1
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Lindblom JR, Zhang X, Lehane AM. A pH Fingerprint Assay to Identify Inhibitors of Multiple Validated and Potential Antimalarial Drug Targets. ACS Infect Dis 2024; 10:1185-1200. [PMID: 38499199 PMCID: PMC11019546 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.3c00588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
New drugs with novel modes of action are needed to safeguard malaria treatment. In recent years, millions of compounds have been tested for their ability to inhibit the growth of asexual blood-stage Plasmodium falciparum parasites, resulting in the identification of thousands of compounds with antiplasmodial activity. Determining the mechanisms of action of antiplasmodial compounds informs their further development, but remains challenging. A relatively high proportion of compounds identified as killing asexual blood-stage parasites show evidence of targeting the parasite's plasma membrane Na+-extruding, H+-importing pump, PfATP4. Inhibitors of PfATP4 give rise to characteristic changes in the parasite's internal [Na+] and pH. Here, we designed a "pH fingerprint" assay that robustly identifies PfATP4 inhibitors while simultaneously allowing the detection of (and discrimination between) inhibitors of the lactate:H+ transporter PfFNT, which is a validated antimalarial drug target, and the V-type H+ ATPase, which was suggested as a possible target of the clinical candidate ZY19489. In our pH fingerprint assays and subsequent secondary assays, ZY19489 did not show evidence for the inhibition of pH regulation by the V-type H+ ATPase, suggesting that it has a different mode of action in the parasite. The pH fingerprint assay also has the potential to identify protonophores, inhibitors of the acid-loading Cl- transporter(s) (for which the molecular identity(ies) remain elusive), and compounds that act through inhibition of either the glucose transporter PfHT or glycolysis. The pH fingerprint assay therefore provides an efficient starting point to match a proportion of antiplasmodial compounds with their mechanisms of action.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Adele M. Lehane
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital
Territory 2600, Australia
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2
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Yanagisawa S, Bukhari ZA, Parra KJ, Frasch WD. Eukaryotic yeast V 1-ATPase rotary mechanism insights revealed by high-resolution single-molecule studies. Front Mol Biosci 2024; 11:1269040. [PMID: 38567099 PMCID: PMC10985318 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2024.1269040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Vacuolar ATP-dependent proton pumps (V-ATPases) belong to a super-family of rotary ATPases and ATP synthases. The V1 complex consumes ATP to drive rotation of a central rotor that pumps protons across membranes via the Vo complex. Eukaryotic V-ATPases are regulated by reversible disassembly of subunit C, V1 without C, and VO. ATP hydrolysis is thought to generate an unknown rotary state that initiates regulated disassembly. Dissociated V1 is inhibited by subunit H that traps it in a specific rotational position. Here, we report the first single-molecule studies with high resolution of time and rotational position of Saccharomyces cerevisiae V1-ATPase lacking subunits H and C (V1ΔHC), which resolves previously elusive dwells and angular velocity changes. Rotation occurred in 120° power strokes separated by dwells comparable to catalytic dwells observed in other rotary ATPases. However, unique V1ΔHC rotational features included: 1) faltering power stroke rotation during the first 60°; 2) a dwell often occurring ∼45° after the catalytic dwell, which did not increase in duration at limiting MgATP; 3) a second dwell, ∼2-fold longer occurring 112° that increased in duration and occurrence at limiting MgATP; 4) limiting MgATP-dependent decreases in power stroke angular velocity where dwells were not observed. The results presented here are consistent with MgATP binding to the empty catalytic site at 112° and MgADP released at ∼45°, and provide important new insight concerning the molecular basis for the differences in rotary positions of substrate binding and product release between V-type and F-type ATPases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seiga Yanagisawa
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States
| | - Zain A. Bukhari
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States
| | - Karlett J. Parra
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM, United States
| | - Wayne D. Frasch
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States
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3
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Hou J, Liu J, Huang Z, Wang Y, Yao H, Hu Z, Shi C, Xu J, Wang Q. Structure and function of the membrane microdomains in osteoclasts. Bone Res 2023; 11:61. [PMID: 37989999 PMCID: PMC10663511 DOI: 10.1038/s41413-023-00294-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The cell membrane structure is closely related to the occurrence and progression of many metabolic bone diseases observed in the clinic and is an important target to the development of therapeutic strategies for these diseases. Strong experimental evidence supports the existence of membrane microdomains in osteoclasts (OCs). However, the potential membrane microdomains and the crucial mechanisms underlying their roles in OCs have not been fully characterized. Membrane microdomain components, such as scaffolding proteins and the actin cytoskeleton, as well as the roles of individual membrane proteins, need to be elucidated. In this review, we discuss the compositions and critical functions of membrane microdomains that determine the biological behavior of OCs through the three main stages of the OC life cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jialong Hou
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Jian Liu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Zhixian Huang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yining Wang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Hanbing Yao
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Zhenxin Hu
- Department of Spine Surgery, Peking University Fourth School of Clinical Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Chengge Shi
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Jiake Xu
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia.
- Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China.
| | - Qingqing Wang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.
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4
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Wang H, Rubinstein JL. CryoEM of V-ATPases: Assembly, disassembly, and inhibition. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2023; 80:102592. [PMID: 37272327 DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2023.102592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Vacuolar-type ATPases (V-ATPases) are responsible for the acidification of intracellular compartments in almost all eukaryotic cells, while in some specialized cells they acidify the extracellular environment. As ubiquitous proton pumps, these large membrane-embedded enzymes are involved in many fundamental cellular processes that require tight control of pH. Consequently, V-ATPase malfunction or aberrant activity has been linked to numerous diseases. In the past ten years, electron cryomicroscopy (cryoEM) of yeast V-ATPases has revealed the architecture and rotary catalytic mechanism of these macromolecular machines. More recently, studies have revealed the structures of V-ATPases in animals and plants, uncovered aspects of how V-ATPases are assembled and regulated by reversible dissociation, and shown how V-ATPase activity can be modulated by proteins and small molecule inhibitors. In this review, we highlight these recent developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanlin Wang
- Molecular Medicine Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, M5G 0A4, Toronto, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, The University of Toronto, M5G 1L7, Toronto, Canada
| | - John L Rubinstein
- Molecular Medicine Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, M5G 0A4, Toronto, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, The University of Toronto, M5G 1L7, Toronto, Canada; Department of Medical Biophysics, The University of Toronto, M5S 1A8, Toronto, Canada.
