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Zhao T, Zhao Y, Chen H, Sun W, Guan Y. A GC-MS-based untargeted metabolomics approach for comprehensive metabolic profiling of mycophenolate mofetil-induced toxicity in mice. Front Mol Biosci 2024; 11:1332090. [PMID: 38516185 PMCID: PMC10955473 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2024.1332090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: Mycophenolate mofetil (MMF), the morpholinoethyl ester of mycophenolic acid, is widely used for maintenance immunosuppression in transplantation. The gastrointestinal toxicity of MMF has been widely uncovered. However, the comprehensive metabolic analysis of MMF-induced toxicity is lacking. This study is aimed to ascertain the metabolic changes after MMF administration in mice. Methods: A total of 700 mg MMF was dissolved in 7 mL dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), and then 0.5 mL of mixture was diluted with 4.5 mL of saline (100 mg/kg). Mice in the treatment group (n = 9) were given MMF (0.1 mL/10 g) each day via intraperitoneal injection lasting for 2 weeks, while those in the control group (n = 9) received the same amount of blank solvent (DMSO: saline = 1:9). Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry was utilized to identify the metabolic profiling in serum samples and multiple organ tissues of mice. The potential metabolites were identified using orthogonal partial least squares discrimination analysis. Meanwhile, we used the MetaboAnalyst 5.0 (http://www.metaboanalyst.ca) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes database (http://www.kegg.jp) to depict the metabolic pathways. The percentages of lymphocytes in spleens were assessed by multiparameter flow cytometry analysis. Results: Compared to the control group, we observed that MMF treatment induced differential expression of metabolites in the intestine, hippocampus, lung, liver, kidney, heart, serum, and cortex tissues. Subsequently, we demonstrated that multiple amino acids metabolism and fatty acids biosynthesis were disrupted following MMF treatment. Additionally, MMF challenge dramatically increased CD4+ T cell percentages but had no significant influences on other types of lymphocytes. Conclusion: MMF can affect the metabolism in various organs and serum in mice. These data may provide preliminary judgement for MMF-induced toxicity and understand the metabolic mechanism of MMF more comprehensively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tongfeng Zhao
- Department of Hematology, Jining No.1 People’s Hospital, Jining, China
| | - Yaxin Zhao
- Department of Pharmacy, Jining No.1 People’s Hospital, Jining, China
| | - Haotian Chen
- Department of Hematology, Jining No.1 People’s Hospital, Jining, China
| | - Wenxue Sun
- Translational Pharmaceutical Laboratory, Jining No.1 People’s Hospital, Jining, China
- Postdoctoral of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Yun Guan
- Department of Hematology, Jining No.1 People’s Hospital, Jining, China
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2
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Impact of Fasting Status and Circadian Variation on the Pharmacokinetics of Mycophenolate Mofetil and the Glucuronide Metabolite in Renal Transplant Recipients. Transplant Direct 2023; 9:e1448. [PMID: 36875939 PMCID: PMC9977486 DOI: 10.1097/txd.0000000000001448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) is an immunosuppressive prodrug often used to prevent allograft rejection following solid organ transplantation. After oral administration, MMF is rapidly hydrolyzed to the active metabolite mycophenolate acid (MPA), which is inactivated by glucuronosyltransferase to the mycophenolic acid glucuronide metabolite (MPAG). The aim was 2-fold: to investigate the impact of circadian variation and fasting versus nonfasting status on MPA and MPAG pharmacokinetics in renal transplant recipients (RTRs). Methods RTRs with stable graft function treated with tacrolimus, prednisolone, and MMF (750 mg BID) were included in this open, nonrandomized study. Two 12-h pharmacokinetic investigations were conducted in succession following morning and evening doses, both in a fasting and in a real-life nonfasting condition. Results A total of 30 (22 men) RTRs performed one 24-h investigation, and 16 repeated the investigation within 1 mo. In a real-life nonfasting state, MPA area under the curve (AUC)0-12 and C 0 failed to meet the bioequivalence criteria. Following the evening dose, mean MPA AUC12-24 was 16% lower (P < 0.001) compared with AUC0-12, and a shorter T max was observed (P = 0.09). Under fasting conditions, MPA AUC12-24 was 13% lower than AUC0-12, and the absorption rate was slower after the evening dose (P < 0.05). MPAG displayed circadian variation only under real-life conditions with lower AUC0-12 following the evening dose (P < 0.001). Conclusions Both MPA and MPAG showed circadian variation with somewhat lower systemic exposures following the evening dose with limited clinical relevance in the dosing of MMF in RTRs. Fasting status affects MMF absorption rate differently, but with similar results in systemic exposure.
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Górska M, Kurnatowska I. Nutrition Disturbances and Metabolic Complications in Kidney Transplant Recipients: Etiology, Methods of Assessment and Prevention-A Review. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14234996. [PMID: 36501026 PMCID: PMC9738485 DOI: 10.3390/nu14234996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 11/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Nutrition disturbances occur at all stages of chronic kidney disease and progress with the decrease of the kidney filtration rate. Kidney transplantation (KTx) as the best form of kidney replacement therapy poses various nutritional challenges. Prior to transplantation, recipients often present with mild to advanced nutrition disturbances. A functioning allograft not only relieves uremia, acidosis, and electrolyte disturbances, but also resumes other kidney functions such as erythropoietin production and vitamin D3 metabolism. KTx recipients represent a whole spectrum of undernutrition and obesity. Since following transplantation, patients are relieved of most dietary restrictions and appetite disturbances; they resume old nutrition habits that result in weight gain. The immunosuppressive regimen often predisposes them to dyslipidemia, glucose intolerance, and hypertension. Moreover, most recipients present with chronic kidney graft disease at long-term follow-ups, usually in stages G2-G3T. Therefore, the nutritional status of KTx patients requires careful monitoring. Appropriate dietary and lifestyle habits prevent nutrition disturbances and may improve kidney graft function. Despite many nutritional guidelines and recommendations targeted at chronic kidney disease, there are few targeted at KTx recipients. We aimed to provide a brief review of nutrition disturbances and known nutritional recommendations for kidney transplant recipients based on the current literature and dietary trends.
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Inhibitors of Nucleotide Biosynthesis as Candidates for a Wide Spectrum of Antiviral Chemotherapy. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10081631. [PMID: 36014049 PMCID: PMC9413629 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10081631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2022] [Revised: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerging and re-emerging viruses have been a challenge in public health in recent decades. Host-targeted antivirals (HTA) directed at cellular molecules or pathways involved in virus multiplication represent an interesting strategy to combat viruses presently lacking effective chemotherapy. HTA could provide a wide range of agents with inhibitory activity against current and future viruses that share similar host requirements and reduce the possible selection of antiviral-resistant variants. Nucleotide metabolism is one of the more exploited host metabolic pathways as a potential antiviral target for several human viruses. This review focuses on the antiviral properties of the inhibitors of pyrimidine and purine nucleotide biosynthesis, with an emphasis on the rate-limiting enzymes dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (DHODH) and inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMPDH) for which there are old and new drugs active against a broad spectrum of pathogenic viruses.
