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Sadiki A, Vaidya SR, Abdollahi M, Bhardwaj G, Dolan ME, Turna H, Arora V, Sanjeev A, Robinson TD, Koid A, Amin A, Zhou ZS. Site-specific conjugation of native antibody. Antib Ther 2020; 3:271-284. [PMID: 33644685 PMCID: PMC7906296 DOI: 10.1093/abt/tbaa027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Traditionally, non-specific chemical conjugations, such as acylation of amines on lysine or alkylation of thiols on cysteines, are widely used; however, they have several shortcomings. First, the lack of site-specificity results in heterogeneous products and irreproducible processes. Second, potential modifications near the complementarity-determining region may reduce binding affinity and specificity. Conversely, site-specific methods produce well-defined and more homogenous antibody conjugates, ensuring developability and clinical applications. Moreover, several recent side-by-side comparisons of site-specific and stochastic methods have demonstrated that site-specific approaches are more likely to achieve their desired properties and functions, such as increased plasma stability, less variability in dose-dependent studies (particularly at low concentrations), enhanced binding efficiency, as well as increased tumor uptake. Herein, we review several standard and practical site-specific bioconjugation methods for native antibodies, i.e., those without recombinant engineering. First, chemo-enzymatic techniques, namely transglutaminase (TGase)-mediated transamidation of a conserved glutamine residue and glycan remodeling of a conserved asparagine N-glycan (GlyCLICK), both in the Fc region. Second, chemical approaches such as selective reduction of disulfides (ThioBridge) and N-terminal amine modifications. Furthermore, we list site-specific antibody–drug conjugates in clinical trials along with the future perspectives of these site-specific methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amissi Sadiki
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University Boston, Massachusetts 02115-5000, USA.,Barnett Institute of Chemical and Biological Analysis, Northeastern University Boston, Massachusetts 02115-5000, USA
| | - Shefali R Vaidya
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University Boston, Massachusetts 02115-5000, USA.,Barnett Institute of Chemical and Biological Analysis, Northeastern University Boston, Massachusetts 02115-5000, USA
| | - Mina Abdollahi
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University Boston, Massachusetts 02115-5000, USA.,Barnett Institute of Chemical and Biological Analysis, Northeastern University Boston, Massachusetts 02115-5000, USA
| | - Gunjan Bhardwaj
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University Boston, Massachusetts 02115-5000, USA.,Barnett Institute of Chemical and Biological Analysis, Northeastern University Boston, Massachusetts 02115-5000, USA
| | - Michael E Dolan
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University Boston, Massachusetts 02115-5000, USA.,Barnett Institute of Chemical and Biological Analysis, Northeastern University Boston, Massachusetts 02115-5000, USA.,Downstream Development, Biologics Process Development, Millennium Pharmaceuticals, Inc., (a wholly-owned subsidiary of Takeda Pharmaceuticals Company Limited), Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Harpreet Turna
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University Boston, Massachusetts 02115-5000, USA.,Barnett Institute of Chemical and Biological Analysis, Northeastern University Boston, Massachusetts 02115-5000, USA
| | - Varnika Arora
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University Boston, Massachusetts 02115-5000, USA.,Barnett Institute of Chemical and Biological Analysis, Northeastern University Boston, Massachusetts 02115-5000, USA
| | - Athul Sanjeev
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University Boston, Massachusetts 02115-5000, USA.,Barnett Institute of Chemical and Biological Analysis, Northeastern University Boston, Massachusetts 02115-5000, USA
| | - Timothy D Robinson
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University Boston, Massachusetts 02115-5000, USA.,Barnett Institute of Chemical and Biological Analysis, Northeastern University Boston, Massachusetts 02115-5000, USA
| | - Andrea Koid
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University Boston, Massachusetts 02115-5000, USA.,Barnett Institute of Chemical and Biological Analysis, Northeastern University Boston, Massachusetts 02115-5000, USA
| | - Aashka Amin
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University Boston, Massachusetts 02115-5000, USA.,Barnett Institute of Chemical and Biological Analysis, Northeastern University Boston, Massachusetts 02115-5000, USA
| | - Zhaohui Sunny Zhou
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University Boston, Massachusetts 02115-5000, USA.,Barnett Institute of Chemical and Biological Analysis, Northeastern University Boston, Massachusetts 02115-5000, USA