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5
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Semenova N, Shatokhina O, Shchagina O, Kamenec E, Marakhonov A, Degtyareva A, Taran N, Strokova T. Clinical Presentation of a Patient with a Congenital Disorder of Glycosylation, Type IIs ( ATP6AP1), and Liver Transplantation. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24087449. [PMID: 37108612 PMCID: PMC10140882 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24087449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Revised: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The congenital disorder of glycosylation type IIs (ATP6AP1-CDG; OMIM# 300972) is a rare X-linked recessive complex syndrome characterized by liver dysfunction, recurrent bacterial infections, hypogammaglobulinemia, and defective glycosylation of serum proteins. Here, we examine the case of a 1-year-old male patient of Buryat origin, who presented with liver dysfunction. At the age of 3 months, he was hospitalized with jaundice and hepatosplenomegaly. Whole-exome sequencing identified the ATP6AP1 gene missense variant NM_001183.6:c.938A>G (p.Tyr313Cys) in the hemizygous state, which was previously reported in a patient with immunodeficiency type 47. At the age of 10 months, the patient successfully underwent orthotopic liver transplantation. After the transplantation, the use of Tacrolimus entailed severe adverse effect (colitis with perforation). Replacing Tacrolimus with Everolimus led to improvement. Previously reported patients demonstrated abnormal N- and O-glycosylation, but these data were collected without any specific treatment. In contrast, in our patient, isoelectric focusing (IEF) of serum transferrin was performed only after the liver transplant and showed a normal IEF pattern. Thus, liver transplantation could be a curative option for patients with ATP6AP1-CDG.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Olga Shchagina
- Research Centre for Medical Genetics, 115522 Moscow, Russia
| | - Elena Kamenec
- Research Centre for Medical Genetics, 115522 Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Anna Degtyareva
- National Medical Research Center for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology Named after V.I. Kulakov, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 127994 Moscow, Russia
- Department of Neonatology, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119435 Moscow, Russia
| | - Natalia Taran
- Federal Research Center of Nutrition and Biotechnology, 109240 Moscow, Russia
| | - Tatiana Strokova
- Federal Research Center of Nutrition and Biotechnology, 109240 Moscow, Russia
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6
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Characterization of a PIP Binding Site in the N-Terminal Domain of V-ATPase a4 and Its Role in Plasma Membrane Association. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24054867. [PMID: 36902293 PMCID: PMC10002524 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24054867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Vacuolar ATPases (V-ATPases) are multi-subunit ATP-dependent proton pumps necessary for cellular functions, including pH regulation and membrane fusion. The evidence suggests that the V-ATPase a-subunit's interaction with the membrane signaling lipid phosphatidylinositol (PIPs) regulates the recruitment of V-ATPase complexes to specific membranes. We generated a homology model of the N-terminal domain of the human a4 isoform (a4NT) using Phyre2.0 and propose a lipid binding domain within the distal lobe of the a4NT. We identified a basic motif, K234IKK237, critical for interaction with phosphoinositides (PIP), and found similar basic residue motifs in all four mammalian and both yeast a-isoforms. We tested PIP binding of wildtype and mutant a4NT in vitro. In protein lipid overlay assays, the double mutation K234A/K237A and the autosomal recessive distal renal tubular-causing mutation K237del reduced both PIP binding and association with liposomes enriched with PI(4,5)P2, a PIP enriched within plasma membranes. Circular dichroism spectra of the mutant protein were comparable to wildtype, indicating that mutations affected lipid binding, not protein structure. When expressed in HEK293, wildtype a4NT localized to the plasma membrane in fluorescence microscopy and co-purified with the microsomal membrane fraction in cellular fractionation experiments. a4NT mutants showed reduced membrane association and decreased plasma membrane localization. Depletion of PI(4,5)P2 by ionomycin caused reduced membrane association of the WT a4NT protein. Our data suggest that information contained within the soluble a4NT is sufficient for membrane association and that PI(4,5)P2 binding capacity is involved in a4 V-ATPase plasma membrane retention.
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7
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Elson A, Anuj A, Barnea-Zohar M, Reuven N. The origins and formation of bone-resorbing osteoclasts. Bone 2022; 164:116538. [PMID: 36028118 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2022.116538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Osteoclasts (OCLs) are hematopoietic cells whose physiological function is to degrade bone. OCLs are key players in the processes that determine and maintain the mass, shape, and physical properties of bone. OCLs adhere to bone tightly and degrade its matrix by secreting protons and proteases onto the underlying surface. The combination of low pH and proteases degrades the mineral and protein components of the matrix and forms a resorption pit; the degraded material is internalized by the cell and then secreted into the circulation. Insufficient or excessive activity of OCLs can lead to significant changes in bone and either cause or exacerbate symptoms of diseases, as in osteoporosis, osteopetrosis, and cancer-induced bone lysis. OCLs are derived from monocyte-macrophage precursor cells whose origins are in two distinct embryonic cell lineages - erythromyeloid progenitor cells of the yolk sac, and hematopoietic stem cells. OCLs are formed in a multi-stage process that is induced by the cytokines M-CSF and RANKL, during which the cells differentiate, fuse to form multi-nucleated cells, and then differentiate further to become mature, bone-resorbing OCLs. Recent studies indicate that OCLs can undergo fission in vivo to generate smaller cells, called "osteomorphs", that can be "re-cycled" by fusing with other cells to form new OCLs. In this review we describe OCLs and discuss their cellular origins and the cellular and molecular events that drive osteoclastogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ari Elson
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel.
