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Indulkar AS, Slade R, Jana N, Frey RR, Penning TD, Lai A, Leblanc AF. Improving oral absorption of a rapidly crystallizing parent drug using prodrug strategy: Comparison of phosphate versus glycine based prodrugs. J Pharm Sci 2024:S0022-3549(24)00419-2. [PMID: 39368743 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2024.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2024] [Revised: 09/10/2024] [Accepted: 09/10/2024] [Indexed: 10/07/2024]
Abstract
With an increasing number of Biopharmaceutical Classification System (BCS) II/IV pipeline compounds, solubilizing and supersaturating formulation strategies are becoming prevalent. Beyond formulation and solid form strategies, prodrugs are also employed to overcome solubility-limited absorption of poorly water-soluble compounds. Prodrugs can potentially yield supersaturated systems upon conversion to the parent drug intraluminally and thus enhance absorption. However, supersaturation also increases the driving force for crystallization, resulting in low solution concentrations, which can potentially negate the advantage of prodrugs. In this work, two unique solubility-enhancing prodrugs, phosphate and glycine esters, were investigated for a rapidly crystallizing parent drug. Ex vivo absorption studies using rat tissue and in vivo studies in dogs were performed. Conversion rate of the phosphate prodrug to the parent was dependent on the milieu and increased ∼24-fold in the presence of intestinal contents as medium and tissue relative to neat buffer. In contrast, conversion of the glycine prodrug was minimal under any conditions tested, suggesting that the conversion occurs after absorption into the enterocytes. Phosphate prodrug showed a non-linear increase in parent drug absorptive flux across rat intestinal tissue with concentration when intestinal contents were used as donor media. This was attributed to rapid conversion and high supersaturation of the parent drug which subsequently resulted in crystallization at high doses in the donor chamber. Glycine prodrug did not undergo complete conversion at high doses and was absorbed unchanged on the basolateral side, indicating saturation of the converting enzymes in the enterocytes. The combined flux (parent drug and glycine) showed a linear increase with dose and crystallization was not observed. Under physiological conditions, glycine prodrug that is absorbed unchanged from the intestine can potentially undergo complete conversion in hepatocytes after absorption and make the parent drug systemically available. Thus, glycine prodrug provided overall higher absorption compared to phosphate prodrug. The observed flux levels for both the prodrugs were higher compared to the parent drug alone, highlighting an advantage to use of a prodrug strategy to improve absorption of such compounds. Oral dosing in a dog PK study revealed that the bioavailability using the phosphate prodrug was ∼50% whereas, it was ∼100% with glycine prodrug, supporting the in vitro observations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anura S Indulkar
- Small Molecule CMC Drug Product Development, Research & Development, AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, IL, USA.
| | - Russell Slade
- Small Molecule CMC Drug Product Development, Research & Development, AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Navendu Jana
- Discovery Research, Research & Development, AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Robin R Frey
- Discovery Research, Research & Development, AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Thomas D Penning
- Discovery Research, Research & Development, AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Albert Lai
- Discovery Research, Research & Development, AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Alix F Leblanc
- Quantitative, Translational and ADME Sciences, Research & Development, AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, IL, USA
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2
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Kovačević M, Gašperlin M, Pobirk AZ. Lipid-based systems with precipitation inhibitors as formulation approach to improve the drug bioavailability and/or lower its dose: a review. ACTA PHARMACEUTICA (ZAGREB, CROATIA) 2024; 74:201-227. [PMID: 38815207 DOI: 10.2478/acph-2024-0023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
Lipid-based systems, such as self-microemulsifying systems (SMEDDS) are attracting strong attention as a formulation approach to improve the bioavailability of poorly water-soluble drugs. By applying the "spring and parachute" strategy in designing supersaturable SMEDDS, it is possible to maintain the drug in the supersaturated state long enough to allow absorption of the complete dose, thus improving the drug's bio-availability. As such an approach allows the incorporation of larger amounts of the drug in equal or even lower volumes of SMEDDS, it also enables the production of smaller final dosage forms as well as decreased gastrointestinal irritation, being of particular importance when formulating dosage forms for children or the elderly. In this review, the technological approaches used to prolong the drug supersaturation are discussed regarding the type and concentration of polymers used in liquid and solid SMEDDS formulation. The addition of hypromellose derivatives, vinyl polymers, polyethylene glycol, polyoxyethylene, or polymetacrylate copolymers proved to be effective in inhibiting drug precipitation. Regarding the available literature, hypromellose has been the most commonly used polymeric precipitation inhibitor, added in a concentration of 5 % (m/m). However, the inhibiting ability is mainly governed not only by the physicochemical properties of the polymer but also by the API, therefore the choice of optimal precipitation inhibitor is recommended to be evaluated on an individual basis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mila Kovačević
- 1University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Pharmacy 1000 Ljubljana Slovenia
| | - Mirjana Gašperlin
- 1University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Pharmacy 1000 Ljubljana Slovenia
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3
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Mohamad NV. Strategies to Enhance the Solubility and Bioavailability of Tocotrienols Using Self-Emulsifying Drug Delivery System. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:1403. [PMID: 37895874 PMCID: PMC10610013 DOI: 10.3390/ph16101403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Tocotrienols have higher medicinal value, with multiple sources of evidence showing their biological properties as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and osteoprotective compounds. However, tocotrienol bioavailability presents an ongoing challenge in its translation into viable products. This is because tocotrienol oil is known to be a poorly water-soluble compound, making it difficult to be absorbed into the body and resulting in less effectiveness. With the potential and benefits of tocotrienol, new strategies to increase the bioavailability and efficacy of poorly absorbed tocotrienol are required when administered orally. One of the proposed formulation techniques was self-emulsification, which has proven its capacity to improve oral drug delivery of poorly water-soluble drugs by advancing the solubility and bioavailability of these active compounds. This review discusses the updated evidence on the bioavailability of tocotrienols formulated with self-emulsifying drug delivery systems (SEDDSs) from in vivo and human studies. In short, SEDDSs formulation enhances the solubility and passive permeability of tocotrienol, thus improving its oral bioavailability and biological actions. This increases its medicinal and commercial value. Furthermore, the self-emulsifying formulation presents a useful dosage form that is absorbed in vivo independent of dietary fats with consistent and enhanced levels of tocotrienol isomers. Therefore, a lipid-based formulation technique can provide an additional detailed understanding of the oral bioavailability of tocotrienols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nur-Vaizura Mohamad
- Centre for Drug and Herbal Development, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 50300, Malaysia
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4
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Holm R, Kuentz M, Ilie-Spiridon AR, Griffin BT. Lipid based formulations as supersaturating oral delivery systems: From current to future industrial applications. Eur J Pharm Sci 2023; 189:106556. [PMID: 37543063 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2023.106556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/07/2023]
Abstract
Lipid-based formulations, in particular supersaturated lipid-based formulations, are important delivery approaches when formulating challenging compounds, as especially low water-soluble compounds profit from delivery in a pre-dissolved state. In this article, the classification of lipid-based formulation is described, followed by a detailed discussion of different supersaturated lipid-based formulations and the recent advances reported in the literature. The supersaturated lipid-based formulations discussed include both the in situ forming supersaturated systems as well as the thermally induced supersaturated lipid-based formulations. The in situ forming drug supersaturation by lipid-based formulations has been widely employed and numerous clinically available products are on the market. There are some scientific gaps in the field, but in general there is a good understanding of the mechanisms driving the success of these systems. For thermally induced supersaturation, the technology is not yet fully understood and developed, hence more research is required in this field to explore the formulations beyond preclinical studies and initial clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- René Holm
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Denmark.