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Recent progress in transglutaminase-mediated assembly of antibody-drug conjugates. Anal Biochem 2020; 595:113615. [PMID: 32035039 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2020.113615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Revised: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) are hybrid molecules intended to overcome the drawbacks of conventional small molecule chemotherapy and therapeutic antibodies by merging beneficial characteristics of both molecule classes to develop more efficient and patient-friendly options for cancer treatment. During the last decades a versatile bioconjugation toolbox that comprises numerous chemical and enzymatic technologies have been developed to covalently attach a cytotoxic cargo to a tumor-targeting antibody. Microbial transglutaminase (mTG) that catalyzes isopeptide bond formation between proteinaceous or peptidic glutamines and lysines, provides many favorable properties that are beneficial for the manufacturing of these conjugates. However, to efficiently utilize the enzyme for the constructions of ADCs, different drawbacks had to be overcome that originate from the enzyme's insufficiently understood substrate specificity. Within this review, pioneering methodologies, recent achievements and remaining limitations of mTG-assisted assembly of ADCs will be highlighted.
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Abstract
Antibodies are immunoglobulins that play essential roles in immune systems. All antibodies are glycoproteins that carry at least one or more conserved N-linked oligosaccharides (N-glycans) at the Fc domain. Many studies have demonstrated that both the presence and fine structures of the attached glycans can exert a profound impact on the biological functions and therapeutic efficacy of antibodies. However, antibodies usually exist as mixtures of heterogeneous glycoforms that are difficult to separate in pure glycoforms. Recent progress in glycoengineering has provided useful methods that enable production of glycan-defined and site-selectively modified antibodies for functional studies and for improved therapeutic efficacy. This review highlights major approaches in glycoengineering of antibodies with a focus on recent advances in three areas: glycoengineering through glycan biosynthetic pathway manipulation, glycoengineering through in vitro chemoenzymatic glycan remodeling, and glycoengineering of antibodies for site-specific antibody-drug conjugation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lai-Xi Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA; , , , ,
| | - Xin Tong
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA; , , , ,
| | - Chao Li
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA; , , , ,
| | - John P Giddens
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA; , , , ,
| | - Tiezheng Li
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA; , , , ,
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Schneider H, Deweid L, Pirzer T, Yanakieva D, Englert S, Becker B, Avrutina O, Kolmar H. Dextramabs: A Novel Format of Antibody-Drug Conjugates Featuring a Multivalent Polysaccharide Scaffold. ChemistryOpen 2019; 8:354-357. [PMID: 30976476 PMCID: PMC6437811 DOI: 10.1002/open.201900066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) are multicomponent biomolecules that have emerged as a powerful tool for targeted tumor therapy. Combining specific binding of an immunoglobulin with toxic properties of a payload, they however often suffer from poor hydrophilicity when loaded with a high amount of toxins. To address these issues simultaneously, we developed dextramabs, a novel class of hybrid antibody-drug conjugates. In these architectures, the therapeutic antibody trastuzumab is equipped with a multivalent dextran polysaccharide that enables efficient loading with a potent toxin in a controllable fashion. Our modular chemoenzymatic approach provides an access to synthetic dextramabs bearing monomethyl auristatin as releasable cytotoxic cargo. They possess high drug-to-antibody ratios, remarkable hydrophilicity, and high toxicity in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hendrik Schneider
- Clemens-Schöpf-Institut für Organische Chemie und BiochemieTechnische Universität DarmstadtAlarich-Weiss-Straße 464287DarmstadtGermany
| | - Lukas Deweid
- Clemens-Schöpf-Institut für Organische Chemie und BiochemieTechnische Universität DarmstadtAlarich-Weiss-Straße 464287DarmstadtGermany
| | - Thomas Pirzer
- Clemens-Schöpf-Institut für Organische Chemie und BiochemieTechnische Universität DarmstadtAlarich-Weiss-Straße 464287DarmstadtGermany
| | - Desislava Yanakieva
- Clemens-Schöpf-Institut für Organische Chemie und BiochemieTechnische Universität DarmstadtAlarich-Weiss-Straße 464287DarmstadtGermany
| | - Simon Englert
- Clemens-Schöpf-Institut für Organische Chemie und BiochemieTechnische Universität DarmstadtAlarich-Weiss-Straße 464287DarmstadtGermany
