5-LO pathway, are potent proinflammatory lipid mediators that assume a pivotal role in tuberculosis infections.Consequently, ALOX5 gene variants may be intricately associated with the pathogenesis of tuberculosis. In instances where the host exhibits immunocompromisation, infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis can impact multiple systems. The involvement of multiple systems significantly augments the complexity of treatment and escalates patient mortality rates. Regrettably, the underlying mechanisms driving multisystem tuberculosis pathogenesis remain enigmatic, with clinicians paying scant attention to this aspect. Although the protein encoded by the ALOX5 gene represents a pivotal enzyme that catalyzes the metabolism of arachidonic acid into LXA4, and thereby plays a significant role in the inflammatory response during tuberculosis infection, studies investigating ALOX5 gene polymorphism and its association with susceptibility to multisystem tuberculosis in the Chinese Han population are exceptionally scarce. Therefore, the primary objective of this study is to comprehensively examine the correlation between ALOX5 gene polymorphisms and susceptibility to tuberculosis within the Chinese Han population, with particular emphasis on multisystemic tuberculosis. METHODS A case‒control study design was employed, encompassing 382 individuals with pulmonary tuberculosis and 367 individuals with multisystemic tuberculosis as the case groups, along with 577 healthy controls.Whole blood DNA was extracted from all patients and healthy controls. Subsequently, three tag polymorphisms (rs2029253, rs7896431, rs2115819) within the ALOX5 gene were selectively identified and genotyped. RESULTS After adjusting for age and sex, the presence of allele A at rs2029253 exhibited a pronounced association with an elevated risk of TB susceptibility when compared to the tuberculosis group and healthy control group. (ORa: 2.174, 95% CI: 1.827-2.587; Pa<0.001, respectively). Notably, the rs2029253 AG genotype and AA genotype displayed a significantly increased susceptibility to tuberculosis (ORa: 2.236, 95% CI: 1.769-2.825; Pa <0.001 and ORa: 4.577, 95% CI: 2.950-7.100; Pa <0.001, respectively) compared to the GG genotype. Moreover, in the analysis utilizing genetic models, rs2029253 also exhibited a markedly heightened susceptibility to tuberculosis in additive models, dominant models, and recessive models (Pa <0.001). Conversely, no significant association was observed between rs7896431, rs2115819, and tuberculosis. In the subgroup analysis, when comparing the pulmonary tuberculosis group with the healthy control group, we observed no significant disparities in the distribution frequencies of alleles, genotypes, and gene models (additive model, dominant model, and recessive model) for the three tag SNPs, with P-values were >0.05 after adjusting for age and sex. Additionally, we noted that the presence of allele A at rs2029253 was linked to an increased susceptibility to tuberculosis in the multisystemic tuberculosis group relative to the healthy control group (ORa: 2.292, 95% CI: 1.870-2.810; Pa<0.001). Similarly, the rs2029253 AG genotype, AA genotype, and gene models, including the additive model, dominant model, and recessive model, demonstrated a significantly elevated risk of tuberculosis susceptibility. CONCLUSIONS The polymorphism in the ALOX5 gene is associated with susceptibility to multisystemic tuberculosis in the Chinese Han population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Zhang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, No.37, Guo Xue Alley, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan Province, People's Republic of China; Intensive Care Unit, Deyang People's Hospital, No 173, North Taishan Road, Deyang, 618000, Sichuan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Ming-Gui Wang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, No.37, Guo Xue Alley, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian-Qing He
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, No.37, Guo Xue Alley, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan Province, People's Republic of China.
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6
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Zhang C, Ouyang L, Zhang X, Wen W, Xu Y, Li S, Li Y, He F, Liu W, Liu H. Anaphylactoid reactions induced by Shuanghuanglian injection and Shenmai injection and metabolomics analysis. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1200199. [PMID: 37484014 PMCID: PMC10358984 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1200199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Shuanghuanglian injection (lyophilized) (SHLI) is commonly used to treat respiratory tract infection. Shenmai injection (SMI) is mainly used to treat cardiovascular diseases. Despite their widespread clinical use, anaphylactoid reactions (ARs) induced by SHLI and SMI have been reported, which have attracted broad attention. However, the impact of ARs on metabolic changes and the underlying mechanisms are still unclear. Methods: ICR mice were used as model animals and were treated with normal saline, C48/80, SHLI and SMI, respectively. The behavior of mice, auricle blue staining and Evans Blue exudation were used as indexes to evaluate the sensitization of SHLI and SMI and determine the optimal sensitization dose. Anaphylactoid mice model was established based on the optimal dose and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to model verification. Afterwards, plasma samples of administered mice were profiled by LC-MS metabolomics and analyzed to evaluate the changes in metabolites. Results: High doses of both SHLI and SMI can induce severe anaphylactoid reactions while the reaction induced by SMI was weaker. A Partial Least-Squares Discriminant Analysis (PLS-DA) score plot indicated that following administration, significant metabolic changes occurred in mice. 23 distinct metabolites, including deoxycholic acid, histamine, and 5-hydroxytryptophan, were identified in the SHLI groups. 11 distinct metabolites, including androsterone, 17α-hydroxypregnenolone, and 5-hydroxyindoleacetate, were identified in the SMI groups. Meanwhile, different metabolic pathways of SHLI and SMI were predicted by different metabolites. The associated metabolic pathways include steroid hormone biosynthesis, tryptophan metabolism, histidine metabolism, arachidonic acid metabolism, nicotinate and nicotinamide metabolism, and primary bile acid biosynthesis. Conclusion: Study showed that both SHLI and SMI can induce varying degrees of anaphylactoid reactions, a positive correlation between response intensity and dose was observed. Metabolomics showed that SHLI and SMI may promote the simultaneous release of hormones and inflammatory factors by disturbing relevant metabolic pathways, while SMI may also inhibit the release of inflammatory factors in arachidonic acid metabolic pathway, indicating both pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory effects. This study will serve as a reference for developing a new approach to evaluate the safety of SHLI and SMI from perspective of susceptible drug varieties. However, ARs mechanism requires further verification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi Zhang
