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Pazuki D, Ghosh R, Howlader MMR. Nanomaterials-Based Electrochemical Δ 9-THC and CBD Sensors for Chronic Pain. BIOSENSORS 2023; 13:384. [PMID: 36979596 PMCID: PMC10046734 DOI: 10.3390/bios13030384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Chronic pain is now included in the designation of chronic diseases, such as cancer, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease, which can impair quality of life and are major causes of death and disability worldwide. Pain can be treated using cannabinoids such as Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC) and cannabidiol (CBD) due to their wide range of therapeutic benefits, particularly as sedatives, analgesics, neuroprotective agents, or anti-cancer medicines. While little is known about the pharmacokinetics of these compounds, there is increasing interest in the scientific understanding of the benefits and clinical applications of cannabinoids. In this review, we study the use of nanomaterial-based electrochemical sensing for detecting Δ9-THC and CBD. We investigate how nanomaterials can be functionalized to obtain highly sensitive and selective electrochemical sensors for detecting Δ9-THC and CBD. Additionally, we discuss the impacts of sensor pretreatment at fixed potentials and physiochemical parameters of the sensing medium, such as pH, on the electrochemical performance of Δ9-THC and CBD sensors. We believe this review will serve as a guideline for developing Δ9-THC and CBD electrochemical sensors for point-of-care applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dadbeh Pazuki
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada;
| | - Raja Ghosh
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street, Hamilton, ON L8S 4LS, Canada;
| | - Matiar M. R. Howlader
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada;
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Ruhl T, Schneider PA, Kim BS, Beier JP. Endocannabinoids increase human adipose stem cell differentiation and growth factor secretion in vitro. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2020; 15:88-98. [PMID: 33459498 DOI: 10.1002/term.3152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Adipose stem cells (ASCs) possess the capacity to proliferate, to differentiate into various cells types, and they are able to secrete growth factors. These characteristics are supposed to contribute to their potential for regenerative medicine approaches. In order to advance the therapeutic effects of ASCs, different modulatory procedures have been examined. In this context, the endocannabinoid system (ECS) represents an interesting possibility, since the increased availability of cannabinoids and the underlying molecular pathways of the ECS are of relevance for the development of new regenerative strategies. The effects of the endocannabinoids anandamide (AEA) and 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) were investigated on ASC metabolic activity, quantified by PrestoBlue conversion, and cell numbers, evaluated by crystal violet staining. enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) measures were performed to determine cytokine release, and differentiation was assessed by specific labeling techniques. AEA increased the metabolic activity, while 2-AG decreased it in a concentration dependent manner. AEA significantly enhanced OilRed O staining after adipogenic differentiation by over 100%, and both compounds significantly increased cresolphthalein staining after osteogenic differentiation. By contrast, they did not affect sphere diameter or safranin O staining after chondrogenic differentiation. Both substances significantly increased the release of insulin-like growth factor-1 and hepatocyte growth factor, while only AEA enhanced transforming growth factor-β secretion. The results demonstrated that stimulating the ECS exerted significant effects on the biology of ASCs. Exposure to endocannabinoids modulated viability, induced release of regenerative growth factors, and promoted adipogenic and osteogenic differentiation. Our findings could be of specific relevance in ASC based therapies for regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Ruhl
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Hand Surgery-Burn Center, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Pia-Alina Schneider
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Hand Surgery-Burn Center, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Bong-Sung Kim
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Hand Surgery-Burn Center, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany.,Department of Plastic Surgery and Hand Surgery, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Justus P Beier
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Hand Surgery-Burn Center, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
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Bahji A, Meyyappan AC, Hawken ER. Efficacy and acceptability of cannabinoids for anxiety disorders in adults: A systematic review & meta-analysis. J Psychiatr Res 2020; 129:257-264. [PMID: 32827809 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2020.07.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Revised: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to assess the efficacy and acceptability of cannabinoids for the treatment of anxiety disorders. METHODS For this systematic review and meta-analysis, we searched for randomized trials utilizing cannabinoids for the treatment of adults with anxiety disorders. Primary outcomes were reduction in anxiety disorder symptoms, and study discontinuation due to adverse events. Evidence was synthesized as rate ratios (RRs) and as standardized mean differences (SMDs) using random-effects meta-analyses. RESULTS A total of 14 eligible trials representing 1548 individuals (median age: 33 years; range: 28-44; 66% male) were identified. Cannabinoids reduced anxiety symptoms (SMD = -1.85, 95% CI: -2.61 to -1.09) without causing significant adverse events. Greater efficacy was observed among younger patients (p < 0.01) and with longer treatment (p < 0.01). However, publication bias was substantial, and after correction, the overall anxiolytic effect was not statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS While cannabinoids may be of potential value in the treatment of anxiety disorders, the routine use of these treatments is not supported by the available evidence after correction for publication bias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anees Bahji
- Department of Psychiatry, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Emily R Hawken
- Department of Psychiatry, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada; Providence Care Hospital, Kingston, Ontario, Canada.
