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Perez CA, Santos ES, Arango BA, Raez LE, Cohen EEW. Novel molecular targeted therapies for refractory thyroid cancer. Head Neck 2011; 34:736-45. [PMID: 21544895 DOI: 10.1002/hed.21755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/24/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The incidence of thyroid cancer continues to increase and this neoplasia remains the most common endocrine malignancy. No effective systemic treatment currently exists for iodine-refractory differentiated or medullary thyroid carcinoma, but recent advances in the pathogenesis of these diseases have revealed key targets that are now being evaluated in the clinical setting. RET (rearranged during transfection)/PTC (papillary thyroid carcinoma) gene rearrangements, B-Raf gene mutations, and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR-2) angiogenesis pathways are some of the known genetic alterations playing a crucial role in the development of thyroid cancer. Several novel agents have demonstrated promising responses. Of the treatments studied, multi-kinase inhibitors such as axitinib, sorafenib, motesanib, and XL-184 have shown to be the most effective by inducing clinical responses and stabilizing the disease process. Randomized clinical trials are currently evaluating these agents, results that may soon change the management of thyroid cancer.
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2
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Structure-based optimization of click-based histone deacetylase inhibitors. Eur J Med Chem 2011; 46:3190-200. [PMID: 21621883 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2011.04.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2010] [Revised: 04/07/2011] [Accepted: 04/09/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Previously, we reported a click-chemistry based approach to the synthesis of a novel class of histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors [1]. The lead compound NSC746457 was found to be as potent as SAHA (Vorinostat). Further optimization of NSC746457 by using the HDAC2-TSA crystal structure is described herein. Docking of NSC746457 into HDAC2 binding domain suggested that the hydrophobic residue Phe210 flanking the cap-group binding-motif could be exploited for structural optimization. Substitution on the methylene group of cinnamic cap region led to identification of more potent HDAC inhibitors: isopropyl derivative 5 and tert-butyl derivative 6, with an IC(50) value of 22 nM and 18 nM, respectively.
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3
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Islam NM, Kato T, Nishino N, Kim HJ, Ito A, Yoshida M. Bicyclic peptides as potent inhibitors of histone deacetylases: optimization of alkyl loop length. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2009; 20:997-9. [PMID: 20045316 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2009.12.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2009] [Revised: 12/08/2009] [Accepted: 12/11/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Bicyclic tetrapeptide hydroxamic acids were prepared as histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors, and the evaluated inhibitory activity shows that they are potent against HDAC1 and HDAC4. The in vivo activity depends on alkyl loop length.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nurul M Islam
- Graduate School of Life Science and Systems Engineering, Kyushu Institute of Technology, Kitakyushu 808-0196, Japan
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4
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Ragno R, Simeoni S, Rotili D, Caroli A, Botta G, Brosch G, Massa S, Mai A. Class II-selective histone deacetylase inhibitors. Part 2: Alignment-independent GRIND 3-D QSAR, homology and docking studies. Eur J Med Chem 2008; 43:621-32. [PMID: 17698257 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2007.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2007] [Revised: 05/10/2007] [Accepted: 05/14/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
(Aryloxopropenyl)pyrrolyl hydroxamates were recently reported by us as first examples of class II-selective HDAC inhibitors and can be useful tools to probe the biology of such enzymes. Molecular modelling and 3-D QSAR studies have been performed on a series of 25 (aryloxopropenyl)pyrrolyl hydroxamates to gain insights about their activity and selectivity against both maize HD1-B and HD1-A, two enzymes homologous of mammalian class I and class II HDACs, respectively. The studies have been accomplished by calculating alignment-independent descriptors (GRIND descriptors) using the ALMOND software. Highly descriptive and predictive 3-D QSAR models were obtained using either class I or class II inhibitory activity displaying r(2)/q(2) values of 0.96/0.81 and 0.98/0.85 for HD1-B and HD1-A, respectively. A deeper inspection revealed that in general a bent molecular shape structure is a prerequisite for HD1-A-selective inhibitory activity, while straight shape molecular skeleton leads to selective HD1-B compounds. The same conclusions could be achieved by molecular docking studies of the most selective inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rino Ragno
- Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Dipartimento di Studi Farmaceutici, Università degli Studi di Roma La Sapienza, P.le A. Moro 5, 00185 Roma, Italy.