| | - Martin Kuentz
- University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland, Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology, Hofackerstr. 30, CH-4132 Muttenz, Switzerland
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Mohajer F, Mohammadi Ziarani G, Badiei A. Encapsulation of porous materials. PRINCIPLES OF BIOMATERIALS ENCAPSULATION : VOLUME TWO 2023:93-114. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-824345-9.00009-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
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6
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Shukla E, Kara DD, Katikala T, Rathnanand M. Self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery systems (SNEDDS) of anti-cancer drugs: a multifaceted nanoplatform for the enhancement of oral bioavailability. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2023; 49:1-16. [PMID: 36803270 DOI: 10.1080/03639045.2023.2182124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE A significant problem faced by the health care industry today is that though there are numerous drugs available to tackle diseases like cancer, their intrinsic properties make it difficult to be delivered to patients in a feasible manner. One of the key players that have helped researchers overcome poor solubility and permeability of drugs is Nanotechnology, this article further iterates on the same. SIGNIFICANCE Nanotechnology is used as an umbrella term in pharmaceutics and describes under it multiple technologies. Upcoming nanotechnology is a Self Nanoemulsifying System which is considered to be a futuristic delivery system both due to its scientific simplicity and relative ease of patient delivery. METHODS Self-Nano Emulsifying Drug Delivery Systems (SNEDDS) are homogenous lipidic concoctions containing the drug solubilized in the oil phase and surfactants. The choice of components depends on the physicochemical properties of the drugs, the solubilization capability of oils and the physiological fate of the drug. The article contains further details of various methodologies that have been adopted by scientists to formulate and optimize such systems in order to make anticancer drugs orally deliverable. RESULTS The results that have been generated by scientists across the globe have been summarized in the article and all of the data supports the claim that SNEDDS significantly enhance the solubility and bioavailability of hydrophobic anticancer drugs. CONCLUSIONS This article mainly provides the application of SNEDDS in cancer therapy and concludes to provide a step for the oral administration of several BCS class II and IV anticancer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eesha Shukla
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Manipal, India
| | - Divya Dhatri Kara
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Manipal, India
| | - Tanvi Katikala
- Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Manipal, India
| | - Mahalaxmi Rathnanand
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Manipal, India
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Zupančič O, Spoerk M, Paudel A. Lipid-based solubilization technology via hot melt extrusion: promises and challenges. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2022; 19:1013-1032. [PMID: 35943158 DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2022.2112173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Self-emulsifying drug delivery systems (SEDDS) are a promising strategy to improve the oral bioavailability of poorly water-soluble drugs (PWSD). The excipients of SEDDS enable permeation through the mucus and gastro-intestinal barrier, inhibiting efflux transporters (e.g. P-glycoprotein) of drugs. Poor drug loading capacity and formulation instability are the main setbacks of traditional SEDDS. The use of polymeric precipitation inhibitors was shown to create supersaturable SEDDS with increased drug payload, and their solidification can help to overcome the instability challenge. As an alternative to several existing SEDDS solidification technologies, hot melt extrusion (HME) holds the potential for lean and continuous manufacturing of supersaturable solid-SEDDS. Despite being ubiquitously applied in solid lipid and polymeric processing, HME has not yet been widely considered for the preparation of SEDDS. AREAS COVERED The review begins with the rationale why SEDDS as the preferred lipid-based delivery systems (LBDS) is suitable for the oral delivery of PWSD and discusses the common barriers to oral administration. The potential of LBDS to surmount them is discussed. SEDDS as the flagship of LBDS for PWSD is proposed with a special emphasis on solid-SEDDS. Finally, the opportunities and challenges of HME from the lipid-based excipient (LBE) processing and product performance standpoint are highlighted. EXPERT OPINION HME can be a continuous, solvent-free, cost-effective, and scalable technology for manufacturing solid supersaturable SEDDS. Several critical formulations and process parameters in successfully preparing SEDDS via HME are identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ožbej Zupančič
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH, Inffeldgasse 13, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Martin Spoerk
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH, Inffeldgasse 13, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Amrit Paudel
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH, Inffeldgasse 13, 8010 Graz, Austria.,Institute of Process and Particle Engineering, Graz University of Technology, Inffeldgasse 13, 8010 Graz, Austria
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Butreddy A. Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose acetate succinate as an exceptional polymer for amorphous solid dispersion formulations: A review from bench to clinic. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2022; 177:289-307. [PMID: 35872180 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2022.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Amorphous solid dispersions (ASDs) are a proven system for achieving a supersaturated state of drug, in which the concentration of drug is greater than its crystalline solubility. The usage of Hydroxypropyl Methylcellulose Acetate Succinate (HPMCAS) in the development of ASDs has grown significantly, as evidenced by the fact that majority of commercially approved ASD formulations are based on HPMCAS. HPMCAS has been widely utilized as a solubility enhancer and precipitation inhibitor or stabilizer to achieve supersaturation and inhibit crystallization of drugs in the gastrointestinal tract. The characteristics of HPMCAS ASDs such as less hygroscopic, strong drug-polymer hydrophobic interactions, high solubilization efficiency, greater potential to generate, maintain drug supersaturation and crystallization inhibition outperform other polymeric carriers in ASD development. Furthermore, combining HPMCAS with other polymers or surfactants as ternary ASDs could be a viable approach for enhancing oral absorption of poorly soluble drugs. This review discusses the concepts of supersaturation maintenance or precipitation inhibition of HPMCAS in the ASD formulations. In addition, the mechanisms underlying for improved dissolution performance, oral bioavailability and stability of HPMCAS ASDs are explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arun Butreddy
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA.
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9
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Zainal Z, Khaza'ai H, Kutty Radhakrishnan A, Chang SK. Therapeutic potential of palm oil vitamin E-derived tocotrienols in inflammation and chronic diseases: Evidence from preclinical and clinical studies. Food Res Int 2022; 156:111175. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2022.111175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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10
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Dayar E, Pechanova O. Targeted Strategy in Lipid-Lowering Therapy. Biomedicines 2022; 10:1090. [PMID: 35625827 PMCID: PMC9138651 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10051090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Revised: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Dyslipidemia is characterized by a diminished lipid profile, including increased level of total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c) and reduced level of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c). Lipid-lowering agents represent an efficient tool for the prevention or reduction of progression of atherosclerosis, coronary heart diseases and metabolic syndrome. Statins, ezetimibe, and recently proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) inhibitors are the most effective and used drugs in clinical lipid-lowering therapy. These drugs are mainly aimed to lower cholesterol levels by different mechanisms of actions. Statins, the agents of the first-line therapy-known as 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitors-suppress the liver cholesterol synthesis. Ezetimibe as the second-line therapy can decrease cholesterol by inhibiting cholesterol absorption. Finally, the PCSK9 inhibitors act as an inducer of LDL excretion. In spite of their beneficial lipid-lowering properties, many patients suffer from their serious side effects, route of administration, or unsatisfactory physicochemical characteristics. Clinical demand for dose reduction and the improvement of bioavailability as well as pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic profile has resulted in the development of a new targeted therapy that includes nanoparticle carriers, emulsions or vaccination often associated with another more subtle form of administration. Targeted therapy aims to exert a more potent drug profile with lipid-lowering properties either alone or in mutual combination to potentiate their beneficial effects. This review describes the most effective lipid-lowering drugs, their favorable and adverse effects, as well as targeted therapy and alternative treatments to help reduce or prevent atherosclerotic processes and cardiovascular events.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Olga Pechanova
- Institute of Normal and Pathological Physiology, Centre of Experimental Medicine, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Sienkiewiczova 1, 813 71 Bratislava, Slovakia;
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Sirvi A, Kuche K, Chaudhari D, Ghadi R, Date T, Katiyar SS, Jain S. Supersaturable self-emulsifying drug delivery system: A strategy for improving the loading and oral bioavailability of quercetin. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2022.103289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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12
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JIANG Q, WANG T, LI G. Evaluation on a supersaturatable self-microemulsifying (s-smdds) formulation of biphenyl dimethyl dicarboxylate (BDD) in Vitro and in Vivo. FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1590/fst.77021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Gao LI
- Yanbian University College of Pharmacy, China
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13
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Understanding the relationship between solubility and permeability of γ-cyclodextrin-based systems embedded with poorly aqueous soluble benznidazole. Int J Pharm 2022; 616:121487. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2022.121487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Revised: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Wyttenbach N, Niederquell A, Ectors P, Kuentz M. Study and Computational Modeling of Fatty Acid Effects on Drug Solubility in Lipid-Based Systems. J Pharm Sci 2021; 111:1728-1738. [PMID: 34863971 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2021.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Lipid-based systems have many advantages in formulation of poorly water-soluble drugs but issues of a limited solvent capacity are often encountered in development. One of the possible solubilization approaches of especially basic drugs could be the addition of fatty acids to oils but currently, a systematic study is lacking. Therefore, the present work investigated apparently neutral and basic drugs in medium chain triglycerides (MCT) alone and with added either caproic acid (C6), caprylic acid (C8), capric acid (C10) or oleic acid (C18:1) at different levels (5 - 20%, w/w). A miniaturized solubility assay was used together with X-ray diffraction to analyze the residual solid and finally, solubility data were modeled using the conductor-like screening model for real solvents (COSMO-RS). Some drug bases had an MCT solubility of only a few mg/ml or less but addition of fatty acids provided in some formulations exceptional drug loading of up to about 20% (w/w). The solubility changes were in general more pronounced the shorter the chain length was and the longest oleic acid even displayed a negative effect in mixtures of celecoxib and fenofibrate. The COSMO-RS prediction accuracy was highly specific for the given compounds with root mean square errors (RMSE) ranging from an excellent 0.07 to a highest value of 1.12. The latter was obtained with the strongest model base pimozide for which a new solid form was found in some samples. In conclusion, targeting specific molecular interactions with the solute combined with mechanistic modeling provides new tools to advance lipid-based drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Wyttenbach
- F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Pharmaceutical Research & Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Grenzacherstr. 124, CH- 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Niederquell
- University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwest. Switzerland, Institute of Pharma Technology Hofackerstr. 30, CH- 4132 Muttenz, Switzerland
| | - Philipp Ectors
- F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Pharma Technical Development, Grenzacherstr. 124, CH-4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Martin Kuentz
- University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwest. Switzerland, Institute of Pharma Technology Hofackerstr. 30, CH- 4132 Muttenz, Switzerland.