- The First Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China
| | - Linqi Ouyang
- The First Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China
| | - Xili Zhang
- The First Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China
| | - Wen Wen
- The First Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China
| | - Yuqin Xu
- The First Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China
| | - Shan Li
- The First Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China
| | - Yingyu Li
- The First Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China
| | - Fuyuan He
- The First Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China
| | - Wenlong Liu
- The First Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China
| | - Hongyu Liu
- The First Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China
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El-Ashmawy NE, Khedr EG, Khedr NF, El-Adawy SA. Suppression of epithelial-mesenchymal transition and SIRT1/AKT signaling pathway in breast cancer by montelukast. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 119:110148. [PMID: 37044036 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.110148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Breast cancer is usually associated with metastatic features, poor prognosis, and high mortality. The epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) process has been implicated in the initiation and metastasis of breast cancer. OBJECTIVE The study aimed to investigate the possible role of montelukast (Mont), the cysteinyl leukotriene receptor (CystLT1R) antagonist, in mitigating EMT in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) (in vitro study) and solid Ehrlich carcinoma (SEC) bearing mice (in vivo study) as well as to clarify the underlying molecular mechanisms in the presence and absence of sirtuin-1 inhibitor (sirtinol; Sirt). METHODS TNBC MDA-MB-231 cells were treated with either 5 μM Mont or 25 μM Sirt or both for 48 h. Alternatively, SEC cells were inoculated in mice to induce breast cancer. After 12 days, the mice were divided into four groups: Untreated SEC group (vehicle), Sirt group (1 mg/kg), Mont group (10 mg/kg), and cotreatment Sirt/Mont group. The mice groups received the assigned treatment for the consequent 16 days. RESULTS Mont and/or Sirt decreased cell proliferation, migration and suppressed EMT in both in vitro and in vivo experiments. All treatments downregulated sirtuin-1 and vimentin expression but upregulated E-cadherin expression. Furthermore, all treatments retarded angiogenesis as evidenced by decreased VEGF expression. These findings were associated with suppressing active protein kinase B (p-AKT). CONCLUSION Cotreatment with Sirt and Mont proved more effective anti-tumor activity in TNBC cell line and in SEC bearing mice than either treatment alone, which could be attributed to the inhibition of sirtuin-1 and AKT- activated pathways, with the subsequent inhibition of EMT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nahla E El-Ashmawy
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, 31527, Egypt
| | - Eman G Khedr
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, 31527, Egypt
| | - Naglaa F Khedr
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, 31527, Egypt
| | - Samar A El-Adawy
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, 31527, Egypt.
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Neuroinflammation, Energy and Sphingolipid Metabolism Biomarkers Are Revealed by Metabolic Modeling of Autistic Brains. Biomedicines 2023; 11:biomedicines11020583. [PMID: 36831124 PMCID: PMC9953696 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11020583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2023] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are a heterogeneous group of neurodevelopmental disorders generally characterized by repetitive behaviors and difficulties in communication and social behavior. Despite its heterogeneous nature, several metabolic dysregulations are prevalent in individuals with ASD. This work aims to understand ASD brain metabolism by constructing an ASD-specific prefrontal cortex genome-scale metabolic model (GEM) using transcriptomics data to decipher novel neuroinflammatory biomarkers. The healthy and ASD-specific models are compared via uniform sampling to identify ASD-exclusive metabolic features. Noticeably, the results of our simulations and those found in the literature are comparable, supporting the accuracy of our reconstructed ASD model. We identified that several oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and inflammatory markers are elevated in ASD. While oxidative phosphorylation fluxes were similar for healthy and ASD-specific models, and the fluxes through the pathway were nearly undisturbed, the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) fluxes indicated disruptions in the pathway. Similarly, the secretions of mitochondrial dysfunction markers such as pyruvate are found to be higher, as well as the activities of oxidative stress marker enzymes like alanine and aspartate aminotransferases (ALT and AST) and glutathione-disulfide reductase (GSR). We also detected abnormalities in the sphingolipid metabolism, which has been implicated in many inflammatory and immune processes, but its relationship with ASD has not been thoroughly explored in the existing literature. We suggest that important sphingolipid metabolites, such as sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P), ceramide, and glucosylceramide, may be promising biomarkers for the diagnosis of ASD and provide an opportunity for the adoption of early intervention for young children.
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The Role of G Protein-Coupled Receptor Kinase 6 Regulation in Inflammation and Pain. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232415880. [PMID: 36555521 PMCID: PMC9784940 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232415880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The G protein-coupled receptor kinase 6 is associated with inflammation and pathological pain. Impairment of GRK6 expression was described in chronic inflammatory diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis and this was shown to be accompanied by an imbalance of downstream signaling pathways. Here, we discuss novel aspects of GRK6 interaction and its impact upon hyperalgesia and inflammatory processes. In this review, we compile important findings concerning GRK6 regulation for a better pathophysiological understanding of the intracellular interaction in the context of inflammation and show clinical implications-for example, the identification of possible therapy goals in the treatment of chronic inflammatory hyperalgesia.