| | - Anuj Anuj
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Maayan Barnea-Zohar
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Nina Reuven
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
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8
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Keon KA, Benlekbir S, Kirsch SH, Müller R, Rubinstein JL. Cryo-EM of the Yeast V O Complex Reveals Distinct Binding Sites for Macrolide V-ATPase Inhibitors. ACS Chem Biol 2022; 17:619-628. [PMID: 35148071 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.1c00894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Vacuolar-type adenosine triphosphatases (V-ATPases) are proton pumps found in almost all eukaryotic cells. These enzymes consist of a soluble catalytic V1 region that hydrolyzes ATP and a membrane-embedded VO region responsible for proton translocation. V-ATPase activity leads to acidification of endosomes, phagosomes, lysosomes, secretory vesicles, and the trans-Golgi network, with extracellular acidification occurring in some specialized cells. Small-molecule inhibitors of V-ATPase have played a crucial role in elucidating numerous aspects of cell biology by blocking acidification of intracellular compartments, while therapeutic use of V-ATPase inhibitors has been proposed for the treatment of cancer, osteoporosis, and some infections. Here, we determine structures of the isolated VO complex from Saccharomyces cerevisiae bound to two well-known macrolide inhibitors: bafilomycin A1 and archazolid A. The structures reveal different binding sites for the inhibitors on the surface of the proton-carrying c ring, with only a small amount of overlap between the two sites. Binding of both inhibitors is mediated primarily through van der Waals interactions in shallow pockets and suggests that the inhibitors block rotation of the ring. Together, these structures indicate the existence of a large chemical space available for V-ATPase inhibitors that block acidification by binding the c ring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristine A. Keon
- Molecular Medicine Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada M5G0A4
- Department of Medical Biophysics, The University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada M5G1L7
| | - Samir Benlekbir
- Molecular Medicine Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada M5G0A4
| | - Susanne H. Kirsch
- Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Saarland University Campus, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Rolf Müller
- Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI) and Department of Pharmacy, Saarland University Campus, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - John L. Rubinstein
- Molecular Medicine Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada M5G0A4
- Department of Medical Biophysics, The University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada M5G1L7
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada M5S1A8
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9
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Morris C, O'Donnell MJ. Vacuolar H+-ATPase and Na+/K+-ATPase energize Na+ uptake mechanisms in the nuchal organ of the hyperregulating freshwater crustacean Daphnia magna. J Exp Biol 2021; 224:269112. [PMID: 34115859 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.242205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The nuchal organ of the embryos and neonates of the cladoceran, Daphnia magna, has been shown to be a site of Na+ influx and H+, NH4+ and Cl- efflux. This study combines the scanning ion-selective electrode technique with application of inhibitors of specific transporters to assess the mechanisms of Na+ transport across the nuchal organ. Na+ influx across the nuchal organ was inhibited both by inhibitors of the Na+/K+-ATPase (ouabain, bufalin) and by inhibitors of the vacuolar H+-ATPase (bafilomycin, N-ethylmaleimde, 7-chloro-4-nitrobenzo-2-oxa-1,3-diazole, KM91104, S-nitrosoglutathione). Na+ influx was unaffected by the epithelial Na+ channel blocker benzamil, but was sensitive to ethylisopropyl amiloride and elevated external ammonium concentrations, consistent with roles for Na+/H+ and Na+/NH4+ exchangers in the apical membrane but not Na+ channels. Transport across the basolateral membrane into the haemolymph is proposed to involve the Na+/K+-ATPase and a thiazide-sensitive Na+/Cl- cotransporter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn Morris
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada, L8S 4K1
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10
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Zeng P, Fu Y, Pang Y, He T, Wu Y, Tang R, Qin A, Kong X. Solid-State Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Identifies Abnormal Calcium Phosphate Formation in Diseased Bones. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2021; 7:1159-1168. [PMID: 33617226 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.0c01559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The crystallites of calcium phosphate (CaP) in bones consist of hydroxyl apatite (HA) and amorphous calcium phosphate (ACP). These nanoscale structures of CaP are sculptured by biological bone formation and resorption processes and are one of the crucial factors that determine the overall strength of the constructs. We used one- and two-dimensional 1H-31P solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (SSNMR) to investigate the nanoscopic structural changes of CaP. Two quantitative measurables are deduced based on the heterogeneous linewidth of 31P signal and the ratio of ACP to HA, which characterize the mineral crystallinity and the relative proportion of ACP, respectively. We analyzed bones from different murine models of osteopetrosis and osteoporosis and from human samples with osteoporosis and osteoarthritis. It shows that the ACP content increases notably in osteopetrotic bones that are characterized by defective osteoclastic resorption, whereas the overall crystallinity increases in osteoporotic bones that are marked by overactive osteoclastic resorption. Similar pathological characteristics are observed for the sclerotic bones of late-stage osteoarthritis, as compared to those of the osteopetrotic bones. These findings suggest that osteoclast-related bone diseases not only alter the bone density macroscopically but also lead to abnormal formation of CaP crystallites. The quantitative measurement by SSNMR provides a unique perspective on the pathology of bone diseases at the nanoscopic level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pingmei Zeng
- Center for Chemistry of High-Performance & Novel Materials, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, People's Republic of China
| | - Yao Fu
- Center for Chemistry of High-Performance & Novel Materials, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, People's Republic of China
| | - Yichuan Pang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopaedic Implants, Department of Orthopaedics, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, People's Republic of China
| | - Tian He
- Center for Chemistry of High-Performance & Novel Materials, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuanyuan Wu
- Center for Chemistry of High-Performance & Novel Materials, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruikang Tang
- Center for Chemistry of High-Performance & Novel Materials, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, People's Republic of China
| | - An Qin
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopaedic Implants, Department of Orthopaedics, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, People's Republic of China
| | - Xueqian Kong
- Center for Chemistry of High-Performance & Novel Materials, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, People's Republic of China
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11
