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Rahn HP, Sun J, Li Z, Waymouth RM, Levy R, Wender PA. Isoprenoid CARTs: In Vitro and In Vivo mRNA Delivery by Charge-Altering Releasable Transporters Functionalized with Archaea-inspired Branched Lipids. Biomacromolecules 2024. [PMID: 38814265 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.4c00373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
The delivery of oligonucleotides across biological barriers is a challenge of unsurpassed significance at the interface of materials science and medicine, with emerging clinical utility in prophylactic and therapeutic vaccinations, immunotherapies, genome editing, and cell rejuvenation. Here, we address the role of readily available branched lipids in the design, synthesis, and evaluation of isoprenoid charge-altering releasable transporters (CARTs), a pH-responsive oligomeric nanoparticle delivery system for RNA. Systematic variation of the lipid block reveals an emergent relationship between the lipid block and the neutralization kinetics of the polycationic block. Unexpectedly, iA21A11, a CART with the smallest lipid side chain, isoamyl-, was identified as the lead isoprenoid CART for the in vitro transfection of immortalized lymphoblastic cell lines. When administered intramuscularly in a murine model, iA21A11-mRNA complexes induce higher protein expression levels than our previous lead CART, ONA. Isoprenoid CARTs represent a new delivery platform for RNA vaccines and other polyanion-based therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harrison P Rahn
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Jiuzhi Sun
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Zhijian Li
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Robert M Waymouth
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Ronald Levy
- Stanford Cancer Institute, Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Paul A Wender
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
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Rezaei M, Danilova ND, Soltani M, Savvateeva LV, V Tarasov V, Ganjalikhani-Hakemi M, V Bazhinf A, A Zamyatnin A. Cancer Vaccine in Cold Tumors: Clinical Landscape, Challenges, and Opportunities. Curr Cancer Drug Targets 2022; 22:437-453. [PMID: 35156572 DOI: 10.2174/1568009622666220214103533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The idea of cancer immunotherapy is to stimulate the immune system to fight tumors without destroying normal cells. One of the anticancer therapy methods, among many, is based on the use of cancer vaccines that contain tumor antigens in order to induce immune responses against tumors. However, clinical trials have shown that the use of such vaccines as a monotherapy is ineffective in many cases, since they do not cause a strong immune response. Particular tumors are resistant to immunotherapy due to the absence or insufficient infiltration of tumors with CD8+ T cells, and hence, they are called cold or non-inflamed tumors. Cold tumors are characterized by a lack of CD8+ T cell infiltration, the presence of anti-inflammatory myeloid cells, tumor-associated M2 macrophages, and regulatory T cells. It is very important to understand which stage of the antitumor response does not work properly in order to use the right strategy for the treatment of patients. Applying other therapeutic methods alongside cancer vaccines can be more rational for cold tumors which do not provoke the immune system strongly. Herein, we indicate some combinational therapies that have been used or are in progress for cold tumor treatment alongside vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahnaz Rezaei
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | | | - Mozhdeh Soltani
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Lyudmila V Savvateeva
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Vadim V Tarasov
- Institute of Translational Medicine and Biotechnology, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Mazdak Ganjalikhani-Hakemi
- Acquired Immunodeficiency Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Alexandr V Bazhinf
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplant Surgery, Ludwig-Maximilians University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Andrey A Zamyatnin
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
- Department of Biotechnology, Sirius University of Science and Technology, Sochi, Russia
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, UK
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Qiu L, Valente M, Dolen Y, Jäger E, Beest MT, Zheng L, Figdor CG, Verdoes M. Endolysosomal-Escape Nanovaccines through Adjuvant-Induced Tumor Antigen Assembly for Enhanced Effector CD8 + T Cell Activation. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2018; 14:e1703539. [PMID: 29493121 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201703539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Revised: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The activation of tumor-specific effector immune cells is key for successful immunotherapy and vaccination is a powerful strategy to induce such adaptive immune responses. However, the generation of effective anticancer vaccines is challenging. To overcome these challenges, a novel straight-forward strategy of adjuvant-induced tumor antigen assembly to generate nanovaccines with superior antigen/adjuvant loading efficiency is developed. To protect nanovaccines in circulation and to introduce additional functionalities, a biocompatible polyphenol coating is installed. The resulting functionalizable nanovaccines are equipped with a pH (low) insertion peptide (pHLIP) to facilitate endolysosomal escape and to promote cytoplasmic localization, with the aim to enhance cross-presentation of the antigen by dendritic cells to effectively activate CD8+ T cell. The results demonstrate that pHLIP-functionalized model nanovaccine can induce endolysosomal escape and enhance CD8+ T cell activation both in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, based on the adjuvant-induced antigen assembly, nanovaccines of the clinically relevant tumor-associated antigen NY-ESO-1 are generated and show excellent capacity to elicit NY-ESO-1-specific CD8+ T cell activation, demonstrating a high potential of this functionalizable nanovaccine formulation strategy for clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liping Qiu