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10
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Sun Y, Cheng G, Du L, Gan Y, Li B, Yan S, Shao M, Jin H, Li S. Chuanzhitongluo capsule ameliorates microcirculatory dysfunction in rats: Efficacy evaluation and metabolic profiles. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:1011333. [PMID: 36278210 PMCID: PMC9585327 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.1011333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Ischemic stroke is a leading cause of mortality and disability worldwide. Microcirculatory dysfunction is the foremost hindrance for a good clinical prognosis in ischemic stroke patients. Clinical researches show that Chuanzhitongluo capsule (CZTL) has a curative effect during the recovery period of ischemic stroke, which contributes to a good prognosis. However, it is not known whether CZTL treats ischemic stroke by ameliorating microcirculation dysfunction. Objective: In this study, we investigated the influence of CZTL on microcirculation and its underlying mechanism. Methods: A rat model of acute microcirculatory dysfunction was established by stimuli of adrenaline and ice water. The microcirculatory damage in model rats and the efficacy of CZTL were assessed by detecting laser speckle contrast imaging, coagulation function, hemorheology, vasomotor factor and microcirculation function. The potential mechanism of CZTL action was explored by the untargeted metabolomic analysis based on ultra-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole-time of flight-mass spectrometry. Results: Laser speckle contrast imaging showed that model rats suffered low perfusion in ears, feet and tails, and CZTL treatment increased microcirculatory blood flow. Coagulation function detection results showed that CZTL diminished the reduction of thrombin time, prothrombin time, activated partial thromboplastin time and the elevated fibrinogen level caused by acute microcirculatory dysfunction. Furthermore, CZTL could recover the increased blood viscosity as well as the abnormal vasomotor and microcirculation function in rats with acute microcirculatory dysfunction. Metabolomics analysis indicated that CZTL might regulate sphingolipid metabolism and arachidonic acid metabolism to exert protective effects on microcirculation. Conclusion: These results elucidated that CZTL was highly effective against microcirculatory dysfunction and its potential mechanisms related with the modulation of sphingolipid and arachidonic acid metabolic pathways. The present study provided a new perspective on the clinical application of CZTL, and it contribute to explore novel therapeutic drug against microcirculatory dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanfang Sun
- The Second Clinical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- State Key Laboratory of Dampness Syndrome of Chinese Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guoliang Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Generic Manufacture Technology of Chinese Traditional Medicine, Lunan Pharmaceutical Group Co.,Ltd, Linyi, China
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Lijing Du
- The Second Clinical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- State Key Laboratory of Dampness Syndrome of Chinese Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yu Gan
- The Second Clinical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Dampness Syndrome of Chinese Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bing Li
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- State Key Laboratory of Generic Manufacture Technology of Chinese Traditional Medicine, Lunan Pharmaceutical Group Co.,Ltd, Linyi, China
| | - Shikai Yan
- The Second Clinical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- State Key Laboratory of Generic Manufacture Technology of Chinese Traditional Medicine, Lunan Pharmaceutical Group Co.,Ltd, Linyi, China
| | - Mingguo Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Generic Manufacture Technology of Chinese Traditional Medicine, Lunan Pharmaceutical Group Co.,Ltd, Linyi, China
- *Correspondence: Mingguo Shao, ; Shasha Li,
| | - Huizi Jin
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- State Key Laboratory of Generic Manufacture Technology of Chinese Traditional Medicine, Lunan Pharmaceutical Group Co.,Ltd, Linyi, China
| | - Shasha Li
- The Second Clinical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Dampness Syndrome of Chinese Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Mingguo Shao, ; Shasha Li,
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11
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An inhibitor of leukotriene-A 4 hydrolase from bat salivary glands facilitates virus infection. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2110647119. [PMID: 35238649 PMCID: PMC8915838 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2110647119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
SignificanceAn immunosuppressant protein (MTX), which facilitates virus infection by inhibiting leukotriene A4 hydrolase (LTA4H) to produce the lipid chemoattractant leukotriene B4 (LTB4), was identified and characterized from the submandibular salivary glands of the bat Myotis pilosus. To the best of our knowledge, this is a report of an endogenous LTA4H inhibitor in animals. MTX was highly concentrated in the bat salivary glands, suggesting a mechanism for the generation of immunological privilege and immune tolerance and providing evidence of viral shedding through oral secretions. Moreover, given that the immunosuppressant MTX selectively inhibited the proinflammatory activity of LTA4H, without affecting its antiinflammatory activity, MTX might be a potential candidate for the development of antiinflammatory drugs by targeting the LTA4-LTA4H-LTB4 inflammatory axis.
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12
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Gianferrara T, Cescon E, Grieco I, Spalluto G, Federico S. Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3β Involvement in Neuroinflammation and Neurodegenerative Diseases. Curr Med Chem 2022; 29:4631-4697. [PMID: 35170406 DOI: 10.2174/0929867329666220216113517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND GSK-3β activity has been strictly related to neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration. Alzheimer's disease is the most studied neurodegenerative disease, but GSK-3β seems to be involved in almost all neurodegenerative diseases including Parkinson's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, frontotemporal dementia, Huntington's disease and the autoimmune disease multiple sclerosis. OBJECTIVE The aim of this review is to help researchers both working on this research topic or not to have a comprehensive overview on GSK-3β in the context of neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration. METHOD Literature has been searched using PubMed and SciFinder databases by inserting specific keywords. A total of more than 500 articles have been discussed. RESULTS First of all, the structure and regulation of the kinase were briefly discussed and then, specific GSK-3β implications in neuroinflammation and neurodegenerative diseases were illustrated also with the help of figures, to conclude with a comprehensive overview on the most important GSK-3β and multitarget inhibitors. For all discussed compounds, the structure and IC50 values at the target kinase have been reported. CONCLUSION GSK-3β is involved in several signaling pathways both in neurons as well as in glial cells and immune cells. The fine regulation and interconnection of all these pathways are at the base of the rationale use of GSK-3β inhibitors in neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration. In fact, some compounds are now under clinical trials. Despite this, pharmacodynamic and ADME/Tox profiles of the compounds were often not fully characterized and this is deleterious in such a complex system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Gianferrara
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Eleonora Cescon
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Ilenia Grieco
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Giampiero Spalluto
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Stephanie Federico
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
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13
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Alshahawy R, Habachi NE, Allam E, Jernerén F, Refsum H, Elshorbagy A. Changes in plasma fatty acids and related biomarkers during transition to an exclusively plant- and fish-based diet in healthy adults. Nutrition 2021; 90:111306. [PMID: 34166896 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2021.111306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Revised: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to examine the time scale of plasma fatty acid changes during transition to an exclusively plant- and fish-based diet in healthy individuals and determine whether there are associated alterations in arachidonic acid (ARA)-derived inflammatory mediators, estimated stearoyl coenzyme A desaturase (SCD) activity, and blood pressure. METHODS In pursuit of a religious fast, 36 adults abstained from eating poultry, meat, dairy products, and eggs, while increasing fish intake for 6 wk. Participants were assessed 1 wk before (W0) and 1 (W1) and 6 (W6) weeks after the diet change. RESULTS By W6, fasting plasma long-chain ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (ω-3 LC-PUFAs); docosahexaenoic (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic (EPA) had increased (+67% and +73%, respectively; P ≤ 0.001), with early rise of DHA (+22%), but not EPA at W1.The ω-3 index (sum of DHA and EPA as a percent of total fatty acids) increased from 2.1% to 3.4%. ARA decreased progressively (W1, -9%; W6, -16%; P < 0.001). ARA precursors γ-linolenic and dihomo-γ-linolenic acids also decreased, without changes in the ARA-derived mediators prostaglandin-E2 and leukotriene-B4. Myristic acid decreased at W1 (-37%) and W6 (-40%). There was no consistent change in SCD indices. At W6, systolic and diastolic blood pressure had declined by 8 and 5 mm Hg, respectively (P ≤ 0.013). CONCLUSIONS Shifting to a plant- and fish-based diet produces rapid and sustained increases in ω-3 LC-PUFAs and decreases the ω-6 PUFA ARA and its precursors, consistent with a cardio-protective profile. The rapid response suggests that these biomarkers may be useful for assessment of diet interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasha Alshahawy
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Kafr-Elshikh, Kafr-Elshikh, Egypt.