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Santos-Pereira C, Rodrigues LR, Côrte-Real M. Emerging insights on the role of V-ATPase in human diseases: Therapeutic challenges and opportunities. Med Res Rev 2021; 41:1927-1964. [PMID: 33483985 DOI: 10.1002/med.21782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 12/05/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The control of the intracellular pH is vital for the survival of all organisms. Membrane transporters, both at the plasma and intracellular membranes, are key players in maintaining a finely tuned pH balance between intra- and extracellular spaces, and therefore in cellular homeostasis. V-ATPase is a housekeeping ATP-driven proton pump highly conserved among prokaryotes and eukaryotes. This proton pump, which exhibits a complex multisubunit structure based on cell type-specific isoforms, is essential for pH regulation and for a multitude of ubiquitous and specialized functions. Thus, it is not surprising that V-ATPase aberrant overexpression, mislocalization, and mutations in V-ATPase subunit-encoding genes have been associated with several human diseases. However, the ubiquitous expression of this transporter and the high toxicity driven by its off-target inhibition, renders V-ATPase-directed therapies very challenging and increases the need for selective strategies. Here we review emerging evidence linking V-ATPase and both inherited and acquired human diseases, explore the therapeutic challenges and opportunities envisaged from recent data, and advance future research avenues. We highlight the importance of V-ATPases with unique subunit isoform molecular signatures and disease-associated isoforms to design selective V-ATPase-directed therapies. We also discuss the rational design of drug development pipelines and cutting-edge methodological approaches toward V-ATPase-centered drug discovery. Diseases like cancer, osteoporosis, and even fungal infections can benefit from V-ATPase-directed therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cátia Santos-Pereira
- Department of Biology, Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology (CBMA), University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.,Department of Biological Engineering, Centre of Biological Engineering (CEB), University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - Lígia R Rodrigues
- Department of Biological Engineering, Centre of Biological Engineering (CEB), University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - Manuela Côrte-Real
- Department of Biology, Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology (CBMA), University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
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12
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Zou B, Zheng J, Deng W, Tan Y, Jie L, Qu Y, Yang Q, Ke M, Ding Z, Chen Y, Yu Q, Li X. Kirenol inhibits RANKL-induced osteoclastogenesis and prevents ovariectomized-induced osteoporosis via suppressing the Ca 2+-NFATc1 and Cav-1 signaling pathways. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 80:153377. [PMID: 33126167 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2020.153377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Osteoporosis is a threat to aged people who have excessive osteoclast activation and bone resorption, subsequently causing fracture and even disability. Inhibiting osteoclast differentiation and absorptive functions has become an efficient approach to treat osteoporosis, but osteoclast-targeting inhibitors available clinically remain rare. Kirenol (Kir), a bioactive diterpenoid derived from an antirheumatic Chinese herbal medicine Herba Siegesbeckiae, can treat collagen-induced arthritis in vivo and promote osteoblast differentiation in vitro, while the effects of Kir on osteoclasts are still unclear. PURPOSE We explore the role of Kir on RANKL-induced osteoclastogenesis in vitro and bone loss in vivo. METHODS The in vitro effects of Kir on osteoclast differentiation, bone resorption and the underlying mechanisms were evaluated with bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMMs). In vivo experiments were performed using an ovariectomy (OVX)-induced osteoporosis model. RESULTS We found that Kir remarkably inhibited osteoclast generation and bone resorption in vitro. Mechanistically, Kir significantly inhibited F-actinring formation and repressed RANKL-induced NF-κB p65 activation and p-p38, p-ERK and c-Fos expression. Moreover, Kir inhibited both the expression and nuclear translocation of NFATc1. Ca2+ oscillation and caveolin-1 (Cav-1) were also reduced by Kir during osteoclastogenesis in vitro. Consistent with these findings, 2-10 mg/kg Kir attenuated OVX-induced osteoporosis in vivo as evidenced by decreased osteoclast numbers and downregulated Cav-1 and NFATc1 expression. CONCLUSIONS Kir suppresses osteoclastogenesis and the Cav-1/NFATc1 signaling pathway both in vitro and in vivo and protects against OVX-induced osteoporosis. Our findings reveal Kir as a potential safe oral treatment for osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binhua Zou
- Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immunomodulatory Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515,China
| | - Jiehuang Zheng
- Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immunomodulatory Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515,China
| | - Wende Deng
- Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immunomodulatory Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515,China
| | - Yanhui Tan
- Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immunomodulatory Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515,China
| | - Ligang Jie
- Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, ZhuJiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Yuan Qu
- Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, ZhuJiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Qin Yang
- Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immunomodulatory Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515,China
| | - Minhong Ke
- Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immunomodulatory Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515,China
| | - Zongbao Ding
- Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immunomodulatory Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515,China
| | - Yan Chen
- Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immunomodulatory Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515,China
| | - Qinghong Yu
- Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, ZhuJiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China.
| | - Xiaojuan Li
- Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immunomodulatory Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515,China.
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13
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Gambari L, Grassi F, Roseti L, Grigolo B, Desando G. Learning from Monocyte-Macrophage Fusion and Multinucleation: Potential Therapeutic Targets for Osteoporosis and Rheumatoid Arthritis. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21176001. [PMID: 32825443 PMCID: PMC7504439 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21176001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Excessive bone resorption by osteoclasts (OCs) covers an essential role in developing bone diseases, such as osteoporosis (OP) and rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Monocytes or macrophages fusion and multinucleation (M-FM) are key processes for generating multinucleated mature cells with essential roles in bone remodelling. Depending on the phenotypic heterogeneity of monocyte/macrophage precursors and the extracellular milieu, two distinct morphological and functional cell types can arise mature OCs and giant cells (GCs). Despite their biological relevance in several physiological and pathological responses, many gaps exist in our understanding of their formation and role in bone, including the molecular determinants of cell fusion and multinucleation. Here, we outline fusogenic molecules during M-FM involved in OCs and GCs formation in healthy conditions and during OP and RA. Moreover, we discuss the impact of the inflammatory milieu on modulating macrophages phenotype and their differentiation towards mature cells. Methodological approach envisaged searches on Scopus, Web of Science Core Collection, and EMBASE databases to select relevant studies on M-FM, osteoclastogenesis, inflammation, OP, and RA. This review intends to give a state-of-the-art description of mechanisms beyond osteoclastogenesis and M-FM, with a focus on OP and RA, and to highlight potential biological therapeutic targets to prevent extreme bone loss.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Livia Roseti
- Correspondence: (L.R.); (B.G.); Tel.: +39-051-6366090 (B.G.)