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5
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Job KM, Roberts JK, Enioutina EY, IIIamola SM, Kumar SS, Rashid J, Ward RM, Fukuda T, Sherbotie J, Sherwin CM. Treatment optimization of maintenance immunosuppressive agents in pediatric renal transplant recipients. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2021; 17:747-765. [PMID: 34121566 PMCID: PMC10726690 DOI: 10.1080/17425255.2021.1943356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Graft survival in pediatric kidney transplant patients has increased significantly within the last three decades, correlating with the discovery and utilization of new immunosuppressants as well as improvements in patient care. Despite these developments in graft survival for patients, there is still improvement needed, particularly in long-term care in pediatric patients receiving grafts from deceased donor patients. Maintenance immunosuppressive therapies have narrow therapeutic indices and are associated with high inter-individual and intra-individual variability.Areas covered: In this review, we examine the impact of pharmacokinetic variability on renal transplantation and its association with age, genetic polymorphisms, drug-drug interactions, drug-disease interactions, renal insufficiency, route of administration, and branded versus generic drug formulation. Pharmacodynamics are outlined in terms of the mechanism of action for each immunosuppressant, potential adverse effects, and the utility of pharmacodynamic biomarkers.Expert opinion: Acquiring abetter quantitative understanding of immunosuppressant pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamic components should help clinicians implement treatment regimens to maintain the balance between therapeutic efficacy and drug-related toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen M Job
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Jessica K Roberts
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Elena Y Enioutina
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Sílvia M IIIamola
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Shaun S Kumar
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Jahidur Rashid
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Robert M Ward
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Tsuyoshi Fukuda
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Joseph Sherbotie
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Catherine M Sherwin
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Boonshoft School of Medicine, Dayton Children’s Hospital, Wright State University, Dayton, OH, USA
- Department of Pharmacotherapy, College of Pharmacy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
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Deng J, Lu Y, He L, Ou J, Xie H. A comparison of mycophenolate mofetil and calcineurin inhibitor as maintenance immunosuppression for kidney transplant recipients: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Turk J Med Sci 2021; 51:1080-1091. [PMID: 33356028 PMCID: PMC8283438 DOI: 10.3906/sag-1910-156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 12/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background/aim We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) to evaluate the comparison and its timing between mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) and calcineurin inhibitor (CNI) as maintenance immunosuppression for kidney transplant recipients. Materials and methods The RCTs of MMF versus CNI as maintenance immunosuppression for kidney transplant recipients were searched from PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CCRCT), and ClinicalTrials.gov. After screening relevant RCTs, two authors independently assessed the quality of included studies and performed a meta-analysis using RevMan5.3. Relative risk (RR) was used to report dichotomous data, while mean difference (MD) with 95% confidence interval (CI) was used to report continuous outcomes. The analysis was conducted using the random-effect model due to the expected heterogeneity among different studies. Four subgroups were allocated to compare MMF with CNI as maintenance immunosuppression: (1) after 3 months of CNI-based therapy, (2) after 6 months of CNI-based therapy, (3) after 12 months of CNI-based therapy, and (4) in recipients with allograft dysfunction. Results Twelve RCTs with 950 renal transplant recipients were included. This meta-analysis presented the following results upon comparison between MMF and CNI as maintenance immunosuppression for kidney transplant recipients: (1) MMF significantly improved the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) not only in the comparison performed after 3, 6, or 12 months of CNI-based therapy but also in the comparison of recipients with allograft dysfunction, (2) MMF may increase the risk of acute rejection in the comparison performed after 3 months of CNI-based therapy, but no increase was noted in the comparison performed after 6 or 12 months of CNI-based therapy. Conclusion Our present meta-analysis suggested that MMF followed at least 6 months of CNI-based therapy is an effective maintenance immunosuppressive regimen for kidney transplant recipients to improve renal function but not increase rejection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Deng
- Department of Nephrology, the First Affiliated Hospital of University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Yi Lu
- Department of Nephrology, the First Affiliated Hospital of University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Lihong He
- Department of Diagnostic Ultrasound, the First Hospital of Changsha, Hengyang, China
| | - Jihong Ou
- Department of Diagnostic Ultrasound, the First Hospital of Changsha, Hengyang, China
| | - Hongping Xie
- Department of Health Management, the First Affiliated Hospital of University of South China, Hengyang, China
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Klotsman M, Sathyan G, Anderson WH. Single-dose pharmacokinetics of mycophenolic acid following administration of immediate-release mycophenolate mofetil in healthy Beagle dogs. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2021; 44:650-656. [PMID: 33580714 DOI: 10.1111/jvp.12950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2020] [Revised: 01/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Mycophenolic acid (MPA) is an immunomodulating agent commonly used in human medicine for the treatment of immune-mediated diseases. There is growing evidence that the immunomodulating properties of mycophenolate mofetil (MMF), a prodrug of MPA, are therapeutically beneficial for the treatment of immune-mediated diseases in dogs. A narrow therapeutic index and high inter-and intra-patient pharmacokinetic (PK) variability complicate the use of MMF. A better characterization of MPA pharmacokinetics is needed to help establish dosing regimens and standardized treatment protocols for canine patients. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the pharmacokinetics of MPA in dogs. MMF oral suspension (10 mg/kg) was administered to five healthy beagle dogs. Serial blood samples were collected from 0 to 18 hours after administration. The simultaneous quantification of MPA, and its metabolites MPA-7-O-glucuronide (MPAG), and acyl glucuronide (AcMPAG) was determined by liquid chromatography (LC)-mass spectrometry (MS)/MS. MPA peak concentrations were achieved rapidly (median Tmax of 0.5 h). Concentrations fell through 3 hours post-dose and then plateaued around 20% of Cmax. The mean elimination half-life was rapid (5.8 hours) and notable variability was observed in all PK parameters. The PK profiles for the MPAG and AcMPAG metabolites followed a similar pattern as MPA concentration. Future repeat-dose studies will be needed to evaluate steady-state PK parameters and to define therapeutic MPA dose levels.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Wayne H Anderson
- Okava Pharmaceuticals, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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8
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Koonrungsesomboon N, Ngamphaiboon N, Townamchai N, Teeyakasem P, Charoentum C, Charoenkwan P, Natesirinilkul R, Sathitsamitphong L, Ativitavas T, Chaiyawat P, Klangjorhor J, Hongeng S, Pruksakorn D. Phase II, multi-center, open-label, single-arm clinical trial evaluating the efficacy and safety of Mycophenolate Mofetil in patients with high-grade locally advanced or metastatic osteosarcoma (ESMMO): rationale and design of the ESMMO trial. BMC Cancer 2020; 20:268. [PMID: 32228535 PMCID: PMC7106788 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-020-06751-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Clinical outcomes of patients with osteosarcoma remain unsatisfactory, with little improvement in a 5-year overall survival over the past three decades. There is a substantial need for further research and development to identify and develop more efficacious agents/regimens in order to improve clinical outcomes of patients for whom the prognosis is unfavorable. Recently, mycophenolate mofetil, a prodrug of mycophenolic acid, has been found to have anticancer activity against osteosarcoma in both in vitro and animal experiments, so that further investigation in humans is warranted. METHODS A total of 27 patients with high-grade locally advanced or metastatic osteosarcoma will be enrolled into this phase II, multi-center, open-label, single-arm, two-stage clinical trial. The main objectives of this study are to determine the efficacy and safety of mycophenolate mofetil in the patients. The primary endpoint is progression-free survival at 16 weeks; the secondary endpoints include progression-free survival, overall survival, overall response rate, safety parameters, pharmacokinetic parameters, biomarkers, pain score, and quality of life. Mycophenolate mofetil at the initial dose of 5 g/day or lower will be administered for 4 cycles (28 days/cycle) or until disease progression or unacceptable toxicity. The dose of mycophenolate mofetil may be reduced by 1-2 g/day or withheld for some Grade 3 or Grade 4 toxicities whenever clinically needed. The duration of study participation is approximately 4-5 months, with a minimum of 12 study visits. If mycophenolate mofetil proves beneficial to some patients, as evidenced by stable disease or partial response at 16 weeks, administration of mycophenolate mofetil will continue in the extension period. DISCUSSION This trial is the first step in the translation of therapeutic potential of mycophenolate mofetil emerging from in vitro and animal studies into the clinical domain. It is designed to assess the efficacy and safety of mycophenolate mofetil in patients with high-grade locally advanced or metastatic osteosarcoma. The results will provide important information about whether or not mycophenolate mofetil is worth further development. TRIAL REGISTRATION This trial was prospectively registered on Thai Clinical Trials Registry (registration number: TCTR20190701001). The posted information will be updated as needed to reflect protocol amendments and study progress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nut Koonrungsesomboon
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Muscoloskeletal Science and Translational Research (MSTR) Center, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Nuttapong Ngamphaiboon
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Natavudh Townamchai
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Pimpisa Teeyakasem
- Muscoloskeletal Science and Translational Research (MSTR) Center, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Chaiyut Charoentum
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Pimlak Charoenkwan
- Departmnet of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | | | | | - Touch Ativitavas
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Parunya Chaiyawat
- Muscoloskeletal Science and Translational Research (MSTR) Center, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Jeerawan Klangjorhor
- Muscoloskeletal Science and Translational Research (MSTR) Center, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Suradej Hongeng
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Dumnoensun Pruksakorn
- Muscoloskeletal Science and Translational Research (MSTR) Center, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand.
- Department of Orthopedics, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, 110 Intawaroros, Sriphoom, Muang, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand.
- Biomedical Engineering Institute, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand.
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Tönshoff B. Immunosuppressive therapy post-transplantation in children: what the clinician needs to know. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2020; 16:139-154. [DOI: 10.1080/1744666x.2020.1714437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Burkhard Tönshoff
- Department of Pediatrics I, University Children’s Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
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Straub JO, Oldenkamp R, Pfister T, Häner A. Environmental Risk Assessment for the Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient Mycophenolic Acid in European Surface Waters. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2019; 38:2259-2278. [PMID: 31225916 PMCID: PMC6856805 DOI: 10.1002/etc.4524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Revised: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
An environmental risk assessment is presented for mycophenolic acid (MPA), an immunosuppressive pharmaceutical used for prevention of organ rejection, and its prodrug mycophenolate mofetil (MPM). Mycophenolic acid will not significantly adsorb to activated sludge. In activated sludge, 14 C-MPA attained >80% degradation, supporting an older environmental fate test with the same compound. Based on n-octanol/water distribution coefficient (log DOW ) values of 2.28, 0.48, and ≤-1.54 at pH 5, 7, and 9, respectively, MPA is not expected to bioaccumulate. Sales amounts of MPA+MPM in Europe were used to derive predicted environmental concentrations (PECs) in surface waters; PECs were refined by including expected biodegradation in sewage treatment, average drinking water use, and average dilution of the effluents in the receiving waters per country. In addition, the exposure to pharmaceuticals in the environment (ePiE) model was run for 4 European catchments. The PECs were complemented with 110 measured environmental concentrations (MECs), ranging from below the limit of quantitation (<0.001 µg/L) to 0.656 µg/L. Predicted no-effect concentrations (PNECs) were derived from chronic tests with cyanobacteria, green algae, daphnids, and fish. The comparison of PECs and MECs with the PNECs resulted in a differentiated environmental risk assessment in which the risk ratio of PEC/PNEC or MEC/PNEC was <1 in most cases (mostly >90%), meaning no significant risk, but a potential risk to aquatic organisms in generally <10% of instances. Because this assessment reveals a partial risk, the following questions must be asked: How much risk is acceptable? and Through which measures can this risk be reduced? These questions are all the more important in view of limited alternatives for MPM and MPA and the serious consequences of not using them. Environ Toxicol Chem 2019;38:2259-2278. © 2019 The Authors. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jürg Oliver Straub
- Group Safety, Health, and Environmental Protection, F.Hoffmann‐La Roche, BasleSwitzerland
| | - Rik Oldenkamp
- Department of Environmental ScienceRadboud University NijmegenNijmegenThe Netherlands
- Environment DepartmentUniversity of York, HeslingtonYorkUnited Kingdom
| | - Thomas Pfister
- Group Safety, Health, and Environmental Protection, F.Hoffmann‐La Roche, BasleSwitzerland
| | - Andreas Häner
- Group Safety, Health, and Environmental Protection, F.Hoffmann‐La Roche, BasleSwitzerland
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12
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Abstract
The goal of immunosuppressive therapy post-transplantation in pediatric renal transplant recipients is to prevent acute and chronic rejection while minimizing drug side effects. Most therapies alter immune response mechanisms but are not immunologically specific, and a careful balance is required to find the dose that prevents rejection of the graft while minimizing the risks of overimmunosuppression leading to infection and cancer. While this chapter because of space constraints focuses on immunosuppressive therapy in pediatric renal transplant recipients, many aspects can be applied on pediatric recipients of other solid organ transplants such as the liver and heart. The major maintenance immunosuppressive agents currently used in various combination regimens are tacrolimus, cyclosporine, mycophenolate mofetil, azathioprine, everolimus, sirolimus, and glucocorticoids (steroids). Although data from adult renal transplantation trials are used to help guide management decisions in pediatric patients, immunosuppressive therapy in pediatric renal transplant recipients often must be modified because of the unique dosage requirements and clinical effects of these agents in children, including their impact on growth and development. The optimal immunosuppressive therapy post-transplant is not established. The goal remains to find the best combination of immunosuppressive agents that optimizes allograft survival by preventing acute rejection while limiting drug toxicities.
