1
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Ping Y, Quanlin S, Yue H, Jing Z, Wenjun L. Screening and validation of double allele-specific binding F-primers for the measurement of antihypertensive pharmacogenomics. Front Med (Lausanne) 2023; 10:1269221. [PMID: 38173939 PMCID: PMC10761462 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2023.1269221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective Previous studies have proposed that genetic polymorphisms of CYP2D6*10, ADRB1, NPPA, CYP3A5*3, ACE, CYP2C9*3, and AGTR1 are involved in antihypertensive pharmacogenomics. The purpose of this study is to develop an amplification analysis using double allele-specific (AS) binding primers for accurate measurement of antihypertensive pharmacogenomics. Methods To establish a quadruplex quantitative PCR (qPCR) analysis for genotyping of CYP2D6*10, ADRB1 (1165 G>C), NPPA (2238 T>C) and CYP3A5*3, and a triplex qPCR analysis for genotyping of ACE (I/D), CYP2C9*3 and AGTR1 (1166 A>C), mismatch AS F-primers were screened by detection of plasmid/gDNA, and were validated by agreement analysis/reproducibility evaluation, in which the ΔCq (differences in threshold cycles between the wild-type F-primer-based amplification assay and the mutant-type F-primer-based amplification assay) was employed to determine genotypes. Results Seven pairs of primers were successfully selected through three rounds of F-primers screening. Except for ADRB1, the robustness assessment showed the amplification efficiency ranging from 0.9 to 1.1. In agreement analysis, two specimens in the training set (n = 203) were defined by the triplex analysis rather than NGS as heterozygotes for ACE, which was evidenced by gel electrophoresis. Reproducibility evaluation demonstrated that the coefficient of variation (CV) was <5%. Conclusion Multiplex amplification analysis using screened AS binding primers is a simple, reliable, and accurate tool to guide drug delivery in antihypertensive personalized treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Zhang Jing
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Lan Wenjun
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, Shandong, China
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2
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Shi K, Zhou H, Feng S, He J, Li B, Long F, Shi Y, Yin Y, Li Z. Development of a Quadruplex RT-qPCR for the Detection of Porcine Rotaviruses and the Phylogenetic Analysis of Porcine RVH in China. Pathogens 2023; 12:1091. [PMID: 37764899 PMCID: PMC10538229 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12091091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Rotavirus A species (RVA), RVB, RVC, and RVH are four species of rotaviruses (RVs) that are prevalent in pig herds, and co-infections occur frequently. In this study, a quadruplex real-time quantitative RT-PCR (RT-qPCR) for the simultaneous detection of four porcine RVs was developed by designing specific primers and probes based on the VP6 gene of RVA, RVB, RVC, and RVH, respectively. The method showed high specificity and could only detect RVA, RVB, RVC, and RVH, without cross-reaction with other porcine viruses; showed excellent sensitivity, with a limit of detection (LOD) of 1.5 copies/µL for each virus; showed good repeatability, with intra-assay coefficients of variation (CVs) of 0.15-1.14% and inter-assay CVs of 0.07-0.96%. A total of 1447 clinical fecal samples from Guangxi province in China were tested using the developed quadruplex RT-qPCR. The results showed that RVA (42.71%, 618/1447), RVB (26.95%, 390/1447), RVC (42.92%, 621/1447), and RVH (13.68%, 198/1447) were simultaneously circulating in the pig herds, and the co-infection rate of different species of rotaviruses was found to be up to 44.01% (579/1447). The clinical samples were also detected using one previously reported method, and the coincidence rate of the detection results using two methods was more than 99.65%. The phylogenetic tree based on the VP6 gene sequences of RVH revealed that the porcine RVH strains from Guangxi province belonged to the genotype I5, which was closely related to Japanese and Vietnamese strains. In summary, an efficient, sensitive, and accurate method for the detection and differentiation of RVA, RVB, RVC, and RVH was developed and applied to investigate the prevalence of porcine RVs in Guangxi province, China. This study is the first to report the prevalence of porcine RVH in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaichuang Shi
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530005, China
- Guangxi Center for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning 530001, China
| | - Hongjin Zhou
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530005, China
| | - Shuping Feng
- Guangxi Center for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning 530001, China
| | - Junxian He
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530005, China
| | - Biao Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530005, China
| | - Feng Long
- Guangxi Center for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning 530001, China
| | - Yuwen Shi
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530005, China
| | - Yanwen Yin
- Guangxi Center for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning 530001, China
| | - Zongqiang Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530005, China
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3