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5
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Nishino N, Shivashimpi GM, Soni PB, Bhuiyan MPI, Kato T, Maeda S, Nishino TG, Yoshida M. Interaction of aliphatic cap group in inhibition of histone deacetylases by cyclic tetrapeptides. Bioorg Med Chem 2008; 16:437-45. [PMID: 17900911 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2007.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2007] [Revised: 09/11/2007] [Accepted: 09/12/2007] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Inhibitors of histone deacetylases (HDACs) are a promising class of anticancer agents that effect gene regulation. To know the interaction of aliphatic cap groups with HDACs, cyclic tetrapeptide and bicyclic peptide disulfide hybrids were synthesized without aromatic ring in their macrocyclic framework. Benzene ring of l-Phe in chlamydocin was replaced with several aliphatic amino acids and also a fused bicyclic tetrapeptide was synthesized by ring closing metathesis using Grubb's first generation catalyst. The inhibitory activities of the cyclic peptides against histone deacetylase enzymes were evaluated, which demonstrated most of them are interesting candidates as anticancer agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norikazu Nishino
- Graduate School of Life Science and Systems Engineering, Kyushu Institute of Technology, Kitakyushu 808-0196, Japan.
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6
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Hamblett CL, Methot JL, Mampreian DM, Sloman DL, Stanton MG, Kral AM, Fleming JC, Cruz JC, Chenard M, Ozerova N, Hitz AM, Wang H, Deshmukh SV, Nazef N, Harsch A, Hughes B, Dahlberg WK, Szewczak AA, Middleton RE, Mosley RT, Secrist JP, Miller TA. The discovery of 6-amino nicotinamides as potent and selective histone deacetylase inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2007; 17:5300-9. [PMID: 17761416 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2007.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2007] [Revised: 08/08/2007] [Accepted: 08/13/2007] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This communication highlights the development of a nicotinamide series of histone deacetylase inhibitors within the benzamide structural class. Extensive exploration around the nicotinamide core led to the discovery of a class I selective HDAC inhibitor that possesses excellent intrinsic and cell-based potency, acceptable ancillary pharmacology, favorable pharmacokinetics, sustained pharmacodynamics in vitro, and achieves in vivo efficacy in an HCT116 xenograft model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher L Hamblett
- Department of Drug Design and Optimization-Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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7
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Shivashimpi GM, Amagai S, Kato T, Nishino N, Maeda S, Nishino TG, Yoshida M. Molecular design of histone deacetylase inhibitors by aromatic ring shifting in chlamydocin framework. Bioorg Med Chem 2007; 15:7830-9. [PMID: 17881232 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2007.08.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2007] [Revised: 08/20/2007] [Accepted: 08/23/2007] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Chlamydocin, a cyclic tetrapeptide containing aminoisobutyric acid (Aib), l-phenylalanine (l-Phe), d-proline (d-Pro), and a unique amino acid l-2-amino-8-oxo-9,10-epoxydecanoic acid, inhibits the histone deacetylases (HDACs), a class of enzymes, which play important roles in regulation of gene expression. Sulfur containing amino acids can also inhibit potently, so zinc ligand, such as sulfhydryl group connected with a linker to the so-called capping group, corresponding to cyclic tetrapeptide framework in case of chlamydocin is supposed to interact with the surface of HDAC molecule. Various changes in amino acid residues in chlamydocin may afford specific inhibitors toward HDAC paralogs. To find out specific inhibitors, we focused on benzene ring of l-Phe in chlamydocin framework to shift to various parts of cyclic tetrapeptide. We prepared and introduced several aromatic amino acids into the cyclic tetrapeptides. By evaluating inhibitory activity of these macrocyclic peptides against HDACs, we could find potent inhibitors by shifting the aromatic ring to the Aib site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gururaj M Shivashimpi
