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Rodriguez JB, Szajnman SH. An updated review of chemical compounds with anti-Toxoplasma gondii activity. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 262:115885. [PMID: 37871407 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Revised: 09/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
The opportunistic apicomplexan parasite Toxoplasma gondii is the etiologic agent for toxoplasmosis, which can infect a widespread range of hosts, particularly humans and warm-blooded animals. The present chemotherapy to treat or prevent toxoplasmosis is deficient and is based on diverse drugs such as atovaquone, trimethoprim, spiramycine, which are effective in acute toxoplasmosis. Therefore, a safe chemotherapy is required for toxoplasmosis considering that its responsible agent, T. gondii, provokes severe illness and death in pregnant women and immunodeficient patients. A certain disadvantage of the available treatments is the lack of effectiveness against the tissue cyst of the parasite. A safe chemotherapy to combat toxoplasmosis should be based on the metabolic differences between the parasite and the mammalian host. This article covers different relevant molecular targets to combat this disease including the isoprenoid pathway (farnesyl diphosphate synthase, squalene synthase), dihydrofolate reductase, calcium-dependent protein kinases, histone deacetylase, mitochondrial electron transport chain, etc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan B Rodriguez
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Pabellón 2, C1428EHA, Buenos Aires, Argentina; CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Unidad de Microanálisis y Métodos Físicos en Química Orgánica (UMYMFOR), C1428EHA, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Sergio H Szajnman
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Pabellón 2, C1428EHA, Buenos Aires, Argentina; CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Unidad de Microanálisis y Métodos Físicos en Química Orgánica (UMYMFOR), C1428EHA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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2
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Carlucci R, Di Gresia G, Mediavilla MG, Cricco JA, Tekwani BL, Khan SI, Labadie GR. Expanding the scope of novel 1,2,3-triazole derivatives as new antiparasitic drug candidates. RSC Med Chem 2023; 14:122-134. [PMID: 36760749 PMCID: PMC9890560 DOI: 10.1039/d2md00324d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
We have previously shown that prenyl and aliphatic triazoles are interesting motifs to prepare new chemical entities for antiparasitic and antituberculosis drug development. In this opportunity a new series of prenyl-1,2,3-triazoles were prepared from isoprenyl azides and different alkynes looking for new antimalarial drug candidates. The compounds were prepared by copper(i) catalyzed dipolar cycloaddition of the isoprenyl azide equilibrium mixture providing exclusively 1,4-disubstituted 1,2,3-triazoles in a regiospecific fashion. The complete collection of 64 compounds was tested on chloroquine-sensitive (CQ sensitive), Sierra Leone (D6), and the chloroquine-resistant, Indochina (W2), strains of Plasmodium falciparum and those compounds which were not previously reported were also tested against Leishmania donovani, the causative agent for visceral leishmaniasis. Thirteen analogs displayed antimalarial activity with IC50 below 10 μM, while the antileishmanial activity of the newly reported analogs could not improve upon those previously reported. Compounds 1o and 1r were identified as the most promising antimalarial drug leads with IC50 below 3.0 μM for both CQ-sensitive and resistant P. falciparum strains with high selectivity index. Finally, a chemoinformatic in silico analysis was performed to evaluate physicochemical parameters, cytotoxicity risk and drug score. The validation of a bifunctional farnesyl/geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase PfFPPS/GGPPS as the potential target of the antimalarial activity of selected analogs should be further investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renzo Carlucci
- Instituto de Química Rosario (IQUIR) UNR, CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario Suipacha 531 S2002LRK Rosario Argentina +54 341 4370477 +54 341 4370477
| | - Gabriel Di Gresia
- Instituto de Química Rosario (IQUIR) UNR, CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario Suipacha 531 S2002LRK Rosario Argentina +54 341 4370477 +54 341 4370477
| | - María Gabriela Mediavilla
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario (IBR), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET) - Universidad Nacional de Rosario (UNR) Suipacha 531 S2002LRK Rosario Argentina
| | - Julia A Cricco
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario (IBR), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET) - Universidad Nacional de Rosario (UNR) Suipacha 531 S2002LRK Rosario Argentina
| | - Babu L Tekwani
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Division of Scientific Platforms, Southern Research Birmingham AL 35205 USA
| | - Shabana I Khan
- National Center for Natural Products Research & Department of Biomolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi University MS 38677 USA
| | - Guillermo R Labadie
- Instituto de Química Rosario (IQUIR) UNR, CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario Suipacha 531 S2002LRK Rosario Argentina +54 341 4370477 +54 341 4370477
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario Suipacha 531 S2002LRK Rosario Argentina
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3