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Maayah ZH, Takahara S, Ferdaoussi M, Dyck JRB. The anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects of formulated full-spectrum cannabis extract in the treatment of neuropathic pain associated with multiple sclerosis. Inflamm Res 2020; 69:549-558. [PMID: 32239248 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-020-01341-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Revised: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Cannabis has been used for thousands of years in many cultures for the treatment of several ailments including pain. The benefits of cannabis are mediated largely by cannabinoids, the most prominent of which are tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD). As such, THC and/or CBD have been investigated in clinical studies for the treatment of many conditions including neuropathic pain and acute or chronic inflammation. While a plethora of studies have examined the biochemical effects of purified THC and/or CBD, only a few have focused on the effects of full-spectrum cannabis plant extract. Accordingly, studies using purified THC or CBD may not accurately reflect the potential health benefits of full-spectrum cannabis extracts. Indeed, the cannabis plant produces a wide range of cannabinoids, terpenes, flavonoids, and other bioactive molecules which are likely to contribute to the different biological effects. The presence of all these bioactive molecules in cannabis extracts has garnered much attention of late especially with regard to their potential role in the treatment of neuropathic pain associated with multiple sclerosis. METHODS Literature review was performed to further understand the effect of clinically used full-spectrum cannabis extract in patients with multiple sclerosis. RESULTS Herein, the current knowledge about the potential beneficial effects of existing products of full-spectrum cannabis extract in clinical studies involving patients with multiple sclerosis is extensively reviewed. In addition, the possible adverse effects associated with cannabis use is discussed along with how the method of extraction and the delivery mechanisms of different cannabis extracts contribute to the pharmacokinetic and biological effects of full-spectrum cannabis extracts.Herein, the current knowledge about the potential beneficial effects of existing products of full-spectrum cannabis extract in clinical studies involving patients with multiple sclerosis is extensively reviewed. In addition, the possible adverse effects associated with cannabis use is discussed along with how the method of extraction and the delivery mechanisms of different cannabis extracts contribute to the pharmacokinetic and biological effects of full-spectrum cannabis extracts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zaid H Maayah
- Cardiovascular Research Centre, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Shingo Takahara
- Cardiovascular Research Centre, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.,Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Mourad Ferdaoussi
- Cardiovascular Research Centre, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Jason R B Dyck
- Cardiovascular Research Centre, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada. .,Heritage Medical Research Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2S2, Canada.
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Bruni N, Della Pepa C, Oliaro-Bosso S, Pessione E, Gastaldi D, Dosio F. Cannabinoid Delivery Systems for Pain and Inflammation Treatment. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23102478. [PMID: 30262735 PMCID: PMC6222489 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23102478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2018] [Revised: 09/21/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
There is a growing body of evidence to suggest that cannabinoids are beneficial for a range of clinical conditions, including pain, inflammation, epilepsy, sleep disorders, the symptoms of multiple sclerosis, anorexia, schizophrenia and other conditions. The transformation of cannabinoids from herbal preparations into highly regulated prescription drugs is therefore progressing rapidly. The development of such drugs requires well-controlled clinical trials to be carried out in order to objectively establish therapeutic efficacy, dose ranges and safety. The low oral bioavailability of cannabinoids has led to feasible methods of administration, such as the transdermal route, intranasal administration and transmucosal adsorption, being proposed. The highly lipophilic nature of cannabinoids means that they are seen as suitable candidates for advanced nanosized drug delivery systems, which can be applied via a range of routes. Nanotechnology-based drug delivery strategies have flourished in several therapeutic fields in recent years and numerous drugs have reached the market. This review explores the most recent developments, from preclinical to advanced clinical trials, in the cannabinoid delivery field, and focuses particularly on pain and inflammation treatment. Likely future directions are also considered and reported.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Carlo Della Pepa
- Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Turin, 10125 Turin, Italy.
| | | | - Enrica Pessione
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, 10123 Turin, Italy.
| | - Daniela Gastaldi
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Turin, 10125 Turin, Italy.
| | - Franco Dosio
- Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Turin, 10125 Turin, Italy.