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Dhaval M, Vaghela P, Patel K, Sojitra K, Patel M, Patel S, Dudhat K, Shah S, Manek R, Parmar R. Lipid-based emulsion drug delivery systems - a comprehensive review. Drug Deliv Transl Res 2021; 12:1616-1639. [PMID: 34609731 DOI: 10.1007/s13346-021-01071-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Lipid-based emulsion system - a subcategory of emulsion technology, has emerged as an enticing option to improve the solubility of the steadily rising water-insoluble candidates. Along with enhancing solubility, additional advantages such as improvement in permeability, protection against pre-systemic metabolism, ease of manufacturing, and easy to scale-up have made lipid-based emulsion technology very popular among academicians and manufacturers. The present article provides a comprehensive review regarding various critical properties of lipid-based emulsion systems, such as microemulsion, nanoemulsion, SMEDDS (self microemulsifying drug delivery system), and SNEDDS (self nanoemulsifying drug delivery system). The present article also explains in detail the similarities and differences between them, the stabilization mechanism, methods of preparation, excipients used to prepare them, and evaluation techniques. Subtle differences between nearly related terminologies such as microemulsion and nanoemulsion, SMEDDS, and SNEDDS are also explained in detail to clarify the basic differences. The present article also gives in-depth information regarding the chemical structure of various lipidic excipients, various possible chemical modifications to modify their inherent properties, and their regulatory status for rational selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mori Dhaval
- B.K. Mody Government Pharmacy College, Polytechnic Campus, Near Ajidam, Rajkot, Gujarat, India.
| | - Poonam Vaghela
- B.K. Mody Government Pharmacy College, Polytechnic Campus, Near Ajidam, Rajkot, Gujarat, India
| | - Kajal Patel
- B.K. Mody Government Pharmacy College, Polytechnic Campus, Near Ajidam, Rajkot, Gujarat, India
| | - Keshvi Sojitra
- B.K. Mody Government Pharmacy College, Polytechnic Campus, Near Ajidam, Rajkot, Gujarat, India
| | - Mohini Patel
- B.K. Mody Government Pharmacy College, Polytechnic Campus, Near Ajidam, Rajkot, Gujarat, India
| | - Sushma Patel
- B.K. Mody Government Pharmacy College, Polytechnic Campus, Near Ajidam, Rajkot, Gujarat, India
| | - Kiran Dudhat
- K. V. Virani Institute of Pharmacy and Research Centre, Badhada, Gujarat, India
| | - Sunny Shah
- B.K. Mody Government Pharmacy College, Polytechnic Campus, Near Ajidam, Rajkot, Gujarat, India
| | - Ravi Manek
- B.K. Mody Government Pharmacy College, Polytechnic Campus, Near Ajidam, Rajkot, Gujarat, India
| | - Ramesh Parmar
- B.K. Mody Government Pharmacy College, Polytechnic Campus, Near Ajidam, Rajkot, Gujarat, India
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HPMC improves protective effects of naringenin and isonicotinamide co-crystals against abdominal aortic aneurysm. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther 2021; 36:1109-1119. [PMID: 34491473 DOI: 10.1007/s10557-021-07206-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) rupture is one of the most common causes of mortality in cardiovascular diseases, but currently there is no approved drug for AAA treatment or prevention in the clinic. Naringenin (NGN) has been reported to have anti-AAA effects. However, water solubility and in vivo absorption of NGN are not satisfactory, which leads to its low bioavailability, thus affecting its pharmacological effects. In this project, the improving effects of isonicotinamide (INT) co-crystal and hydroxy propyl methyl cellulose (HPMC) or polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP) on the solubility, in vivo absorption, and anti-AAA effects of NGN were evaluated. METHODS In the current study, co-crystals of naringenin-isonicotinamide (NGN-INT) were prepared, and effects of PVP or HPMC on precipitation rate, supersaturation, and bioavailability of NGN were explored. In addition, with or without HPMC supply, the effects of NGN-INT co-crystal on anti-AAA efficacy of NGN were investigated on an elastase-induced AAA mouse model, and the results were compared with the efficacy of the NGN crude drug. RESULTS Our results demonstrate that NGN-INT formulation, compared to the NGN crude drug, enhanced the dissolution rate of NGN and significantly increased Cmax and AUC(0-∞) of NGN by 18 times and 1.97 times, respectively. Addition of PVP or HPMC in NGN-INT co-crystal further increased bioavailability of NGN in NGN-INT. The in vivo pharmacodynamic study showed that NGN-INT with HPMC significantly improved the inhibitory effects of NGN against AAA. CONCLUSION NGN-INT significantly improved the absorption and aortic protective effects of NGN. The supersaturation-prolonging effect of HPMC further enhanced bioavailability and anti-AAA effects of NGN-INT.
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Supersaturation and Solubilization upon In Vitro Digestion of Fenofibrate Type I Lipid Formulations: Effect of Droplet Size, Surfactant Concentration and Lipid Type. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13081287. [PMID: 34452248 PMCID: PMC8399075 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13081287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Lipid-based formulations (LBF) enhance oral drug absorption by promoting drug solubilization and supersaturation. The aim of the study was to determine the effect of the lipid carrier type, drop size and surfactant concentration on the rate of fenofibrate release in a bicarbonate-based in vitro digestion model. The effect of the lipid carrier was studied by preparing type I LBF with drop size ≈ 2 µm, based on medium-chain triglycerides (MCT), sunflower oil (SFO), coconut oil (CNO) and cocoa butter (CB). The drop size and surfactant concentration effects were assessed by studying MCT and SFO-based formulations with a drop size between 400 nm and 14 µm and surfactant concentrations of 1 or 10%. A filtration through a 200 nm filter followed by HPLC analysis was used to determine the aqueous fenofibrate, whereas lipid digestion was followed by gas chromatography. Shorter-chain triglycerides were key in promoting a faster drug release. The fenofibrate release from long-chain triglyceride formulations (SFO, CNO and CB) was governed by solubilization and was enhanced at a smaller droplet size and higher surfactant concentration. In contrast, supersaturation was observed after the digestion of MCT emulsions. In this case, a smaller drop size and higher surfactant had negative effects: lower peak fenofibrate concentrations and a faster onset of precipitation were observed. The study provides new mechanistic insights on drug solubilization and supersaturation after LBF digestion, and may support the development of new in silico prediction models.