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Corsale AM, Di Simone M, Lo Presti E, Dieli F, Meraviglia S. γδ T cells and their clinical application in colon cancer. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1098847. [PMID: 36793708 PMCID: PMC9923022 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1098847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, research has focused on colorectal cancer to implement modern treatment approaches to improve patient survival. In this new era, γδ T cells constitute a new and promising candidate to treat many types of cancer because of their potent killing activity and their ability to recognize tumor antigens independently of HLA molecules. Here, we focus on the roles that γδ T cells play in antitumor immunity, especially in colorectal cancer. Furthermore, we provide an overview of small-scale clinical trials in patients with colorectal cancer employing either in vivo activation or adoptive transfer of ex vivo expanded γδ T cells and suggest possible combinatorial approaches to treat colon cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Maria Corsale
- Central Laboratory of Advanced Diagnosis and Biomedical Research (CLADIBIOR), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy.,Department of Health Promotion, Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties (ProMISE), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy.,Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnosis (Bi.N.D.) University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Marta Di Simone
- Central Laboratory of Advanced Diagnosis and Biomedical Research (CLADIBIOR), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy.,Department of Health Promotion, Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties (ProMISE), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy.,Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnosis (Bi.N.D.) University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Elena Lo Presti
- Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation (IRIB), National Research Council (CNR)I, Palermo, Italy
| | - Francesco Dieli
- Central Laboratory of Advanced Diagnosis and Biomedical Research (CLADIBIOR), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy.,Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnosis (Bi.N.D.) University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Serena Meraviglia
- Central Laboratory of Advanced Diagnosis and Biomedical Research (CLADIBIOR), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy.,Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnosis (Bi.N.D.) University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
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4
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Corsale AM, Di Simone M, Lo Presti E, Picone C, Dieli F, Meraviglia S. Metabolic Changes in Tumor Microenvironment: How Could They Affect γδ T Cells Functions? Cells 2021; 10:2896. [PMID: 34831116 PMCID: PMC8616133 DOI: 10.3390/cells10112896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The metabolic changes that occur in tumor microenvironment (TME) can influence not only the biological activity of tumor cells, which become more aggressive and auto sustained, but also the immune response against tumor cells, either producing ineffective responses or polarizing the response toward protumor activity. γδ T cells are a subset of T cells characterized by a plasticity that confers them the ability to differentiate towards different cell subsets according to the microenvironment conditions. On this basis, we here review the more recent studies focused on altered tumor metabolism and γδ T cells, considering their already known antitumor role and the possibility of manipulating their effector functions by in vitro and in vivo approaches. γδ T cells, thanks to their unique features, are themselves a valid alternative to overcome the limits associated with the use of conventional T cells, such as major histocompatibility complex (MHC) restriction, costimulatory signal and specific tumor-associated antigen recognition. Lipids, amino acids, hypoxia, prostaglandins and other metabolic changes inside the tumor microenvironment could reduce the efficacy of this important immune population and polarize γδ T cells toward IL17 producing cells that play a pro tumoral role. A deeper knowledge of this phenomenon could be helpful to formulate new immunotherapeutic approaches that target tumor metabolisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Maria Corsale
- Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnosis, University of Palermo, 90133 Palermo, Italy; (A.M.C.); (M.D.S.); (C.P.); (F.D.)
- Central Laboratory of Advanced Diagnosis and Biomedical Research (CLADIBIOR), University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy
| | - Marta Di Simone
- Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnosis, University of Palermo, 90133 Palermo, Italy; (A.M.C.); (M.D.S.); (C.P.); (F.D.)
- Central Laboratory of Advanced Diagnosis and Biomedical Research (CLADIBIOR), University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy
| | - Elena Lo Presti
- National Research Council (CNR), Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation (IRIB), 90146 Palermo, Italy;
| | - Carmela Picone
- Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnosis, University of Palermo, 90133 Palermo, Italy; (A.M.C.); (M.D.S.); (C.P.); (F.D.)
- Central Laboratory of Advanced Diagnosis and Biomedical Research (CLADIBIOR), University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy
| | - Francesco Dieli
- Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnosis, University of Palermo, 90133 Palermo, Italy; (A.M.C.); (M.D.S.); (C.P.); (F.D.)
- Central Laboratory of Advanced Diagnosis and Biomedical Research (CLADIBIOR), University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy
| | - Serena Meraviglia
- Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnosis, University of Palermo, 90133 Palermo, Italy; (A.M.C.); (M.D.S.); (C.P.); (F.D.)