- Graduate School of Life Science and Systems Engineering, Kyushu Institute of Technology, Kitakyushu 808-0196, Japan
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8
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Mai A, Rotili D, Massa S, Brosch G, Simonetti G, Passariello C, Palamara AT. Discovery of uracil-based histone deacetylase inhibitors able to reduce acquired antifungal resistance and trailing growth in Candida albicans. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2007; 17:1221-5. [PMID: 17196388 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2006.12.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2006] [Revised: 12/05/2006] [Accepted: 12/05/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Among fungal pathogens such as Candida albicans, acquired drug resistance has not been associated with plasmids or other transferable elements, but it is thought to involve primarily mutations and genetic or epigenetic phenomena. This prompted us to test some histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACi) from our library, in combination with fluconazole, against C. albicans strains in vitro. Among the tested compounds, the two chloro-containing uracil-hydroxamates 1c and 1d showed a strong reduction of the MIC values on Candida strains that show the trailing growth effect. In this assay, 1c,d were more potent than SAHA, a well-known HDAC inhibitor, in reducing the Candida growth. More interestingly, 1c,d as well as SAHA were able to inhibit the fluconazole-induced resistance induction in Candida cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonello Mai
- Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Dipartimento di Studi Farmaceutici, Università degli Studi di Roma La Sapienza, P.le A. Moro 5, 00185 Roma, Italy.
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9
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Mai A, Massa S, Valente S, Simeoni S, Ragno R, Bottoni P, Scatena R, Brosch G. Aroyl-Pyrrolyl Hydroxyamides: Influence of Pyrrole C4-Phenylacetyl Substitution on Histone Deacetylase Inhibition. ChemMedChem 2006; 1:225-37. [PMID: 16892355 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.200500015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The novel aroyl-pyrrolyl hydroxyamides 4 a-a' are analogues of the lead compound 3-(1-methyl-4-phenylacetyl-1H-pyrrol-2-yl)-N-hydroxy-2-propenamide (2) and are active as HDAC inhibitors. The benzene ring of 2 was substituted with a wide range of electron-donating and electron-withdrawing groups, and the effect was evaluated on three HDACs from maize, namely HD2, HD1-B (a class I HDAC), and HD1-A (a class II HDAC). Inhibition studies show that the benzene 3' and, to a lesser extent, 4' positions of 2 were the most suitable for the introduction of substituents, with the 3'-chloro (in 4 b) and the 3'-methyl (in 4 k) derivatives being the most potent compounds, reaching the same activity as SAHA. Inhibition data for 4 b,k against mouse HDAC1 were consistent with those observed in the maize enzyme. The substituent insertion on the benzene ring of 2 (compounds 4 a-a') abated the slight (3-fold) selectivity for class II HDACs displayed by 2. Compound 4 b showed interesting, dose-dependent antiproliferative and cytodifferentiation properties against human acute promyelocytic leukemia HL-60 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonello Mai
- Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Dipartimento di Studi Farmaceutici, Università degli Studi di Roma La Sapienza, P.le A. Moro 5, 00185 Roma, Italy.