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Solid self emulsifying drug delivery system: Superior mode for oral delivery of hydrophobic cargos. J Control Release 2021; 337:646-660. [PMID: 34384795 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2021.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2021] [Revised: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
A significant proportion of recently approved drug molecules possess poor aqueous solubility which further restrains their desired bioavailability. Poor aqueous solubility of these drugs poses significant hurdles in development of novel drug delivery systems and achieving target response. Self-emulsifying drug delivery systems (SEDDS) emerged as an insightful approach for delivering highly hydrophobic entities to enhance their bioavailability. Conventional SEDDS were developed in a liquid form which owned numerous shortcomings like low stability and drug loading efficiency, fewer choices of dosage forms and irreversible precipitation of drug or excipients. To address these curbs solid-SEDDS (S-SEDDS) was introduced as an efficient strategy that combined advantages of solid dosage forms such as increased stability, portability and patient compliance along with substantial improvement in the bioavailability. S-SEDDS are isotropic mixtures of oil, surfactant, solvent and co-solvents generated by solidification of liquid or semisolid self-emulsifying ingredients onto powders. The present review highlights components of S-SEDDS, their peculiarities to be considered while designing solid dosage forms and various methods of fabrication. Lastly, key challenges faced during development, applications and future directions for the research in this area are thoroughly summarized.
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Sharma T, Jain A, Kaur R, Saini S, Katare OP, Singh B. Supersaturated LFCS type III self-emulsifying delivery systems of sorafenib tosylate with improved biopharmaceutical performance: QbD-enabled development and evaluation. Drug Deliv Transl Res 2021; 10:839-861. [PMID: 32415654 DOI: 10.1007/s13346-020-00772-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The current studies investigate the application of quality by design-enabled type III self-emulsifying delivery system (Type III-SEDDS) of sorafenib tosylate (SFN) in improving its biopharmaceutical attributes. Initially, lipidic and emulsifying excipients were selected by carrying out solubility and phase titration experiments. After screening studies using Taguchi OA design, Type III-SEDDS were further optimised using D-optimal mixture design. The prepared formulations were assessed for globule size, zeta potential and percent of drug release. Following graphical optimisation, the optimum formulation was earmarked and further supersaturated to form saturated Type III-SEDDS (Sat-Type III-SEDDS) using a combination of HPMC and PVP to improve the stability of the formulation for a prolonged period. In vitro drug release of Type III-SEDDS study indicated approximately 8-fold improvement in dissolution rate over the pure powder drug. Cell uptake studies demonstrated higher uptake of dye-loaded Type III-SEDDS formulations in Caco-2 cells vis-à-vis plain dye. Cytotoxicity assay on Hep G2 cells revealed significant reduction in cell growth with Type III- and Sat-Type III-SEDDS vis-à-vis the pure drug. Furthermore, in situ permeation studies carried out using Wistar rats exhibited nearly 8.3- to 10.2-fold augmentation in permeation and absorption parameters of the drug from the Type III- and Sat-Type III-SEDDS, respectively, vis-à-vis the pure drug. Pharmacokinetic studies indicated nearly 3.98- and 3.62-fold improvement in AUC0-72, and 8.01- and 5.42-fold in Cmax, along with 0.25-fold decrease in Tmax of the drug from Type III- and Sat-Type III-SEDDS, respectively, in comparison with the SFN suspension. Furthermore, high degree of level A linear correlation was established between fractions of drug dissolved (in vitro) and of drug absorbed (in vivo) at the corresponding time points for Sat-Type III-SEDDS and pure drug, whereas the Type III-SEDDS exhibited a nonlinear relationship. Stability studies indicated the robustness of Sat-Type III-SEDDS, when stored at 25 °C for 3 months. Overall, the manuscript documents the successful systematic development of SFN-loaded Sat-Type III-SEDDS with distinctly improved biopharmaceutical performance. Graphical abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teenu Sharma
- University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UGC Centre of Advanced Studies, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160 014, India
| | - Atul Jain
- UGC-Centre of Excellence in Applications of Nanomaterials, Nanoparticles & Nanocomposites (Biomedical Sciences), Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160014, India
| | - Ranjot Kaur
- University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UGC Centre of Advanced Studies, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160 014, India
| | - Sumant Saini
- University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UGC Centre of Advanced Studies, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160 014, India
| | - O P Katare
- University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UGC Centre of Advanced Studies, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160 014, India
| | - Bhupinder Singh
- University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UGC Centre of Advanced Studies, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160 014, India. .,UGC-Centre of Excellence in Applications of Nanomaterials, Nanoparticles & Nanocomposites (Biomedical Sciences), Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160014, India.
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Recent Advances in Dissolution Testing and Their Use to Improve In Vitro–In Vivo Correlations in Oral Drug Formulations. J Pharm Innov 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s12247-021-09565-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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21
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Falavigna M, Brurok S, Klitgaard M, Flaten GE. Simultaneous assessment of in vitro lipolysis and permeation in the mucus-PVPA model to predict oral absorption of a poorly water soluble drug in SNEDDSs. Int J Pharm 2021; 596:120258. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.120258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Zhang J, Thakkar R, Zhang Y, Maniruzzaman M. Microwave induced dielectric heating for the on-demand development of indomethacin amorphous solid dispersion tablets. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2020.102109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Buya AB, Beloqui A, Memvanga PB, Préat V. Self-Nano-Emulsifying Drug-Delivery Systems: From the Development to the Current Applications and Challenges in Oral Drug Delivery. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:E1194. [PMID: 33317067 PMCID: PMC7764143 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12121194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Approximately one third of newly discovered drug molecules show insufficient water solubility and therefore low oral bio-availability. Self-nano-emulsifying drug-delivery systems (SNEDDSs) are one of the emerging strategies developed to tackle the issues associated with their oral delivery. SNEDDSs are composed of an oil phase, surfactant, and cosurfactant or cosolvent. SNEDDSs characteristics, their ability to dissolve a drug, and in vivo considerations are determinant factors in the choice of SNEDDSs excipients. A SNEDDS formulation can be optimized through phase diagram approach or statistical design of experiments. The characterization of SNEDDSs includes multiple orthogonal methods required to fully control SNEDDS manufacture, stability, and biological fate. Encapsulating a drug in SNEDDSs can lead to increased solubilization, stability in the gastro-intestinal tract, and absorption, resulting in enhanced bio-availability. The transformation of liquid SNEDDSs into solid dosage forms has been shown to increase the stability and patient compliance. Supersaturated, mucus-permeating, and targeted SNEDDSs can be developed to increase efficacy and patient compliance. Self-emulsification approach has been successful in oral drug delivery. The present review gives an insight of SNEDDSs for the oral administration of both lipophilic and hydrophilic compounds from the experimental bench to marketed products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aristote B. Buya
- Advanced Drug Delivery and Biomaterials, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, Avenue Mounier 73, B1.73.12, 1200 Brussels, Belgium; (A.B.B.); (A.B.)
- Pharmaceutics and Phytopharmaceutical Drug Development Research Group, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa XI BP 212, Democratic Republic of the Congo;
| | - Ana Beloqui
- Advanced Drug Delivery and Biomaterials, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, Avenue Mounier 73, B1.73.12, 1200 Brussels, Belgium; (A.B.B.); (A.B.)
| | - Patrick B. Memvanga
- Pharmaceutics and Phytopharmaceutical Drug Development Research Group, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa XI BP 212, Democratic Republic of the Congo;
| | - Véronique Préat
- Advanced Drug Delivery and Biomaterials, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, Avenue Mounier 73, B1.73.12, 1200 Brussels, Belgium; (A.B.B.); (A.B.)
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Falavigna M, Klitgaard M, Berthelsen R, Müllertz A, Flaten GE. Predicting Oral Absorption of fenofibrate in Lipid-Based Drug Delivery Systems by Combining In Vitro Lipolysis with the Mucus-PVPA Permeability Model. J Pharm Sci 2020; 110:208-216. [PMID: 32916137 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2020.08.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this work was to develop a new in vitro lipolysis-permeation model to predict the in vivo absorption of fenofibrate in self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery systems (SNEDDSs). More specifically, the in vitro intestinal lipolysis model was combined with the mucus-PVPA (Phospholipid Vesicle-based Permeation Assay) in vitro permeability model. Biosimilar mucus (BM) was added to the surface of the PVPA barriers to closer simulate the intestinal mucosa. SNEDDSs for which pharmacokinetic data after oral dosing to rats was available in the literature were prepared, and the ability of the SNEDDSs to maintain fenofibrate solubilized during in vitro lipolysis was determined, followed by the assessment of drug permeation across the mucus-PVPA barriers. The amount of drug solubilized over time during in vitro lipolysis did not correlate with the AUC (area under the curve) of the plasma drug concentration curve. However, the AUC of the drug permeated after in vitro lipolysis displayed a good correlation with the in vivo AUC (R2 > 0.9). Thus, it was concluded that the in vitro lipolysis-mucus-PVPA permeation model, simulating the physiological digestion and absorption processes, was able to predict in vivo absorption data, exhibiting great potential for further prediction of in vivo performance of SNEDDSs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margherita Falavigna
- Drug Transport and Delivery Research Group, Department of Pharmacy, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Universitetsveien 57, 9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Mette Klitgaard
- Physiological Pharmaceutics, Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2-4, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ragna Berthelsen
- Physiological Pharmaceutics, Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2-4, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anette Müllertz
- Physiological Pharmaceutics, Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2-4, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Gøril Eide Flaten
- Drug Transport and Delivery Research Group, Department of Pharmacy, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Universitetsveien 57, 9037 Tromsø, Norway.