- Central Laboratory of Advanced Diagnosis and Biomedical Research (CLADIBIOR), University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy
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Bryant JP, Perez-Roman RJ, Burks SS, Wang MY. Antiresorptive and anabolic medications used in the perioperative period of patients with osteoporosis undergoing spine surgery: their impact on the biology of fusion and systematic review of the literature. Neurosurg Focus 2021; 50:E13. [PMID: 34062504 DOI: 10.3171/2021.3.focus201049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Osteoporosis represents the most common metabolic disease of the bone, with an estimated 10% of adults aged 50 years or older affected in the United States. This patient population is at increased risk for spine fracture and instrumentation-related complications after spine surgery. Surgeon knowledge of the available treatments for patients with low bone mineral density (BMD) and how they impact biology of fusion may help mitigate negative effects in the postoperative period. Recombinant parathyroid hormone, which is sold under the name teriparatide, is the most extensively studied bone-protecting agent in humans. Additionally, the success of the monoclonal antibody denosumab has led to further clinical investigations of human patients undergoing spine surgery. Another monoclonal antibody, romosozumab, was recently approved by the US FDA for human use in patients with osteoporosis. Although studies of romosozumab in patients undergoing spine surgery have not been conducted, this is a promising potential therapeutic agent based on its early success in preclinical and clinical trials. Here, the authors aimed to review the mechanisms of action and evidence of use of antiresorptive and anabolic agents in patients with osteoporosis undergoing spine surgery. METHODS In accordance with the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines, a systematic review was conducted to explore the antiresorptive and anabolic agents used in the perioperative period in patients with osteoporosis undergoing spinal surgery. The search was performed by using the PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane Library databases. Titles and abstracts were screened and subsequently selected for full review. RESULTS The initial search returned 330 articles. Of these articles, 23 final articles were included and reviewed. Many of these articles reported that use of adjuvant agents in the perioperative period improved radiographic evidence of bony fusion and bone fusion rates. These agents tended to improve BMD postoperatively. CONCLUSIONS Although antiosteoporosis agents are effective to varying degrees as treatments of patients with low BMD, teriparatide and bisphosphonates have been the most extensively studied with respect to spinal instrumentation. The advent of newer agents represents an area for further exploration, especially due to the current paucity of controlled investigations. It is imperative for spine surgeons to understand the mechanisms of action of these drugs and their effects on biology of fusion.
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Role of Metabolism in Bone Development and Homeostasis. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21238992. [PMID: 33256181 PMCID: PMC7729585 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21238992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 11/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Carbohydrates, fats, and proteins are the underlying energy sources for animals and are catabolized through specific biochemical cascades involving numerous enzymes. The catabolites and metabolites in these metabolic pathways are crucial for many cellular functions; therefore, an imbalance and/or dysregulation of these pathways causes cellular dysfunction, resulting in various metabolic diseases. Bone, a highly mineralized organ that serves as a skeleton of the body, undergoes continuous active turnover, which is required for the maintenance of healthy bony components through the deposition and resorption of bone matrix and minerals. This highly coordinated event is regulated throughout life by bone cells such as osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and osteocytes, and requires synchronized activities from different metabolic pathways. Here, we aim to provide a comprehensive review of the cellular metabolism involved in bone development and homeostasis, as revealed by mouse genetic studies.
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Mutations in the zebrafish hmgcs1 gene reveal a novel function for isoprenoids during red blood cell development. Blood Adv 2020; 3:1244-1254. [PMID: 30987969 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2018024539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 03/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Erythropoiesis is the process by which new red blood cells (RBCs) are formed and defects in this process can lead to anemia or thalassemia. The GATA1 transcription factor is an established mediator of RBC development. However, the upstream mechanisms that regulate the expression of GATA1 are not completely characterized. Cholesterol is 1 potential upstream mediator of GATA1 expression because previously published studies suggest that defects in cholesterol synthesis disrupt RBC differentiation. Here we characterize RBC development in a zebrafish harboring a single missense mutation in the hmgcs1 gene (Vu57 allele). hmgcs1 encodes the first enzyme in the cholesterol synthesis pathway and mutation of hmgcs1 inhibits cholesterol synthesis. We analyzed the number of RBCs in hmgcs1 mutants and their wild-type siblings. Mutation of hmgcs1 resulted in a decrease in the number of mature RBCs, which coincides with reduced gata1a expression. We combined these experiments with pharmacological inhibition and confirmed that cholesterol and isoprenoid synthesis are essential for RBC differentiation, but that gata1a expression is isoprenoid dependent. Collectively, our results reveal 2 novel upstream regulators of RBC development and suggest that appropriate cholesterol homeostasis is critical for primitive erythropoiesis.
