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Copping NA, McTighe SM, Fink KD, Silverman JL. Emerging Gene and Small Molecule Therapies for the Neurodevelopmental Disorder Angelman Syndrome. Neurotherapeutics 2021; 18:1535-1547. [PMID: 34528170 PMCID: PMC8608975 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-021-01082-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Angelman syndrome (AS) is a rare (~1:15,000) neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by severe developmental delay and intellectual disability, impaired communication skills, and a high prevalence of seizures, sleep disturbances, ataxia, motor deficits, and microcephaly. AS is caused by loss-of-function of the maternally inherited UBE3A gene. UBE3A is located on chromosome 15q11-13 and is biallelically expressed throughout the body but only maternally expressed in the brain due to an RNA antisense transcript that silences the paternal copy. There is currently no cure for AS, but advancements in small molecule drugs and gene therapies offer a promising approach for the treatment of the disorder. Here, we review AS and how loss-of-function of the maternal UBE3A contributes to the disorder. We also discuss the strengths and limitations of current animal models of AS. Furthermore, we examine potential small molecule drug and gene therapies for the treatment of AS and associated challenges faced by the therapeutic design. Finally, gene therapy offers the opportunity for precision medicine in AS and advancements in the treatment of this disorder can serve as a foundation for other single-gene neurodevelopmental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nycole A Copping
- School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, MIND Institute, University of California, Research II Building 96, 4625 2nd Avenue, Suite 1001B, Davis, Sacramento, CA, 95817, USA
- Stem Cell Program and Gene Therapy Center, Department of Neurology, MIND Institute, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | | | - Kyle D Fink
- Stem Cell Program and Gene Therapy Center, Department of Neurology, MIND Institute, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Jill L Silverman
- School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, MIND Institute, University of California, Research II Building 96, 4625 2nd Avenue, Suite 1001B, Davis, Sacramento, CA, 95817, USA.
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Lee HM, Clark EP, Kuijer MB, Cushman M, Pommier Y, Philpot BD. Characterization and structure-activity relationships of indenoisoquinoline-derived topoisomerase I inhibitors in unsilencing the dormant Ube3a gene associated with Angelman syndrome. Mol Autism 2018; 9:45. [PMID: 30140420 PMCID: PMC6098585 DOI: 10.1186/s13229-018-0228-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Angelman syndrome (AS) is a severe neurodevelopmental disorder lacking effective therapies. AS is caused by mutations in ubiquitin protein ligase E3A (UBE3A), which is genomically imprinted such that only the maternally inherited copy is expressed in neurons. We previously demonstrated that topoisomerase I (Top1) inhibitors could successfully reactivate the dormant paternal allele of Ube3a in neurons of a mouse model of AS. We also previously showed that one such Top1 inhibitor, topotecan, could unsilence paternal UBE3A in induced pluripotent stem cell-derived neurons from individuals with AS. Although topotecan has been well-studied and is FDA-approved for cancer therapy, its limited CNS bioavailability will likely restrict the therapeutic use of topotecan in AS. The goal of this study was to identify additional Top1 inhibitors with similar efficacy as topotecan, with the expectation that these could be tested in the future for safety and CNS bioavailability to assess their potential as AS therapeutics. Methods We tested 13 indenoisoquinoline-derived Top1 inhibitors to identify compounds that unsilence the paternal allele of Ube3a in mouse neurons. Primary cortical neurons were isolated from embryonic day 14.5 (E14.5) mice with a Ube3a-YFP fluorescent tag on the paternal allele (Ube3am+/pYFP mice) or mice that lack the maternal Ube3a allele and hence model AS (Ube3am-/p+ mice). Neurons were cultured for 7 days, treated with drug for 72 h, and examined for paternal UBE3A protein expression by Western blot or fluorescence immunostaining. Dose responses of the compounds were determined across a log range of drug treatments, and cytotoxicity was tested using a luciferase-based assay. Results All 13 indenoisoquinoline-derived Top1 inhibitors unsilenced paternal Ube3a. Several compounds exhibited favorable paternal Ube3a unsilencing properties, similar to topotecan, and of these, indotecan (LMP400) was the most effective based on estimated Emax (maximum response of unsilencing paternal Ube3a) and EC50 (half maximal effective concentration). Conclusions We provide pharmacological profiles of indenoisoquinoline-derived Top1 inhibitors as paternal Ube3a unsilencers. All 13 tested compounds were effective at unsilencing paternal Ube3a, although with variable efficacy and potency. Indotecan (LMP400) demonstrated a better pharmacological profile of Ube3a unsilencing compared to our previous lead compound, topotecan. Taken together, indotecan and its structural analogues are potential AS therapeutics whose translational potential in AS treatment should be further assessed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeong-Min Lee