- Molecular Science and Biomedicine Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Michael Valente
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Yusuf Dolen
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Eliezer Jäger
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry v.v.i., Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Heyrovsky Sq. 2, 162 06, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Ter Beest
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Liyan Zheng
- Molecular Science and Biomedicine Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
| | - Carl G Figdor
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Martijn Verdoes
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Razazan A, Behravan J, Arab A, Barati N, Arabi L, Gholizadeh Z, Hatamipour M, Reza Nikpoor A, Momtazi-Borojeni AA, Mosaffa F, Ghahremani MH, Jaafari MR. Conjugated nanoliposome with the HER2/neu-derived peptide GP2 as an effective vaccine against breast cancer in mice xenograft model. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0185099. [PMID: 29045460 PMCID: PMC5646774 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0185099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2017] [Accepted: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the challenging issues in vaccine development is peptide and adjuvant delivery into target cells. In this study, we developed a vaccine and therapeutic delivery system to increase cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) response against a breast cancer model overexpressing HER2/neu. Gp2, a HER2/neu-derived peptide, was conjugated to Maleimide-mPEG2000-DSPE micelles and post inserted into liposomes composed of DMPC, DMPG phospholipids, and fusogenic lipid dioleoylphosphatidylethanolamine (DOPE) containing monophosphoryl lipid A (MPL) adjuvant (DMPC-DMPG-DOPE-MPL-Gp2). BALB/c mice were immunized with different formulations and the immune response was evaluated in vitro and in vivo. ELISpot and intracellular cytokine analysis by flow cytometry showed that the mice vaccinated with Lip-DOPE-MPL-GP2 incited the highest number of IFN-γ+ in CD8+ cells and CTL response. The immunization led to lower tumor sizes and longer survival time compared to the other groups of mice immunized and treated with the Lip-DOPE-MPL-GP2 formulation in both prophylactic and therapeutic experiments. These results showed that co-formulation of DOPE and MPL conjugated with GP2 peptide not only induces high antitumor immunity but also enhances therapeutic efficacy in TUBO mice model. Lip-DOPE-MPL-GP2 formulation could be a promising vaccine and a therapeutic delivery system against HER2 positive cancers and merits further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atefeh Razazan
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran Iran
- Nanotechnology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Biotechnology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Javad Behravan
- Biotechnology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Atefeh Arab
- Nanotechnology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Biotechnology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Nastaran Barati
- Nanotechnology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Biotechnology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Leila Arabi
- Nanotechnology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Biotechnology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Zahra Gholizadeh
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mahdi Hatamipour
- Nanotechnology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Amin Reza Nikpoor
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Amir Abbas Momtazi-Borojeni
- Nanotechnology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Student Research Committee, Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Mosaffa
- Biotechnology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mohamad Hosein Ghahremani
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran Iran
| | - Mahmoud Reza Jaafari
- Nanotechnology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Biotechnology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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7
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Shakya AK, Chowdhury MYE, Tao W, Gill HS. Mucosal vaccine delivery: Current state and a pediatric perspective. J Control Release 2016; 240:394-413. [PMID: 26860287 PMCID: PMC5381653 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2016.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2015] [Revised: 01/21/2016] [Accepted: 02/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Most childhood infections occur via the mucosal surfaces, however, parenterally delivered vaccines are unable to induce protective immunity at these surfaces. In contrast, delivery of vaccines via the mucosal routes can allow antigens to interact with the mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) to induce both mucosal and systemic immunity. The induced mucosal immunity can neutralize the pathogen on the mucosal surface before it can cause infection. In addition to reinforcing the defense at mucosal surfaces, mucosal vaccination is also expected to be needle-free, which can eliminate pain and the fear of vaccination. Thus, mucosal vaccination is highly appealing, especially for the pediatric population. However, vaccine delivery across mucosal surfaces is challenging because of the different barriers that naturally exist at the various mucosal surfaces to keep the pathogens out. There have been significant developments in delivery systems for mucosal vaccination. In this review we provide an introduction to the MALT, highlight barriers to vaccine delivery at different mucosal surfaces, discuss different approaches that have been investigated for vaccine delivery across mucosal surfaces, and conclude with an assessment of perspectives for mucosal vaccination in the context of the pediatric population.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Wenqian Tao
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA
| | - Harvinder Singh Gill
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA.