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Cipriani M, Rostán S, León I, Li ZH, Gancheff JS, Kemmerling U, Olea Azar C, Etcheverry S, Docampo R, Gambino D, Otero L. Multi-target heteroleptic palladium bisphosphonate complexes. J Biol Inorg Chem 2020; 25:509-519. [PMID: 32232584 DOI: 10.1007/s00775-020-01779-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Bisphosphonates are the most commonly prescribed drugs for the treatment of osteoporosis and other bone illnesses. Some of them have also shown antiparasitic activity. In search of improving the pharmacological profile of commercial bisphosphonates, our group had previously developed first row transition metal complexes with N-containing bisphosphonates (NBPs). In this work, we extended our studies to heteroleptic palladium-NBP complexes including DNA intercalating polypyridyl co-ligands (NN) with the aim of obtaining potential multi-target species. Complexes of the formula [Pd(NBP)2(NN)]·2NaCl·xH2O with NBP = alendronate (ale) or pamidronate (pam) and NN = 1,10 phenanthroline (phen) or 2,2'-bipyridine (bpy) were synthesized and fully characterized. All the obtained compounds were much more active in vitro against T. cruzi (amastigote form) than the corresponding NBP ligands. In addition, complexes were nontoxic to mammalian cells up to 50-100 µM. Compounds with phen as ligand were 15 times more active than their bpy analogous. Related to the potential mechanism of action, all complexes were potent inhibitors of two parasitic enzymes of the isoprenoid biosynthetic pathway. No correlation between the anti-T. cruzi activity and the enzymatic inhibition results was observed. On the contrary, the high antiparasitic activity of phen-containing complexes could be related to their ability to interact with DNA in an intercalative-like mode. These rationally designed compounds are good candidates for further studies and good leaders for future drug developments. Four new palladium heteroleptic complexes with N-containing commercial bisphosphonates and DNA intercalating polypyridyl co-ligands were synthesized and fully characterized. All complexes displayed high anti-T. cruzi activity which could be related to the inhibition of the parasitic farnesyl diphosphate synthase enzyme but mainly to their ability to interact DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Micaella Cipriani
- Química Inorgánica, Facultad de Química, UdelaR, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Santiago Rostán
- Química Inorgánica, Facultad de Química, UdelaR, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Ignacio León
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Centro de Química Inorgánica (CONICET-UNLP), Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Zhu-Hong Li
- Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases and Department of Cellular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, USA
| | - Jorge S Gancheff
- Química Inorgánica, Facultad de Química, UdelaR, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Ulrike Kemmerling
- Programa de Anatomía Y Biología del Desarrollo, Facultad de Medicina, ICBM, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Claudio Olea Azar
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica Y Analítica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas Y Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Susana Etcheverry
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Centro de Química Inorgánica (CONICET-UNLP), Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Roberto Docampo
- Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases and Department of Cellular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, USA
| | - Dinorah Gambino
- Química Inorgánica, Facultad de Química, UdelaR, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Lucía Otero
- Química Inorgánica, Facultad de Química, UdelaR, Montevideo, Uruguay.
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Villalta F, Rachakonda G. Advances in preclinical approaches to Chagas disease drug discovery. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2019; 14:1161-1174. [PMID: 31411084 PMCID: PMC6779130 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2019.1652593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 08/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Chagas disease affects 8-10 million people worldwide, mainly in Latin America. The current therapy for Chagas disease is limited to nifurtimox and benznidazole, which are effective in treating only the acute phase of the disease but with severe side effects. Therefore, there is an unmet need for new drugs and for the exploration of innovative approaches which may lead to the discovery of new effective and safe drugs for its treatment. Areas covered: The authors report and discuss recent approaches including structure-based design that have led to the discovery of new promising small molecule candidates for Chagas disease which affect prime targets that intervene in the sterol pathway of T. cruzi. Other trypanosome targets, phenotypic screening, the use of artificial intelligence and the challenges with Chagas disease drug discovery are also discussed. Expert opinion: The application of recent scientific innovations to the field of Chagas disease have led to the discovery of new promising drug candidates for Chagas disease. Phenotypic screening brought new hits and opportunities for drug discovery. Artificial intelligence also has the potential to accelerate drug discovery in Chagas disease and further research into this is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Villalta
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Physiology, School of Medicine, Meharry Medical College , Nashville , TN , USA
| | - Girish Rachakonda
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Physiology, School of Medicine, Meharry Medical College , Nashville , TN , USA
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Galaka T, Falcone BN, Li C, Szajnman SH, Moreno SNJ, Docampo R, Rodriguez JB. Synthesis and biological evaluation of 1-alkylaminomethyl-1,1-bisphosphonic acids against Trypanosoma cruzi and Toxoplasma gondii. Bioorg Med Chem 2019; 27:3663-3673. [PMID: 31296439 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2019.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Revised: 06/23/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