| | - Nihal El Habachi
- Alexandria Clinical Research Center, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt; Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Alexandria, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Eman Allam
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Alexandria, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Fredrik Jernerén
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Helga Refsum
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Amany Elshorbagy
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Alexandria, Alexandria, Egypt; Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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14
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Markert C, Thoma G, Srinivas H, Bollbuck B, Lüönd RM, Miltz W, Wälchli R, Wolf R, Hinrichs J, Bergsdorf C, Azzaoui K, Penno CA, Klein K, Wack N, Jäger P, Hasler F, Beerli C, Loetscher P, Dawson J, Wieczorek G, Numao S, Littlewood-Evans A, Röhn TA. Discovery of LYS006, a Potent and Highly Selective Inhibitor of Leukotriene A 4 Hydrolase. J Med Chem 2021; 64:1889-1903. [PMID: 33592148 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c01955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The cytosolic metalloenzyme leukotriene A4 hydrolase (LTA4H) is the final and rate-limiting enzyme in the biosynthesis of pro-inflammatory leukotriene B4 (LTB4). Preclinical studies have validated this enzyme as an attractive drug target in chronic inflammatory diseases. Despite several attempts, no LTA4H inhibitor has reached the market, yet. Herein, we disclose the discovery and preclinical profile of LYS006, a highly potent and selective LTA4H inhibitor. A focused fragment screen identified hits that could be cocrystallized with LTA4H and inspired a fragment merging. Further optimization led to chiral amino acids and ultimately to LYS006, a picomolar LTA4H inhibitor with exquisite whole blood potency and long-lasting pharmacodynamic effects. Due to its high selectivity and its ability to fully suppress LTB4 generation at low exposures in vivo, LYS006 has the potential for a best-in-class LTA4H inhibitor and is currently investigated in phase II clinical trials in inflammatory acne, hidradenitis suppurativa, ulcerative colitis, and NASH.
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15
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Wang C, Zhou J, Wang J, Li S, Fukunaga A, Yodoi J, Tian H. Progress in the mechanism and targeted drug therapy for COPD. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2020; 5:248. [PMID: 33110061 PMCID: PMC7588592 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-020-00345-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is emphysema and/or chronic bronchitis characterised by long-term breathing problems and poor airflow. The prevalence of COPD has increased over the last decade and the drugs most commonly used to treat it, such as glucocorticoids and bronchodilators, have significant therapeutic effects; however, they also cause side effects, including infection and immunosuppression. Here we reviewed the pathogenesis and progression of COPD and elaborated on the effects and mechanisms of newly developed molecular targeted COPD therapeutic drugs. Among these new drugs, we focussed on thioredoxin (Trx). Trx effectively prevents the progression of COPD by regulating redox status and protease/anti-protease balance, blocking the NF-κB and MAPK signalling pathways, suppressing the activation and migration of inflammatory cells and the production of cytokines, inhibiting the synthesis and the activation of adhesion factors and growth factors, and controlling the cAMP-PKA and PI3K/Akt signalling pathways. The mechanism by which Trx affects COPD is different from glucocorticoid-based mechanisms which regulate the inflammatory reaction in association with suppressing immune responses. In addition, Trx also improves the insensitivity of COPD to steroids by inhibiting the production and internalisation of macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF). Taken together, these findings suggest that Trx may be the ideal drug for treating COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuixue Wang
- Department of Basic Medicine, Medical College, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, 312000, China
| | - Jiedong Zhou
- Department of Basic Medicine, Medical College, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, 312000, China
| | - Jinquan Wang
- Department of Basic Medicine, Medical College, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, 312000, China
| | - Shujing Li
- Department of Basic Medicine, Medical College, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, 312000, China
| | - Atsushi Fukunaga
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Internal Related, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, 650-0017, Japan
| | - Junji Yodoi
- Laboratory of Infection and Prevention, Department of Biological Response, Institute for Virus Research, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Hai Tian
- Department of Basic Medicine, Medical College, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, 312000, China.
- Jiaozhimei Biotechnology (Shaoxing) Co, Ltd, Shaoxing, 312000, China.