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8
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Temizoz B, Kuroda E, Ishii KJ. Vaccine adjuvants as potential cancer immunotherapeutics. Int Immunol 2016; 28:329-38. [PMID: 27006304 PMCID: PMC4922024 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxw015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulated evidence obtained from various clinical trials and animal studies suggested that cancer vaccines need better adjuvants than those that are currently licensed, which include the most commonly used alum and incomplete Freund's adjuvant, because of either a lack of potent anti-tumor immunity or the induction of undesired immunity. Several clinical trials using immunostimulatory adjuvants, particularly agonistic as well as non-agonistic ligands for TLRs, C-type lectin receptors, retinoic acid-inducible gene I-like receptors and stimulator of interferon genes, have revealed their therapeutic potential not only as vaccine adjuvants but also as anti-tumor agents. Recently, combinations of such immunostimulatory or immunomodulatory adjuvants have shown superior efficacy over their singular use, suggesting that seeking optimal combinations of the currently available or well-characterized adjuvants may provide a better chance for the development of novel adjuvants for cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Burcu Temizoz
- Laboratory of Vaccine Science, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center (iFReC), Osaka University, 3-1 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan Laboratory of Adjuvant Innovation, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition (NIBIOHN), 7-6-8 Asagi, Saito, Ibaraki-City, Osaka 567-0085, Japan
| | - Etsushi Kuroda
- Laboratory of Vaccine Science, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center (iFReC), Osaka University, 3-1 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan Laboratory of Adjuvant Innovation, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition (NIBIOHN), 7-6-8 Asagi, Saito, Ibaraki-City, Osaka 567-0085, Japan
| | - Ken J Ishii
- Laboratory of Vaccine Science, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center (iFReC), Osaka University, 3-1 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan Laboratory of Adjuvant Innovation, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition (NIBIOHN), 7-6-8 Asagi, Saito, Ibaraki-City, Osaka 567-0085, Japan
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Sokolova V, Westendorf AM, Buer J, Überla K, Epple M. The potential of nanoparticles for the immunization against viral infections. J Mater Chem B 2015; 3:4767-4779. [PMID: 32262665 DOI: 10.1039/c5tb00618j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Vaccination has a great impact on the prevention and control of infectious diseases. However, there are still many infectious diseases for which an effective vaccine is missing. Thirty years after the discovery of the AIDS-pathogen (human immunodeficiency virus, HIV) and intensive research, there is still no protective immunity against the HIV infection. Over the past decade, nanoparticulate systems such as virus-like particles, liposomes, polymers and inorganic nanoparticles have received attention as potential delivery vehicles which can be loaded or functionalized with active biomolecules (antigens and adjuvants). Here we compare the properties of different nanoparticulate systems and assess their potential for the development of new vaccines against a range of viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktoriya Sokolova
- Inorganic Chemistry and Centre for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CeNIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitaetsstr. 5-7, 45117 Essen, Germany.