- 1Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Neuroscience Research Building, Room 5119 115 Mason Farm Rd., Campus Box 7545, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7545 USA
| | - Ellen P Clark
- 1Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Neuroscience Research Building, Room 5119 115 Mason Farm Rd., Campus Box 7545, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7545 USA
| | - M Bram Kuijer
- 1Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Neuroscience Research Building, Room 5119 115 Mason Farm Rd., Campus Box 7545, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7545 USA
| | - Mark Cushman
- 2Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University School of Pharmacy and the Purdue Center for Cancer Research, West Lafayette, IN USA
| | - Yves Pommier
- 3Developmental Therapeutics Branch and Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD USA
| | - Benjamin D Philpot
- 1Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Neuroscience Research Building, Room 5119 115 Mason Farm Rd., Campus Box 7545, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7545 USA.,4UNC Neuroscience Center, Carolina Institute for Developmental Disabilities, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC USA
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Li M, Liu Y. Topoisomerase I in Human Disease Pathogenesis and Treatments. GENOMICS PROTEOMICS & BIOINFORMATICS 2016; 14:166-171. [PMID: 27181710 PMCID: PMC4936607 DOI: 10.1016/j.gpb.2016.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Revised: 02/17/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Mammalian topoisomerase 1 (TOP1) is an essential enzyme for normal development. TOP1 relaxes supercoiled DNA to remove helical constraints that can otherwise hinder DNA replication and transcription and thus block cell growth. Unfortunately, this exact activity can covalently trap TOP1 on the DNA that could lead to cell death or mutagenesis, a precursor for tumorigenesis. It is therefore important for cells to find a proper balance between the utilization of the TOP1 catalytic activity to maintain DNA topology and the risk of accumulating the toxic DNA damages due to TOP1 trapping that prevents normal cell growth. In an apparent contradiction to the negative attribute of the TOP1 activity to genome stability, the detrimental effect of the TOP1-induced DNA lesions on cell survival has made this enzyme a prime target for cancer therapies to kill fast-growing cancer cells. In addition, cumulative evidence supports a direct role of TOP1 in promoting transcriptional progression independent of its topoisomerase activity. The involvement of TOP1 in transcriptional regulation has recently become a focus in developing potential new treatments for a subtype of autism spectrum disorders. Clearly, the impact of TOP1 on human health is multifold. In this review, we will summarize our current understandings on how TOP1 contributes to human diseases and how its activity is targeted for disease treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Li
- Department of Cancer Genetics and Epigenetics, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010-3000, USA
| | - Yilun Liu
- Department of Cancer Genetics and Epigenetics, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010-3000, USA.
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Saletta F, Wadham C, Ziegler DS, Marshall GM, Haber M, McCowage G, Norris MD, Byrne JA. Molecular profiling of childhood cancer: Biomarkers and novel therapies. BBA CLINICAL 2014; 1:59-77. [PMID: 26675306 PMCID: PMC4633945 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbacli.2014.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2013] [Revised: 06/16/2014] [Accepted: 06/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Technological advances including high-throughput sequencing have identified numerous tumor-specific genetic changes in pediatric and adolescent cancers that can be exploited as targets for novel therapies. SCOPE OF REVIEW This review provides a detailed overview of recent advances in the application of target-specific therapies for childhood cancers, either as single agents or in combination with other therapies. The review summarizes preclinical evidence on which clinical trials are based, early phase clinical trial results, and the incorporation of predictive biomarkers into clinical practice, according to cancer type. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS There is growing evidence that molecularly targeted therapies can valuably add to the arsenal available for treating childhood cancers, particularly when used in combination with other therapies. Nonetheless the introduction of molecularly targeted agents into practice remains challenging, due to the use of unselected populations in some clinical trials, inadequate methods to evaluate efficacy, and the need for improved preclinical models to both evaluate dosing and safety of combination therapies. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE The increasing recognition of the heterogeneity of molecular causes of cancer favors the continued development of molecularly targeted agents, and their transfer to pediatric and adolescent populations.