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16
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Penno CA, Jäger P, Laguerre C, Hasler F, Hofmann A, Gass SK, Wettstein-Ling B, Schaefer DJ, Avrameas A, Raulf F, Wieczorek G, Lehmann JCU, Loesche C, Roth L, Röhn TA. Lipidomics Profiling of Hidradenitis Suppurativa Skin Lesions Reveals Lipoxygenase Pathway Dysregulation and Accumulation of Proinflammatory Leukotriene B4. J Invest Dermatol 2020; 140:2421-2432.e10. [PMID: 32387270 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2020.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2020] [Revised: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Hidradenitis suppurativa (HS) is a chronic, recurring inflammatory dermatosis characterized by abscesses, deep-seated nodules, sinus tracts, and fibrosis in skin lesions around hair follicles of the axillary, inguinal, and anogenital regions. Whereas the exact pathogenesis remains poorly defined, clear evidence suggests that HS is a multifactorial inflammatory disease characterized by innate and adaptive immune components. Bioactive lipids are important regulators of cutaneous homeostasis, inflammation, and resolution of inflammation. Alterations in the lipid mediator profile can lead to malfunction and cutaneous inflammation. We used targeted lipidomics to analyze selected omega-3 and omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids in skin of patients with HS and of healthy volunteers. Lesional HS skin displayed enrichment of 5-lipoxygenase (LO)‒derived metabolites, especially leukotriene B4. In addition, 15-LO‒derived metabolites were underrepresented in HS lesions. Changes in the lipid mediator profile were accompanied by transcriptomic dysregulation of the 5-LO and 15-LO pathways. Hyperactivation of the 5-LO pathway in lesional macrophages identified these cells as potential sources of leukotriene B4, which may cause neutrophil influx and activation. Furthermore, leukotriene B4-induced mediators and pathways were elevated in HS lesions, suggesting a contribution of this proinflammatory lipid meditator to the pathophysiology of HS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos A Penno
- Analytical Sciences & Imaging, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Petra Jäger
- Autoimmunity, Transplantation and Inflammation, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Claire Laguerre
- Analytical Sciences & Imaging, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Franziska Hasler
- Autoimmunity, Transplantation and Inflammation, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Hofmann
- Analytical Sciences & Imaging, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Stephanie K Gass
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive, Aesthetic and Hand Surgery, University Hospital, Basel, and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Barbara Wettstein-Ling
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive, Aesthetic and Hand Surgery, University Hospital, Basel, and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Dirk J Schaefer
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive, Aesthetic and Hand Surgery, University Hospital, Basel, and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Alexandre Avrameas
- Biomarker Development, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Friedrich Raulf
- Autoimmunity, Transplantation and Inflammation, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Grazyna Wieczorek
- Autoimmunity, Transplantation and Inflammation, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Joachim C U Lehmann
- Autoimmunity, Transplantation and Inflammation, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Christian Loesche
- Translational Medicine, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Lukas Roth
- Autoimmunity, Transplantation and Inflammation, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Till A Röhn
- Autoimmunity, Transplantation and Inflammation, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland.
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17
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Clyne A, Yang L, Yang M, May B, Yang AWH. Molecular docking and network connections of active compounds from the classical herbal formula Ding Chuan Tang. PeerJ 2020; 8:e8685. [PMID: 32185106 PMCID: PMC7060917 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.8685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ding Chuan Tang (DCT), a traditional Chinese herbal formula, has been consistently prescribed for the therapeutic management of wheezing and asthma-related indications since the Song Dynasty (960-1279 AD). This study aimed to identify molecular network pharmacology connections to understand the biological asthma-linked mechanisms of action of DCT and potentially identify novel avenues for asthma drug development. METHODS Employing molecular docking (AutoDock Vina) and computational analysis (Cytoscape 3.6.0) strategies for DCT compounds permitted examination of docking connections for proteins that were targets of DCT compounds and asthma genes. These identified protein targets were further analyzed to establish and interpret network connections associated with asthma disease pathways. RESULTS A total of 396 DCT compounds and 234 asthma genes were identified through database search. Computational molecular docking of DCT compounds identified five proteins (ESR1, KDR, LTA4H, PDE4D and PPARG) mutually targeted by asthma genes and DCT compounds and 155 docking connections associated with cellular pathways involved in the biological mechanisms of asthma. CONCLUSIONS DCT compounds directly target biological pathways connected with the pathogenesis of asthma including inflammatory and metabolic signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison Clyne
- Chinese Medicine, School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
| | - Liping Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, Beijing Hospital, Beijing, China
- National Center of Gerontology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ming Yang
- National Center of Gerontology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Clinical Trial Center, Beijing Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Brian May
- Chinese Medicine, School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
| | - Angela Wei Hong Yang
- Chinese Medicine, School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
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18
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Patel DF, Peiró T, Shoemark A, Akthar S, Walker SA, Grabiec AM, Jackson PL, Hussell T, Gaggar A, Xu X, Trevor JL, Li J, Steele C, Tavernier G, Blalock JE, Niven RM, Gregory LG, Simpson A, Lloyd CM, Snelgrove RJ. An extracellular matrix fragment drives epithelial remodeling and airway hyperresponsiveness. Sci Transl Med 2019; 10:10/455/eaaq0693. [PMID: 30135247 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aaq0693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2017] [Accepted: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
It is anticipated that bioactive fragments of the extracellular matrix (matrikines) can influence the development and progression of chronic diseases. The enzyme leukotriene A4 hydrolase (LTA4H) mediates opposing proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory activities, through the generation of leukotriene B4 (LTB4) and degradation of proneutrophilic matrikine Pro-Gly-Pro (PGP), respectively. We show that abrogation of LTB4 signaling ameliorated inflammation and airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) in a murine asthma model, yet global loss of LTA4H exacerbated AHR, despite the absence of LTB4 This exacerbated AHR was attributable to a neutrophil-independent capacity of PGP to promote pathological airway epithelial remodeling. Thus, we demonstrate a disconnect between airway inflammation and AHR and the ability of a matrikine to promote an epithelial remodeling phenotype that negatively affects lung function. Subsequently, we show that substantial quantities of PGP are detectable in the sputum of moderate-severe asthmatics in two distinct cohorts of patients. These studies have implications for our understanding of remodeling phenotypes in asthma and may rationalize the failure of LTA4H inhibitors in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhiren F Patel
- Inflammation Repair and Development, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Teresa Peiró
- Inflammation Repair and Development, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK.,Departamento de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, Valencia 46115, Spain
| | - Amelia Shoemark
- Royal Brompton and Harefield National Health Service (NHS) Trust, London SW3 6NP, UK
| | - Samia Akthar
- Inflammation Repair and Development, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Simone A Walker
- Inflammation Repair and Development, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Aleksander M Grabiec
- Manchester Collaborative Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9NT, UK.,Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków 30-387, Poland
| | - Patricia L Jackson
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Program in Protease and Matrix Biology, Gregory Fleming James Cystic Fibrosis Centre and Lung Health Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA.,Birmingham VA Medical Center, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA
| | - Tracy Hussell
- Manchester Collaborative Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9NT, UK
| | - Amit Gaggar
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Program in Protease and Matrix Biology, Gregory Fleming James Cystic Fibrosis Centre and Lung Health Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA.,Birmingham VA Medical Center, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA
| | - Xin Xu
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Program in Protease and Matrix Biology, Gregory Fleming James Cystic Fibrosis Centre and Lung Health Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA.,Birmingham VA Medical Center, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA
| | - Jennifer L Trevor
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Program in Protease and Matrix Biology, Gregory Fleming James Cystic Fibrosis Centre and Lung Health Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA.,Birmingham VA Medical Center, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA
| | - Jindong Li
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Program in Protease and Matrix Biology, Gregory Fleming James Cystic Fibrosis Centre and Lung Health Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA.,Birmingham VA Medical Center, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA
| | - Chad Steele
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Program in Protease and Matrix Biology, Gregory Fleming James Cystic Fibrosis Centre and Lung Health Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Gael Tavernier
- Division of Infection, Immunity and Respiratory Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester M13 9NT, UK.,Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester M23 9LT, UK
| | - J Edwin Blalock
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Program in Protease and Matrix Biology, Gregory Fleming James Cystic Fibrosis Centre and Lung Health Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Robert M Niven
- Division of Infection, Immunity and Respiratory Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester M13 9NT, UK.,Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester M23 9LT, UK
| | - Lisa G Gregory
- Inflammation Repair and Development, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Angela Simpson
- Division of Infection, Immunity and Respiratory Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester M13 9NT, UK.,Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester M23 9LT, UK
| | - Clare M Lloyd
- Inflammation Repair and Development, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Robert J Snelgrove
- Inflammation Repair and Development, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK.