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Chauhan G, Shaik AA, Kulkarni NS, Gupta V. The preparation of lipid-based drug delivery system using melt extrusion. Drug Discov Today 2020; 25:S1359-6446(20)30330-5. [PMID: 32835807 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2020.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Revised: 05/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Melt extrusion of lipids is versatile with high applicability in the pharmaceutical industry. The formulations prepared can be easily customized depending on the requirements, and have the potential to open a window on personalized medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gautam Chauhan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John's University, Queens, NY 11439, USA
| | - Abdul A Shaik
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John's University, Queens, NY 11439, USA; Current address: School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX 79106, USA
| | - Nishant S Kulkarni
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John's University, Queens, NY 11439, USA
| | - Vivek Gupta
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John's University, Queens, NY 11439, USA.
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Jo K, Kim H, Khadka P, Jang T, Kim SJ, Hwang SH, Lee J. Enhanced intestinal lymphatic absorption of saquinavir through supersaturated self-microemulsifying drug delivery systems. Asian J Pharm Sci 2020; 15:336-346. [PMID: 32636951 PMCID: PMC7327769 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajps.2018.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2018] [Revised: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 11/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The therapeutic potential of saquinavir, a specific inhibitor of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 and HIV-2 protease enzymes, has been largely limited because of a low solubility and consequnt low bioavailability. Thus, we aimed to design a supersaturated self-microemulsifying drug delivery system (S-SMEDDS) that can maintain a high concentration of saquinavir in gastro-intestinal fluid thorugh inhibiting the drug precipitation to enhance the lymphatic transport of saquinavir and to increase the bioavailability of saquinavir considerably. Solubilizing capacity of different oils, surfactants, and cosurfactants for saquinavir was evaluated to select optimal ingredients for preparation of SMEDDS. Through the construction of pseudo-ternary phase diagram, SMEDDS formulations were established. A polymer as a precipitation inhibitor was selected based on its viscosity and drug precipitation inhibiting capacity. The S-SMEDDS and SMEDDS designed were administered at an equal dose to rats. At predetermined time points, levels of saquinavir in lymph collected from the rats were assessed. SMEDDS prepared presented a proper self-microemulsification efficiency and dispersion stability. The S-SMEDDS fabricated using the SMEDDS and hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose 2910 as a precipitation inhibitor exhibited a signficantly enhanced solubilizing capacity for saquinavir. The drug concentration in a simulated intestinal fluid evaluated with the S-SMEDDS was also maintained at higher levels for prolonged time than that examined with the SMEDDS. The S-SMEDDS showed a considerably enhanced lymphatic absoprtion of saquinavir in rats compared to the SMEDDS. Therefore, the S-SMEDDS would be usefully exploited to enhance the lymphatic absorption of hydrophobic drugs that need to be targeted to the lymphatic system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanghee Jo
- College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeongmin Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Prakash Khadka
- College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Taejun Jang
- College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo Jin Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong-Ha Hwang
- College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaehwi Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
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Park H, Ha ES, Kim MS. Current Status of Supersaturable Self-Emulsifying Drug Delivery Systems. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:pharmaceutics12040365. [PMID: 32316199 PMCID: PMC7238279 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12040365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2020] [Revised: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Self-emulsifying drug delivery systems (SEDDSs) are a vital strategy to enhance the bioavailability (BA) of formulations of poorly water-soluble compounds. However, these formulations have certain limitations, including in vivo drug precipitation, poor in vitro in vivo correlation due to a lack of predictive in vitro tests, issues in handling of liquid formulation, and physico-chemical instability of drug and/or vehicle components. To overcome these limitations, which restrict the potential usage of such systems, the supersaturable SEDDSs (su-SEDDSs) have gained attention based on the fact that the inclusion of precipitation inhibitors (PIs) within SEDDSs helps maintain drug supersaturation after dispersion and digestion in the gastrointestinal tract. This improves the BA of drugs and reduces the variability of exposure. In addition, the formulation of solid su-SEDDSs has helped to overcome disadvantages of liquid or capsule dosage form. This review article discusses, in detail, the current status of su-SEDDSs that overcome the limitations of conventional SEDDSs. It discusses the definition and range of su-SEDDSs, the principle mechanisms underlying precipitation inhibition and enhanced in vivo absorption, drug application cases, biorelevance in vitro digestion models, and the development of liquid su-SEDDSs to solid dosage forms. This review also describes the effects of various physiological factors and the potential interactions between PIs and lipid, lipase or lipid digested products on the in vivo performance of su-SEDDSs. In particular, several considerations relating to the properties of PIs are discussed from various perspectives.
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Umemoto Y, Uchida S, Yoshida T, Shimada K, Kojima H, Takagi A, Tanaka S, Kashiwagura Y, Namiki N. An effective polyvinyl alcohol for the solubilization of poorly water-soluble drugs in solid dispersion formulations. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2019.101401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Maghsoodi M, Nokhodchi A, Babi HI. Rational selection of formulation components to improve dissolution of Dipyridamole. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2019.101467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Beneficial effects of δ-tocotrienol against oxidative stress in osteoblastic cells: studies on the mechanisms of action. Eur J Nutr 2019; 59:1975-1987. [PMID: 31280345 PMCID: PMC7351870 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-019-02047-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Natural antioxidants are considered as promising compounds in the prevention/treatment of osteoporosis. We studied the ability of purified δ-tocotrienol (δ-TT) isolated from a commercial palm oil (Elaeis guineensis) fraction to protect osteoblast MC3T3-E1 and osteocyte MLO-Y4 cells against tert-butyl hydroperoxide (t-BHP)-induced oxidative damage and the mechanisms involved in its protective action in MC3T3-E1. Methods MC3T3-E1 and MLO-Y4 cells were treated with δ-TT (1.25–20 µg/ml for 2 h) followed by t-BHP at 250 µM or 125 µM for 3 h, respectively. MTT test was used to measure cell viability. Apoptotic cells were stained with Hoechst-33258 dye. Intracellular ROS levels were measured by dichlorofluorescein CM-DCFA. The OPT fluorimetric assay was used to detect the reduced glutathione to oxidized glutathione ratio (GSH/GSSG) contents. Results δ-TT significantly prevented the effects of t-BHP on cell viability and apoptosis reaching a maximum protective activity at 10 and 5 µg/ml in MC3T3-E1 and MLO-Y4 cells, respectively. This protective effect was due to a reduction of intracellular ROS levels and an increase in the defense systems shown by the increase in the GSH/GSSG. GSH loss induced by an inhibitor of GSH synthesis significantly reduced the δ-TT-positive effect on ROS levels. δ-TT prevention of oxidative damage was completely removed by combined treatment with the specific inhibitors of PI3K/AKT (LY294002) and Nrf2 (ML385). Conclusions The δ-TT protective effect against oxidative damage in MC3T3-E1 cells is due to a reduction of intracellular ROS levels and an increase of the GSH/GSSG ratio, and involves an interaction between the PI3K/Akt–Nrf2 signaling pathways.
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Successful oral delivery of poorly water-soluble drugs both depends on the intraluminal behavior of drugs and of appropriate advanced drug delivery systems. Eur J Pharm Sci 2019; 137:104967. [PMID: 31252052 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2019.104967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Revised: 05/27/2019] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Poorly water-soluble drugs continue to be a problematic, yet important class of pharmaceutical compounds for treatment of a wide range of diseases. Their prevalence in discovery is still high, and their development is usually limited by our lack of a complete understanding of how the complex chemical, physiological and biochemical processes that occur between administration and absorption individually and together impact on bioavailability. This review defines the challenge presented by these drugs, outlines contemporary strategies to solve this challenge, and consequent in silico and in vitro evaluation of the delivery technologies for poorly water-soluble drugs. The next steps and unmet needs are proposed to present a roadmap for future studies for the field to consider enabling progress in delivery of poorly water-soluble compounds.