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Key Words
- ALK, anaplastic lymphoma kinase
- ALL, acute lymphoblastic leukemia
- AML, acute myeloid leukemia
- ARMS, alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma
- AT/RT, atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumor
- AURKA, aurora kinase A
- AURKB, aurora kinase B
- BET, bromodomain and extra terminal
- Biomarkers
- CAR, chimeric antigen receptor
- CML, chronic myeloid leukemia
- Childhood cancer
- DFMO, difluoromethylornithine
- DIPG, diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma
- EGFR, epidermal growth factor receptor
- ERMS, embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma
- HDAC, histone deacetylases
- Hsp90, heat shock protein 90
- IGF-1R, insulin-like growth factor type 1 receptor
- IGF/IGFR, insulin-like growth factor/receptor
- Molecular diagnostics
- NSCLC, non-small cell lung cancer
- ODC1, ornithine decarboxylase 1
- PARP, poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase
- PDGFRA/B, platelet derived growth factor alpha/beta
- PI3K, phosphatidylinositol 3′-kinase
- PLK1, polo-like kinase 1
- Ph +, Philadelphia chromosome-positive
- RMS, rhabdomyosarcoma
- SHH, sonic hedgehog
- SMO, smoothened
- SYK, spleen tyrosine kinase
- TOP1/TOP2, DNA topoisomerase 1/2
- TRAIL, TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand
- Targeted therapy
- VEGF/VEGFR, vascular endothelial growth factor/receptor
- mAb, monoclonal antibody
- mAbs, monoclonal antibodies
- mTOR, mammalian target of rapamycin
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Saletta
- Children's Cancer Research Unit, Kids Research Institute, Westmead 2145, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Carol Wadham
- Children's Cancer Institute Australia, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, UNSW, Randwick 2031, New South Wales, Australia
| | - David S. Ziegler
- Children's Cancer Institute Australia, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, UNSW, Randwick 2031, New South Wales, Australia
- Kids Cancer Centre, Sydney Children's Hospital, Randwick 2031, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Glenn M. Marshall
- Children's Cancer Institute Australia, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, UNSW, Randwick 2031, New South Wales, Australia
- Kids Cancer Centre, Sydney Children's Hospital, Randwick 2031, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Michelle Haber
- Children's Cancer Institute Australia, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, UNSW, Randwick 2031, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Geoffrey McCowage
- The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Westmead 2145, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Murray D. Norris
- Children's Cancer Institute Australia, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, UNSW, Randwick 2031, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jennifer A. Byrne
- Children's Cancer Research Unit, Kids Research Institute, Westmead 2145, New South Wales, Australia
- The University of Sydney Discipline of Paediatrics and Child Health, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Westmead 2145, New South Wales, Australia
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Attia S, Ahmad S, Abd-Ellah M, Hamada F, Bakheet S. Germ cell mutagenicity of topoisomerase I inhibitor topotecan detected in the male mouse-dominant lethal study. Food Chem Toxicol 2013; 62:470-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2013.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2012] [Revised: 09/04/2013] [Accepted: 09/06/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Li C, Wang C, Yang H, Zhao X, Wei N, Cui J. Liposomal topotecan formulation with a low polyethylene glycol grafting density: pharmacokinetics and antitumour activity. J Pharm Pharmacol 2011; 64:372-82. [DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-7158.2011.01422.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Objectives
PEGylated liposomes could evade recognition by the reticulo-endothelial system and prolong the circulation time of vesicles, resulting in enhanced targeting efficiency and antitumour effect. Typically, vesicles are modified with distearoylphosphatidylethanolamine (DSPE)-polyethylene glycol (PEG) at a high PEG grafting density. However, long circulation time and slow drug release rate might induce severe hand-foot syndrome in clinical practice. In this study, a liposomal topotecan formulation with a low PEG grafting density was prepared and its pharmacokinetics, acute toxicity and antitumour effect were investigated.