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Narayanan D, Jayakumar R, Chennazhi KP. Versatile carboxymethyl chitin and chitosan nanomaterials: a review. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2014; 6:574-98. [DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2014] [Revised: 07/25/2014] [Accepted: 08/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Deepa Narayanan
- Amrita Centre for Nanosciences and Molecular Medicine, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre; Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham University; Kochi India
| | - R. Jayakumar
- Amrita Centre for Nanosciences and Molecular Medicine, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre; Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham University; Kochi India
| | - K. P. Chennazhi
- Amrita Centre for Nanosciences and Molecular Medicine, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre; Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham University; Kochi India
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Nitcheu Tefit J, Serra V. Outlining novel cellular adjuvant products for therapeutic vaccines against cancer. Expert Rev Vaccines 2014; 10:1207-20. [DOI: 10.1586/erv.11.84] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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In vivo evaluation of chitosan as an adjuvant in subcutaneous vaccine formulations. Vaccine 2013; 31:4812-9. [PMID: 23933339 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2013.07.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2013] [Revised: 07/19/2013] [Accepted: 07/30/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Vaccines utilising pure antigens instead of whole pathogens and alternative administration routes require the use of potent adjuvants and effective antigen delivery systems. Chitosan has been reported to act as both an adjuvant as well as a matrix for delivery systems. Chitosan is a natural product produced predominantly from crab shell and commercially available preparations vary in molecular weight, degree of deacetylation and purity. In this study, the impact of chitosan characteristics (molecular weight, degree of deacetylation, particle size, viscosity and impurities) on adjuvant activity were examined. It could be shown that the degree of immune response differed if different chitosan qualities were used and this could be attributed to different characteristics of the chitosan qualities: the immunoadjuvant effect of chitosan probably is a result of an interplay between chemical properties such as molecular weight and degree of deacetylation and physical properties such as particle size and preparation technique, which impacts characteristics such as solubility and viscosity. Hence, the chitosan quality to be used as adjuvant in vaccine preparations needs to be selected carefully.
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Nanotechnological Approaches for Genetic Immunization. DNA AND RNA NANOBIOTECHNOLOGIES IN MEDICINE: DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT OF DISEASES 2013. [PMCID: PMC7121080 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-36853-0_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Genetic immunization is one of the important findings that provide multifaceted immunological response against infectious diseases. With the advent of r-DNA technology, it is possible to construct vector with immunologically active genes against specific pathogens. Nevertheless, site-specific delivery of constructed genetic material is an important contributory factor for eliciting specific cellular and humoral immune response. Nanotechnology has demonstrated immense potential for the site-specific delivery of biomolecules. Several polymeric and lipidic nanocarriers have been utilized for the delivery of genetic materials. These systems seem to have better compatibility, low toxicity, economical and capable to delivering biomolecules to intracellular site for the better expression of desired antigens. Further, surface engineering of nanocarriers and targeting approaches have an ability to offer better presentation of antigenic material to immunological cells. This chapter gives an overview of existing and emerging nanotechnological approaches for the delivery of genetic materials.
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Gregory AE, Titball R, Williamson D. Vaccine delivery using nanoparticles. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2013; 3:13. [PMID: 23532930 PMCID: PMC3607064 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2013.00013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 295] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2012] [Accepted: 03/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccination has had a major impact on the control of infectious diseases. However, there are still many infectious diseases for which the development of an effective vaccine has been elusive. In many cases the failure to devise vaccines is a consequence of the inability of vaccine candidates to evoke appropriate immune responses. This is especially true where cellular immunity is required for protective immunity and this problem is compounded by the move toward devising sub-unit vaccines. Over the past decade nanoscale size (<1000 nm) materials such as virus-like particles, liposomes, ISCOMs, polymeric, and non-degradable nanospheres have received attention as potential delivery vehicles for vaccine antigens which can both stabilize vaccine antigens and act as adjuvants. Importantly, some of these nanoparticles (NPs) are able to enter antigen-presenting cells by different pathways, thereby modulating the immune response to the antigen. This may be critical for the induction of protective Th1-type immune responses to intracellular pathogens. Their properties also make them suitable for the delivery of antigens at mucosal surfaces and for intradermal administration. In this review we compare the utilities of different NP systems for the delivery of sub-unit vaccines and evaluate the potential of these delivery systems for the development of new vaccines against a range of pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony E Gregory
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter Exeter, UK.