| | - Bastian Becker
- Clemens-Schöpf-Institut für Organische Chemie und BiochemieTechnische Universität DarmstadtAlarich-Weiss-Straße 464287DarmstadtGermany
| | - Olga Avrutina
- Clemens-Schöpf-Institut für Organische Chemie und BiochemieTechnische Universität DarmstadtAlarich-Weiss-Straße 464287DarmstadtGermany
| | - Harald Kolmar
- Clemens-Schöpf-Institut für Organische Chemie und BiochemieTechnische Universität DarmstadtAlarich-Weiss-Straße 464287DarmstadtGermany
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5
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Glycoprotein labeling with click chemistry (GLCC) and carbohydrate detection. Carbohydr Res 2015; 412:1-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2015.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2015] [Revised: 04/09/2015] [Accepted: 04/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Qasba PK. Glycans of Antibodies as a Specific Site for Drug Conjugation Using Glycosyltransferases. Bioconjug Chem 2015; 26:2170-5. [PMID: 26065635 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.5b00173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The therapeutic cargo molecules conjugated to a specific site on a monoclonal antibody (mAb), called antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs), are becoming powerful tools in cancer treatment. Generally, the cargo molecules conjugate at the cysteine or lysine residue of the mAb, which generally results in a highly heterogeneous ADC. Therapeutic cargo molecules need to be conjugated in a site-specific manner to the mAb so that the bioefficacy of these molecules is not compromised. The mAb (IgG1) are N-glycosylated at the conserved residue Asn(297), which is present in each heavy chain of the IgG1, near the CH2 domain of the Fc fragment. The mutant or wild-type glycosyltransferases transfer sugars with a chemical handle to the glycan molecule of IgG1, making the site-specific linking of cargo molecules possible via the chemical handle, and thus making the process an invaluable technique for the production of homogeneous ADCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pradman K Qasba
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health , Frederick, Maryland 21702-1201, United States
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Choi SH, Kim HS, Yoon YJ, Kim DM, Lee EY. Glycosyltransferase and its application to glycodiversification of natural products. J IND ENG CHEM 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2012.01.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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8
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Dulcey AE, Qasba PK, Lamb J, Griffiths GL. Improved synthesis of UDP-2-(2-ketopropyl)galactose and a first synthesis of UDP-2-(2-ketopropyl)glucose for the site-specific linking of biomolecules via modified glycan residues using glycosyltransferases. Tetrahedron 2011; 67:2013-2017. [PMID: 21436962 PMCID: PMC3061836 DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2011.01.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The potential of wild-type and mutant glycosyltransferases to produce glycoconjugates carrying sugar moieties with chemical handles has made it possible to conjugate biomolecules with orthogonal reacting groups at specific sites. The synthesis of UDP-2-(2-ketopropyl)galactose has been previously carried out, albeit with difficulty and low efficiency. A modified approach has been developed for the synthesis of UDP-2-(2-ketopropyl)glucose and UDP-2-(2-ketopropyl)galactose, allowing better access to the desired test compounds, the UDP-2-(2-ketopropyl)glucose and UDP-2-(2-ketopropyl)galactose analogs were synthesized in 8 steps and 4.8% and 5.3% overall yield respectively, an improvement over the 1(st) generation synthesis involving 8 steps and an overall yield of 0.7%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrés E. Dulcey
- Imaging Probe Development Center, National Heart Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, 9800 Medical Center Dr, Rockville, MD 20850
| | - Pradman K. Qasba
- Structural Glycobiology Section, Nanobiology Program, Center for Cancer Research, NCI-Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702
| | - Jeffrey Lamb
- Imaging Probe Development Center, National Heart Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, 9800 Medical Center Dr, Rockville, MD 20850
| | - Gary L. Griffiths
- Imaging Probe Development Center, National Heart Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, 9800 Medical Center Dr, Rockville, MD 20850
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Tian Q, Xu L, Ma X, Zou W, Shao H. Stereoselective Synthesis of 2-C-Acetonyl-2-Deoxy-d-Galactosides using 1,2-Cyclopropaneacetylated Sugar as Novel Glycosyl Donor. Org Lett 2009; 12:540-3. [DOI: 10.1021/ol902732w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Tian