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19
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Serum metabolomics profiling and potential biomarkers of myopia using LC-QTOF/MS. Exp Eye Res 2019; 186:107737. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2019.107737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Revised: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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20
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Drug discovery effectiveness from the standpoint of therapeutic mechanisms and indications. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2017; 17:19-33. [PMID: 29075002 DOI: 10.1038/nrd.2017.194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The productivity of the pharmaceutical industry has been widely discussed in recent years, particularly with regard to concerns that substantial expenditures on research and development have failed to translate into approved drugs. Various analyses of this productivity challenge have focused on aspects such as attrition rates at particular clinical phases or the physicochemical properties of drug candidates, but relatively little attention has been paid to how the industry has performed from the standpoint of the choice of therapeutic mechanisms and their intended indications. This article examines what the pharmaceutical industry has achieved in this respect by analysing comprehensive industry-wide data on the mechanism-indication pairs that have been investigated during the past 20 years. Our findings indicate several points and trends that we hope will be useful in understanding and improving the productivity of the industry, including areas in which the industry has had substantial success or failure and the relative extent of novelty in completed and ongoing projects.
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21
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Numao S, Hasler F, Laguerre C, Srinivas H, Wack N, Jäger P, Schmid A, Osmont A, Röthlisberger P, Houguenade J, Bergsdorf C, Dawson J, Carte N, Hofmann A, Markert C, Hardaker L, Billich A, Wolf RM, Penno CA, Bollbuck B, Miltz W, Röhn TA. Feasibility and physiological relevance of designing highly potent aminopeptidase-sparing leukotriene A4 hydrolase inhibitors. Sci Rep 2017; 7:13591. [PMID: 29051536 PMCID: PMC5648829 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-13490-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Leukotriene A4 Hydrolase (LTA4H) is a bifunctional zinc metalloenzyme that comprises both epoxide hydrolase and aminopeptidase activity, exerted by two overlapping catalytic sites. The epoxide hydrolase function of the enzyme catalyzes the biosynthesis of the pro-inflammatory lipid mediator leukotriene (LT) B4. Recent literature suggests that the aminopeptidase function of LTA4H is responsible for degradation of the tripeptide Pro-Gly-Pro (PGP) for which neutrophil chemotactic activity has been postulated. It has been speculated that the design of epoxide hydrolase selective LTA4H inhibitors that spare the aminopeptidase pocket may therefore lead to more efficacious anti-inflammatory drugs. In this study, we conducted a high throughput screen (HTS) for LTA4H inhibitors and attempted to rationally design compounds that would spare the PGP degrading function. While we were able to identify compounds with preference for the epoxide hydrolase function, absolute selectivity was not achievable for highly potent compounds. In order to assess the relevance of designing such aminopeptidase-sparing LTA4H inhibitors, we studied the role of PGP in inducing inflammation in different settings in wild type and LTA4H deficient (LTA4H KO) animals but could not confirm its chemotactic potential. Attempting to design highly potent epoxide hydrolase selective LTA4H inhibitors, therefore seems to be neither feasible nor relevant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin Numao
- Chemical Biology & Therapeutics, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Franziska Hasler
- Autoimmunity, Transplantation and Inflammation, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Claire Laguerre
- Analytical Sciences & Imaging, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Honnappa Srinivas
- Chemical Biology & Therapeutics, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Nathalie Wack
- Autoimmunity, Transplantation and Inflammation, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Petra Jäger
- Autoimmunity, Transplantation and Inflammation, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Andres Schmid
- Chemical Biology & Therapeutics, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Arnaud Osmont
- Analytical Sciences & Imaging, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Patrik Röthlisberger
- Chemical Biology & Therapeutics, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jeremy Houguenade
- Autoimmunity, Transplantation and Inflammation, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Christian Bergsdorf
- Chemical Biology & Therapeutics, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Janet Dawson
- Autoimmunity, Transplantation and Inflammation, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Nathalie Carte
- Analytical Sciences & Imaging, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Hofmann
- Analytical Sciences & Imaging, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Christian Markert
- Global Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Liz Hardaker
- Respiratory Research, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Billich
- Autoimmunity, Transplantation and Inflammation, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Romain M Wolf
- Global Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Carlos A Penno
- Analytical Sciences & Imaging, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Birgit Bollbuck
- Global Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Wolfgang Miltz
- Global Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Till A Röhn
- Autoimmunity, Transplantation and Inflammation, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland.