As an extension of our project aimed at the search for new chemotherapeutic agents against Chagas disease and toxoplasmosis, several 1,1-bisphosphonates were designed, synthesized and biologically evaluated against Trypanosoma cruzi and Toxoplasma gondii, the etiologic agents of these diseases, respectively. In particular, and based on the antiparasitic activity exhibited by 2-alkylaminoethyl-1,1-bisphosphonates targeting farnesyl diphosphate synthase, a series of linear 2-alkylaminomethyl-1,1-bisphosphonic acids (compounds 21-33), that is, the position of the amino group was one carbon closer to the gem-phosphonate moiety, were evaluated as growth inhibitors against the clinically more relevant dividing form (amastigotes) of T. cruzi. Although all of these compounds resulted to be devoid of antiparasitic activity, these results were valuable for a rigorous SAR study. In addition, unexpectedly, the synthetic designed 2-cycloalkylaminoethyl-1,1-bisphosphonic acids 47-49 were free of antiparasitic activity. Moreover, long chain sulfur-containing 1,1-bisphosphonic acids, such as compounds 54-56, 59, turned out to be nanomolar growth inhibitors of tachyzoites of T. gondii. As many bisphosphonate-containing molecules are FDA-approved drugs for the treatment of bone resorption disorders, their potential nontoxicity makes them good candidates to control American trypanosomiasis and toxoplasmosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamila Galaka
- Departamento de Química Orgánica and UMYMFOR (CONICET-FCEyN), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Pabellón 2, Ciudad Universitaria, C1428EHA Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Bruno N Falcone
- Departamento de Química Orgánica and UMYMFOR (CONICET-FCEyN), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Pabellón 2, Ciudad Universitaria, C1428EHA Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Catherine Li
- Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases and Department of Cellular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Sergio H Szajnman
- Departamento de Química Orgánica and UMYMFOR (CONICET-FCEyN), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Pabellón 2, Ciudad Universitaria, C1428EHA Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Silvia N J Moreno
- Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases and Department of Cellular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Roberto Docampo
- Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases and Department of Cellular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Juan B Rodriguez
- Departamento de Química Orgánica and UMYMFOR (CONICET-FCEyN), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Pabellón 2, Ciudad Universitaria, C1428EHA Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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11
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de Mattos Oliveira L, Araújo JSC, Bacelar Costa Junior D, Santana IB, Duarte AA, Leite FHA, Benevides RG, Coelho Dos Santos Junior M. Pharmacophore modeling, docking and molecular dynamics to identify Leishmania major farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase inhibitors. J Mol Model 2018; 24:314. [PMID: 30327889 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-018-3838-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is caused by protozoa of the genus Leishmania spp. and is considered the second most important protozoa in the world due to the number of cases and mortality. Despite its importance in terms of public health, the treatment of patients is limited and has mostly low levels of efficacy and safety. Farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase (FPPS) acts in the early stages of isoprenoid synthesis, and is important for maintaining the integrity of the lipid bilayer of the parasite that causes the disease. The aim of this work was to identify one potential inhibitor of the FPPS of Leishmania major through virtual screening by pharmacophore modeling and docking. A total of 85,000 compounds from a natural products database (ZINC15) was submitted for virtual hierarchical screening, and the top ranked molecule in both methods was analyzed by intermolecular interaction profile and 20 ns molecular dynamics simulations. These results showed a promising compound from natural products that mimic the major interactions present in the substrate/inhibitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larissa de Mattos Oliveira
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana, Feira de Santana, Brazil.,Laboratório de Modelagem Molecular, Departamento de Saúde, Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana, Feira de Santana, Brazil
| | - Janay Stefany Carneiro Araújo
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana, Feira de Santana, Brazil.,Laboratório de Modelagem Molecular, Departamento de Saúde, Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana, Feira de Santana, Brazil
| | - David Bacelar Costa Junior
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana, Feira de Santana, Brazil.,Laboratório de Modelagem Molecular, Departamento de Saúde, Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana, Feira de Santana, Brazil
| | - Isis Bugia Santana
- Laboratório de Modelagem Molecular, Departamento de Saúde, Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana, Feira de Santana, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-graduação em Biotecnologia, Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana, Feira de Santana, Brazil
| | - Angelo Amâncio Duarte
- Laboratório de Computação de Alto Desempenho, Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana, Feira de Santana, Brazil
| | - Franco Henrique Andrade Leite
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana, Feira de Santana, Brazil.,Laboratório de Modelagem Molecular, Departamento de Saúde, Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana, Feira de Santana, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-graduação em Biotecnologia, Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana, Feira de Santana, Brazil
| | - Raquel Guimarães Benevides
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Biotecnologia, Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana, Feira de Santana, Brazil
| | - Manoelito Coelho Dos Santos Junior
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana, Feira de Santana, Brazil. .,Laboratório de Modelagem Molecular, Departamento de Saúde, Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana, Feira de Santana, Brazil. .,Programa de Pós-graduação em Biotecnologia, Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana, Feira de Santana, Brazil.