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13
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Klotsman M, Sathyan G, Anderson WH, Garden OA, Shivanand P. Mycophenolic acid in patients with immune-mediated inflammatory diseases: From humans to dogs. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2018; 42:127-138. [PMID: 30375004 DOI: 10.1111/jvp.12731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Revised: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Mycophenolic acid (MPA), a noncompetitive, selective and reversible inhibitor of inosine 5'-monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMPDH), is an immunosuppressive agent that has a long history in medicine. Mechanistically, the inhibition of IMPDH leads to the selective and eventual arrest of T- and B-lymphocyte proliferation. Mycophenolate mofetil (MMF), the first MPA-based product to receive marketing approval over two decades ago, was originally indicated for the prophylaxis of organ rejection in human transplant patients. Given its broad immunosuppressive properties and ability to selectively inhibit lymphocyte division and effector functions, the clinical utility of MPA was subsequently explored in a host of autoimmune diseases. Human clinical studies have shown MPA to be safe and effective and support its off-label administration for immune-mediated diseases such as lupus, myasthenia gravis and atopic dermatitis. MMF became generically available in the United States in 2008, and its clinical utility is increasingly being explored as a treatment option for dogs with immune-mediated diseases. This review summarizes the available literature for MPA pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics, and the current status of MPA as a treatment for client-owned dogs diagnosed with immune-mediated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Wayne H Anderson
- Okava Pharmaceuticals, San Francisco, California.,Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Oliver A Garden
- Clinical Sciences & Advanced Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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14
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Huang Q, Wang J, Zhou Y, Yang H, Wang Z, Yan Z, Long Y, Yin J, Feng H, Li C, Lu Z, Hu X, Qiu W. Low-Dose Mycophenolate Mofetil for Treatment of Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorders: A Prospective Multicenter Study in South China. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2066. [PMID: 30258442 PMCID: PMC6143768 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of low-dose mycophenolate mofetil (MMF, 1,000 mg/day) treatment of neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders (NMOSDs). Methods: This study was a multicenter, open, prospective, follow-up clinical trial. The data include retrospective clinical data from the pretreatment phase and prospective data from the post-treatment phase. From September 2014 to February 2017, NMOSD patients seropositive for aquaporin 4-IgG (AQP4-IgG) were treated with low-dose MMF. Results: Ninety NMOSD patients were treated with MMF for a median duration of 18 months (range 6–40 months). The median annual recurrence rate (ARR) decreased from 1.02 before treatment to 0 (P < 0.0001) after treatment, and the Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) score decreased from 4 to 3 (P < 0.0001). The EDSS score was significantly lower (P = 0.038) after the first 90 days of treatment. The serum AQP4-IgG titer decreased in 50 cases (63%). The median Simple McGill pain score (SF-MPQ) was reduced in 65 patients (88%) with myelitis from 17 (range 0–35) to 11 (range 0–34) after treatment (P < 0.0001). The median Hauser walking index (Hauser Walk Rating Scale) was reduced from 2 (range 1–9) before treatment to 1 (range 0–7) after treatment (P < 0.0001). Adverse events were documented in 43% of the patients, and eight patients discontinued MMF due to intolerable adverse events. Fourteen (16%) of the total patients discontinued MMF after our last follow-up for various reasons and switched to azathioprine or rituximab. Conclusion: Low-dose MMF reduced clinical relapse and disability in NMOSD patients in South China. However, some patients still suffered from adverse events at this dosage. Clinical Trial Registration: www.ClinicalTrials.gov, identifier : NCT02809079.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiao Huang
- Department of Neurology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Neurology, Zhaoqing No. 2 People's Hospital, Zhaoqing, China
| | - Jingqi Wang
- Department of Neurology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yifan Zhou
- Department of Neurology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hui Yang
- Department of Neuro-Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhanhang Wang
- Department of Neurology, Guangdong 999 Brain Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhenwen Yan
- Department of Neurology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Youming Long
- Department of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jia Yin
- Department of Neurology, Nanfang Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huiyu Feng
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Caixia Li
- School of Mathematics, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhengqi Lu
- Department of Neurology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xueqiang Hu
- Department of Neurology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wei Qiu
- Department of Neurology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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15
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Hosohata K, Matsuoka E, Inada A, Oyama S, Niinomi I, Mori Y, Yamaguchi Y, Uchida M, Iwanaga K. Differential profiles of adverse events associated with mycophenolate mofetil between adult and pediatric renal transplant patients. J Int Med Res 2018; 46:4617-4623. [PMID: 30060680 PMCID: PMC6259373 DOI: 10.1177/0300060518786917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Immunosuppressive regimens after renal transplantation usually include a combination of calcineurin inhibitors, corticosteroids, and a proliferation inhibitor, either azathioprine or mycophenolate mofetil (MMF), to prevent rejection and maintain graft function. MMF has a stronger immunosuppressive effect than does azathioprine. This study aimed to examine MMF-associated adverse events in renal transplant patients. Methods Retrospective pharmacovigilance disproportionality analysis was conducted using the Japanese Adverse Drug Event Report database. Results A total of 11,594 adverse drug events were reported in renal transplant patients; 10,272 (88.6%) involved adults and 1322 (11.4%) involved children. In adult patients, the most frequent adverse events induced by MMF were cytomegalovirus infection (272 reports), urinary tract infection (69 reports), and polyomavirus-associated nephropathy (61 reports). Among adverse events, the highest reporting odds ratio (ROR) was found for cytomegalovirus infection (ROR, 1.58; 95% confidence interval, 1.36–1.83). In pediatric patients, the rank order for MMF-associated adverse events was cytomegalovirus infection (27 reports), bronchitis (23 reports), and cytomegalovirus viremia (19 reports), but these adverse events were not detected as a signal. Conclusion Our results show the safety profile of MMF in pediatric renal transplant patients. These findings can be used to update information used for prescriptions for pediatric patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiko Hosohata
- 1 Education and Research Center for Clinical Pharmacy, Osaka University of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Takatsuki, Osaka, Japan
| | - Etsuko Matsuoka
- 2 Clinical Trial Center, Kansai Medical University Hirakata Hospital, Hirakata, Osaka, Japan
| | - Ayaka Inada
- 1 Education and Research Center for Clinical Pharmacy, Osaka University of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Takatsuki, Osaka, Japan
| | - Saki Oyama
- 1 Education and Research Center for Clinical Pharmacy, Osaka University of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Takatsuki, Osaka, Japan
| | - Iku Niinomi
- 1 Education and Research Center for Clinical Pharmacy, Osaka University of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Takatsuki, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Mori
- 1 Education and Research Center for Clinical Pharmacy, Osaka University of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Takatsuki, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yuki Yamaguchi
- 1 Education and Research Center for Clinical Pharmacy, Osaka University of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Takatsuki, Osaka, Japan
| | - Mayako Uchida
- 1 Education and Research Center for Clinical Pharmacy, Osaka University of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Takatsuki, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kazunori Iwanaga
- 1 Education and Research Center for Clinical Pharmacy, Osaka University of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Takatsuki, Osaka, Japan
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16
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Dang W, Yin Y, Wang Y, Wang W, Su J, Sprengers D, van der Laan LJW, Felczak K, Pankiewicz KW, Chang KO, Koopmans MPG, Metselaar HJ, Peppelenbosch MP, Pan Q. Inhibition of Calcineurin or IMP Dehydrogenase Exerts Moderate to Potent Antiviral Activity against Norovirus Replication. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2017; 61:e01095-17. [PMID: 28807916 PMCID: PMC5655111 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01095-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Accepted: 08/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Norovirus is a major cause of acute gastroenteritis worldwide and has emerged as an important issue of chronic infection in transplantation patients. Since no approved antiviral is available, we evaluated the effects of different immunosuppressants and ribavirin on norovirus and explored their mechanisms of action by using a human norovirus (HuNV) replicon-harboring model and a surrogate murine norovirus (MNV) infectious model. The roles of the corresponding drug targets were investigated by gain- or loss-of-function approaches. We found that the calcineurin inhibitors cyclosporine (CsA) and tacrolimus (FK506) moderately inhibited HuNV replication. Gene silencing of their cellular targets, cyclophilin A, FKBP12, and calcineurin, significantly inhibited HuNV replication. A low concentration, therapeutically speaking, of mycophenolic acid (MPA), an uncompetitive IMP dehydrogenase (IMPDH) inhibitor, potently and rapidly inhibited norovirus replication and ultimately cleared HuNV replicons without inducible resistance following long-term drug exposure. Knockdown of the MPA cellular targets IMPDH1 and IMPDH2 suppressed HuNV replication. Consistent with the nucleotide-synthesizing function of IMPDH, exogenous guanosine counteracted the antinorovirus effects of MPA. Furthermore, the competitive IMPDH inhibitor ribavirin efficiently inhibited norovirus and resulted in an additive effect when combined with immunosuppressants. The results from this study demonstrate that calcineurin phosphatase activity and IMPDH guanine synthase activity are crucial in sustaining norovirus infection; thus, they can be therapeutically targeted. Our results suggest that MPA shall be preferentially considered immunosuppressive medication for transplantation patients at risk of norovirus infection, whereas ribavirin represents as a potential antiviral for both immunocompromised and immunocompetent patients with norovirus gastroenteritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Dang
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Yuebang Yin
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Yijin Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Wenshi Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Junhong Su
- Medical Faculty, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, People's Republic of China
| | - Dave Sprengers
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Luc J W van der Laan
- Department of Surgery, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Krzysztof Felczak
- Center for Drug Design, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | | | - Kyeong-Ok Chang
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
| | - Marion P G Koopmans
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Herold J Metselaar
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Maikel P Peppelenbosch
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Qiuwei Pan
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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17
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Heischmann S, Christians U. Validation of the cell line LS180 as a model for study of the gastrointestinal toxicity of mycophenolic acid. Xenobiotica 2017; 48:433-441. [DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2017.1329567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Svenja Heischmann
- iC42 Clinical Research and Development, Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, USA and
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Uwe Christians
- iC42 Clinical Research and Development, Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, USA and
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18
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Shi Y, Liu H, Chen XG, Shen ZY. Comparison of Mizoribine and Mycophenolate Mofetil With a Tacrolimus-Based Immunosuppressive Regimen in Living-Donor Kidney Transplantation Recipients: A Retrospective Study in China. Transplant Proc 2017; 49:26-31. [PMID: 28104150 DOI: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2016.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A retrospective study was conducted to investigate the prevalence of gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms as well as the efficacy and safety of mizoribine (MZR) and mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) in Chinese living-donor kidney transplantation (LDKT). METHODS Forty-two recipients enrolled between January 2012 and March 2014 were treated with either MZR (n = 22) or MMF (n = 20). All patients were treated in combination with a tacrolimus-based immunosuppressive regimen, besides the study drugs. RESULTS GI symptoms were observed in 1 of 22 patients (4.5%) and 10 of 20 patients (50%) in MZR treatment group and MMF treatment group, respectively (P = .001), during the post-transplantation 1 year. No significant differences in the incidence of acid reflux, bloated stomach feeling, and constipation were observed between the two groups. No recipient developed diarrhea in the MZR treatment group, whereas 30% of the MMF treatment group developed diarrhea (P = .007). The averages of GI symptom severity total score and diarrhea score were significantly lower in the MZR treatment group compare with MMF treatment group. There were no inter-group differences in background characteristics. There were no significant differences in acute rejection rate and clinical findings between these two groups, whereas the prevalence of cytomegalovirus infection and leukopenia were significantly lower in the MZR treatment group. There was no significant difference on adverse events such as hyperuricemia or other adverse events. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrated a significantly lower incidence of GI symptoms for treatment with MZR compared with MMF and good efficacy and safety in Chinese LDKT with MZR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Shi
- Institute of Liver Transplantation, General Hospital of Chinese People's Armed Police Force, Beijing, China; Organ Transplantation Center, Tianjin First Center Hospital, Tianjin, China.