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Yeap YY, Lock J, Lerkvikarn S, Semin T, Nguyen N, Carrier RL. Intestinal mucus is capable of stabilizing supersaturation of poorly water-soluble drugs. J Control Release 2019; 296:107-113. [PMID: 30527813 PMCID: PMC6467574 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2018.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2018] [Revised: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 11/25/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The utilization of polymers to stabilize drug supersaturation and enhance oral drug absorption has recently garnered considerable interest. The potential role of intestinal mucus in stabilizing drug supersaturation, however, has not been previously explored. The ability for intestinal mucus to stabilize drug supersaturation and delay drug precipitation is potentially useful in enhancing the absorption of orally dosed compounds from drug delivery systems that generate supersaturation within the gastrointestinal tract (e.g., solid dispersions, lipid-based drug delivery systems). This work aims to evaluate the precipitation-delaying abilities of intestinal mucus using carvedilol (CVDL) and piroxicam (PXM) as model drugs. In supersaturation-precipitation (S-P) experiments, CVDL and PXM supersaturation were induced in test media (0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.4%w/v mucin and 8%w/v native pig intestinal mucus (PIM)) via the solvent-shift method at supersaturation ratios (SSR) of 5 and 6, respectively. Time to drug precipitation was assessed using ion-selective electrodes and HPLC. The S-P experiments showed that increasing mucin concentration led to increasingly delayed CVDL precipitation, while PXM precipitation was prevented at all mucin concentrations studied. The ability of mucus-stabilized CVDL supersaturation to translate into enhanced CVDL absorption was evaluated in transport experiments using mucus-producing (90% Caco-2:10% HT29-MTX-E12 co-cultures) vs. non-mucus-producing intestinal monolayers (100% Caco-2 cultures). The absorption enhancement of CVDL (SSR = 5 relative to SSR = 1) was higher across mucus-producing than non-mucus-producing intestinal monolayers. This work demonstrates the potential for intestinal mucus to delay the precipitation and enhance the absorption of poorly water-soluble compounds, suggesting that drug supersaturation can be stabilized in close proximity to the absorptive site, thereby presenting a possible novel approach for targeted supersaturating drug delivery systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Yan Yeap
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02110, United States
| | - Jaclyn Lock
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02110, United States
| | - Sean Lerkvikarn
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02110, United States
| | - Tanner Semin
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02110, United States
| | - Nicholas Nguyen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02110, United States
| | - Rebecca L Carrier
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02110, United States.
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Formulation and biopharmaceutical evaluation of supersaturatable self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery systems containing silymarin. Int J Pharm 2019; 555:63-76. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2018.11.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Revised: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Basic principles of drug delivery systems - the case of paclitaxel. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2019; 263:95-130. [PMID: 30530177 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2018.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Revised: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Cancer is the second cause of death worldwide, exceeded only by cardiovascular diseases. The prevalent treatment currently used against metastatic cancer is chemotherapy. Among the most studied drugs that inhibit neoplastic cells from acquiring unlimited replicative ability (a hallmark of cancer) are the taxanes. They operate via a unique molecular mechanism affecting mitosis. In this review, we show this mechanism for one of them, paclitaxel, and for other (non-taxanes) anti-mitotic drugs. However, the use of paclitaxel is seriously limited (its bioavailability is <10%) due to several long-standing challenges: its poor water solubility (0.3 μg/mL), its being a substrate for the efflux multidrug transporter P-gp, and, in the case of oral delivery, its first-pass metabolism by certain enzymes. Adequate delivery methods are therefore required to enhance the anti-tumor activity of paclitaxel. Thus, we have also reviewed drug delivery strategies in light of the various physical, chemical, and enzymatic obstacles facing the (especially oral) delivery of drugs in general and paclitaxel in particular. Among the powerful and versatile platforms that have been developed and achieved unprecedented opportunities as drug carriers, microemulsions might have great potential for this aim. This is due to properties such as thermodynamic stability (leading to long shelf-life), increased drug solubilization, and ease of preparation and administration. In this review, we define microemulsions and nanoemulsions, analyze their pertinent properties, and review the results of several drug delivery carriers based on these systems.
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Vázquez L, Corzo-Martínez M, Arranz-Martínez P, Barroso E, Reglero G, Torres C. Bioactive Lipids. BIOACTIVE MOLECULES IN FOOD 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-78030-6_58] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Swarnakar NK, Venkatesan N, Betageri G. Critical In Vitro Characterization Methods of Lipid-Based Formulations for Oral Delivery: a Comprehensive Review. AAPS PharmSciTech 2018; 20:16. [PMID: 30569266 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-018-1239-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipids have been extensively used in formulations to enhance dissolution and bioavailability of poorly water-soluble as well as water-soluble drug molecules. The digestion of lipid-based formulations, in the presence of bile salts, phospholipids, and cholesterol, changes the lipid composition in vivo, resulting in the formation of different colloidal phases in the intestine. Therefore, in vitro characterization and evaluation of such formulations are critical in developing a successful formulation. This review covers comprehensive discussion on in vitro characterization techniques such as solubility, drug entrapment, thermal characterization, dissolution, and digestion of lipid-based formulations.
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Patki M, Patel K. Development of a solid supersaturated self-nanoemulsifying preconcentrate (S-superSNEP) of fenofibrate using dimethylacetamide and a novel co-processed excipient. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2018; 45:405-414. [DOI: 10.1080/03639045.2018.1546311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Manali Patki
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John’s University, New York, USA
| | - Ketankumar Patel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John’s University, New York, USA
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Cooperative effect of polyvinylpyrrolidone and HPMC E5 on dissolution and bioavailability of nimodipine solid dispersions and tablets. Asian J Pharm Sci 2018; 14:668-676. [PMID: 32104493 PMCID: PMC7032151 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajps.2018.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Revised: 07/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
HPMC was used to inhibit crystallization both in solid dispersions and tablets. Fluid-bed technique was employed to realize the scaling-up of solid dispersions. Dissolution results became reliable with the usage of discriminatory media. The results of the bioavailability showed a higher AUC0–12 h value for fluid-bed tablets, compared to Nimotop™.
Solid dispersion (SD) systems have been extensively used to increase the dissolution and bioavailability of poorly water-soluble drugs. To circumvent the limitations of polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) dispersions, HPMC E5 was applied in the formulation process and scaling-up techniques, simultaneously. In this study, SD of nimodipine (NMP) and corresponding tablets were prepared through solvent method and fluid bed granulating one step technique, respectively. Discriminatory dissolution media were used to obtain reliable dissolution results. Meanwhile, the stability study of SDs was investigated with storage under high temperature and humidity conditions. Moreover, the solubility of SDs was measured to explore the effect of carriers. The preparations were characterized by DSC, PXRD, and FTIR. Dramatical improvements in the dissolution rate of NMP were achieved by the ingenious combination of the two polymers. Binary NMP/PVP/HPMC-SDs released steadily, while the dissolution of single NMP/PVP-SDs decreased rapidly in water. The fluid-bed tablets (FB-T) possessed a similar dissolution behavior to the commercial Nimotop™ tablets. The characterization patterns implied that NMP existed in an amorphous state in our SDs. Furthermore, the results of stability tests suggested a better stability of the binary SDs. A special cooperative effect of PVP and HPMC was discovered on dissolution characteristics of NMP SDs and tablets, which could be extended to other drugs henceforth. Finally, the bioavailability of FB-T was evaluated in beagle dogs with Nimotop™ as the reference, and the results showed a higher AUC0–12hvalue for FB-T.