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15
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Abstract
Vaccination has had a major impact on the control of infectious diseases. However, there are still many infectious diseases for which the development of an effective vaccine has been elusive. In many cases the failure to devise vaccines is a consequence of the inability of vaccine candidates to evoke appropriate immune responses. This is especially true where cellular immunity is required for protective immunity and this problem is compounded by the move toward devising sub-unit vaccines. Over the past decade nanoscale size (<1000 nm) materials such as virus-like particles, liposomes, ISCOMs, polymeric, and non-degradable nanospheres have received attention as potential delivery vehicles for vaccine antigens which can both stabilize vaccine antigens and act as adjuvants. Importantly, some of these nanoparticles (NPs) are able to enter antigen-presenting cells by different pathways, thereby modulating the immune response to the antigen. This may be critical for the induction of protective Th1-type immune responses to intracellular pathogens. Their properties also make them suitable for the delivery of antigens at mucosal surfaces and for intradermal administration. In this review we compare the utilities of different NP systems for the delivery of sub-unit vaccines and evaluate the potential of these delivery systems for the development of new vaccines against a range of pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony E Gregory
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter Exeter, UK.
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Hamdy S, Haddadi A, Hung RW, Lavasanifar A. Targeting dendritic cells with nano-particulate PLGA cancer vaccine formulations. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2011; 63:943-55. [PMID: 21679733 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2011.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 206] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2009] [Revised: 11/18/2010] [Accepted: 05/09/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Development of safe and effective cancer vaccine formulation is a primary focus in the field of cancer immunotherapy. The recognition of the crucial role of dendritic cells (DCs) in initiating anti-tumor immunity has led to the development of several strategies that target vaccine antigens to DCs as an attempt for developing potent, specific and lasting anti-tumor T cell responses. The main objective of this review is to provide an overview on the application of poly (d,l-lactic-co-glycolic acid) nanoparticles (PLGA-NPs) as cancer vaccine delivery system and highlight their potential in the development of future therapeutic cancer vaccines. PLGA-NPs containing antigens along with immunostimulatory molecules (adjuvants) can not only target antigen actively to DCs, but also provide immune activation and rescue impaired DCs from tumor-induced immuosupression.
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Khalil NM, Carraro E, Cótica LF, Mainardes RM. Potential of polymeric nanoparticles in AIDS treatment and prevention. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2010; 8:95-112. [PMID: 21143001 DOI: 10.1517/17425247.2011.543673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE OF THE FIELD Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) remains one of the greatest challenges in public health. The AIDS virus is now responsible for > 2.5 million new infections worldwide each year. Despite significant advances in understanding the mechanism of viral infection and identifying effective treatment approaches, the search for optimum treatment strategies for AIDS remains a major challenge. Recent advances in the field of drug delivery have provided evidence that engineered nanosystems may contribute to the enhancement of current antiretroviral therapy. AREAS COVERED IN THIS REVIEW This review describes the potential of polymeric nanoparticle-based drug delivery systems in the future treatment of AIDS. Polymeric nanoparticles have been developed to improve physicochemical drug characteristics (by increasing drug solubility and stability), to achieve sustained drug release profile, to provide targeting to the cellular and anatomic human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) latent reservoirs and to be applied as an adjuvant in anti-HIV vaccine formulations. WHAT THE READER WILL GAIN The insight that will be gained is knowledge about the progress in the development of polymeric nanoparticle-based drug delivery systems for antiretroviral drugs as alternative for AIDS treatment and prevention. TAKE HOME MESSAGE The advances in the field of targeted drug delivery can result in more efficient strategies for AIDS treatment and prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Najeh Maissar Khalil
- Universidade Estadual do Centro-Oeste/UNICENTRO - Departamento de Farmácia, Rua Simeão Camargo Varela de Sá 03, 85040-080 Guarapuava-PR, Brasil
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Madrigal-Carballo S, Vila AO, Sibaja M, Reed JD, Molina F. In vitro uptake of lysozyme-loaded liposomes coated with chitosan biopolymer as model immunoadjuvants. J Liposome Res 2010; 20:1-8. [PMID: 19514859 DOI: 10.3109/08982100903015009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Chitosan binds to negatively charged soy lecithin liposomes by an electrostatic interaction driven by its cationic amino group. This interaction allows developing stable coated vesicles suitable as a targeted carrier and controlled release system for drugs and vaccines. In this work, we studied the effect of chitosan-coated liposomes on the uptake and antigen presentation of hen egg-white lysozyme (HEL) in Peyer's patches peritoneal macrophages isolated from mice. Chitosan-coated liposomes were characterized according to size, zeta potential, and antigen-loading and release properties. Results showed an increase in the positive net charge and size of the liposomes as the concentration of chitosan was increased, suggesting an electrostatic interaction and an effective coating, followed by fluorescence microscopy. About 85% of the antigen loaded remained in the chitosan-coated liposomes after release studies for 4 hours in phosphate-buffered saline. After 4 hours of preincubation with a T-cell hybridoma line cocultured with murine peritoneal macrophages, only trace amounts of interleukin-2 (IL-2) were detected in the cocultures treated with HEL alone, whereas cocultures treated with HEL-liposomes had an important production of IL-2, and the HEL chitosan-coated liposomes had already reached maximum IL-2 expression. Confocal microscopy studies showed that chitosan-coated liposomes had a higher uptake rate of the fluorescently labeled HEL than uncoated liposomal vesicles after 30 minutes of incubation with the peritoneal macrophages. Since uptake by macrophage cells is the first step in vaccination, our results suggest that the chitosan-coated liposomal system is a potential candidate as an immunoadjuvant for vaccine delivery systems.