| | - H Liu
- Institute of Liver Transplantation, General Hospital of Chinese People's Armed Police Force, Beijing, China
| | - X-G Chen
- Institute of Liver Transplantation, General Hospital of Chinese People's Armed Police Force, Beijing, China
| | - Z-Y Shen
- Institute of Liver Transplantation, General Hospital of Chinese People's Armed Police Force, Beijing, China; Organ Transplantation Center, Tianjin First Center Hospital, Tianjin, China
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19
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The Immunosuppressant Mycophenolic Acid Alters Nucleotide and Lipid Metabolism in an Intestinal Cell Model. Sci Rep 2017; 7:45088. [PMID: 28327659 PMCID: PMC5361167 DOI: 10.1038/srep45088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2016] [Accepted: 02/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The study objective was to elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying the negative effects of mycophenolic acid (MPA) on human intestinal cells. Effects of MPA exposure and guanosine supplementation on nucleotide concentrations in LS180 cells were assessed using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Proteomics analysis was carried out using stable isotope labeling by amino acids in cell culture combined with gel-based liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry and lipidome analysis using 1H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Despite supplementation, depletion of guanosine nucleotides (p < 0.001 at 24 and 72 h; 5, 100, and 250 μM MPA) and upregulation of uridine and cytidine nucleotides (p < 0.001 at 24 h; 5 μM MPA) occurred after exposure to MPA. MPA significantly altered 35 proteins mainly related to nucleotide-dependent processes and lipid metabolism. Cross-reference with previous studies of MPA-associated protein changes widely corroborated these results, but showed differences that may be model- and/or method-dependent. MPA exposure increased intracellular concentrations of fatty acids, cholesterol, and phosphatidylcholine (p < 0.01 at 72 h; 100 μM MPA) which corresponded to the changes in lipid-metabolizing proteins. MPA affected intracellular nucleotide levels, nucleotide-dependent processes, expression of structural proteins, fatty acid and lipid metabolism in LS180 cells. These changes may compromise intestinal membrane integrity and contribute to gastrointestinal toxicity.
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20
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Szaflik JP, Major J, Izdebska J, Lao M, Szaflik J. Systemic immunosuppression with mycophenolate mofetil to prevent corneal graft rejection after high-risk penetrating keratoplasty: a 2-year follow-up study. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2015; 254:307-14. [PMID: 26553197 PMCID: PMC4731436 DOI: 10.1007/s00417-015-3200-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose In this study, we aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of systemic immunosuppression with mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) to prevent corneal graft rejection after high-risk penetrating keratoplasty. Methods One hundred and ninety-six consecutive patients who underwent high-risk penetrating keratoplasty defined as the presence of deep vascularization in more than two quadrants, keratouveitis, emergency keratoplasties, and retransplantations were enrolled in the study. Ninety-eight prospectively followed up patients were treated with MMF [with dose adjustment based on mycophenolic acid (MPA) serum concentration], and 98 patients were in the non–MMF-treated retrospectively assessed control group. Results During a mean of 24 months of observation, immune reactions occurred in eight cases (8 %) and graft rejection with subsequent graft failure occurred in three cases (3 %) in the MMF group. In the control group, graft rejection occurred in 76 cases (78 %) and failure due to graft rejection occurred in 30 cases (31 %). Kaplan–Meier analysis demonstrated that 93 % of the grafts in the MMF-treated group and 47 % in the control group showed no immune rejection (p < 0.01, log-rank test) after a year. Cox regression analysis proved that MMF treatment decreased the risk of graft rejection 11 times (RR = 11, 95.0 % CI 4.8–25, p < 0.0001). Among 98 MMF-treated patients, 13 had gastric discomfort, three developed leucopenia, and two had anemia that resolved after MMF dose reduction. Conclusions MMF treatment after high risk penetrating keratoplasty is safe and reduces the incidence of immune graft rejection and graft failure. Side effects were rare and reversible in all but one case.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacek P Szaflik
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warszawa, Poland. .,Independent Public University Eye Hospital, ul. J. Sierakowskiego 13, 03-709, Warszawa, Poland.
| | - Joanna Major
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warszawa, Poland.,Independent Public University Eye Hospital, ul. J. Sierakowskiego 13, 03-709, Warszawa, Poland
| | - Justyna Izdebska
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warszawa, Poland.,Independent Public University Eye Hospital, ul. J. Sierakowskiego 13, 03-709, Warszawa, Poland
| | - Mieczysław Lao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warszawa, Poland.,Independent Public University Eye Hospital, ul. J. Sierakowskiego 13, 03-709, Warszawa, Poland
| | - Jerzy Szaflik
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warszawa, Poland.,Independent Public University Eye Hospital, ul. J. Sierakowskiego 13, 03-709, Warszawa, Poland
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21
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Petrova DT, Brandhorst G, Koch C, Schultze FC, Eberle C, Walson PD, Oellerich M. Mycophenolic acid reverses TGF beta-induced cell motility, collagen matrix contraction and cell morphology in vitro. Cell Biochem Funct 2015; 33:503-8. [PMID: 26449633 DOI: 10.1002/cbf.3149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2015] [Revised: 09/15/2015] [Accepted: 09/16/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to elucidate functional and molecular effects of mycophenolic acid (MPA) on non-lymphatic, kidney epithelial cells treated with transforming growth factor (TGF). MPA effects were studied using HK2 cells incubated with EGF and TGF. The reversibility of these effects was verified using guanosine and 8-aminoguanosine. The following assays were applied: cell proliferation, viability, collagen matrix contraction, scratch wound closure, spindle index, FACS with anti-CD29 and anti-CD326, promoter demethylation of RAS protein activator like 1 (RASAL1), as well as gene expression of RASAL1, integrin 1ß (ITGB1) (CD29) and epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCam) (CD326). Cell proliferation was inhibited by increasing concentrations of MPA, whereas neither apoptosis nor cytotoxicity was detected. Stimulation with EGF and/or TGF led to a significant collagen matrix contraction that was successfully inhibited by MPA. In addition, scratch wound closure was inhibited by incubation with TGF alone or with EGF. Under the same conditions, cell morphology (spindle shape) and molecular phenotype (ITGB1(High)EpCam(Low)/ITGB1(Low)EpCam(High)) were both significantly changed, suggesting an epithelial to mesenchymal transformation. Cell morphology and motility, as well as molecular phenotype, were reversible after MPA treatment with TGF transformation in both presence/absence of EGF, thereby suggesting a correlation with the previously described antifibrotic effects of MPA. Dysregulation of TGF signal transduction appears to be related to progression of fibrosis. A TGF-transformed kidney epithelial cell line derived from human proximal tubules was used to study whether the immunosuppressive drug: MPA possesses any functional or molecular antifibrotic effects. Functional and morphological in vitro changes induced by both the TGF and epithelial-growth-factor were reversible by treatment with MPA. An inhibitory effect of MPA on the TGF pathway appears to be responsible for the previously described antifibrotic effects of the MPA in the COL4A3-deficient mouse model of renal fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darinka Todorova Petrova
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, University Medical Center Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany.,Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University Medical Center Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Gunnar Brandhorst
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, University Medical Center Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Christian Koch
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, University Medical Center Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany.,Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University Medical Center Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Frank Christian Schultze
- Department of Gastroenterology and Endocrinology, University Medical Center Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Christoph Eberle
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, University Medical Center Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Philip D Walson
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, University Medical Center Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany.,Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University Medical Center Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Michael Oellerich
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, University Medical Center Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany.,Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University Medical Center Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
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22