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10
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Bhuiyan MPI, Kato T, Okauchi T, Nishino N, Maeda S, Nishino TG, Yoshida M. Chlamydocin analogs bearing carbonyl group as possible ligand toward zinc atom in histone deacetylases. Bioorg Med Chem 2006; 14:3438-46. [PMID: 16439135 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2005.12.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2005] [Revised: 12/28/2005] [Accepted: 12/30/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
A series of chlamydocin analogs with various carbonyl functionalities were designed and synthesized as histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors. Chlamydocin is a cyclic tetrapeptide containing an epoxyketone surrogate in the side chain which makes it irreversible inhibitor of HDACs, whereas apicidins are a class of cyclic tetrapeptides that contain an ethylketone moiety as zinc ligand. We replaced the epoxyketone moiety of chlamydocin with several ketones and aldehyde to synthesize potent reversible and selective HDAC inhibitors. The inhibitory activity of the cyclic tetrapeptides against histone deacetylase enzymes were evaluated and the result showed most of them are potent inhibitors. Some of them have remarkable selectivity among the HDACs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed P I Bhuiyan
- Graduate School of Life Science and Systems Engineering, Kyushu Institute of Technology, Kitakyushu 808-0196, Japan
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11
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Mai A, Massa S, Rotili D, Cerbara I, Valente S, Pezzi R, Simeoni S, Ragno R. Histone deacetylation in epigenetics: an attractive target for anticancer therapy. Med Res Rev 2005; 25:261-309. [PMID: 15717297 DOI: 10.1002/med.20024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 248] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The reversible histone acetylation and deacetylation are epigenetic phenomena that play critical roles in the modulation of chromatin topology and the regulation of gene expression. Aberrant transcription due to altered expression or mutation of genes that encode histone acetyltransferase (HAT) or histone deacetylase (HDAC) enzymes or their binding partners, has been clearly linked to carcinogenesis. The histone deacetylase inhibitors are a new promising class of anticancer agents (some of which in clinical trials), that inhibit the proliferation of tumor cells in culture and in vivo by inducing cell-cycle arrest, terminal differentiation, and/or apoptosis. This report reviews the chemistry and the biology of HDACs and HDAC inhibitors, laying particular emphasis on agents actually in clinical trials for cancer therapy and on new potential anticancer lead compounds more selective and less toxic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonello Mai
- Istituto Pasteur, Fondazione Cenci-Bolognetti, Dipartimento di Studi Farmaceutici, Università degli Studi di Roma La Sapienza, P.le A. Moro 5, 00185 Roma, Italy.
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12
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Mitsiades CS, Poulaki V, McMullan C, Negri J, Fanourakis G, Goudopoulou A, Richon VM, Marks PA, Mitsiades N. Novel Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors in the Treatment of Thyroid Cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2005; 11:3958-65. [PMID: 15897598 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-03-0776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Histone deacetylases (HDAC) and histone acetyltransferases exert opposing enzymatic activities that modulate the degree of acetylation of histones and other intracellular molecular targets, thereby regulating gene expression, cellular differentiation, and survival. HDAC inhibition results in accumulation of acetylated histones and induces differentiation and/or apoptosis in transformed cells. In this study, we characterized the effect of two HDAC inhibitors, suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA) and m-carboxycinnamic acid bis-hydroxamide, on thyroid carcinoma cell lines, including lines originating from anaplastic and medullary carcinomas. In these models, both SAHA and m-carboxycinnamic acid bis-hydroxamide induced growth arrest and caspase-mediated apoptosis and increased p21 protein levels, retinoblastoma hypophosphorylation, BH3-interacting domain death agonist cleavage, Bax up-regulation, down-regulation of Bcl-2, A1, and Bcl-x(L) expression, and cleavage of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase and caspase-8, -9, -3, -7, and -2. Transfection of Bcl-2 cDNA partially suppressed SAHA-induced cell death. SAHA down-regulated the expression of the apoptosis inhibitors FLIP and cIAP-2 and sensitized tumor cells to cytotoxic chemotherapy and death receptor activation. Our studies provide insight into the tumor type-specific mechanisms of antitumor effects of HDAC inhibitors and a framework for future clinical applications of HDAC inhibitors in patients with thyroid cancer, including histologic subtypes (e.g., anaplastic and medullary thyroid carcinomas) for which limited, if any, therapeutic options are available.