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14
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Song Q, Meng B, Xu H, Mao Z. The emerging roles of vacuolar-type ATPase-dependent Lysosomal acidification in neurodegenerative diseases. Transl Neurodegener 2020; 9:17. [PMID: 32393395 PMCID: PMC7212675 DOI: 10.1186/s40035-020-00196-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Lysosomes digest extracellular material from the endocytic pathway and intracellular material from the autophagic pathway. This process is performed by the resident hydrolytic enzymes activated by the highly acidic pH within the lysosomal lumen. Lysosome pH gradients are mainly maintained by the vacuolar (H+) ATPase (or V-ATPase), which pumps protons into lysosomal lumen by consuming ATP. Dysfunction of V-ATPase affects lysosomal acidification, which disrupts the clearance of substrates and leads to many disorders, including neurodegenerative diseases. Main body As a large multi-subunit complex, the V-ATPase is composed of an integral membrane V0 domain involved in proton translocation and a peripheral V1 domain catalyzing ATP hydrolysis. The canonical functions of V-ATPase rely on its H+-pumping ability in multiple vesicle organelles to regulate endocytic traffic, protein processing and degradation, synaptic vesicle loading, and coupled transport. The other non-canonical effects of the V-ATPase that are not readily attributable to its proton-pumping activity include membrane fusion, pH sensing, amino-acid-induced activation of mTORC1, and scaffolding for protein-protein interaction. In response to various stimuli, V-ATPase complex can reversibly dissociate into V1 and V0 domains and thus close ATP-dependent proton transport. Dysregulation of pH and lysosomal dysfunction have been linked to many human diseases, including neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer disease, Parkinson’s disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis as well as neurodegenerative lysosomal storage disorders. Conclusion V-ATPase complex is a universal proton pump and plays an important role in lysosome acidification in all types of cells. Since V-ATPase dysfunction contributes to the pathogenesis of multiple neurodegenerative diseases, further understanding the mechanisms that regulate the canonical and non-canonical functions of V-ATPase will reveal molecular details of disease process and help assess V-ATPase or molecules related to its regulation as therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaoyun Song
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.,Department of Reproductive Genetics, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, 050051, People's Republic of China.,Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Bo Meng
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.,Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Haidong Xu
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.,Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Zixu Mao
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA. .,Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.
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15
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Gennari L, Merlotti D, Falchetti A, Eller Vainicher C, Cosso R, Chiodini I. Emerging therapeutic targets for osteoporosis. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2020; 24:115-130. [PMID: 32050822 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2020.1726889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Osteoporosis is a chronic, skeletal disorder characterized by compromised bone strength and increased fracture risk; it affects 50% of women and 20% of men. In the past two decades, there have been substantial improvements in the pharmacotherapy of osteoporosis which have yielded potent inhibitors of bone resorption or stimulators of bone formation.Areas covered: This review discusses newly identified targets and pathways and conceptual approaches to the prevention of multiple age-related disorders. Furthermore, it summarizes existing therapeutic strategies for osteoporosis.Expert opinion: Our enhanced understanding of bone biology and the reciprocal interactions between bone and other tissues have allowed the identification of new targets that may facilitate the development of novel drugs. These drugs will hopefully achieve the uncoupling of bone formation from resorption and possibly exert a dual anabolic and antiresorptive effect on bone. Alas, limitations regarding adherence, efficacy on nonvertebral fracture prevention and the long-term adverse events still exist for currently available therapeutics. Moreover, the efficacy of most agents is limited by the tight coupling of osteoblasts and osteoclasts; hence the reduction of bone resorption invariably reduces bone formation, and vice versa. This field is very much 'a work in progress.'
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Gennari
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neurosciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Daniela Merlotti
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neurosciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Alberto Falchetti
- Unit for Bone Metabolism Diseases and Diabetes & Lab of Endocrine and Metabolic Research, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Cristina Eller Vainicher
- Endocrinology and Diabetology Units, Department of Medical Sciences and Community, Fondazione Ca'Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Roberta Cosso
- EndOsMet Villa Donatello Private Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Iacopo Chiodini
- Unit for Bone Metabolism Diseases and Diabetes & Lab of Endocrine and Metabolic Research, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, Milan, Italy
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16
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Göttle P, Förster M, Gruchot J, Kremer D, Hartung HP, Perron H, Küry P. Rescuing the negative impact of human endogenous retrovirus envelope protein on oligodendroglial differentiation and myelination. Glia 2018; 67:160-170. [PMID: 30430656 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Revised: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Remyelination in the adult CNS depends on activation, differentiation, and functional integration of resident oligodendroglial precursor cells (OPCs) and constitutes the only spontaneous neuroregenerative process able to compensate for functional deficits upon loss of oligodendrocytes and myelin sheaths as it is observed in multiple sclerosis. The proteins encoded by p57kip2- and by human endogenous retrovirus type W (pHERV-W) envelope genes were previously identified as negative regulators of OPC maturation. We here focused on the activity of the ENV protein and investigated how it can be neutralized for an improved myelin repair. We could demonstrate that myelination in vitro is severely affected by this protein but that application of an anti-ENV neutralizing antibody, currently investigated in clinical trials, can rescue the generation of internodes. We then compared p57kip2 and ENV dependent inhibitory mechanisms and found that a dominant negative version of the p57kip2 protein can equally save OPCs from myelination failure in response to ENV-mediated TLR4 activation. Additional experiments addressing p57kip2's underlying mode of action revealed a direct interaction with ATP6v1d, a central component of a vascular ATPase. Its pharmacological blocking was then shown to exert an analogous myelination rescue effect in presence of the ENV protein. Therefore, our study provides mechanistic insights into oligodendroglial inhibition processes and presents three different means to counteract the anti-myelination effect of the ENV protein. These observations are therefore of interest in light of understanding the complexity of the numerous oligodendroglial inhibitors and might promote the establishment of novel regenerative therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Göttle