- Natural Products Research Center, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China, Institute for Biological Sciences, National Research Council of Canada, 100 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0R6, Canada and Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
| | - Liyan Xu
- Natural Products Research Center, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China, Institute for Biological Sciences, National Research Council of Canada, 100 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0R6, Canada and Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
| | - Xiaofeng Ma
- Natural Products Research Center, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China, Institute for Biological Sciences, National Research Council of Canada, 100 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0R6, Canada and Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
| | - Wei Zou
- Natural Products Research Center, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China, Institute for Biological Sciences, National Research Council of Canada, 100 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0R6, Canada and Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
| | - Huawu Shao
- Natural Products Research Center, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China, Institute for Biological Sciences, National Research Council of Canada, 100 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0R6, Canada and Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
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Boeggeman E, Ramakrishnan B, Pasek M, Manzoni M, Puri A, Loomis KH, Waybright TJ, Qasba PK. Site specific conjugation of fluoroprobes to the remodeled Fc N-glycans of monoclonal antibodies using mutant glycosyltransferases: application for cell surface antigen detection. Bioconjug Chem 2009; 20:1228-36. [PMID: 19425533 DOI: 10.1021/bc900103p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The Fc N-glycan chains of four therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), namely, Avastin, Rituxan, Remicade, and Herceptin, released by PNGase F, show by MALDI analysis that these biantennary N-glycans are a mixture of G0, G1, and G2 glycoforms. The G0 glycoform has no galactose on the terminal GlcNAc residues, and the G1 and G2 glycoforms have one or two terminal galactose residues, respectively, while no N-glycan with terminal sialic acid residue is observed. We show here that under native conditions we can convert the N-glycans of these mAbs to a homogeneous population of G0 glycoform using beta1,4 galactosidase from Streptococcus pneumoniae. The G0 glycoforms of mAbs can be galactosylated with a modified galactose having a chemical handle at the C2 position, such as ketone or azide, using a mutant beta1,4-galactosyltransferase (beta1,4Gal-T1-Y289L). The addition of the modified galactose at a specific glycan residue of a mAb permits the coupling of a biomolecule that carries an orthogonal reactive group. The linking of a biotinylated or a fluorescent dye carrying derivatives selectively occurs with the modified galactose, C2-keto-Gal, at the heavy chain of these mAbs, without altering their antigen binding activities, as shown by indirect enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS) methods. Our results demonstrate that the linking of cargo molecules to mAbs via glycans could prove to be an invaluable tool for potential drug targeting by immunotherapeutic methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Boeggeman
- Structural Glycobiology Section, CCR-Nanobiology Program, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., Frederick, Maryland 21702, USA
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Williams GJ, Gantt RW, Thorson JS. The impact of enzyme engineering upon natural product glycodiversification. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2009; 12:556-64. [PMID: 18678278 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2008.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2008] [Accepted: 07/07/2008] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Glycodiversification of natural products is an effective strategy for small molecule drug development. Recently, improved methods for chemo-enzymatic synthesis of glycosyl donors has spurred the characterization of natural product glycosyltransferases (GTs), revealing that the substrate specificity of many naturally occurring GTs as too stringent for use in glycodiversification. Protein engineering of natural product GTs has emerged as an attractive approach to overcome this limitation. This review highlights recent progress in the engineering/evolution of enzymes relevant to natural product glycodiversification with a particular focus upon GTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gavin J Williams
- Laboratory for Biosynthetic Chemistry, Pharmaceutical Sciences Division, School of Pharmacy, National Cooperative Drug Discovery Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 777 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI 53705, USA
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