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Ding Z, Bal SM, Romeijn S, Kersten GFA, Jiskoot W, Bouwstra JA. Transcutaneous immunization studies in mice using diphtheria toxoid-loaded vesicle formulations and a microneedle array. Pharm Res 2010; 28:145-58. [PMID: 20237826 PMCID: PMC3003783 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-010-0093-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2009] [Accepted: 02/11/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Purpose To determine the immunogenicity of diphtheria toxoid (DT) formulated in two types of vesicles following transcutaneous immunization (TCI) of mice onto microneedle array-treated skin. Methods DT-containing cationic liposomes or anionic surfactant-based vesicles were prepared by extrusion and sonication. The physicochemical properties were characterized in terms of size, ζ-potential, vesicle elasticity and antigen association. TCI was performed by applying formulations onto intact or microneedle array-pretreated mice skin, using cholera toxin as an adjuvant. Subcutaneous and intradermal immunizations were as control. Immune responses were evaluated by IgG and neutralizing antibody titers, and the immune-stimulatory properties were assessed using cultured dendritic cells. Results Stable DT-containing cationic liposomes (∼150 nm) and anionic vesicles (∼100 nm) were obtained. Incorporation of Span 80 increased liposome elasticity. About 90% and 77% DT was associated with liposomes and vesicles, respectively. TCI of all formulations resulted in substantial antibody titers only if microneedle pretreatment was applied. Co-administration of cholera toxin further augmented the immune responses of TCI. However, vesicle formulations didn’t enhance the immunogenicity on either intact or microneedle-treated skin and showed low stimulatory activity on dendritic cells. Conclusions Microneedle pretreatment and cholera toxin, but not antigen association to vesicles, enhances the immunogenicity of topically applied DT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Ding
- Division of Drug Delivery Technology Leiden/Amsterdam Center for Drug Research (LACDR), Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Biochemistry Department, Nanjing University, 210093 Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Suzanne M. Bal
- Division of Drug Delivery Technology Leiden/Amsterdam Center for Drug Research (LACDR), Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Stefan Romeijn
- Division of Drug Delivery Technology Leiden/Amsterdam Center for Drug Research (LACDR), Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Gideon F. A. Kersten
- Department of Research and Development, Netherlands Vaccine Institute, 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Wim Jiskoot
- Division of Drug Delivery Technology Leiden/Amsterdam Center for Drug Research (LACDR), Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Joke A. Bouwstra
- Division of Drug Delivery Technology Leiden/Amsterdam Center for Drug Research (LACDR), Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands
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Gordon S, Saupe A, McBurney W, Rades T, Hook S. Comparison of chitosan nanoparticles and chitosan hydrogels for vaccine delivery. J Pharm Pharmacol 2010. [DOI: 10.1211/jpp.60.12.0004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
In this work the potential of chitosan nanoparticles (CNP) and thermosensitive chitosan hydrogels as particulate and sustained release vaccine delivery systems was investigated. CNP and chitosan hydrogels were prepared, loaded with the model protein antigen ovalbumin (OVA) and characterised. The immunostimulatory capacity of these vaccine delivery systems was assessed in-vitro and in-vivo. Particle sizing measurements and SEM images showed that optimised OVA-loaded CNP had a size of approximately 200 nm, a polydispersity index < 0.2, and a positive zeta-potential of approximately 18 mV. The amount of OVA adsorbed onto CNP was high with an adsorption efficacy of greater than 96%. Raman spectroscopy indicated conformational changes of OVA when adsorbed onto the surface of CNP. Uptake of the dispersions and immunological activation of murine dendritic cells in-vitro could be demonstrated. Investigation of the release of fluorescently-labelled OVA (FITC-OVA) from CNP and chitosan hydrogels in-vitro showed that approximately 50% of the total protein was released from CNP within a period of ten days; release of antigen from chitosan gel occurred in a more sustained manner, with < 10% of total protein being released after 10 days. The slow release from gel formulations may be explained by the strong interactions of the protein with chitosan. While OVA-loaded CNP showed no significant immunogenicity, formulations of OVA in chitosan gel were able to stimulate both cell-mediated and humoral immunity in-vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Gordon
- School of Pharmacy, University of Otago, P.O. Box 913, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Anne Saupe
- School of Pharmacy, University of Otago, P.O. Box 913, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Warren McBurney