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Lee JH, Kim HH, Cho YH, Koo TS, Lee GW. Development and Evaluation of Raloxifene-Hydrochloride-Loaded Supersaturatable SMEDDS Containing an Acidifier. Pharmaceutics 2018; 10:pharmaceutics10030078. [PMID: 29966249 PMCID: PMC6161204 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics10030078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2018] [Revised: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Raloxifene hydrochloride (RLH) was formulated into a pH-modified supersaturatable self-microemulsifying drug delivery system (S-SMEDDS) to increase drug solubility and dissolution rate. Optimal formulations of pH-modified S-SMEDDSs were developed by incorporating hydroxypropyl-cellulose-L as a precipitation inhibitor and phosphoric acid as a pH modifier (an acidifier). RLH was dissolved to greater extents by all pH-modified S-SMEDDSs compared with non-pH-modified S-SMEDDSs. In particular, phosphoric acid afforded greater drug dissolution than did the other acidifiers tested, perhaps because phosphoric acid better controlled the pH. More than 50% of the RLH was released from the pH-modified S-SMEDDS at pH 2.5 compared with only ~5% of the drug into aqueous buffer (pH 1.2 or 6.8) after dissolution of a conventional tablet. pH-modified S-SMEDDSs with a hydrophilic polymer and phosphoric acid improved the dissolution behavior of a drug exhibiting poor aqueous solubility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong-Hwa Lee
- DMPK Group, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Daejeon 305-343, Korea.
| | - Hak Hyung Kim
- Pharvis R&D Department, Pharvis Korea Pharm., Ansan 425-100, Korea.
| | - Young Ho Cho
- Department of Pharmaceutics & Biotechnology, Konyang University, Daejeon 302-832, Korea.
| | - Tae-Sung Koo
- Graduate School of New Drug Discovery and Development, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 305-343, Korea.
| | - Gye Won Lee
- Department of Pharmaceutics & Biotechnology, Konyang University, Daejeon 302-832, Korea.
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Synergistic effect of PLGA nanoparticles and submicron triglyceride droplets in enhancing the intestinal solubilisation of a lipophilic weak base. Eur J Pharm Sci 2018; 118:40-48. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2018.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Revised: 02/23/2018] [Accepted: 03/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Price DJ, Ditzinger F, Koehl NJ, Jankovic S, Tsakiridou G, Nair A, Holm R, Kuentz M, Dressman JB, Saal C. Approaches to increase mechanistic understanding and aid in the selection of precipitation inhibitors for supersaturating formulations – a PEARRL review. J Pharm Pharmacol 2018; 71:483-509. [DOI: 10.1111/jphp.12927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Objectives
Supersaturating formulations hold great promise for delivery of poorly soluble active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs). To profit from supersaturating formulations, precipitation is hindered with precipitation inhibitors (PIs), maintaining drug concentrations for as long as possible. This review provides a brief overview of supersaturation and precipitation, focusing on precipitation inhibition. Trial-and-error PI selection will be examined alongside established PI screening techniques. Primarily, however, this review will focus on recent advances that utilise advanced analytical techniques to increase mechanistic understanding of PI action and systematic PI selection.
Key findings
Advances in mechanistic understanding have been made possible by the use of analytical tools such as spectroscopy, microscopy and mathematical and molecular modelling, which have been reviewed herein. Using these techniques, PI selection can be guided by molecular rationale. However, more work is required to see widespread application of such an approach for PI selection.
Summary
Precipitation inhibitors are becoming increasingly important in enabling formulations. Trial-and-error approaches have seen success thus far. However, it is essential to learn more about the mode of action of PIs if the most optimal formulations are to be realised. Robust analytical tools, and the knowledge of where and how they can be applied, will be essential in this endeavour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Price
- Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany
- Frankfurt Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Felix Ditzinger
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Institute of Pharma Technology, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland, Muttenz, Switzerland
| | - Niklas J Koehl
- School of Pharmacy, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Sandra Jankovic
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Institute of Pharma Technology, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland, Muttenz, Switzerland
| | - Georgia Tsakiridou
- Pharmathen SA, Product Design & Evaluation, Athens, Greece
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | | | - René Holm
- Drug Product Development, Janssen Research and Development, Johnson and Johnson, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Martin Kuentz
- Institute of Pharma Technology, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland, Muttenz, Switzerland
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Xu H, Krakow S, Shi Y, Rosenberg J, Gao P. In vitro characterization of ritonavir formulations and correlation to in vivo performance in dogs. Eur J Pharm Sci 2018; 115:286-295. [PMID: 29355594 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2018.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Revised: 12/04/2017] [Accepted: 01/11/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Ritonavir (RTV) is a weakly basic drug with a pH-dependent solubility. In vitro characterization of dissolution and supersaturation behaviors of three PEG-8000 based amorphous solid dispersions (ASD) and a physical blend (PB) with crystalline drug were performed in the biomimetic media (e.g., FaSSGF, FaSSIF, FaSSIF-V2). A two-stage dissolution test and a biphasic dissolution-partition test at the small scale (referred as to biphasic test) were employed with intention to examine the in vitro and in vivo relationship (IVIVR) with retrospective PK data in dog model. The two-stage dissolution test revealed a high degree of supersaturation of RTV from these ASDs accompanied by the occurrence of liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) in the biomimetic media. A rapid decrease of apparent RTV concentrations of these ASDs was associated with significant precipitation upon the pH shift of the dissolution medium, revealing the important role of "the gastric stage". In comparison, the biphasic test revealed a lower degree of supersaturation of RTV that is attributed to removal of RTV through partition into octanol, acting as "the absorption compartment". These two dissolution tests provide characterization of the supersaturation state with a complex, dynamic interplay among dissolution, precipitation and partition processes. Results of both in vitro dissolution tests are in good agreement with in vivo results in dogs. In addition, three commercial generic RTV drug products were examined by the biphasic test. Agreement was also obtained between the RTV concentrations in octanol at 3 h from these generic drug products and their corresponding relative bioavailability in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Xu
- NCE-Formulation Sciences, Drug Product Development, AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, IL 60064, USA
| | - Silvia Krakow
- NCE-Formulation Sciences, AbbVie Deutschland GmbH Co. KG, Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Yi Shi
- NCE-Formulation Sciences, Drug Product Development, AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, IL 60064, USA
| | - Joerg Rosenberg
- NCE-Formulation Sciences, AbbVie Deutschland GmbH Co. KG, Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Ping Gao
- NCE-Formulation Sciences, Drug Product Development, AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, IL 60064, USA.
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Novel cationic supersaturable nanomicellar systems of raloxifene hydrochloride with enhanced biopharmaceutical attributes. Drug Deliv Transl Res 2018; 8:670-692. [DOI: 10.1007/s13346-018-0514-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Use of mouse model in pharmacokinetic studies of poorly water soluble drugs: Application to fenofibrate. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2017.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Jaisamut P, Wiwattanawongsa K, Graidist P, Sangsen Y, Wiwattanapatapee R. Enhanced Oral Bioavailability of Curcumin Using a Supersaturatable Self-Microemulsifying System Incorporating a Hydrophilic Polymer; In Vitro and In Vivo Investigations. AAPS PharmSciTech 2018; 19:730-740. [PMID: 28975598 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-017-0857-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2017] [Accepted: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
A supersaturatable self-microemulsifying drug delivery system (S-SMEDDS) with a reduced amount of surfactant and incorporation of a polymer precipitation inhibitor, Eudragit® E PO was developed. The optimized S-SMEDDS formulation (SS-15) consisted of 55% surfactants, 40% oils, and 5% Eudragit® E PO (curcumin at 44.4 mg/g of the formulation). The precipitation profiles from the supersaturation assay revealed that the curcumin S-SMEDDS performed as a better inhibitor of curcumin precipitation in simulated gastric fluid over a 240-min study than the normal curcumin SMEDDS and an aqueous curcumin suspension. In addition, the mean droplet size of the curcumin S-SMEDDS (21.6 ± 0.1 nm) was significantly smaller than the SMEDDS (28.1 ± 0.3 nm). The curcumin S-SMEDDS exhibited a threefold reduction of Caco-2 cell toxicity when compared to the curcumin SMEDDS because of the reduced toxic effect of the surfactant present in the SMEDDS formulation. In addition, the absorptive permeability across the Caco-2 monolayer of curcumin in the S-SMEDDS was significantly higher than for the unformulated curcumin (~ 5-folds). The plasma concentration-time profiles from the oral absorption studies in rats dosed with the curcumin S-SMEDDS showed a 1.22- and 53.14-fold increased absorption of curcumin, compared to the SMEDDS and the aqueous suspension, respectively. The curcumin S-SMEDDS was stable under both intermediate and accelerated conditions after 6 months of storage.