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Petrova DT, Schultze FC, Brandhorst G, Luchs KD, Lenz C, Urlaub H, Rubel D, Gross O, Walson PD, Oellerich M. Effects of mycophenolate mofetil on kidney function and phosphorylation status of renal proteins in Alport COL4A3-deficient mice. Proteome Sci 2014; 12:56. [PMID: 25525413 PMCID: PMC4269973 DOI: 10.1186/s12953-014-0056-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2014] [Accepted: 11/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background We investigated the effects of mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) on kidney function and on protein phosphorylation in a mouse model for the human Alport syndrome. Methods COL4A3-deficient (COL4A3−/−) mice were randomly allocated to receive a placebo (PLC COL4A3−/−) or MMF treatment (MMF COL4A3−/−). Wild type mice (WT) were used as controls. Changes in serum creatinine, total protein and blood urea nitrogen (BUN), concentrations of mycophenolic acid (MPA) and its glucuronide metabolite (MPAG), serum protein electrophoresis, urine dipstick chemistry and sediment were measured. Changes in the phosphorylation status of renal proteins and histology were analyzed. Results MMF influenced kidney function and protein phosphorylation. Serum creatinine and BUN were lower in MMF treated compared to PLC treated COL4A3−/− mice. Serum albumin and alpha-1 globulins were significantly decreased while serum creatinine, alpha-2 globulins, urine dipstick protein, leukocyte esterase, hemoglobin and red blood cells were all increased in both COL4A3−/− groups compared to WT. Differential 2DE-gel analysis identified six phosphorylated kidney protein spots that were significantly altered by MMF. Conclusions These data suggest that the MMF treatment in this murine model moderately improved kidney function and reversed the phosphorylation status of six renal phosphoprotein spots to that seen in WT mice. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12953-014-0056-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darinka Todorova Petrova
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University Medical Center Goettingen, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, 37099 Goettingen, Germany
| | - Frank Christian Schultze
- Clinics of Gastroenterology and Endocrinology, University Medical Center Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Gunnar Brandhorst
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University Medical Center Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Klaus-Dieter Luchs
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University Medical Center Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Christof Lenz
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University Medical Center Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany ; Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Bioanalytical Mass Spectrometry Group, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Henning Urlaub
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University Medical Center Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany ; Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Bioanalytical Mass Spectrometry Group, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Diana Rubel
- Clinics of Nephrology and Rheumatology, University Medical Center Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Oliver Gross
- Clinics of Nephrology and Rheumatology, University Medical Center Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Philip D Walson
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University Medical Center Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Michael Oellerich
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University Medical Center Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
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23
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Chen H, Chen B. Clinical mycophenolic acid monitoring in liver transplant recipients. World J Gastroenterol 2014; 20:10715-10728. [PMID: 25152575 PMCID: PMC4138452 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i31.10715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2013] [Revised: 06/03/2014] [Accepted: 06/26/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In liver transplantation, the efficacy of mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) has been confirmed in clinical trials and studies. However, therapeutic drug monitoring for mycophenolic acid (MPA) has not been fully accepted in liver transplantation as no long-term prospective study of concentration controlled vs fixed-dose prescribing of MMF has been done. This review addressed MPA measurement, pharmacokinetic variability and reasons of this variation, exposure related to acute rejection and MMF-associated side effects in liver transplant recipients. Limited sampling strategies to predict MPA area under the concentration-time curve have also been described, and the value of clinical use needs to be investigated in future. The published data suggested that a fixed-dosage MMF regimen might not be suitable and monitoring of MPA exposure seems helpful in various clinical settings of liver transplantation.
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24
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El-Sheikh AAK, Koenderink JB, Wouterse AC, van den Broek PHH, Verweij VGM, Masereeuw R, Russel FGM. Renal glucuronidation and multidrug resistance protein 2-/ multidrug resistance protein 4-mediated efflux of mycophenolic acid: interaction with cyclosporine and tacrolimus. Transl Res 2014; 164:46-56. [PMID: 24486136 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2014.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2013] [Revised: 01/03/2014] [Accepted: 01/06/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Mycophenolic acid (MPA) is an immunosuppressant used in transplant rejection, often in combination with cyclosporine (CsA) and tacrolimus (Tac). The drug is cleared predominantly via the kidneys, and 95% of the administered dose appears in urine as 7-hydroxy mycophenolic acid glucuronide (MPAG). The current study was designed to unravel the renal excretory pathway of MPA and MPAG, and their potential drug-drug interactions. The role of multidrug resistance protein (MRP) 2 and MRP4 in MPA disposition was studied using human embryonic kidney 293 (HEK293) cells overexpressing the human transporters, and in isolated, perfused kidneys of Mrp2-deficient rats and Mrp4-deficient mice. Using these models, we identified MPA as substrate of MRP2 and MRP4, whereas its MPAG appeared to be a substrate of MRP2 only. CsA inhibited MPAG transport via MRP2 for 50% at 8 μM (P < 0.05), whereas Tac had no effect. This was confirmed by cell survival assays, showing a 10-fold increase in MPA cytotoxicity (50% reduction in cell survival changed from 12.2 ± 0.3 μM to 1.33 ± 0.01 μM by MPA + CsA; P < 0.001) and in perfused kidneys, showing a 50% reduction in MPAG excretion (P < 0.05). The latter effect was observed in Mrp2-deficient animals as well, supporting the importance of Mrp2 in MPAG excretion. CsA, but not Tac, inhibited MPA glucuronidation by rat kidney homogenate and human uridine 5'-diphospho-glucuronosyltransferase-glucuronosyltransferase 1A9 (P < 0.05 and P < 0.01, respectively). We conclude that MPA is a substrate of both MRP2 and MRP4, but MRP2 is the main transporter involved in renal MPAG excretion. In conclusion, CsA, but not Tac, influences MPA clearance by inhibiting renal MPA glucuronidation and MRP2-mediated MPAG secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azza A K El-Sheikh
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Minia University, Minia, Egypt
| | - Jan B Koenderink
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Radboudumc, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Alfons C Wouterse
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Radboudumc, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Petra H H van den Broek
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Radboudumc, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Vivienne G M Verweij
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Radboudumc, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Rosalinde Masereeuw
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Radboudumc, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Frans G M Russel
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Radboudumc, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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Qasim M, Rahman H, Ahmed R, Oellerich M, Asif AR. Mycophenolic acid mediated disruption of the intestinal epithelial tight junctions. Exp Cell Res 2014; 322:277-89. [PMID: 24509232 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2014.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2013] [Revised: 12/21/2013] [Accepted: 01/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Gastrointestinal toxicity is a common adverse effect of mycophenolic acid (MPA) treatment in organ transplant patients, through poorly understood mechanisms. Phosphorylation of myosin light chain 2 (MLC2) is associated with epithelial tight junction (TJ) modulation which leads to defective epithelial barrier function, and has been implicated in GI diseases. The aim of this study was to investigate whether MPA could induce epithelial barrier permeability via MLC2 regulation. Caco-2 monolayers were exposed to therapeutic concentrations of MPA, and MLC2 and myosin light chain kinase (MLCK) expression were analyzed using PCR and immunoblotting. Epithelial cell permeability was assessed by measuring transepithelial resistance (TER) and the flux of paracellular permeability marker FITC-dextran across the epithelial monolayers. MPA increased the expression of MLC2 and MLCK at both the transcriptional and translational levels. In addition, the amount of phosphorylated MLC2 was increased after MPA treatment. Confocal immunofluorescence analysis showed redistribution of TJ proteins (ZO-1 and occludin) after MPA treatment. This MPA mediated TJ disruption was not due to apoptosis or cell death. Additionally ML-7, a specific inhibitor of MLCK was able to reverse both the MPA mediated decrease in TER and the increase in FITC-dextran influx, suggesting a modulating role of MPA on epithelial barrier permeability via MLCK activity. These results suggest that MPA induced alterations in MLC2 phosphorylation and may have a role in the patho-physiology of intestinal epithelial barrier disruption and may be responsible for the adverse effects (GI toxicity) of MPA on the intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Qasim
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry/UMG-Laboratories, University Medical Centre, Robert Koch Strasse 40, 37075 Goettingen, Germany; Department of Microbiology, Kohat University of Science and Technology, 26000 Kohat, Pakistan
| | - Hazir Rahman
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry/UMG-Laboratories, University Medical Centre, Robert Koch Strasse 40, 37075 Goettingen, Germany; Department of Microbiology, Kohat University of Science and Technology, 26000 Kohat, Pakistan
| | - Raees Ahmed
- Institute for Applied Science and Clinical Trials GmbH - IFS, Georg-August University, 37075 Goettingen, Germany
| | - Michael Oellerich
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry/UMG-Laboratories, University Medical Centre, Robert Koch Strasse 40, 37075 Goettingen, Germany
| | - Abdul R Asif
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry/UMG-Laboratories, University Medical Centre, Robert Koch Strasse 40, 37075 Goettingen, Germany.