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12
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Matthiesen RA, Varney ML, Xu PC, Rier AS, Wiemer DF, Holstein SA. α-Methylation enhances the potency of isoprenoid triazole bisphosphonates as geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem 2018; 26:376-385. [PMID: 29248353 PMCID: PMC5752576 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2017.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Revised: 10/12/2017] [Accepted: 10/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Disruption of protein geranylgeranylation via inhibition of geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase (GGDPS) represents a novel therapeutic strategy for a variety of malignancies, especially those characterized by excessive protein secretion such as multiple myeloma. Our work has demonstrated that some isoprenoid triazole bisphosphonates are potent and selective inhibitors of GGDPS. Here we present the synthesis and biological evaluation of a new series of isoprenoid triazoles modified by incorporation of a methyl group at the α-carbon. These studies reveal that incorporation of an α-methyl substituent enhances the potency of these compounds as GGDPS inhibitors, and, in the case of the homogeranyl/homoneryl series, abrogates the effects of olefin stereochemistry on inhibitory activity. The incorporation of the methyl group allowed preparation of a POM-prodrug, which displayed a 10-fold increase in cellular activity compared to the corresponding salt. These studies form the basis for future preclinical studies investigating the anti-myeloma activity of these novel α-methyl triazole bisphosphonates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert A Matthiesen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242-1294, United States
| | - Michelle L Varney
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, United States
| | - Pauline C Xu
- College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, United States
| | - Alex S Rier
- Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242-1294, United States
| | - David F Wiemer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242-1294, United States; Department of Pharmacology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242-1109, United States
| | - Sarah A Holstein
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, United States.
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13
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Wachsmuth LM, Johnson MG, Gavenonis J. Essential multimeric enzymes in kinetoplastid parasites: A host of potentially druggable protein-protein interactions. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2017; 11:e0005720. [PMID: 28662026 PMCID: PMC5507555 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0005720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Revised: 07/12/2017] [Accepted: 06/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Parasitic diseases caused by kinetoplastid parasites of the genera Trypanosoma and Leishmania are an urgent public health crisis in the developing world. These closely related species possess a number of multimeric enzymes in highly conserved pathways involved in vital functions, such as redox homeostasis and nucleotide synthesis. Computational alanine scanning of these protein-protein interfaces has revealed a host of potentially ligandable sites on several established and emerging anti-parasitic drug targets. Analysis of interfaces with multiple clustered hotspots has suggested several potentially inhibitable protein-protein interactions that may have been overlooked by previous large-scale analyses focusing solely on secondary structure. These protein-protein interactions provide a promising lead for the development of new peptide and macrocycle inhibitors of these enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leah M. Wachsmuth
- Department of Chemistry, Dickinson College, Carlisle, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Meredith G. Johnson
- Department of Chemistry, Dickinson College, Carlisle, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Jason Gavenonis
- Department of Chemistry, Dickinson College, Carlisle, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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14
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Vermelho AB, Capaci GR, Rodrigues IA, Cardoso VS, Mazotto AM, Supuran CT. Carbonic anhydrases from Trypanosoma and Leishmania as anti-protozoan drug targets. Bioorg Med Chem 2017; 25:1543-1555. [PMID: 28161253 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2017.01.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2016] [Revised: 01/18/2017] [Accepted: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Trypanosoma cruzi and Leishmania spp. are protozoa of the Trypanosomatidae family, being the etiological agents of two widespread parasitic diseases, Chagas disease and leishmaniasis, respectively. Both parasites are the focus of worldwide research with the aim to find effective and less toxic drugs than the few ones available so far, and for controlling the spread of the diseases. Carbonic anhydrases (CAs, EC 4.2.1.1) belonging to the α- and β-class were recently identified in these protozoans and several studies suggested that they could be new targets for drug development. Sulfonamide, thiol and hydroxamate inhibitors effectively inhibited the α-CA from T. cruzi (TcCA) and the β-CA from L. donovani chagasi (LdccCA) in vitro, and some of them also showed in vivo efficacy in inhibiting the growth of the parasites in animal models of Chagas disease and leishmaniasis. As few therapeutic options are presently available for these orphan diseases, protozoan CA inhibition may represent a novel strategy to address this stringent health problem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alane B Vermelho
- BIOINOVAR - Biotechnology Laboratories: Biocatalysis, Bioproducts and Bioenergy, Institute of Microbiology Paulo de Goes, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Giseli R Capaci
- School of Science and Technology and Graduate Studies in Science Education Program, University of Rio Grande, Duque de Caxias, RJ, Brazil
| | - Igor A Rodrigues
- Department of Natural Products and Food, School of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Verônica S Cardoso
- BIOINOVAR - Biotechnology Laboratories: Biocatalysis, Bioproducts and Bioenergy, Institute of Microbiology Paulo de Goes, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ana Maria Mazotto
- BIOINOVAR - Biotechnology Laboratories: Biocatalysis, Bioproducts and Bioenergy, Institute of Microbiology Paulo de Goes, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Claudiu T Supuran
- Neurofarba Department and Laboratorio di Chimica Bioinorganica, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Via U. Schiff 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy.