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Moritz Förster
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Joel Gruchot
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - David Kremer
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Hans Peter Hartung
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Hervé Perron
- GeNeuro, Chemin du Pré-Fleuri 3, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Patrick Küry
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany
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17
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Duan X, Yang S, Zhang L, Yang T. V-ATPases and osteoclasts: ambiguous future of V-ATPases inhibitors in osteoporosis. Theranostics 2018; 8:5379-5399. [PMID: 30555553 PMCID: PMC6276090 DOI: 10.7150/thno.28391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Vacuolar ATPases (V-ATPases) play a critical role in regulating extracellular acidification of osteoclasts and bone resorption. The deficiencies of subunit a3 and d2 of V-ATPases result in increased bone density in humans and mice. One of the traditional drug design strategies in treating osteoporosis is the use of subunit a3 inhibitor. Recent findings connect subunits H and G1 with decreased bone density. Given the controversial effects of ATPase subunits on bone density, there is a critical need to review the subunits of V-ATPase in osteoclasts and their functions in regulating osteoclasts and bone remodeling. In this review, we comprehensively address the following areas: information about all V-ATPase subunits and their isoforms; summary of V-ATPase subunits associated with human genetic diseases; V-ATPase subunits and osteopetrosis/osteoporosis; screening of all V-ATPase subunits variants in GEFOS data and in-house data; spectrum of V-ATPase subunits during osteoclastogenesis; direct and indirect roles of subunits of V-ATPases in osteoclasts; V-ATPase-associated signaling pathways in osteoclasts; interactions among V-ATPase subunits in osteoclasts; osteoclast-specific V-ATPase inhibitors; perspective of future inhibitors or activators targeting V-ATPase subunits in the treatment of osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohong Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Oral Biology, Clinic of Oral Rare and Genetic Diseases, School of Stomatology, the Fourth Military Medical University, 145 West Changle Road, Xi'an 710032, P. R. China
| | - Shaoqing Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Oral Biology, Clinic of Oral Rare and Genetic Diseases, School of Stomatology, the Fourth Military Medical University, 145 West Changle Road, Xi'an 710032, P. R. China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Center for Genetic Epidemiology and Genomics, School of Public Health, Medical College of Soochow University, 199 Renai Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Tielin Yang
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, and Institute of Molecular Genetics, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, 28 West Xianning Road, Xi'an 710049, People's Republic of China
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18
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Roh SH, Stam NJ, Hryc CF, Couoh-Cardel S, Pintilie G, Chiu W, Wilkens S. The 3.5-Å CryoEM Structure of Nanodisc-Reconstituted Yeast Vacuolar ATPase V o Proton Channel. Mol Cell 2018. [PMID: 29526695 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2018.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The molecular mechanism of transmembrane proton translocation in rotary motor ATPases is not fully understood. Here, we report the 3.5-Å resolution cryoEM structure of the lipid nanodisc-reconstituted Vo proton channel of the yeast vacuolar H+-ATPase, captured in a physiologically relevant, autoinhibited state. The resulting atomic model provides structural detail for the amino acids that constitute the proton pathway at the interface of the proteolipid ring and subunit a. Based on the structure and previous mutagenesis studies, we propose the chemical basis of transmembrane proton transport. Moreover, we discovered that the C terminus of the assembly factor Voa1 is an integral component of mature Vo. Voa1's C-terminal transmembrane α helix is bound inside the proteolipid ring, where it contributes to the stability of the complex. Our structure rationalizes possible mechanisms by which mutations in human Vo can result in disease phenotypes and may thus provide new avenues for therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soung-Hun Roh
- Department of Bioengineering and James H. Clark Center, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Biosciences Division, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Nicholas J Stam
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
| | - Corey F Hryc
- Graduate Program in Quantitative and Computational Biosciences, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Sergio Couoh-Cardel
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
| | - Grigore Pintilie
- Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Wah Chiu
- Department of Bioengineering and James H. Clark Center, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Biosciences Division, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA; Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| | - Stephan Wilkens
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA.
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19
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Pamarthy S, Kulshrestha A, Katara GK, Beaman KD. The curious case of vacuolar ATPase: regulation of signaling pathways. Mol Cancer 2018; 17:41. [PMID: 29448933 PMCID: PMC5815226 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-018-0811-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The Vacuolar ATPase (V-ATPase) is a proton pump responsible for controlling the intracellular and extracellular pH of cells. The structure of V-ATPase has been highly conserved among all eukaryotic cells and is involved in diverse functions across species. V-ATPase is best known for its acidification of endosomes and lysosomes and is also important for luminal acidification of specialized cells. Several reports have suggested the involvement of V-ATPase in maintaining an alkaline intracellular and acidic extracellular pH thereby aiding in proliferation and metastasis of cancer cells respectively. Increased expression of V-ATPase and relocation to the plasma membrane aids in cancer modulates key tumorigenic cell processes like autophagy, Warburg effect, immunomoduation, drug resistance and most importantly cancer cell signaling. In this review, we discuss the direct role of V-ATPase in acidification and indirect regulation of signaling pathways, particularly Notch Signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahithi Pamarthy
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, 3333 Green Bay Road, North Chicago, IL, 60064, USA
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Arpita Kulshrestha
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, 3333 Green Bay Road, North Chicago, IL, 60064, USA
| | - Gajendra K Katara
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, 3333 Green Bay Road, North Chicago, IL, 60064, USA
| | - Kenneth D Beaman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, 3333 Green Bay Road, North Chicago, IL, 60064, USA.