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Kondamudi PK, Malayandi R, Eaga C, Aggarwal D. Drugs as causative agents and therapeutic agents in inflammatory bowel disease. Acta Pharm Sin B 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2013.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
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Abd Rahman AN, Tett SE, Staatz CE. Clinical Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Mycophenolate in Patients with Autoimmune Disease. Clin Pharmacokinet 2013; 52:303-31. [DOI: 10.1007/s40262-013-0039-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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28
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Dubeau MF, Iacucci M, Beck PL, Moran GW, Kaplan GG, Ghosh S, Panaccione R. Drug-induced inflammatory bowel disease and IBD-like conditions. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2013; 19:445-56. [PMID: 22573536 DOI: 10.1002/ibd.22990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is multifactorial and results from an interaction between genetic, immunologic, microbial, and environmental factors. Certain drugs could act as a trigger for the disease and have been implicated in the development of new onset IBD in a number a studies. These relationships are based on case reports and cohort studies, as proving this in the context of randomized controlled trials would be difficult. Drugs that have been linked to causing or worsening IBD include isotretinoin, antibiotics, nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs, oral contraceptives, mycophenolate mofetil, etanercept, ipilimumab, and rituximab. Bowel preparation for colonoscopy has also been associated with aphthoid lesions that may be confused with IBD. However, given the source of these reports we have to be cautious in the interpretation of the data before concluding that these drugs trigger IBD and what is being observed is not related to other confounding factors. Different pathogenic mechanisms have been suggested for the different drugs listed above. In order to clarify the confusion a comprehensive literature review was performed with the goal of advancing the knowledge on this subject.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-France Dubeau
- Inflammatory Bowel Disease Clinic and the Division of Gastroenterology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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Renal Function and NODM in De Novo Renal Transplant Recipients Treated with Standard and Reduced Levels of Tacrolimus in Combination with EC-MPS. J Transplant 2012; 2012:941640. [PMID: 23227307 PMCID: PMC3512323 DOI: 10.1155/2012/941640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2012] [Accepted: 08/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Information is lacking concerning concomitant administration of enteric-coated mycophenolate sodium with tacrolimus (EC-MPS+Tac) in renal transplant recipients (RTxR). In this 6-month, prospective, open-label, multicenter study, de novo RTxR were randomized (1 : 1) to low-dose (LD) or standard-dose (SD) Tac with basiliximab, EC-MPS 720 mg bid, and steroids. Primary objective was to compare renal function at 6-month posttransplantation. Secondary objectives were to compare the incidences of biopsy-proven acute rejection (BPAR), graft loss and death, and new-onset diabetes mellitus (NODM). 292 patients (LD n = 151, SD n = 141) were included. Mean Tac levels were at the low end of the target range in standard-exposure patients (SD, n = 141) and exceeded target range in low-exposure patients (LD = 151) throughout the study. There was no significant difference in mean glomerular filtration rate (GFR) between treatments (ITT-population: 63.6 versus 61.0 mL/min). Incidence of BPAR was similar (10.6% versus 9.9%). NODM was significantly less frequent in LD Tac (17% versus 31%; P = 0.02); other adverse effects (AEs) were comparable. EC-MPS+Tac (LD/SD) was efficacious and well tolerated with well-preserved renal function. No renal function benefits were demonstrated, possibly related to poor adherence to reduced Tac exposure.
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Renal Function and NODM in De Novo Renal Transplant Recipients Treated with Standard and Reduced Levels of Tacrolimus in Combination with EC-MPS. J Transplant 2012. [PMID: 23227307 DOI: 10.1155/2012/94164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Information is lacking concerning concomitant administration of enteric-coated mycophenolate sodium with tacrolimus (EC-MPS+Tac) in renal transplant recipients (RTxR). In this 6-month, prospective, open-label, multicenter study, de novo RTxR were randomized (1 : 1) to low-dose (LD) or standard-dose (SD) Tac with basiliximab, EC-MPS 720 mg bid, and steroids. Primary objective was to compare renal function at 6-month posttransplantation. Secondary objectives were to compare the incidences of biopsy-proven acute rejection (BPAR), graft loss and death, and new-onset diabetes mellitus (NODM). 292 patients (LD n = 151, SD n = 141) were included. Mean Tac levels were at the low end of the target range in standard-exposure patients (SD, n = 141) and exceeded target range in low-exposure patients (LD = 151) throughout the study. There was no significant difference in mean glomerular filtration rate (GFR) between treatments (ITT-population: 63.6 versus 61.0 mL/min). Incidence of BPAR was similar (10.6% versus 9.9%). NODM was significantly less frequent in LD Tac (17% versus 31%; P = 0.02); other adverse effects (AEs) were comparable. EC-MPS+Tac (LD/SD) was efficacious and well tolerated with well-preserved renal function. No renal function benefits were demonstrated, possibly related to poor adherence to reduced Tac exposure.
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Pan Q, Tilanus HW, Metselaar HJ, Janssen HLA, van der Laan LJW. Virus-drug interactions--molecular insight into immunosuppression and HCV. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2012; 9:355-62. [PMID: 22508161 PMCID: PMC7097508 DOI: 10.1038/nrgastro.2012.67] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Liver transplantation is an effective treatment for end-stage liver disease that is attributable to chronic HCV infection. However, long-term outcomes are compromised by universal virological recurrence in the graft. Reinfection that occurs after transplantation has increased resistance to current interferon-based antiviral therapy and often leads to accelerated development of cirrhosis. Important risk factors for severe HCV recurrence are linked to immunosuppression. Owing to the lack of good randomized, controlled trials, the optimal choice of immunosuppressants is still debated. By contrast, much progress has been made in the understanding of HCV biology and the antiviral action of interferons. These new insights have greatly expanded our knowledge of the molecular interplay between HCV and immunosuppressive drugs. In this article, we explore the effect of different immunosuppressants on the complex cellular events involved in HCV infection and interferon signalling. Potential implications for clinical practice and future drug development are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuwei Pan
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center, sGravendijkwal 230, Room L458, Rotterdam, 3015 CE The Netherlands
| | - Hugo W. Tilanus
- Department of Surgery and Laboratory of Experimental Transplantation and Intestinal Surgery, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center, sGravendijkwal 230, Room L458, Rotterdam, 3015 CE The Netherlands
| | - Herold J. Metselaar
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center, sGravendijkwal 230, Room L458, Rotterdam, 3015 CE The Netherlands
| | - Harry L. A. Janssen
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center, sGravendijkwal 230, Room L458, Rotterdam, 3015 CE The Netherlands
| | - Luc J. W. van der Laan
- Department of Surgery and Laboratory of Experimental Transplantation and Intestinal Surgery, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center, sGravendijkwal 230, Room L458, Rotterdam, 3015 CE The Netherlands
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Yang N, Wang QH, Wang WQ, Wang J, Li F, Tan SP, Cheng MS. The design, synthesis and in vitro immunosuppressive evaluation of novel isobenzofuran derivatives. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2011; 22:53-6. [PMID: 22172700 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2011.11.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2011] [Revised: 10/21/2011] [Accepted: 11/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis and biological evaluation of a series of novel isobenzofuran-based compounds are described. The compounds were evaluated for their immunosuppressive effects of T-cell proliferation and IMPDH type II inhibitor activity in vitro, as well as their structure-activity relationships were assessed. Several compounds demonstrated highly efficacious immunosuppressive properties, especially compounds 2d, 2e, 2h and 2j, which were superior to MPA, while compounds 2k, 2m, 2n, 4c and 5d exhibited an equipotent inhibitory activity compared to MPA. Generally, it was obviously demonstrated that α,β-unsaturated amides proved more potent than the diamide and urea series. The present study provides a guide for further research on development of safe and effective immunosuppressive agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Yang
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drugs Design & Discovery of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, PR China
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Qasim M, Rahman H, Oellerich M, Asif AR. Differential proteome analysis of human embryonic kidney cell line (HEK-293) following mycophenolic acid treatment. Proteome Sci 2011; 9:57. [PMID: 21933383 PMCID: PMC3189873 DOI: 10.1186/1477-5956-9-57] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2011] [Accepted: 09/20/2011] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mycophenolic acid (MPA) is widely used as a post transplantation medicine to prevent acute organ rejection. In the present study we used proteomics approach to identify proteome alterations in human embryonic kidney cells (HEK-293) after treatment with therapeutic dose of MPA. Following 72 hours MPA treatment, total protein lysates were prepared, resolved by two dimensional gel electrophoresis and differentially expressed proteins were identified by QTOF-MS/MS analysis. Expressional regulations of selected proteins were further validated by real time PCR and Western blotting. RESULTS The proliferation assay demonstrated that therapeutic MPA concentration causes a dose dependent inhibition of HEK-293 cell proliferation. A significant apoptosis was observed after MPA treatment, as revealed by caspase 3 activity. Proteome analysis showed a total of 12 protein spots exhibiting differential expression after incubation with MPA, of which 7 proteins (complement component 1 Q subcomponent-binding protein, electron transfer flavoprotein subunit beta, cytochrome b-c1 complex subunit, peroxiredoxin 1, thioredoxin domain-containing protein 12, myosin regulatory light chain 2, and profilin 1) showed significant increase in their expression. The expression of 5 proteins (protein SET, stathmin, 40S ribosomal protein S12, histone H2B type 1 A, and histone H2B type 1-C/E/F/G/I) were down-regulated. MPA mainly altered the proteins associated with the cytoskeleton (26%), chromatin structure/dynamics (17%) and energy production/conversion (17%). Both real time PCR and Western blotting confirmed the regulation of myosin regulatory light chain 2 and peroxiredoxin 1 by MPA treatment. Furthermore, HT-29 cells treated with MPA and total kidney cell lysate from MMF treated rats showed similar increased expression of myosin regulatory light chain 2. CONCLUSION The emerging use of MPA in diverse pathophysiological conditions demands in-depth studies to understand molecular basis of its therapeutic response. The present study identifies the myosin regulatory light chain 2 and peroxiredoxin 1 along with 10 other proteins showing significant regulation by MPA. Further characterization of these proteins may help to understand the diverse cellular effects of MPA in addition to its immunosuppressive activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Qasim
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, University Medical Centre Goettingen, 37075, Goettingen, Germany.