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15
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Merino P, Maiuolo L, Delso I, Algieri V, De Nino A, Tejero T. Chemical approaches to inhibitors of isoprenoid biosynthesis: targeting farnesyl and geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate synthases. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra28316k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The chemical synthesis of farnesyl and geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate synthase inhibitors are surveyed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Merino
- Departamento de Síntesis y Estructura de Biomoléculas
- ISQCH
- Universidad de Zaragoza-CSIC
- 50009 Zaragoza
- Spain
| | - Loredana Maiuolo
- Dipartimento di Chimica
- Università della Calabria
- 87036 Rende
- Italy
| | - Ignacio Delso
- Departamento de Síntesis y Estructura de Biomoléculas
- ISQCH
- Universidad de Zaragoza-CSIC
- 50009 Zaragoza
- Spain
| | - Vincenzo Algieri
- Dipartimento di Chimica
- Università della Calabria
- 87036 Rende
- Italy
| | - Antonio De Nino
- Dipartimento di Chimica
- Università della Calabria
- 87036 Rende
- Italy
| | - Tomas Tejero
- Departamento de Síntesis y Estructura de Biomoléculas
- ISQCH
- Universidad de Zaragoza-CSIC
- 50009 Zaragoza
- Spain
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16
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Aufaure R, Buendia R, Motte L, Hardouin J, Lalatonne Y, Guénin E. Versatile “click” synthesis of 1-hydroxy-1,1-methylenebisphosphonic acids with thioalkoxy substituents for the preparation of stable gold nanoparticles. NEW J CHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7nj02773g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Click synthesis of pegylated bisphosphonates for one pot preparation of stable gold nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. Aufaure
- Université Paris 13
- Sorbonne Paris Cité
- Laboratoire LVTS
- 93017 Bobigny
- France
| | - R. Buendia
- Université Paris 13
- Sorbonne Paris Cité
- Laboratoire LVTS
- 93017 Bobigny
- France
| | - L. Motte
- Université Paris 13
- Sorbonne Paris Cité
- Laboratoire LVTS
- 93017 Bobigny
- France
| | - J. Hardouin
- Université de Rouen Laboratoire PBS
- CNRS (UMR 6270)
- 76821 Mont Saint Aignan Cedex
- France
| | - Y. Lalatonne
- Université Paris 13
- Sorbonne Paris Cité
- Laboratoire LVTS
- 93017 Bobigny
- France
| | - E. Guénin
- Université Paris 13
- Sorbonne Paris Cité
- Laboratoire LVTS
- 93017 Bobigny
- France
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17
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Chao MN, Li C, Storey M, Falcone BN, Szajnman SH, Bonesi SM, Docampo R, Moreno SNJ, Rodriguez JB. Activity of Fluorine-Containing Analogues of WC-9 and Structurally Related Analogues against Two Intracellular Parasites: Trypanosoma cruzi and Toxoplasma gondii. ChemMedChem 2016; 11:2690-2702. [PMID: 27886451 PMCID: PMC5200956 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201600505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2016] [Revised: 10/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Two obligate intracellular parasites, Trypanosoma cruzi, the agent of Chagas disease, and Toxoplasma gondii, an agent of toxoplasmosis, upregulate the mevalonate pathway of their host cells upon infection, which suggests that this host pathway could be a potential drug target. In this work, a number of compounds structurally related to WC-9 (4-phenoxyphenoxyethyl thiocyanate), a known squalene synthase inhibitor, were designed, synthesized, and evaluated for their effect on T. cruzi and T. gondii growth in tissue culture cells. Two fluorine-containing derivatives, the 3-(3-fluorophenoxy)- and 3-(4-fluorophenoxy)phenoxyethyl thiocyanates, exhibited half-maximal effective concentration (EC50 ) values of 1.6 and 4.9 μm, respectively, against tachyzoites of T. gondii, whereas they showed similar potency to WC-9 against intracellular T. cruzi (EC50 values of 5.4 and 5.7 μm, respectively). In addition, 2-[3- (phenoxy)phenoxyethylthio]ethyl-1,1-bisphosphonate, which is a hybrid inhibitor containing 3-phenoxyphenoxy and bisphosphonate groups, has activity against T. gondii proliferation at sub-micromolar levels (EC50 =0.7 μm), which suggests a combined inhibitory effect of the two functional groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- María N. Chao
- M. N. Chao, Dr. B. N. Falcone, Dr. S. H. Szajnman, Prof. Dr. J. B. Rodriguez, Departamento de Química Orgánica and UMYMFOR (CONICET–FCEyN), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Pabellón 2, Ciudad Universitaria, C1428EHA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Catherine Li