Methods
Topotecan was loaded into liposomes using an ammonium sulfate gradient. The resulting formulation was injected to healthy Wistar rats at different dose levels to investigate whether its clearance followed linear kinetics. Biodistribution was performed in Lewis lung cancer-bearing mice. The acute toxicity was evaluated in healthy mice and beagle dogs. To compare the antitumour effects of different formulations and dose schedule, RM-1 prostate, Lewis lung, H446 and L1210 cancer models were used.
Key findings
Topotecan could be encapsulated into low DSPE-PEG liposomes with ∼100% loading efficiency. The clearance of the liposomal formulation followed linear kinetics at a dose level ranging from 0.5 to 4 mg/kg despite the fact that the vesicles were coated at a low PEG density. Compared with free topotecan the liposomal formulation preferentially accumulated into tumour zones instead of normal tissues. Both formulations could rapidly accumulate into liver and tumour, but the liposomal formulation was cleared from tissues at a slow rate relative to the conventional formulation. In rats and beagle dogs, liposomal formulations could not induce skin toxicity. In all the tumour models, smaller split doses were more therapeutically active than larger doses when the overall dose intensity was equivalent.
Conclusions
This has been the first report that plasma kinetics of a liposomal formulation with a low PEG density followed linear kinetics. Moreover, due to its short circulation half-life, the formulation did not induce skin toxicity. Our data revealed that the dose schedule of liposomal drugs should be adjusted in accordance with the biophysical and biological properties of the formulations to achieve the optimal therapeutic efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunlei Li
- State Key Lab of Novel Pharmaceutical Preparations and Excipients, Shijiazhuang, China
- Hebei Pharmaceutical Engineering & Technology Research Center, Shijiazhuang, China
- CSPC ZhongQi Pharmaceutical Technology (Shijiazhuang) Co., Ltd, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Caixia Wang
- State Key Lab of Novel Pharmaceutical Preparations and Excipients, Shijiazhuang, China
- Hebei Pharmaceutical Engineering & Technology Research Center, Shijiazhuang, China
- CSPC ZhongQi Pharmaceutical Technology (Shijiazhuang) Co., Ltd, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Hanyu Yang
- State Key Lab of Novel Pharmaceutical Preparations and Excipients, Shijiazhuang, China
- Hebei Pharmaceutical Engineering & Technology Research Center, Shijiazhuang, China
- CSPC ZhongQi Pharmaceutical Technology (Shijiazhuang) Co., Ltd, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Xi Zhao
- State Key Lab of Novel Pharmaceutical Preparations and Excipients, Shijiazhuang, China
- Hebei Pharmaceutical Engineering & Technology Research Center, Shijiazhuang, China
- CSPC ZhongQi Pharmaceutical Technology (Shijiazhuang) Co., Ltd, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Na Wei
- State Key Lab of Novel Pharmaceutical Preparations and Excipients, Shijiazhuang, China
- Hebei Pharmaceutical Engineering & Technology Research Center, Shijiazhuang, China
- CSPC ZhongQi Pharmaceutical Technology (Shijiazhuang) Co., Ltd, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Jingxia Cui
- School of Pharmacy, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
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Assessment of anti-cytogenotoxic effects of quercetin in animals treated with topotecan. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2011; 2011:824597. [PMID: 21904648 PMCID: PMC3163490 DOI: 10.1155/2011/824597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2011] [Accepted: 05/09/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The present investigation was directed to study the possible chemoprotective activity of orally administered quercetin against topotecan-induced cyto- and genotoxicity towards mouse somatic cells in vivo. DNA strand breaks, micronuclei formation, and mitotic activity were undertaken in the current study as markers of cyto- and genotoxicity. Oxidative stress markers such as intracellular reactive oxygen species generation, lipid peroxidation, and reduced and oxidized glutathione were assessed in bone marrow as a possible mechanism underlying this amelioration. Quercetin was neither cytotoxic nor genotoxic in mice at doses tested. Pretreatment of mice with quercetin significantly reduced topotecan-induced genotoxicity and cytotoxicity in bone marrow cells, and these effects were dose dependent. Moreover, prior administration of quercetin ahead of topotecan challenge ameliorated oxidative stress markers. In conclusion, quercetin has a protective role in the abatement of topotecan-induced cyto- and genotoxicity in the bone marrow cells of mice that resides, at least in part, on its antioxidant effects. Based on the data presented, strategies can be developed to decrease the topotecan-induced bone marrow suppression and secondary malignancy in cancer patients and medical personnel exposing to topotecan.