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The Development of a Multiplex Real-Time Quantitative PCR Assay for the Differential Detection of the Wild-Type Strain and the MGF505-2R, EP402R and I177L Gene-Deleted Strain of the African Swine Fever Virus. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12141754. [PMID: 35883301 PMCID: PMC9311895 DOI: 10.3390/ani12141754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary African swine fever (ASF) was first reported in August 2018 in China, and the naturally gene-deleted ASFV strain was first identified in 2020 in this country. The vaccine candidates that deleted some virulent genes from the virulent parental strains have also been reported in many countries. To differentiate the wild-type and gene-deleted ASFV strains, four pairs of specific primers and TaqMan probes targeting the ASFV B646L (p72), I177L, MGF505-2R and EP402R (CD2v) genes were designed. After optimizing the reaction conditions, a multiplex real-time qPCR assay for the differential detection of the wild-type and gene-deleted ASFV strains was developed. The assay was further used to test 4239 clinical samples, and 534 samples were positive for ASFV, of which 30 samples lacked B646L, I177L, MGF505-2R and/or EP402R genes. The assay showed high specificity, sensitivity and repeatability, and it provided a reliable method for evaluating ASFV in clinical samples. Abstract African swine fever virus (ASFV) causes African swine fever (ASF), a devastating hemorrhagic disease of domestic pigs and wild boars. Currently, the MGF505R, EP402R (CD2v) and I177L gene-deleted ASFV strains were confirmed to be the ideal vaccine candidate strains. To develop an assay for differentiating the wild-type and gene-deleted ASFV strains, four pairs of specific primers and TaqMan probes targeting the ASFV B646L (p72), I177L, MGF505-2R and EP402R (CD2v) genes were designed. A multiplex real-time qPCR assay for the differential detection of the wild-type and gene-deleted ASFV strains was developed after optimizing the reaction conditions, including the annealing temperature, primer concentration and probe concentration. The results showed that the multiplex real-time qPCR assay can specifically test the ASFV B646L (p72), I177L, MGF505-2R and EP402R (CD2v) genes with a limit of detection (LOD) of 32.1 copies/μL for the B646L (p72) gene, and 3.21 copies/μL for the I177L, MGF505-2R and EP402R (CD2v) genes. However, the assay cannot test for the classical swine fever virus (CSFV), porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV), porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2), PCV3 and pseudorabies virus (PRV). The assay demonstrated good repeatability and reproducibility with coefficients of variation (CV) less than 1.56% for both the intra- and inter-assay. The assay was used to test 4239 clinical samples, and the results showed that 12.60% (534/4239) samples were positive for ASFV, of which 10 samples lacked the EP402R gene, 6 samples lacked the MGF505-2R gene and 14 samples lacked the EP402R and MGF505-2R genes. The results indicated that the multiplex real-time qPCR developed in this study can provide a rapid, sensitive and specific diagnostic tool for the differential detection of the ASFV B646L, I177L, MGF505-2R and EP402R genes.
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4
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Dong Y, Zhao Y, Li S, Wan Z, Lu R, Yang X, Yu G, Reboud J, Cooper JM, Tian Z, Zhang C. Multiplex, Real-Time, Point-of-care RT-LAMP for SARS-CoV-2 Detection Using the HFman Probe. ACS Sens 2022; 7:730-739. [PMID: 35192340 PMCID: PMC8887655 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.1c02079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Viral evolution impacts diagnostic test performance through the emergence of variants with sequences affecting the efficiency of primer binding. Such variants that evade detection by nucleic acid-based tests are subject to selective pressure, enabling them to spread more efficiently. Here, we report a variant-tolerant diagnostic test for SARS-CoV-2 using a loop-mediated isothermal nucleic acid-based amplification (LAMP) assay containing high-fidelity DNA polymerase and a high-fidelity DNA polymerase-medicated probe (HFman probe). In addition to demonstrating a high tolerance to variable SARS-CoV-2 viral sequences, the mechanism also overcomes frequently observed limitations of LAMP assays arising from non-specific amplification within multiplexed reactions performed in a single "pot". Results showed excellent clinical performance (sensitivity 94.5%, specificity 100%, n = 190) when compared directly to a commercial gold standard reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction assay for the extracted RNA from nasopharyngeal samples and the capability of detecting a wide range of sequences containing at least alpha and delta variants. To further validate the test with no sample processing, directly from nasopharyngeal swabs, we also detected SARS-CoV-2 in positive clinical samples (n = 49), opening up the possibility for the assay's use in decentralized testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajuan Dong
- College
of Life Sciences, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
- Shanghai
Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai 201508, China
| | - Yongjuan Zhao
- Shanghai
Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai 201508, China
| | - Shenwei Li
- Shanghai
International Travel Healthcare Center, Shanghai 200335, China
| | - Zhenzhou Wan
- Medical
Laboratory of Taizhou Fourth People’s Hospital, Taizhou 225300, China
| | - Renfei Lu
- Clinical
Laboratory, Nantong Third Hospital Affiliated
to Nantong University, Nantong 226006, China
| | - Xianguang Yang
- College
of Life Sciences, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Guoying Yu
- College
of Life Sciences, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Julien Reboud
- Division
of Biomedical Engineering, University of
Glasgow, G12 8LT Glasgow, U.K.