- School of Pharmacy, University of Otago, P.O. Box 913, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Thomas Rades
- School of Pharmacy, University of Otago, P.O. Box 913, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Sarah Hook
- School of Pharmacy, University of Otago, P.O. Box 913, Dunedin, New Zealand
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Arca HC, Günbeyaz M, Senel S. Chitosan-based systems for the delivery of vaccine antigens. Expert Rev Vaccines 2009; 8:937-53. [PMID: 19538118 DOI: 10.1586/erv.09.47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
This review discusses the current status of chitosan and its derivatives as adjuvants and delivery systems in vaccine delivery, and their future possibilities and challenges. After a brief introduction to adjuvants and delivery systems, chitosan will be described in detail in regard to vaccine formulation. Applications of chitosan and its derivatives will be reviewed and their proposed mechanisms in the enhancement of immune responses will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Ciğdem Arca
- Hacettepe University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Ankara, Turkey.
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Daines AM, Greatrex BW, Hayman CM, Hook SM, McBurney WT, Rades T, Rendle PM, Sims IM. Mannosylated saponins based on oleanolic and glycyrrhizic acids. Towards synthetic colloidal antigen delivery systems. Bioorg Med Chem 2009; 17:5207-18. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2009.05.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2009] [Revised: 05/13/2009] [Accepted: 05/17/2009] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Opportunities and challenges in vaccine delivery. Eur J Pharm Sci 2008; 36:605-8. [PMID: 19063966 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2008.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2008] [Accepted: 11/09/2008] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
This report is a distillation of the workshop 'Opportunities and Challenges in Vaccine Delivery', organised by EUFEPS/FIP and co-sponsored by AAPS and CRS, in Archamps, France, September 2008. The aim of this workshop was to bridge knowledge gaps between the different disciplines involved in the delivery of vaccines. Here, key challenges include target identification, mapping the needs and target population, the development and harmonisation of predictive read-out systems and surrogate markers for protection, and improving antigen immunogenicity, delivery and stability. The workshop underlined the need and possibilities of a multidisciplinary approach to meet these challenges. This involves increasing our understanding of immunological mechanisms, the development of advanced delivery systems and adjuvant technologies, and insight into the regulatory guidelines and target population. Based upon this knowledge, future vaccinology can increasingly focus on rational design of antigens, adjuvants and delivery systems, which will lead to new and improved vaccines.
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EpCAM-specific Vaccine Response by Modified Antigen and Chimeric Costimulatory Molecule in Cynomolgus Monkeys. J Immunother 2008; 31:644-55. [DOI: 10.1097/cji.0b013e3181826d89] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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McBurney WT, Lendemans DG, Myschik J, Hennessy T, Rades T, Hook S. In vivo activity of cationic immune stimulating complexes (PLUSCOMs). Vaccine 2008; 26:4549-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2008.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2008] [Revised: 06/10/2008] [Accepted: 06/10/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Peek LJ, Middaugh CR, Berkland C. Nanotechnology in vaccine delivery. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2008; 60:915-28. [PMID: 18325628 PMCID: PMC7103321 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2007.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 354] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2007] [Accepted: 05/01/2007] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
With very few adjuvants currently being used in marketed human vaccines, a critical need exists for novel immunopotentiators and delivery vehicles capable of eliciting humoral, cellular and mucosal immunity. Such crucial vaccine components could facilitate the development of novel vaccines for viral and parasitic infections, such as hepatitis, HIV, malaria, cancer, etc. In this review, we discuss clinical trial results for various vaccine adjuvants and delivery vehicles being developed that are approximately nanoscale (< 1000 nm) in size. Humoral immune responses have been observed for most adjuvants and delivery platforms while only viral vectors, ISCOMs and Montanide™ ISA 51 and 720 have shown cytotoxic T cell responses in the clinic. MF59 and MPL® have elicited Th1 responses, and virus-like particles, non-degradable nanoparticles and liposomes have also generated cellular immunity. Such vaccine components have also been evaluated for alternative routes of administration with clinical successes reported for intranasal delivery of viral vectors and proteosomes and oral delivery of a VLP vaccine.