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Attia SM, Aleisa AM, Bakheet SA, Al-Yahya AA, Al-Rejaie SS, Ashour AE, Al-Shabanah OA. Molecular cytogenetic evaluation of the mechanism of micronuclei formation induced by camptothecin, topotecan, and irinotecan. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2009; 50:145-151. [PMID: 19152382 DOI: 10.1002/em.20460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
We used the conventional bone marrow micronucleus test complemented with the fluorescent in situ hybridization with the minor satellite DNA probe to investigate the mechanisms of induction of micronuclei in mice treated with camptothecin and its clinical antineoplastic analogues topotecan and irinotecan. All experiments were performed with male Swiss albino mice. Single doses of 1 mg/kg camptothecin or 0.6 mg/kg topotecan were injected intraperitoneally and bone marrow was sampled at 30 hr (camptothecin) or 24 hr (topotecan) after treatment. A dose of 60 mg/kg irinotecan was injected intravenously, once every fourth day for 13 days and bone marrow was sampled 24 hr after the last treatment. In animals treated with camptothecin, a total of 1.07% micronuclei were found and 70% of them were centromere-negative, indicating their formation by DNA strand breaks and reflecting the predominant clastogenic activity of camptothecin. Exposure to topotecan and irinotecan yielded 1.71 and 0.83% micronuclei, respectively. About 52.7 and 48.8% of the induced micronuclei, respectively, were centromere-positive, indicating their formation by whole chromosomes and reflecting the aneugenic activity of both compounds. Correspondingly, about 47.3 and 51.2% of the induced micronuclei, respectively were centromere-negative, demonstrating that topotecan and irinotecan not only induce chromosome loss but also DNA strand breaks. Both the clastogenic and aneugenic potential of these drugs can lead to the development of secondary tumors and abnormal reproductive outcomes. Therefore, the clinical use of these agents must be weighed against the risks of secondary malignancies in cured patients and persistent genetic damage of their potential offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabry M Attia
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Ovarian cancer is the fifth leading cause of cancer deaths in women. It is associated with a poor prognosis, as the majority of patients present with advanced disease and relapse after radical surgery, and following chemotherapy with carboplatin and paclitaxel. OBJECTIVE To review the role of topotecan in the treatment of advanced and relapsed ovarian cancer, and the efficacy and safety of novel dosing regimens and formulations of topotecan. It will also discuss further options of combination of topotecan with other cytotoxic agents and targeted therapies. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS The authors searched for relevant references in the MEDLINE database and in congress abstracts of the American Society of Clinical Oncology. RESULTS Topotecan is an established second-line therapy for advanced and relapsed ovarian cancer; a regimen of 1.5 mg/m(2)/day 1-5 has been approved in the USA and many other western countries. Topotecan is well tolerated; associated haematological toxicity is generally manageable, reversible and non-cumulative. A number of alternative dosing regimens and formulations have been investigated in an attempt to improve the toxicity profile of topotecan without compromising anti-tumour activity. A novel oral formulation of topotecan has shown clinical promise in patients with advanced and relapsed disease. Administration of i.v. topotecan on a weekly basis produced encouraging results in several phase II trials, with less haematological toxicity and similar response rates to the day 1-5 regimen. Also, recent early studies demonstrate that topotecan is effective in combination with several other therapeutic agents in the relapsed setting. CONCLUSION The peer-reviewed literature reports that topotecan is an effective, well tolerated treatment option for relapsed ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jalid Sehouli
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Charité University Hospital, European Competence Center for Ovarian Cancer, Campus Virchow-Clinic, Berlin, Germany.
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Antony S, Agama KK, Miao ZH, Takagi K, Wright MH, Robles AI, Varticovski L, Nagarajan M, Morrell A, Cushman M, Pommier Y. Novel Indenoisoquinolines NSC 725776 and NSC 724998 Produce Persistent Topoisomerase I Cleavage Complexes and Overcome Multidrug Resistance. Cancer Res 2007; 67:10397-405. [PMID: 17974983 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-07-0938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Smitha Antony
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892-4255, USA
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