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Abstract
In addition to a variety of other novel agents, interest in histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACIs) as antineoplastic drugs has recently accelerated and increasing numbers of these compounds have entered clinical trials in humans. HDACIs represent a prototype of molecularly targeted agents that perturb signal transduction, cell cycle-regulatory and survival-related pathways. Newer generation HDACIs have been introduced into the clinical arena that are considerably more potent on a molar basis than their predecessors and are beginning to show early evidence of activity, particularly in hematopoietic malignancies. In addition, there is an increasing appreciation of the fact that HDACIs may act through mechanisms other than induction of histone acetylation and, as in the case of other molecularly-targeted agents, it is conceivable that the ultimate role of HDACIs in cancer therapy will be as modulators of apoptosis induced by other cytotoxic agents. One particularly promising strategy involves attempts to combine HDACIs with other novel agents to promote tumour cell differentiation or apoptosis. The present review focuses on recent insights into the mechanisms by which HDACIs exert their anticancer effects, either alone or in combination with other compounds, as well as attempts to translate these findings into the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto R Rosato
- Department of Medicine, Medical College of Virginia, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
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14
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Mitsiades N, Mitsiades CS, Richardson PG, McMullan C, Poulaki V, Fanourakis G, Schlossman R, Chauhan D, Munshi NC, Hideshima T, Richon VM, Marks PA, Anderson KC. Molecular sequelae of histone deacetylase inhibition in human malignant B cells. Blood 2003; 101:4055-62. [PMID: 12531799 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2002-11-3514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 252] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Histone acetylation modulates gene expression, cellular differentiation, and survival and is regulated by the opposing activities of histone acetyltransferases (HATs) and histone deacetylases (HDACs). HDAC inhibition results in accumulation of acetylated nucleosomal histones and induces differentiation and/or apoptosis in transformed cells. In this study, we characterized the effect of suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA), the prototype of a series of hydroxamic acid-based HDAC inhibitors, in cell lines and patient cells from B-cell malignancies, including multiple myeloma (MM) and related disorders. SAHA induced apoptosis in all tumor cells tested, with increased p21 and p53 protein levels and dephosphorylation of Rb. We also detected cleavage of Bid, suggesting a role for Bcl-2 family members in regulation of SAHA-induced cell death. Transfection of Bcl-2 cDNA into MM.1S cells completely abrogated SAHA-induced apoptosis, confirming its protective role. SAHA did not induce cleavage of caspase-8, -9, or -3 in MM.1S cells during the early phase of apoptosis, and the pan-caspase inhibitor ZVAD-FMK did not protect against SAHA. Conversely, poly(ADP)ribose polymerase (PARP) was cleaved in a pattern indicative of calpain activation, and the calpain inhibitor calpeptin abrogated SAHA-induced cell death. Importantly, SAHA sensitized MM.1S cells to death receptor-mediated apoptosis and inhibited the secretion of interleukin 6 (IL-6) induced in bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) by binding of MM cells, suggesting that it can overcome cell adhesion-mediated drug resistance. Our studies delineate the mechanisms whereby HDAC inhibitors mediate anti-MM activity and overcome drug resistance in the BM milieu and provide the framework for clinical evaluation of SAHA, which is bioavailable, well tolerated, and bioactive after oral administration, to improve patient outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Mitsiades
- Jerome Lipper Multiple Myeloma Center, Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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15
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Kelly WK, O'Connor OA, Marks PA. Histone deacetylase inhibitors: from target to clinical trials. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2002; 11:1695-713. [PMID: 12457432 DOI: 10.1517/13543784.11.12.1695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 200] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Transformed cells, characterised by inappropriate cell proliferation, do not necessarily lose the capacity to undergo growth arrest under certain stimuli. DNA, genetic information, is packaged in chromatin proteins, for example, histones. The structure of chromatin may be altered by post-translational modifications (e.g., acetylation, phosphorylation, methylation and ubiquitylation) which play a role in regulating gene expression. Two groups of enzymes, histone deacetylases (HDACs) and acetyl transferases, determine the acetylation status of histones. This review focuses on compounds that inhibit HDAC activity. These agents have been shown to be active in vitro and in vivo in causing cancer cell growth arrest, differentiation and/or apoptosis. Several HDAC inhibitors are currently in clinical trials as anticancer agents and, in particular, hydroxamic acid-based HDAC inhibitors have shown activity against cancers at well-tolerated doses.