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Enhanced pharmacokinetic behavior and hepatoprotective function of ginger extract-loaded supersaturable self-emulsifying drug delivery systems. J Funct Foods 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2017.08.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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Xu H, Vela S, Shi Y, Marroum P, Gao P. In Vitro Characterization of Ritonavir Drug Products and Correlation to Human in Vivo Performance. Mol Pharm 2017; 14:3801-3814. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.7b00552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hao Xu
- NCE-Formulation
Sciences, Drug Product Development and ‡Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacometrics, Abbvie Inc., 1 North Waukegan Road, North
Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Socrates Vela
- NCE-Formulation
Sciences, Drug Product Development and ‡Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacometrics, Abbvie Inc., 1 North Waukegan Road, North
Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Yi Shi
- NCE-Formulation
Sciences, Drug Product Development and ‡Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacometrics, Abbvie Inc., 1 North Waukegan Road, North
Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Patrick Marroum
- NCE-Formulation
Sciences, Drug Product Development and ‡Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacometrics, Abbvie Inc., 1 North Waukegan Road, North
Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Ping Gao
- NCE-Formulation
Sciences, Drug Product Development and ‡Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacometrics, Abbvie Inc., 1 North Waukegan Road, North
Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
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Gao H, Wang M, Sun D, Sun S, Sun C, Liu J, Guan Q. Evaluation of the cytotoxicity and intestinal absorption of a self-emulsifying drug delivery system containing sodium taurocholate. Eur J Pharm Sci 2017; 106:212-219. [PMID: 28591563 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2017.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Revised: 05/26/2017] [Accepted: 06/03/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Currently, many surfactants used in self-emulsifying drug delivery systems (SMEDDS) can cause gastrointestinal mucosal irritation and systemic toxicity. In the present study, SMEDDS were loaded with pueraria flavones, using sodium taurocholate to replace polyoxyl 40 dydrogenated castor oil (Cremophor® RH 40) as the surfactant (PF-SMEDDSNR) to reduce the toxicity of SMEDDS using Cremophor® RH 40 as the surfactant (PF-SMEDDSR). The absorption rate constants (Ka) and intestinal permeability coefficients (Peff) were measured. The effects of P-glycoprotein inhibitor (verapamil), adenosine triphosphate (ATP) inhibitor (2,4-dinitrophenol), and carrier inhibitor on Ka and Peff values in the ileum were determined. Biological safety was also evaluated. The Ka and Peff values increased for PF-solution concentrations of 200μg/ml>100μg/ml>400μg/ml in individual segments of the intestines. The results indicated that Peff values of PF-SMEDDSNR were distinctly higher than those of SMEDDS loaded with pueraria flavones using Cremophor®RH 40 as the surfactant (PF-SMEDDSR) and PF-solution in four intestinal segments. However, the Ka values of PF-SMEDDSNR were higher only in the jejunum and ileum segments compared with those of PF-SMEDDSR and PF-solution. The Ka and Peff values without verapamil were significantly lower than those with verapamil. 2,4-Dinitrophenol had no effect on Ka and Peff values. The Ka and Peff values of PF-SMEDDSNR significantly decreased after perfusing B-SMEDDSNR for 1h prior to the study. The cell viabilities after exposure to SMEDDSNR were higher than those of SMEDDSR in the range of 81-324μg/ml. Lactate dehydrogenase release from cells treated with PF-SMEDDSNR or B-SMEDDSNR was significantly lower than that from cells treated with PF-SMEDDSR or B-SMEDDSR at surfactant concentrations of 243 and 324μg/ml. However, there were no differences with SMEDDS treatment at surfactant concentrations of 0-162μg/ml. Hence, we conclude that SMEDDS using sodium taurocholate as the surfactant can reduce the toxicity of SMEDDS, meanwhile, maintain the characteristics of SMEDDS, and enhance intestinal absorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Gao
- The First Hosptial of Jilin University, No. 71, Xinmin Street, Changchun 130021, PR China
| | - Miao Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Jilin University, No. 1266, Fujin Road, Changchun 130021, PR China
| | - Dandan Sun
- School of Pharmacy, Jilin University, No. 1266, Fujin Road, Changchun 130021, PR China
| | - Shilin Sun
- School of Pharmacy, Jilin University, No. 1266, Fujin Road, Changchun 130021, PR China
| | - Cheng Sun
- School of Pharmacy, Jilin University, No. 1266, Fujin Road, Changchun 130021, PR China
| | - Jianguo Liu
- The First Hosptial of Jilin University, No. 71, Xinmin Street, Changchun 130021, PR China
| | - Qingxiang Guan
- School of Pharmacy, Jilin University, No. 1266, Fujin Road, Changchun 130021, PR China.
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Penjuri SCB, Damineni S, Ravouru N, Poreddy SR. Self-Emulsifying Formulation of Indomethacin with Improved Dissolution and Oral Absorption. Turk J Pharm Sci 2017; 14:108-119. [PMID: 32454601 DOI: 10.4274/tjps.60352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Objectives The objective of the present study was to enhance the solubility, dissolution and hence anti-inflammatory activity of poorly soluble drug indomethacin (IMN) by formulating into self emulsifying systems. Materials and Methods Self emulsifying formulations were prepared using capmul MCM as oil, tween 80 as surfactant, transcutol P as cosurfactant. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and differential scanning calorimetry studies were conducted to know the interaction between drug and excipients. Pseudo ternary phase diagrams were constructed using surfactant and cosurfactant in 1:1 to 1:4 and 2:1 to 4:1 to know the efficient self emulsification region. The formulations were evaluated for their particle size, zeta potential, refractive index, viscosity and cloud point. In vitro dissolution studies were conducted in one part of pH 7.2 phosphate buffer and four parts of water. The pharmacokinetic parameters were analysed by Win Nonlin software. Results The self emulsification was higher with the ratios 2:1, 3:1 and 1:2 of surfactant and co surfactant and the IMN formulations were prepared. The formulations were stable at different pH and dilutions. The globule size was in the range of 184.1 nm to 340.5 nm, as the ratio of oil, surfactant and cosurfactant mixture has varied effects on the size of globule. The negative charge on the globules of all formulations attributes their stability. The optimized formulation showed better release as compared to marketed product. The AUC of the optimised Self-Emulsifying Drug Delivery System was significantly higher than the marketed product. Conclusion Thus, from the present research, self emulsifying systems of IMN provide a useful alternative to enhance dissolution and hence anti inflammatory activity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Saritha Damineni
- Sultan-Ul-Uloom College Of Pharmacy, Department Of Pharmaceutics, Telangana, India
| | - Nagaraju Ravouru
- Sri Padmavathi Mahila Visvavidyalayam (Women'S University), Institute Of Pharmaceutical Technology, Andhra Pradesh, India
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Lu E, Li S, Wang Z. Biorelevant test for supersaturable formulation. Asian J Pharm Sci 2016; 12:9-20. [PMID: 32104309 PMCID: PMC7032141 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajps.2016.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Revised: 06/27/2016] [Accepted: 10/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Supersaturable formulation can generate supersaturation after dissolution, providing kinetic advantage in vivo. However, the supersaturation may precipitate before being absorbed, which makes it difficult to ensure and predict its in vivo performance. The traditional USP method is typically for Quality Control (QC) purpose and cannot be used to predict the formulation in vivo performance. Therefore, there is generally a lack of a predictive biorelevant testing method. In this review, different types of supersaturable formulations are described, including amorphous dispersions, polymorphs, salts/co-crystals, weak base and supersaturable solubilized formulations. Different kinds of in vitro dissolution methods for supersaturable formulations are also reviewed and discussed. Most of the methods take the physiology of gastrointestinal (GI) track into consideration, allowing reasonable prediction of the in vivo performance of supersaturable formulation. However, absorbing drug from GI track into blood stream is a complicate process, which can be affected by different in vivo processes such as transporter and metabolism. These factors cannot be captured by the in vitro testing. Thus, combining in vitro biorelevant dissolution methods with physiology-based pharmacokinetic modeling is a better way for the product development of supersaturable formulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enxian Lu
- Shanghai Aucta Pharmaceuticals Co., Ltd., No. 3377 Kangxin Road. SIMZ Pudong, Shanghai 201318, China
| | - Shoufeng Li
- Shanghai Aucta Pharmaceuticals Co., Ltd., No. 3377 Kangxin Road. SIMZ Pudong, Shanghai 201318, China
| | - Zhongqin Wang
- Shanghai Aucta Pharmaceuticals Co., Ltd., No. 3377 Kangxin Road. SIMZ Pudong, Shanghai 201318, China
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