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Maurya N, Velmurugan BK. Therapeutic applications of cannabinoids. Chem Biol Interact 2018; 293:77-88. [PMID: 30040916 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2018.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Revised: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The psychoactive property of cannabinoids is well known and there has been a continuous controversy regarding the usage of these compounds for therapeutic purposes all over the world. Their use for medical and research purposes are restricted in various countries. However, their utility as medications should not be overshadowed by its negative physiological activities. This review article is focused on the therapeutic potential and applications of phytocannabinoids and endocannabinoids. We further highlights their mode of action, overall effects on physiology, various in vitro and in vivo studies that have been done so far and the extent to which these compounds can be useful in different disease conditions such as cancer, Alzheimer's disease, multiple sclerosis, pain, inflammation, glaucoma and many others. Thus, this work is an attempt to make the readers understand the positive implications of these compounds and indicates the significant developments of utilizing cannabinoids as therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy Maurya
- School of Biotechnology, Rajiv Gandhi Proudyogiki Vishwavidyalaya, Bhopal, India
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Maccarrone M, Maldonado R, Casas M, Henze T, Centonze D. Cannabinoids therapeutic use: what is our current understanding following the introduction of THC, THC:CBD oromucosal spray and others? Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol 2017; 10:443-455. [PMID: 28276775 DOI: 10.1080/17512433.2017.1292849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The complexity of the endocannabinoid (eCB) system is becoming better understood and new drivers of eCB signaling are emerging. Modulation of the activities of the eCB system can be therapeutic in a number of diseases. Research into the eCB system has been paralleled by the development of agents that interact with cannabinoid receptors. In this regard it should be remembered that herbal cannabis contains a myriad of active ingredients, and the individual cannabinoids have quite distinct biological activities requiring independent studies. Areas covered: This article reviews the most important current data involving the eCB system in relation to human diseases, to reflect the present (based mainly on the most used prescription cannabinoid medicine, THC/CBD oromucosal spray) and potential future uses of cannabinoid-based therapy. Expert commentary: From the different therapeutic possibilities, THC/CBD oromucosal spray has been in clinical use for approximately five years in numerous countries world-wide for the management of multiple sclerosis (MS)-related moderate to severe resistant spasticity. Clinical trials have confirmed its efficacy and tolerability. Other diseases in which different cannabinoids are currently being investigated include various pain states, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease and epilepsy. The continued characterization of individual cannabinoids in different diseases remains important.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauro Maccarrone
- a Department of Medicine , Campus Bio-Medico University of Rome , Rome , Italy.,b Laboratory of Lipid Neurochemistry, European Center for Brain Research/IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation , Rome , Italy
| | - Rafael Maldonado
- c Laboratori de Neurofarmacologia, Departament de Ciències Experimentals i de la Salut (CEXS), Facultat de Ciències de la Salut i de la Vida , Universitat Pompeu Fabra , Barcelona , Spain
| | - Miguel Casas
- d Servicio de Psiquiatría , Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron , Barcelona , Spain.,e Departamento de Psiquiatría y Medicina Legal , Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona , Barcelona , Spain.,f CIBERSAM , Barcelona , Spain
| | - Thomas Henze
- g Passauer Wolf Reha-Zentrum Nittenau , Nittenau , Germany
| | - Diego Centonze
- h Multiple Sclerosis Clinical and Research Center, Tor Vergata University, Rome & Unit of Neurology , IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Mediterraneo Neuromed , Pozzilli , Italy
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Abstract
Public interest in the use of "medical marijuana" for the treatment of childhood epilepsy has burgeoned in the last few years. This has occurred in parallel with a growing interest in "medical marijuana" in general. Physicians and pediatricians must balance their patients' desire for immediate access to these products with the tenets of evidence-based medicine. This review discusses the biochemistry of cannabis products (the phytocannabinoids) setting this in the context of the endogenous endocannabinoid system. The differing and potentially modulating effects of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD) are reviewed. The evidence-base supporting or not the use of cannabis products for the treatment of neurological disease and specifically epilepsy is explored. The potential for adverse effects and particularly of neurotoxicity is addressed. Finally, public health and sociocultural implications are touched upon. Specific recommendations for interested physicians are provided including advocacy for patients and for a change in the "scheduling" of cannabis in order to better foster much-needed high-quality scientific research in this important area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francis M Filloux
- Division of Pediatric Neurology, University of Utah School of Medicine and Primary Children's Hospital, Division of Pediatric Neurology, Salt Lake City, USA
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