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20
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Gennari L, Bilezikian JP. New and developing pharmacotherapy for osteoporosis in men. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2018; 19:253-264. [DOI: 10.1080/14656566.2018.1428559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Gennari
- Department Medicine, Surgery and Neurosciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - John P. Bilezikian
- Medicine and Pharmacology, International Education and Research, Division of Endocrinology, Emeritus, Metabolic Bone Diseases Unit, Department of Medicine, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
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21
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Oot RA, Couoh-Cardel S, Sharma S, Stam NJ, Wilkens S. Breaking up and making up: The secret life of the vacuolar H + -ATPase. Protein Sci 2017; 26:896-909. [PMID: 28247968 DOI: 10.1002/pro.3147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The vacuolar ATPase (V-ATPase; V1 Vo -ATPase) is a large multisubunit proton pump found in the endomembrane system of all eukaryotic cells where it acidifies the lumen of subcellular organelles including lysosomes, endosomes, the Golgi apparatus, and clathrin-coated vesicles. V-ATPase function is essential for pH and ion homeostasis, protein trafficking, endocytosis, mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR), and Notch signaling, as well as hormone secretion and neurotransmitter release. V-ATPase can also be found in the plasma membrane of polarized animal cells where its proton pumping function is involved in bone remodeling, urine acidification, and sperm maturation. Aberrant (hypo or hyper) activity has been associated with numerous human diseases and the V-ATPase has therefore been recognized as a potential drug target. Recent progress with moderate to high-resolution structure determination by cryo electron microscopy and X-ray crystallography together with sophisticated single-molecule and biochemical experiments have provided a detailed picture of the structure and unique mode of regulation of the V-ATPase. This review summarizes the recent advances, focusing on the structural and biophysical aspects of the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca A Oot
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, 13210
| | - Sergio Couoh-Cardel
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, 13210
| | - Stuti Sharma
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, 13210
| | - Nicholas J Stam
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, 13210
| | - Stephan Wilkens
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, 13210
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22
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Sharma S, Wilkens S. Biolayer interferometry of lipid nanodisc-reconstituted yeast vacuolar H + -ATPase. Protein Sci 2017; 26:1070-1079. [PMID: 28241399 DOI: 10.1002/pro.3143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Revised: 02/15/2017] [Accepted: 02/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Vacuolar H+ -ATPase (V-ATPase) is a large, multisubunit membrane protein complex responsible for the acidification of subcellular compartments and the extracellular space. V-ATPase activity is regulated by reversible disassembly, resulting in cytosolic V1 -ATPase and membrane-integral V0 proton channel sectors. Reversible disassembly is accompanied by transient interaction with cellular factors and assembly chaperones. Quantifying protein-protein interactions involving membrane proteins, however, is challenging. Here we present a novel method to determine kinetic constants of membrane protein-protein interactions using biolayer interferometry (BLI). Yeast vacuoles are solubilized, vacuolar proteins are reconstituted into lipid nanodiscs with native vacuolar lipids and biotinylated membrane scaffold protein (MSP) followed by affinity purification of nanodisc-reconstituted V-ATPase (V1 V0 ND). We show that V1 V0 ND can be immobilized on streptavidin-coated BLI sensors to quantitate binding of a pathogen derived inhibitor and to measure the kinetics of nucleotide dependent enzyme dissociation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuti Sharma
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, SUNY Upstate Medical University 750 East Adams Street, Syracuse, New York, 13210
| | - Stephan Wilkens
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, SUNY Upstate Medical University 750 East Adams Street, Syracuse, New York, 13210
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23
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Covalent Immobilization of Enoxacin onto Titanium Implant Surfaces for Inhibiting Multiple Bacterial Species Infection and In Vivo Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Infection Prophylaxis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2016; 61:AAC.01766-16. [PMID: 27799220 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01766-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Infection is one of the most important causes of titanium implant failure in vivo A developing prophylactic method involves the immobilization of antibiotics, especially vancomycin, onto the surface of the titanium implant. However, these methods have a limited effect in curbing multiple bacterial infections due to antibiotic specificity. In the current study, enoxacin was covalently bound to an amine-functionalized Ti surface by use of a polyethylene glycol (PEG) spacer, and the bactericidal effectiveness was investigated in vitro and in vivo The titanium surface was amine functionalized with 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES), through which PEG spacer molecules were covalently immobilized onto the titanium, and then the enoxacin was covalently bound to the PEG, which was confirmed by X-ray photoelectron spectrometry (XPS). A spread plate assay, confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were used to characterize the antimicrobial activity. For the in vivo study, Ti implants were inoculated with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and implanted into the femoral medullary cavity of rats. The degree of infection was assessed by radiography, micro-computed tomography, and determination of the counts of adherent bacteria 3 weeks after surgery. Our data demonstrate that the enoxacin-modified PEGylated Ti surface effectively prevented bacterial colonization without compromising cell viability, adhesion, or proliferation in vitro Furthermore, it prevented MRSA infection of the Ti implants in vivo Taken together, our results demonstrate that the use of enoxacin-modified Ti is a potential approach to the alleviation of infections of Ti implants by multiple bacterial species.
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24
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Stam NJ, Wilkens S. Structure of the Lipid Nanodisc-reconstituted Vacuolar ATPase Proton Channel: DEFINITION OF THE INTERACTION OF ROTOR AND STATOR AND IMPLICATIONS FOR ENZYME REGULATION BY REVERSIBLE DISSOCIATION. J Biol Chem 2016; 292:1749-1761. [PMID: 27965356 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.766790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2016] [Revised: 12/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Eukaryotic vacuolar H+-ATPase (V-ATPase) is a multisubunit enzyme complex that acidifies subcellular organelles and the extracellular space. V-ATPase consists of soluble V1-ATPase and membrane-integral Vo proton channel sectors. To investigate the mechanism of V-ATPase regulation by reversible disassembly, we recently determined a cryo-EM reconstruction of yeast Vo The structure indicated that, when V1 is released from Vo, the N-terminal cytoplasmic domain of subunit a (aNT) changes conformation to bind rotor subunit d However, insufficient resolution precluded a precise definition of the aNT-d interface. Here we reconstituted Vo into lipid nanodiscs for single-particle EM. 3D reconstructions calculated at ∼15-Å resolution revealed two sites of contact between aNT and d that are mediated by highly conserved charged residues. Alanine mutagenesis of some of these residues disrupted the aNT-d interaction, as shown by isothermal titration calorimetry and gel filtration of recombinant subunits. A recent cryo-EM study of holo V-ATPase revealed three major conformations corresponding to three rotational states of the central rotor of the enzyme. Comparison of the three V-ATPase conformations with the structure of nanodisc-bound Vo revealed that Vo is halted in rotational state 3. Combined with our prior work that showed autoinhibited V1-ATPase to be arrested in state 2, we propose a model in which the conformational mismatch between free V1 and Vo functions to prevent unintended reassembly of holo V-ATPase when activity is not needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J Stam
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York 13210
| | - Stephan Wilkens
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York 13210.