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22
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Wan M, Tang X, Stsiapanava A, Haeggström JZ. Biosynthesis of leukotriene B 4. Semin Immunol 2017; 33:3-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2017.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2016] [Revised: 05/29/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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23
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Owusu-Ansah A, Ihunnah CA, Walker AL, Ofori-Acquah SF. Inflammatory targets of therapy in sickle cell disease. Transl Res 2016; 167:281-97. [PMID: 26226206 PMCID: PMC4684475 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2015.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2015] [Revised: 07/01/2015] [Accepted: 07/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Sickle cell disease (SCD) is a monogenic globin disorder characterized by the production of a structurally abnormal hemoglobin (Hb) variant Hb S, which causes severe hemolytic anemia, episodic painful vaso-occlusion, and ultimately end-organ damage. The primary disease pathophysiology is intracellular Hb S polymerization and consequent sickling of erythrocytes. It has become evident for more than several decades that a more complex disease process contributes to the myriad of clinical complications seen in patients with SCD with inflammation playing a central role. Drugs targeting specific inflammatory pathways therefore offer an attractive therapeutic strategy to ameliorate many of the clinical events in SCD. In addition, they are useful tools to dissect the molecular and cellular mechanisms that promote individual clinical events and for developing improved therapeutics to address more challenging clinical dilemmas such as refractoriness to opioids or hyperalgesia. Here, we discuss the prospect of targeting multiple inflammatory pathways implicated in the pathogenesis of SCD with a focus on new therapeutics, striving to link the actions of the anti-inflammatory agents to a defined pathobiology, and specific clinical manifestations of SCD. We also review the anti-inflammatory attributes and the cognate inflammatory targets of hydroxyurea, the only Food and Drug Administration-approved drug for SCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amma Owusu-Ansah
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA; Center for Translational and International Hematology, Heart, Lung and Blood Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Chibueze A Ihunnah
- Center for Translational and International Hematology, Heart, Lung and Blood Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA; Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Aisha L Walker
- Center for Translational and International Hematology, Heart, Lung and Blood Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA; Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Solomon F Ofori-Acquah
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA; Center for Translational and International Hematology, Heart, Lung and Blood Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA; Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA.
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24
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Hansen AK, Indrevik JT, Figenschau Y, Martinez-Zubiaurre I, Sveinbjörnsson B. Human articular chondrocytes express functional leukotriene B4 receptors. J Anat 2015; 226:268-77. [PMID: 25677035 DOI: 10.1111/joa.12275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Leukotriene B4 (LTB4) is a potent chemoattractant associated with the development of osteoarthritis (OA), while its receptors BLT1 and BLT2 have been found in synovium and subchondral bone. In this study, we have investigated whether these receptors are also expressed by human cartilage cells and their potential effects on cartilage cells. The expression of LTB4 receptors in native tissue and cultured cells was assessed by immunohistochemistry, immunocytochemistry, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and electron microscopy. The functional significance of the LTB4 receptor expression was studied by Western blotting, using phospho-specific antibodies in the presence or absence of receptor antagonists. In further studies, the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines, growth factors and metalloproteinases by LTB4-stimulated chondrocytes was measured by multiplex protein assays. The effects of LTB4 in cartilage signature gene expression in cultured cells were assessed by quantitative PCR, whereas the LTB4-promoted matrix synthesis was determined using 3D pellet cultures. Both receptors were present in cultured chondrocytes, as was confirmed by immunolabelling and PCR. The relative quantification by PCR demonstrated a higher expression of the receptors in cells from healthy joints compared with OA cases. The stimulation of cultured chondrocytes with LTB4 resulted in a phosphorylation of downstream transcription factor Erk 1/2, which was reduced after blocking BLT1 signalling. No alteration in the secretion of cytokine and metalloproteinases was recorded after challenging cultured cells with LTB4; likewise, cartilage matrix gene expression and 3D tissue synthesis were unaffected. Chondrocytes express BLT1 and BLT2 receptors, and LTB4 activates the downstream Erk 1/2 pathway by engaging the high-affinity receptor BLT1. However, any putative role in cartilage biology could not be revealed, and remains to be clarified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann Kristin Hansen
- Department of Orthopaedic and Plastic Surgery, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø, Norway; Bone and Joint Research Group, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Tromsø, Tromsø, Norway
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25
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Resolvin D1 limits 5-lipoxygenase nuclear localization and leukotriene B4 synthesis by inhibiting a calcium-activated kinase pathway. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:14530-5. [PMID: 25246560 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1410851111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Imbalances between proinflammatory and proresolving mediators can lead to chronic inflammatory diseases. The balance of arachidonic acid-derived mediators in leukocytes is thought to be achieved through intracellular localization of 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX): nuclear 5-LOX favors the biosynthesis of proinflammatory leukotriene B4 (LTB4), whereas, in theory, cytoplasmic 5-LOX could favor the biosynthesis of proresolving lipoxin A4 (LXA4). This balance is shifted in favor of LXA4 by resolvin D1 (RvD1), a specialized proresolving mediator derived from docosahexaenoic acid, but the mechanism is not known. Here we report a new pathway through which RvD1 promotes nuclear exclusion of 5-LOX and thereby suppresses LTB4 and enhances LXA4 in macrophages. RvD1, by activating its receptor formyl peptide receptor2/lipoxin A4 receptor, suppresses cytosolic calcium and decreases activation of the calcium-sensitive kinase calcium-calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII). CaMKII inhibition suppresses activation P38 and mitogen-activated protein kinase-activated protein kinase 2 kinases, which reduces Ser271 phosphorylation of 5-LOX and shifts 5-LOX from the nucleus to the cytoplasm. As such, RvD1's ability to decrease nuclear 5-LOX and the LTB4:LXA4 ratio in vitro and in vivo was mimicked by macrophages lacking CaMKII or expressing S271A-5-LOX. These findings provide mechanistic insight into how a specialized proresolving mediator from the docosahexaenoic acid pathway shifts the balance toward resolution in the arachidonic acid pathway. Knowledge of this mechanism may provide new strategies for promoting inflammation resolution in chronic inflammatory diseases.
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26
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Rådmark O, Werz O, Steinhilber D, Samuelsson B. 5-Lipoxygenase, a key enzyme for leukotriene biosynthesis in health and disease. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2014; 1851:331-9. [PMID: 25152163 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2014.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 333] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2014] [Revised: 08/13/2014] [Accepted: 08/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
5-Lipoxygenase (5-LOX) catalyzes two steps in the biosynthesis of leukotrienes (LTs), lipid mediators of inflammation derived from arachidonic acid. In this review we focus on 5-LOX biochemistry including 5-LOX interacting proteins and regulation of enzyme activity. LTs function in normal host defense, and have roles in many disease states where acute or chronic inflammation is part of the pathophysiology, as briefly summarized at the end of this chapter. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled "Oxygenated metabolism of PUFA: analysis and biological relevance".