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Brusic V, Marina O, Wu CJ, Reinherz EL. Proteome informatics for cancer research: from molecules to clinic. Proteomics 2007; 7:976-91. [PMID: 17370257 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.200600965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Proteomics offers the most direct approach to understand disease and its molecular biomarkers. Biomarkers denote the biological states of tissues, cells, or body fluids that are useful for disease detection and classification. Clinical proteomics is used for early disease detection, molecular diagnosis of disease, identification and formulation of therapies, and disease monitoring and prognostics. Bioinformatics tools are essential for converting raw proteomics data into knowledge and subsequently into useful applications. These tools are used for the collection, processing, analysis, and interpretation of the vast amounts of proteomics data. Management, analysis, and interpretation of large quantities of raw and processed data require a combination of various informatics technologies such as databases, sequence comparison, predictive models, and statistical tools. We have demonstrated the utility of bioinformatics in clinical proteomics through the analysis of the cancer antigen survivin and its suitability as a target for cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Brusic
- Cancer Vaccine Center, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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Ciocca DR, Frayssinet P, Cuello-Carrión FD. A pilot study with a therapeutic vaccine based on hydroxyapatite ceramic particles and self-antigens in cancer patients. Cell Stress Chaperones 2007; 12:33-43. [PMID: 17441505 PMCID: PMC1852891 DOI: 10.1379/csc-218r.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2006] [Revised: 10/31/2006] [Accepted: 11/03/2006] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We describe an approach to produce an autologous therapeutic antitumor vaccine using hydroxyapatite (HA) for vaccinating cancer patients. The novel approach involved (1) the purification of part of the self-tumor antigens/ adjuvants using column chromatography with HA, (2) the employ of HA as a medium to attract antigen-presenting cells (APCs) to the vaccination site, and (3) the use of HA as a vector to present in vivo the tumor antigens and adjuvants to the patient's APCs. The vaccine was prepared using and combining HA particles, with at least 3 heat shock proteins (gp96 was one of them possibly with chaperoned proteins/peptides as shown in the slot blots) and with proteins from the cell membrane system (including Hsp70, Hsp27, and membrane proteins). The timing of HA degradation was tested in rats; the HA particles administered under the skin attracted macrophages and were degraded into smaller particles, and they were totally phagocytized within 1 week. In patients (n = 20), the vaccine was then administered weekly and showed very low toxicity, causing minor and tolerable local inflammation (erythema, papule, or local pain); only 1 patient who received a larger dose presented hot flashes, and there were no systemic manifestations of toxicity or autoimmune diseases attributed to the vaccine. Our study suggests that this therapeutic vaccine has shown some efficacy producing a positive response in certain patients. Stable disease was noted in 25% of the patients (renal carcinoma, breast carcinoma, and astrocytoma), and a partial response was noted in 15% of the patients (breast carcinoma and astrocytoma). The most encouraging results were seen in patients with recurrent disease; 4 patients in these conditions (20%) are disease free following the vaccine administration. However, we do not want to overstate the clinical efficacy in this small number of patients. The therapeutic vaccine tested in our study is working by activating the T-cell response as was shown in the comparative histological and immunohistochemical study performed in the pre- and postvaccine biopsy taken from a patient with inflammatory breast carcinoma. However, we cannot ruled out that the vaccine could also be producing an antibody(ies)-mediated response. In conclusion, this therapeutic vaccine based on HA ceramic particles and self-antigens can be safely administered and is showing some encouraging clinical results in cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel R Ciocca
- Argentine Foundation for Cancer Research, Sargento Cabral 706, 5500 Mendoza, Argentina.
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