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25
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Oot RA, Kane PM, Berry EA, Wilkens S. Crystal structure of yeast V1-ATPase in the autoinhibited state. EMBO J 2016; 35:1694-706. [PMID: 27295975 DOI: 10.15252/embj.201593447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2015] [Accepted: 05/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Vacuolar ATPases (V-ATPases) are essential proton pumps that acidify the lumen of subcellular organelles in all eukaryotic cells and the extracellular space in some tissues. V-ATPase activity is regulated by a unique mechanism referred to as reversible disassembly, wherein the soluble catalytic sector, V1, is released from the membrane and its MgATPase activity silenced. The crystal structure of yeast V1 presented here shows that activity silencing involves a large conformational change of subunit H, with its C-terminal domain rotating ~150° from a position near the membrane in holo V-ATPase to a position at the bottom of V1 near an open catalytic site. Together with biochemical data, the structure supports a mechanistic model wherein subunit H inhibits ATPase activity by stabilizing an open catalytic site that results in tight binding of inhibitory ADP at another site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca A Oot
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Patricia M Kane
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Edward A Berry
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Stephan Wilkens
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
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Gennari L, Rotatori S, Bianciardi S, Nuti R, Merlotti D. Treatment needs and current options for postmenopausal osteoporosis. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2016; 17:1141-52. [DOI: 10.1080/14656566.2016.1176147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Gennari
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neurosciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Stefano Rotatori
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neurosciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Simone Bianciardi
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neurosciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Ranuccio Nuti
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neurosciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Daniela Merlotti
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neurosciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
- Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, Age Related Diseases, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milano, Italy
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Zhu S, Rea SL, Cheng T, Feng HT, Walsh JP, Ratajczak T, Tickner J, Pavlos N, Xu HZ, Xu J. Bafilomycin A1 Attenuates Osteoclast Acidification and Formation, Accompanied by Increased Levels of SQSTM1/p62 Protein. J Cell Biochem 2015; 117:1464-70. [PMID: 27043248 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.25442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2015] [Accepted: 11/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Vacuolar proton pump H(+)-adenosine triphosphatases (V-ATPases) play an important role in osteoclast function. Further understanding of the cellular and molecular mechanisms of V-ATPase inhibition is vital for the development of anti-resorptive drugs specifically targeting osteoclast V-ATPases. In this study, we observed that bafilomycin A1, a naturally-occurring inhibitor of V-ATPases, increased the protein level of SQSTM1/p62, a known negative regulator of osteoclast formation. Consistently, we found that bafilomycin A1 diminishes the intracellular accumulation of the acidotropic probe lysotracker in osteoclast-like cells; indicative of reduced acidification. Further, bafilomycin A1 inhibits osteoclast formation with attenuation of cell fusion and multi-nucleation of osteoclast-like cells during osteoclast differentiation. Taken together, these data indicate that bafilomycin A1 attenuates osteoclast differentiation in part via increased levels of SQSTM1/p62 protein, providing further mechanistic insight into the effect of V-ATPase inhibition in osteoclasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sipin Zhu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, China.,School of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
| | - Sarah L Rea
- Laboratory for Molecular Endocrinology, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research and UWA Centre for Medical Research, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia.,Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Taksum Cheng
- School of Surgery, Centre of Orthopaedic Research, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Hao Tian Feng
- School of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
| | - John P Walsh
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands, WA, 6009, Australia.,School of Medicine and Pharmacology, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Thomas Ratajczak
- Laboratory for Molecular Endocrinology, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research and UWA Centre for Medical Research, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Jennifer Tickner
- School of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
| | - Nathan Pavlos
- School of Surgery, Centre of Orthopaedic Research, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Hua-Zi Xu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, China
| | - Jiake Xu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, China.,School of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
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Couoh-Cardel S, Milgrom E, Wilkens S. Affinity Purification and Structural Features of the Yeast Vacuolar ATPase Vo Membrane Sector. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:27959-71. [PMID: 26416888 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.662494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The membrane sector (Vo) of the proton pumping vacuolar ATPase (V-ATPase, V1Vo-ATPase) from Saccharomyces cerevisiae was purified to homogeneity, and its structure was characterized by EM of single molecules and two-dimensional crystals. Projection images of negatively stained Vo two-dimensional crystals showed a ring-like structure with a large asymmetric mass at the periphery of the ring. A cryo-EM reconstruction of Vo from single-particle images showed subunits a and d in close contact on the cytoplasmic side of the proton channel. A comparison of three-dimensional reconstructions of free Vo and Vo as part of holo V1Vo revealed that the cytoplasmic N-terminal domain of subunit a (aNT) must undergo a large conformational change upon enzyme disassembly or (re)assembly from Vo, V1, and subunit C. Isothermal titration calorimetry using recombinant subunit d and aNT revealed that the two proteins bind each other with a Kd of ~5 μm. Treatment of the purified Vo sector with 1-palmitoyl-2-hydroxy-sn-glycero-3-[phospho-rac-(1-glycerol)] resulted in selective release of subunit d, allowing purification of a VoΔd complex. Passive proton translocation assays revealed that both Vo and VoΔd are impermeable to protons. We speculate that the structural change in subunit a upon release of V1 from Vo during reversible enzyme dissociation plays a role in blocking passive proton translocation across free Vo and that the interaction between aNT and d seen in free Vo functions to stabilize the Vo sector for efficient reassembly of V1Vo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Couoh-Cardel
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York 13210
| | - Elena Milgrom
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York 13210
| | - Stephan Wilkens
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York 13210
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Gennari L, Rotatori S, Bianciardi S, Gonnelli S, Nuti R, Merlotti D. Appropriate models for novel osteoporosis drug discovery and future perspectives. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2015; 10:1201-16. [DOI: 10.1517/17460441.2015.1080685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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