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Affiliation(s)
- Olof Rådmark
- Dept of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Div. of Chemistry II, Karolinska Institutet, Sweden
| | - Oliver Werz
- Chair of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, University Jena, Germany
| | - Dieter Steinhilber
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Bengt Samuelsson
- Dept of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Div. of Chemistry II, Karolinska Institutet, Sweden
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27
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Biro M, Munoz MA, Weninger W. Targeting Rho-GTPases in immune cell migration and inflammation. Br J Pharmacol 2014; 171:5491-506. [PMID: 24571448 PMCID: PMC4282076 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2013] [Revised: 02/19/2014] [Accepted: 02/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Leukocytes are unmatched migrators capable of traversing barriers and tissues of remarkably varied structural composition. An effective immune response relies on the ability of its constituent cells to infiltrate target sites. Yet, unwarranted mobilization of immune cells can lead to inflammatory diseases and tissue damage ranging in severity from mild to life-threatening. The efficacy and plasticity of leukocyte migration is driven by the precise spatiotemporal regulation of the actin cytoskeleton. The small GTPases of the Rho family (Rho-GTPases), and their immediate downstream effector kinases, are key regulators of cellular actomyosin dynamics and are therefore considered prime pharmacological targets for stemming leukocyte motility in inflammatory disorders. This review describes advances in the development of small-molecule inhibitors aimed at modulating the Rho-GTPase-centric regulatory pathways governing motility, many of which stem from studies of cancer invasiveness. These inhibitors promise the advent of novel treatment options with high selectivity and potency against immune-mediated pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maté Biro
- Centenary Institute of Cancer Medicine and Cell Biology, Immune Imaging Program, Newtown, NSW, Australia; Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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28
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Jiang Q. Natural forms of vitamin E: metabolism, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory activities and their role in disease prevention and therapy. Free Radic Biol Med 2014; 72:76-90. [PMID: 24704972 PMCID: PMC4120831 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2014.03.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 508] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2014] [Revised: 03/25/2014] [Accepted: 03/26/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The vitamin E family consists of four tocopherols and four tocotrienols. α-Tocopherol (αT) is the predominant form of vitamin E in tissues and its deficiency leads to ataxia in humans. However, results from many clinical studies do not support a protective role of αT in disease prevention in people with adequate nutrient status. On the other hand, recent mechanistic studies indicate that other forms of vitamin E, such as γ-tocopherol (γT), δ-tocopherol, and γ-tocotrienol, have unique antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties that are superior to those of αT in prevention and therapy against chronic diseases. These vitamin E forms scavenge reactive nitrogen species, inhibit cyclooxygenase- and 5-lipoxygenase-catalyzed eicosanoids, and suppress proinflammatory signaling such as NF-κB and STAT3/6. Unlike αT, other vitamin E forms are significantly metabolized to carboxychromanols via cytochrome P450-initiated side-chain ω-oxidation. Long-chain carboxychromanols, especially 13'-carboxychromanols, are shown to have stronger anti-inflammatory effects than unmetabolized vitamins and may therefore contribute to the beneficial effects of vitamin E forms in vivo. Consistent with mechanistic findings, animal and human studies show that γT and tocotrienols may be useful against inflammation-associated diseases. This review focuses on non-αT forms of vitamin E with respect to their metabolism, anti-inflammatory effects and mechanisms, and in vivo efficacy in preclinical models as well as human clinical intervention studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Jiang
- Department of Nutrition Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
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29
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Pergola C, Gaboriaud-Kolar N, Jestädt N, König S, Kritsanida M, Schaible AM, Li H, Garscha U, Weinigel C, Barz D, Albring KF, Huber O, Skaltsounis AL, Werz O. Indirubin Core Structure of Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3 Inhibitors as Novel Chemotype for Intervention with 5-Lipoxygenase. J Med Chem 2014; 57:3715-23. [DOI: 10.1021/jm401740w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Pergola
- Pharmaceutical/Medicinal
Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich-Schiller-University, Jena 07743, Germany
| | - Nicolas Gaboriaud-Kolar
- Department
of Pharmacognosy and Chemistry of Natural Products, School of Pharmacy, University of Athens, Athens 15771, Greece
| | - Nadine Jestädt
- Pharmaceutical/Medicinal
Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich-Schiller-University, Jena 07743, Germany
| | - Stefanie König
- Pharmaceutical/Medicinal
Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich-Schiller-University, Jena 07743, Germany
| | - Marina Kritsanida
- Department
of Pharmacognosy and Chemistry of Natural Products, School of Pharmacy, University of Athens, Athens 15771, Greece
| | - Anja M. Schaible
- Pharmaceutical/Medicinal
Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich-Schiller-University, Jena 07743, Germany
| | - Haokun Li
- Pharmaceutical/Medicinal
Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich-Schiller-University, Jena 07743, Germany
| | - Ulrike Garscha
- Pharmaceutical/Medicinal
Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich-Schiller-University, Jena 07743, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | - Alexios L. Skaltsounis
- Department
of Pharmacognosy and Chemistry of Natural Products, School of Pharmacy, University of Athens, Athens 15771, Greece
| | - Oliver Werz
- Pharmaceutical/Medicinal
Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich-Schiller-University, Jena 07743, Germany
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30
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Abstract
Leukocyte migration through interstitial tissues is essential for mounting a successful immune response. Interstitial motility is governed by a vast array of cell-intrinsic and cell-extrinsic factors that together ensure the proper positioning of immune cells in the context of specific microenvironments. Recent advances in imaging modalities, in particular intravital confocal and multi-photon microscopy, have helped to expand our understanding of the cellular and molecular mechanisms that underlie leukocyte navigation in the extravascular space. In this Review, we discuss the key factors that regulate leukocyte motility within three-dimensional environments, with a focus on neutrophils and T cells in non-lymphoid organs.
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