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Affiliation(s)
- William K Kelly
- Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10021, USA
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16
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Marks P, Rifkind RA, Richon VM, Breslow R, Miller T, Kelly WK. Histone deacetylases and cancer: causes and therapies. Nat Rev Cancer 2001; 1:194-202. [PMID: 11902574 DOI: 10.1038/35106079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1391] [Impact Index Per Article: 60.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Together, histone acetyltransferases and histone deacetylases (HDACs) determine the acetylation status of histones. This acetylation affects the regulation of gene expression, and inhibitors of HDACs have been found to cause growth arrest, differentiation and/or apoptosis of many tumours cells by altering the transcription of a small number of genes. HDAC inhibitors are proving to be an exciting therapeutic approach to cancer, but how do they exert this effect?
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Affiliation(s)
- P Marks
- Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10021, USA.
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17
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Guandalini S, Gokhale R. Update on immunologic basis of celiac disease. Curr Opin Gastroenterol 2001; 17:545-50. [PMID: 17031216 DOI: 10.1097/00001574-200111000-00011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
During the past few years several seminal studies have greatly expanded our knowledge on celiac disease pathogenesis. This review focuses on aspects that have been most properly addressed and where substantial new information has been gathered include. Topics covered include (a) the identification of T-cell epitopes in gluten and the mechanisms of specific T-cell response in celiac disease small intestine; (b) the mechanisms of induction of mucosal lesion; and (c) the putative role of non-T-cell factors in driving mucosal response to gliadin. After discussing a brief history of the "quest for the cause of celiac disease," we examine the development of the typical celiac lesion (the crypt hyperplastic mucosal atrophy) as it generally unfolds: the increased entry of dietary antigens; the early changes, linked to specific components of the innate immunity rather than to its adaptive branch; the most thoroughly investigated subsequent response, involving a strong T-cell response and cytokines; and the factors responsible for enterocytes' death. The emerging pattern is that of a complex interaction of factors, although far from being completely understood, but fascinating as it opens an incredible window of knowledge on an autoimmune disorder whose environmental factor is known, whose autoantigen is known, whose autoantibodies are known: a truly unique situation in medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Guandalini
- University of Chicago, Department of Pediatrics, Section of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA.
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Abstract
Histone deacetylase inhibitors are potent inducers of growth arrest, differentiation, or apoptotic cell death in a variety of transformed cells in culture and in tumor bearing animals. Histone deacetylases and the family of histone acetyl transferases are involved in determining the acetylation of histones, which play a role in regulation of gene expression. Radiograph crystallographic studies reveal that the histone deacetylase inhibitors, suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid and trichostatin A, fit into the catalytic site of histone deacetylase, which has a tubular structure with a zinc atom at its base. The hydroxamic acid moiety of the inhibitor binds to the zinc. Histone deacetylase inhibitors cause acetylated histones to accumulate in both tumor and peripheral circulating mononuclear cells. Accumulation of acetylated histones has been used as a marker of the biologic activity of the agents. Hydroxamic acid-based histone deacetylase inhibitors limit tumor cell growth in animals with little or no toxicity. These compounds act selectively on genes, altering the transcription of only approximately 2% of expressed genes in cultured tumor cells. A number of proteins other than histones are substrates for histone deacetylases. The role that these other targets play in histone deacetylase inducement of cell growth arrest, differentiation, or apoptotic cell death is not known. This review summarizes the characteristics of a variety of inhibitors of histone deacetylases and their effects on transformed cells in culture and tumor growth in animal models. Several structurally different histone deacetylase inhibitors are in phase I or II clinical trials in patients with cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- P A Marks
- Cell Biology Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10021, USA.
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