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Malekinejad H, Cheraghi H, Alizadeh A, Khadem-Ansari M, Tehrani A, Varasteh S. Nitric Oxide and Acute Phase Proteins Are Involved in Pathogenesis of Mycophenolate Mofetil–Induced Gastrointestinal Disorders in Rats. Transplant Proc 2011; 43:2741-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2011.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2011] [Accepted: 04/19/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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35
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Epailly E, Albanell J, Andreassen A, Bara C, Campistol JM, Delgado JF, Eisen H, Fiane AE, Mohacsi P, Schubert S, Sebbag L, Turazza FM, Valantine H, Zuckermann A, Potena L. Proliferation signal inhibitors and post-transplant malignancies in heart transplantation: practical clinical management questions. Clin Transplant 2011; 25:E475-86. [PMID: 21592231 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-0012.2011.01476.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Although malignancy is a major threat to long-term survival of heart transplant (HT) recipients, clear strategies to manage immunosuppression in these patients are lacking. Several lines of evidences support the hypothesis of an anticancer effect of proliferation signal inhibitors (PSIs: mammalian target of rapamycin [mTOR] inhibitors) in HT recipients. This property may arise from PSI's ability to replace immunosuppressive therapies that promote cancer progression, such as calcineurin inhibitors or azathioprine, and/or through their direct biological actions in preventing tumor development and progression. Given the lack of randomized studies specifically exploring these issues in the transplant setting, a collaborative group reviewed current literature and personal clinical experience to reach a consensus aimed to provide practical guidance for the clinical conduct in HT recipients with malignancy, or at high risk of malignancy, with a special focus on advice relevant to potential role of PSIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Epailly
- Les Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
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Tönshoff B, David-Neto E, Ettenger R, Filler G, van Gelder T, Goebel J, Kuypers DRJ, Tsai E, Vinks AA, Weber LT, Zimmerhackl LB. Pediatric aspects of therapeutic drug monitoring of mycophenolic acid in renal transplantation. Transplant Rev (Orlando) 2011; 25:78-89. [PMID: 21454065 DOI: 10.1016/j.trre.2011.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2010] [Accepted: 01/09/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) is widely used for maintenance immunosuppressive therapy in pediatric renal and heart transplant recipients. Children undergo developmental changes (ontogeny) of drug disposition, which may affect drug metabolism of the active compound mycophenolic acid (MPA). Therefore, a detailed characterization of MPA pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics in this patient population is required. In general, the overall efficacy and tolerability of MMF in pediatric patients appear to be comparable with those in adults, except for a higher prevalence of gastrointestinal adverse effects in children younger than 6 years. The currently recommended dose in pediatric patients with concomitant cyclosporine is 1200 mg/m(2) per day in 2 divided doses; the recommended MMF dose with concomitant tacrolimus or without a concurrent calcineurin inhibitor is 900 mg/m(2) per day in 2 divided doses. Recent data suggest that fixed MMF dosing results in MPA underexposure (MPA-area under the concentration-time curve (AUC(0-12)), <30 mg × h/L) early posttransplant in approximately 60% of patients. To achieve adequate MPA exposure in most patients, an initial MMF dose of 1800 mg/m(2) per day with concomitant cyclosporine and 1200 mg/m(2) per day with concomitant tacrolimus for the first 2 to 4 weeks posttransplant has been suggested. As in adults, there is an approximately 10-fold variability in dose-normalized MPA-AUC(0-12) values between pediatric patients after renal transplantation, strengthening the argument for concentration-controlled dosing of the drug. Although the clinical utility of therapeutic drug monitoring of MPA for graft outcome and patient survival is still controversial, potential indications are the avoidance of underimmunosuppression, particularly in patients with high immunologic risk in the initial period posttransplant, in patients who are treated with protocols that explore the possibilities of calcineurin inhibitor minimization, withdrawal or even complete avoidance, and steroid withdrawal or avoidance regimens that might also benefit from intensified therapeutic drug monitoring of MPA. An additional indication especially in adolescent patients is the monitoring of drug adherence. Therapeutic drug monitoring of MPA in pediatric solid organ transplantation using limited sampling strategies is preferable over drug dosing based on trough level monitoring only. Several validated pediatric limited sampling strategies are available. Clearly, more research is required to determine whether pediatric patients will benefit from therapeutic drug monitoring of MPA for long-term maintenance immunosuppression with MMF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Burkhard Tönshoff
- University Children's Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 430, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
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Stracke S, Shipkova M, Mayer J, Keller F, Zarghom A, Yang L, Henne-Bruns D, Wieland E. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of mycophenolate sodium (EC-MPS) co-administered with cyclosporine in the early-phase post-kidney transplantation. Clin Transplant 2011; 26:57-66. [PMID: 21299636 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-0012.2011.01403.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Mycophenolate drug levels are decreased by co-administration of cyclosporine. However, mycophenolate levels may be associated with insufficient immunosuppression. We investigated the pharmacokinetics of 720 mg mycophenolate sodium (EC-MPS) and inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMPDH) activity under co-medication with cyclosporine and steroids within the first 30 d after kidney transplantation (n = 24). Blood samples were drawn at 0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, and 12 h after the morning dose. Plasma concentrations of mycophenolic acid, its glucuronide metabolites (MPAG; AcMPAG), and free MPA were determined using validated HPLC-DAD. IMPDH activity in leukocytes was analyzed chromatographically. Only six of 24 patients had an MPA-AUC(12h) within the putative therapeutic range of 40-60 mg/L·h. MPA clearance was high with 29 L/h. fMPA-AUC(12h) (r = -0.429, p = 0.04) and MPAG-AUC(12h) correlated significantly with the glomerular filtration rate, while total MPA did not. The MPAG-AUC(12h) was about 52-fold higher than the corresponding values for MPA, whereas the AcMPAG-AUC(12h) reached about 20.4% of the respective MPA-AUC(12h.) We found significant correlations between IMPDH inhibition and MPA concentration (r = -0.665; p < 0.0001), fMPA (r = -0.446; p = 0.003), and AcMPAG (r = -0.459; p = 0.002) but not with MPAG. Only 25% of the patients attained the therapeutic range for MPA-AUC under standard EC-MPS dose during the early-phase post-transplantation. We recommend that EC-MPS should be given in higher doses (3 × 720 mg) in the early post-transplant period when co-administered with cyclosporine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvia Stracke
- Division of Nephrology, University Hospital, Greifswald, Germany
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38
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Conversion to combined mycophenolate mofetil and low-dose calcineurin inhibitor therapy for renal dysfunction in liver transplant patients: never too late? Dig Dis Sci 2011; 56:4-6. [PMID: 21049289 PMCID: PMC3010221 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-010-1449-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Costanzo MR, Dipchand A, Starling R, Anderson A, Chan M, Desai S, Fedson S, Fisher P, Gonzales-Stawinski G, Martinelli L, McGiffin D, Smith J, Taylor D, Meiser B, Webber S, Baran D, Carboni M, Dengler T, Feldman D, Frigerio M, Kfoury A, Kim D, Kobashigawa J, Shullo M, Stehlik J, Teuteberg J, Uber P, Zuckermann A, Hunt S, Burch M, Bhat G, Canter C, Chinnock R, Crespo-Leiro M, Delgado R, Dobbels F, Grady K, Kao W, Lamour J, Parry G, Patel J, Pini D, Towbin J, Wolfel G, Delgado D, Eisen H, Goldberg L, Hosenpud J, Johnson M, Keogh A, Lewis C, O'Connell J, Rogers J, Ross H, Russell S, Vanhaecke J, Russell S, Vanhaecke J. The International Society of Heart and Lung Transplantation Guidelines for the care of heart transplant recipients. J Heart Lung Transplant 2010; 29:914-56. [PMID: 20643330 DOI: 10.1016/j.healun.2010.05.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1166] [Impact Index Per Article: 83.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2010] [Accepted: 05/31/2010] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
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40
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Kemmer N, Neff G. Recipient-based approach to tailoring immunosuppression in liver transplantation. Transplant Proc 2010; 42:1731-7. [PMID: 20620512 DOI: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2010.02.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2009] [Accepted: 02/02/2010] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Improvements in the field of transplant immunosuppression (IS) have led to significant advances in long-term survival of liver transplant recipients. Despite this progress, survival rates vary depending on recipient, donor and/or perioperative factors. Tailoring IS based on recipient factors is of growing interest among health care providers involved in the care of organ transplant recipients. To date there is no consensus document addressing individualized IS therapy for liver transplant recipients. This review will discuss the information available on the effect of the various IS drugs on recipient-based factors such as age, ethnicity, and liver disease etiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Kemmer
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
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Nakanishi T, Morokata T, Noto T, Kubo K, Umeno H, Kinugasa F, Eikyu Y, Kozuki Y, Seki N. Effect of the inosine 5'-monophosphate dehydrogenase inhibitor BMS-566419 on renal fibrosis in unilateral ureteral obstruction in rats. Int Immunopharmacol 2010; 10:1434-9. [PMID: 20832515 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2010.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2010] [Revised: 08/12/2010] [Accepted: 08/18/2010] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Chronic allograft nephropathy (CAN) is a major cause of late allograft loss. One morphological characteristic of CAN is renal interstitial fibrosis. Mycophenolate mofetil (MMF), the inosine 5'-monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMPDH) inhibitor, has been reported to attenuate the progression of renal interstitial fibrosis. However, the question of whether the newly synthesized IMPDH inhibitors with structures different from MMF have an antifibrotic effect remains unanswered. We evaluated the antifibrotic effects of BMS-566419, a chemically synthesized IMPDH inhibitor, using an experimental rat model, unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO), in comparison with those of MMF. Expression levels of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) and transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-β1), which play important roles in UUO-induced renal fibrosis, were also investigated to determine the mechanism by which BMS-566419 affects the progression of renal fibrosis. After 14 days of UUO, interstitial fibrosis was frequently observed in the renal cortex of rats administered vehicle control. BMS-566419 by oral administration showed a significant and dose-dependent suppressive effect on UUO-induced renal fibrosis in histopathological experiments. BMS-566419 treatment also decreased collagen content, as indicated by hydroxyproline concentration, and the expression of collagen type 1 mRNA. BMS-566419 also decreased the expression of mRNA for both MCP-1 and TGF-β1. The antifibrotic effects of treatment with BMS-566419 at 60 mg/kg seemed comparable to those with MMF at 40 mg/kg. These results suggest that BMS-566419 and other chemically synthesized IMPDH inhibitors have beneficial pharmacological effects similar to those of MMF, and are potential pharmaceutical candidates in the treatment of fibrotic renal disease, including CAN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomonori Nakanishi
- Pharmacology Research Laboratories, Astellas Pharma Inc., Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki, Japan.