- C. Li, M. Storey, Prof. Dr. R. Docampo, Prof. Dr. S. N. J. Moreno, Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases and Department of Cellular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, 30602, USA
| | - Melissa Storey
- C. Li, M. Storey, Prof. Dr. R. Docampo, Prof. Dr. S. N. J. Moreno, Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases and Department of Cellular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, 30602, USA
| | - Bruno N. Falcone
- M. N. Chao, Dr. B. N. Falcone, Dr. S. H. Szajnman, Prof. Dr. J. B. Rodriguez, Departamento de Química Orgánica and UMYMFOR (CONICET–FCEyN), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Pabellón 2, Ciudad Universitaria, C1428EHA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Sergio H. Szajnman
- M. N. Chao, Dr. B. N. Falcone, Dr. S. H. Szajnman, Prof. Dr. J. B. Rodriguez, Departamento de Química Orgánica and UMYMFOR (CONICET–FCEyN), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Pabellón 2, Ciudad Universitaria, C1428EHA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Sergio M. Bonesi
- Prof. Dr. S. M. Bonesi, Departamento de Química Orgánica and CIHIDECAR (CONICET–FCEyN), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Pabellón 2, Ciudad Universitaria, C1428EHA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Roberto Docampo
- C. Li, M. Storey, Prof. Dr. R. Docampo, Prof. Dr. S. N. J. Moreno, Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases and Department of Cellular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, 30602, USA
| | - Silvia N. J. Moreno
- C. Li, M. Storey, Prof. Dr. R. Docampo, Prof. Dr. S. N. J. Moreno, Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases and Department of Cellular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, 30602, USA
| | - Juan B. Rodriguez
- M. N. Chao, Dr. B. N. Falcone, Dr. S. H. Szajnman, Prof. Dr. J. B. Rodriguez, Departamento de Química Orgánica and UMYMFOR (CONICET–FCEyN), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Pabellón 2, Ciudad Universitaria, C1428EHA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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18
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Aufaure R, Hardouin J, Millot N, Motte L, Lalatonne Y, Guénin E. Tetrazine Click Chemistry for the Modification of 1-Hydroxy-1,1-methylenebisphosphonic Acids: Towards Bio-orthogonal Functionalization of Gold Nanoparticles. Chemistry 2016; 22:16022-16027. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201602899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Romain Aufaure
- Inserm, U1148; Laboratory for Vascular Translational Science; UFR SMBH; Université Paris 13, Sorbonne Paris Cité; 74 avenue M. Cachin 93017 Bobigny France
| | - Julie Hardouin
- Laboratoire PBS, CNRS (UMR 6270); Université de Rouen; Bd Maurice de Broglie 76821 Mont Saint Aignan Cedex France
| | - Nadine Millot
- Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire Carnot de Bourgogne; UMR 6303 CNRS/Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté; 9 av. A. Savary, BP 47870 21 078 DIJON Cedex France
| | - Laurence Motte
- Inserm, U1148; Laboratory for Vascular Translational Science; UFR SMBH; Université Paris 13, Sorbonne Paris Cité; 74 avenue M. Cachin 93017 Bobigny France
| | - Yoann Lalatonne
- Inserm, U1148; Laboratory for Vascular Translational Science; UFR SMBH; Université Paris 13, Sorbonne Paris Cité; 74 avenue M. Cachin 93017 Bobigny France
- Service de Médecine Nucléaire; Hôpital Avicenne Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris; 93009 Bobigny France
| | - Erwann Guénin
- Inserm, U1148; Laboratory for Vascular Translational Science; UFR SMBH; Université Paris 13, Sorbonne Paris Cité; 74 avenue M. Cachin 93017 Bobigny France
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19
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Rodriguez JB, Falcone BN, Szajnman SH. Detection and treatment ofTrypanosoma cruzi: a patent review (2011-2015). Expert Opin Ther Pat 2016; 26:993-1015. [DOI: 10.1080/13543776.2016.1209487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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20
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Ramamoorthy G, Phan RM, Poulter CD. Synthesis and Enzymatic Studies of Isoprenoid Thiolo Bisubstrate Analogues. J Org Chem 2016; 81:5093-100. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.6b00664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Richard M. Phan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - C. Dale Poulter
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
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