| | - Jonathan M. Cooper
- Division
of Biomedical Engineering, University of
Glasgow, G12 8LT Glasgow, U.K.
| | - Zhengan Tian
- Shanghai
International Travel Healthcare Center, Shanghai 200335, China
| | - Chiyu Zhang
- Shanghai
Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai 201508, China
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5
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Chen Y, Shi K, Liu H, Yin Y, Zhao J, Long F, Lu W, Si H. Development of a multiplex qRT-PCR assay for detection of African swine fever virus, classical swine fever virus and porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus. J Vet Sci 2021; 22:e87. [PMID: 34854269 PMCID: PMC8636662 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.2021.22.e87] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND African swine fever virus (ASFV), classical swine fever virus (CSFV), and porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) are still prevalent in many regions of China. Co-infections make it difficult to distinguish their clinical symptoms and pathological changes. Therefore, a rapid and specific method is needed for the differential detection of these pathogens. OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to develop a multiplex real-time quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (multiplex qRT-PCR) for the simultaneous differential detection of ASFV, CSFV, and PRRSV. METHODS Three pairs of primers and TaqMan probes targeting the ASFV p72 gene, CSFV 5' untranslated region, and PRRSV ORF7 gene were designed. After optimizing the reaction conditions, including the annealing temperature, primer concentration, and probe concentration, multiplex qRT-PCR for simultaneous and differential detection of ASFV, CSFV, and PRRSV was developed. Subsequently, 1,143 clinical samples were detected to verify the practicality of the assay. RESULTS The multiplex qRT-PCR assay could specifically and simultaneously detect the ASFV, CSFV, and PRRSV with a detection limit of 1.78 × 100 copies for the ASFV, CSFV, and PRRSV, but could not amplify the other major porcine viruses, such as pseudorabies virus, porcine circovirus type 1 (PCV1), PCV2, PCV3, foot-and-mouth disease virus, porcine parvovirus, atypical porcine pestivirus, and Senecavirus A. The assay had good repeatability with coefficients of variation of intra- and inter-assay of less than 1.2%. Finally, the assay was used to detect 1,143 clinical samples to evaluate its practicality in the field. The positive rates of ASFV, CSFV, and PRRSV were 25.63%, 9.36%, and 17.50%, respectively. The co-infection rates of ASFV+CSFV, ASFV+PRRSV, CSFV+PRRSV, and ASFV+CSFV+PRRSV were 2.45%, 2.36%, 1.57%, and 0.17%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS The multiplex qRT-PCR developed in this study could provide a rapid, sensitive, specific diagnostic tool for the simultaneous and differential detection of ASFV, CSFV, and PRRSV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yating Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530005, China
| | - Kaichuang Shi
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530005, China.,Guangxi Center for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning 530001, China.
| | - Huixin Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530005, China
| | - Yanwen Yin
- Guangxi Center for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning 530001, China
| | - Jing Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530005, China
| | - Feng Long
- Guangxi Center for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning 530001, China
| | - Wenjun Lu
- Guangxi Center for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning 530001, China
| | - Hongbin Si
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530005, China.