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Mycophenolic Acid Displays IMPDH-Dependent and IMPDH-Independent Effects on Renal Fibroblast Proliferation and Function. Ther Drug Monit 2010; 32:405-12. [DOI: 10.1097/ftd.0b013e3181e44260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Long-Term Impact of Cyclosporin Reduction with MMF Treatment in Chronic Allograft Dysfunction: REFERENECE Study 3-Year Follow Up. J Transplant 2010; 2010. [PMID: 20706667 PMCID: PMC2913628 DOI: 10.1155/2010/402750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2010] [Accepted: 06/24/2010] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Calcineurin inhibitor (CNI) toxicity contributes to chronic allograft nephropathy (CAN). In the 2-year, randomized, study, we showed that 50% cyclosporin (CsA) reduction in combination with mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) treatment improves kidney function without increasing the risk for graft rejection/loss. To investigate the long-term effect of this regimen, we conducted a follow up study in 70 kidney transplant patients until 5 years after REFERENCE initiation. The improvement of kidney function was confirmed in the MMF group but not in the control group (CsA group). Four graft losses occurred, 2 in each group (graft survival in the MMF group 95.8% and 90.9% in control group). One death occurred in the control group. There was no statistically significant difference in the occurrence of serious adverse events or acute graft rejections. A limitation is the weak proportion of patient still remaining within the control group. On the other hand, REFERENCE focuses on the CsA regimen while opinions about the tacrolimus ones are still debated. In conclusion, CsA reduction in the presence of MMF treatment seems to maintain kidney function and is well tolerated in the long term.
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Xia ZW, Jun CY, Hao C, Bing C, Min SM, Jie XJ. The occurrence of diarrhea not related to the pharmacokinetics of MPA and its metabolites in liver transplant patients. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2010; 66:671-9. [PMID: 20473489 DOI: 10.1007/s00228-010-0833-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2010] [Accepted: 04/26/2010] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) is a pro-drug that is hydrolyzed to release mycophenolic acid (MPA). Subsequently MPA is extensively metabolized to phenyl mycophenolic acid glucuronide (MPAG) and MPA acyl glucuronide (AcMPAG). It was presumed that the closest association is between plasma AcMPAG concentrations and the incidence of diarrhea. This study aimed to investigate the correlation between pharmacokinetics of MPA, MPAG, and AcMPAG and diarrhea in liver transplant recipients on MMF with tacrolimus. METHODS Sixty-seven patients receiving liver transplantation were included. The pharmacokinetics of MPA and its metabolites were monitored repeatedly in the early stage (within 2 weeks) and in the late stage after transplant. The plasma concentrations of MPA, MPAG, and AcMPAG were determined by the HPLC method. RESULTS Twenty-two patients (32.8%) suffered from episodes of diarrhea. Compared with the data from the early stage, AUC(0-12h) of MPA, MPAG, and AcMPAG increased significantly in both groups in the later stage. AUC(0-12h) of MPA, MPAG, and AcMPAG were not different significantly between the group with diarrhea and the group without diarrhea, either in the early stage or in the late stage (P > 0.05). CONCLUSION These results suggest that systemic exposures to MPA and its metabolites are not associated with the incidence of diarrhea in liver transplant recipients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhang Wei Xia
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaoton University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
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Salvadori M, Bertoni E, Budde K, Holzer H, Civati G, Lien B, Arns W. Superior Efficacy of Enteric-coated Mycophenolate vs Mycophenolate Mofetil in De Novo Transplant Recipients: Pooled Analysis. Transplant Proc 2010; 42:1325-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2010.03.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Investigation of the crossreactivity of mycophenolic acid glucuronide metabolites and of mycophenolate mofetil in the Cedia MPA assay. Ther Drug Monit 2010; 32:79-85. [PMID: 20042920 DOI: 10.1097/ftd.0b013e3181cc342a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The immunosuppressant mycophenolic acid (MPA) used for solid organ transplantation is predominantly metabolized to a pharmacologically inactive phenolic glucuronide (MPAG) and, to a lesser extent, to the pharmacologically active acyl glucuronide (AcMPAG). The recently introduced CEDIA Mycophenolic Acid Assay from Microgenics has been reported to overestimate MPA in clinical samples and crossreactivity with AcMPAG has been suspected. A detailed investigation of the crossreactivity of AcMPAG and the prodrug mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) in the CEDIA assay is presented using pure substances. In addition, MPA concentrations in plasma were compared with a validated high-performance liquid chromatography-ultraviolet method. Plasma samples from kidney (KTx, n = 50), heart (HTx, n = 50), and liver (LTx, n = 50) transplant recipients were analyzed by the CEDIA (MPA) and a high-performance liquid chromatography-ultraviolet method (MMF, MPA, MPAG, AcMPAG). Crossreactivity of MMF (0.93-46.3 mg/L), MPAG (50-1000 mg/L), and AcMPAG (0.5-10 mg/L) was investigated using spiked drug-free plasma. Method comparison was performed using Bland & Altman and Passing & Bablok analysis. The method bias was correlated to AcMPAG concentrations using Spearman's rank correlation. Crossreactivity with AcMPAG and MMF was concentration-dependent and reached 215% and 143%, respectively. There was no crossreactivity with MPAG. The CEDIA assay showed a mean positive bias of 36.3% in patient samples. The mean bias was lowest with HTx samples (15%), 41.7% with KTx samples, and highest with LTx samples (52.3%). There was a positive correlation between the method bias and AcMPAG concentrations (r = 0.829; P < 0.001). No MMF was detected in patient samples. The CEDIA overestimates MPA concentrations on average by 36%. This bias is mainly the result of AcMPAG as previously observed with the EMIT MPA assay. It should be considered that the putative therapeutic range for MPA with the CEDIA assay will be higher than the range using high-performance liquid chromatography.
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Mycophenolic Acid Predose Concentrations and Renal Function in a Mouse Model for Progressive Renal Fibrosis. Ther Drug Monit 2010; 32:73-8. [DOI: 10.1097/ftd.0b013e3181c91fc4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Effect of the inosine 5'-monophosphate dehydrogenase inhibitor BMS-566419 on rat cardiac allograft rejection. Int Immunopharmacol 2009; 10:91-7. [PMID: 19840872 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2009.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2009] [Revised: 09/15/2009] [Accepted: 09/19/2009] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Inosine 5'-monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMPDH) inhibition is a critical target in solid organ transplantation, and the development of mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) represents a major advance in transplant medicine. In this study, the in vitro and in vivo pharmacological effects of BMS-566419, a novel chemically synthesized IMPDH inhibitor, were compared to those of mycophenolic acid (MPA) and MMF based on results from several immunological experiments. The in vitro inhibitory activity of BMS-566419 on IMPDH type I/II, immune cell proliferation and antibody production from lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated B cells was similar, albeit slightly less potent than that of MPA. In a rat heterotopic cardiac transplant model, monotherapy using orally administered BMS-566419 60mg/kg or MMF 40mg/kg prolonged the median survival time (MST) of transplanted grafts in the vehicle group from 5 to 18 and 18.5 days, respectively. In the presence of a sub-therapeutic dose of FK506, BMS-566419 30mg/kg and MMF 20mg/kg showed identical efficacy with an MST of 21.5 days. In dinitrophenol-LPS-stimulated rats in which calcineurin inhibitors failed to inhibit antibody production, in vivo oral administration of BMS-566419 resulted in antibody production suppression with similar efficacy to MMF. The in vivo antibody production against alloantigen was also suppressed by MMF or BMS-566419 treatment. In addition, gastrointestinal toxicity, considered a dose-limiting factor of MMF, was reduced in BMS-566419 treatment. These results suggest that BMS-566419 and other chemically synthesized IMPDH inhibitors have beneficial pharmacological effects similar to those of MMF, and are potential pharmaceutical candidates in transplant indications.
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Feichtiger H, Wieland E, Armstrong VW, Shipkova M. The acyl glucuronide metabolite of mycophenolic acid induces tubulin polymerization in vitro. Clin Biochem 2009; 43:208-13. [PMID: 19744471 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2009.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2009] [Revised: 08/09/2009] [Accepted: 08/21/2009] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The acyl glucuronide (AcMPAG) of mycophenolic acid (MPA) forms covalent protein adducts and possesses antiproliferative properties independent of IMPDH inhibition. The underlying mechanism is unknown. Disorganized tubulin polymerization prevents cell cycle progression. We investigated whether AcMPAG interacts with tubulin polymerization. DESIGN AND METHODS AcMPAG (1.0-100 microM) was incubated with bovine tubulin in the presence of GTP. Polymerization was followed at 340 nm. The time until onset and the extent of polymerization were determined. MPA (100 microM), phenolic glucuronide MPAG (100 microM), and paclitaxel (10 microM) served as controls. RESULTS MPAG was without effect. The AcMPAG effect on tubulin polymerization was dose dependent and significantly stronger (about 2.5-fold) than that of MPA (n=4; p<0.05), but weaker than paclitaxel. CONCLUSIONS MPA and AcMPAG can induce tubulin polymerization in the presence of GTP with AcMPAG being significantly stronger. This property of AcMPAG may contribute to its IMPDH independent antiproliferative effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Horst Feichtiger
- Zentralinstitut für Klinische Chemie und Laboratoriumsmedizin, Klinikum Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
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Convenient syntheses of the in vivo carbohydrate metabolites of mycophenolic acid: reactivity of the acyl glucuronide. Tetrahedron Lett 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2009.06.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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