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6
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Ranjan P, Singhal A, Yadav S, Kumar N, Murali S, Sanghi SK, Khan R. Rapid diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 using potential point-of-care electrochemical immunosensor: Toward the future prospects. Int Rev Immunol 2021; 40:126-142. [PMID: 33448909 DOI: 10.1080/08830185.2021.1872566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is an emerging and highly infectious disease making global public health concern and socio-economic burden. It is caused due to Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2). It has the tendency to spread rapidly through person-to-person. Currently, several molecular diagnostic platforms such as PCR, qRT-PCR, reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification (RT-LAMP), CRISPR are utilized for the diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2. These conventional techniques are costly, time consuming and require sophisticated instrumentation facility with well trained personnel for testing. Hence, it is tough to provide testing en-masse to the people in developing countries. On the other hand, several serological biosensors such as lateral flow immunosensor, optical, electrochemical, microfluidics integrated electrochemical/fluorescence is currently utilized for the diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2. In current pandemic situation, there is an urgent need of rapid and efficient diagnosis on mass scale of SARS-CoV-2 for early stage detection. Early monitoring of viral infections can help to control and prevent the spreading of infections in large chunk of population. In this review, the SARS-CoV-2 and their biomarkers in biological samples, collection of samples and recently reported potential electrochemical immunosensors for the rapid diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pushpesh Ranjan
- Microfluidics and MEMS Centre, CSIR - Advanced Materials and Processes Research Institute (AMPRI), Bhopal, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | - Ayushi Singhal
- Microfluidics and MEMS Centre, CSIR - Advanced Materials and Processes Research Institute (AMPRI), Bhopal, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | - Shalu Yadav
- Microfluidics and MEMS Centre, CSIR - Advanced Materials and Processes Research Institute (AMPRI), Bhopal, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | - Neeraj Kumar
- Microfluidics and MEMS Centre, CSIR - Advanced Materials and Processes Research Institute (AMPRI), Bhopal, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | - S Murali
- Microfluidics and MEMS Centre, CSIR - Advanced Materials and Processes Research Institute (AMPRI), Bhopal, India
| | - Sunil K Sanghi
- Microfluidics and MEMS Centre, CSIR - Advanced Materials and Processes Research Institute (AMPRI), Bhopal, India
| | - Raju Khan
- Microfluidics and MEMS Centre, CSIR - Advanced Materials and Processes Research Institute (AMPRI), Bhopal, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
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7
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Zhou Y, Wan Z, Yang S, Li Y, Li M, Wang B, Hu Y, Xia X, Jin X, Yu N, Zhang C. A Mismatch-Tolerant Reverse Transcription Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification Method and Its Application on Simultaneous Detection of All Four Serotype of Dengue Viruses. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:1056. [PMID: 31139171 PMCID: PMC6518337 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) has been widely used in the detection of pathogens causing infectious diseases. However, mismatches between primers (especially in the 3′-end) and templates significantly reduced the amplification efficiency of LAMP, and limited its application to genetically diverse viruses. Here, we reported a novel mismatch-tolerant LAMP assay and its application in the detection of dengue viruses (DENV). The novel method features the addition of as little as 0.15 U of high-fidelity DNA polymerase to the standard 25 μl LAMP reaction mixture. This amount was sufficient to remove the mismatched bases at the 3′-end of primers, thereby resulting in excellent tolerance for various mismatches occurring at the 3′-end of the LAMP primers during amplification. This novel LAMP assay has a markedly improved amplification efficiency especially for the mutants forming mismatches with internal primers (FIP/BIP) and loop primers (FLP/BLP). The reaction time of the novel method was about 5.6–22.6 min faster than the conventional LAMP method regardless of the presence or absence of mismatches between primers and templates. Using the novel method, we improved a previously established pan-serotype assay for DENV, and demonstrated greater sensitivity for detection of four DENV serotypes than the previous one. The limit of detection (LOD) of the novel assay was 74, 252, 78, and 35 virus RNA copies per reaction for DENV-1, DENV-2, DENV-3, and DENV-4, respectively. Among 153 clinical samples from patients with suspected DENV infection, the novel assay detected 94.8% samples being DENV positive, higher than that detected by the commercial NS1 antigen assay (92.2%), laboratory-based RT-PCR method (78.4%), and the conventional RT-LAMP assay (86.9%). Furthermore, the novel RT-LAMP assay has been developed into a visual determination method by adding colorimetric dyes. Because of its simplicity, all LAMP-based diagnostic assays may be easily updated to the newly improved version. The novel mismatch-tolerant LAMP method represents a simple, sensitive and promising approach for molecular diagnosis of highly variable viruses, and it is especially suited for application in resource-limited settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhou
- School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China.,Pathogen Discovery and Big Data Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhenzhou Wan
- Medical Laboratory of Taizhou Fourth People's Hospital, Taizhou, China
| | - Shuting Yang
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Yingxue Li
- Pathogen Discovery and Big Data Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Min Li
- Viral Disease and Vaccine Translational Research Unit, CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Binghui Wang
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Yihong Hu
- Pathogen Discovery and Big Data Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Xueshan Xia
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Xia Jin
- Viral Disease and Vaccine Translational Research Unit, CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Na Yu
- School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chiyu Zhang
- Pathogen Discovery and Big Data Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
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8
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Takei F, Tani H, Matsuura Y, Nakatani K. Detection of hepatitis C virus by single-step hairpin primer RT-PCR. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2014; 24:394-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2013.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2013] [Revised: 10/08/2013] [Accepted: 10/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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