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Balmanno A, Falconer JR, Ravuri HG, Mills PC. Strategies to Improve the Transdermal Delivery of Poorly Water-Soluble Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs. Pharmaceutics 2024; 16:675. [PMID: 38794337 PMCID: PMC11124993 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16050675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2024] [Revised: 05/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
The transdermal delivery of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) has the potential to overcome some of the major disadvantages relating to oral NSAID usage, such as gastrointestinal adverse events and compliance. However, the poor solubility of many of the newer NSAIDs creates challenges in incorporating the drugs into formulations suitable for application to skin and may limit transdermal permeation, particularly if the goal is therapeutic systemic drug concentrations. This review is an overview of the various strategies used to increase the solubility of poorly soluble NSAIDs and enhance their permeation through skin, such as the modification of the vehicle, the modification of or bypassing the barrier function of the skin, and using advanced nano-sized formulations. Furthermore, the simple yet highly versatile microemulsion system has been found to be a cost-effective and highly successful technology to deliver poorly water-soluble NSAIDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Balmanno
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton Campus, Gatton, QLD 4343, Australia;
| | - James R. Falconer
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, Dutton Park Campus, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia;
| | - Halley G. Ravuri
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia;
| | - Paul C. Mills
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton Campus, Gatton, QLD 4343, Australia;
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He H, Wang Z, Aikelamu K, Bai J, Shen Q, Gao X, Wang M. Preparation and In Vitro Characterization of Microneedles Containing Inclusion Complexes Loaded with Progesterone. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:1765. [PMID: 37376213 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15061765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Revised: 06/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In order to improve patient compliance and the ease of use during progesterone application, and to increase the clinical application of progesterone, progesterone was made into a microneedle. METHODS Progesterone complexes were prepared using a single-factor and central composite design. In the preparation of the microneedles, the tip loading rate was used as an evaluation index. The selection of tip materials among the biocompatible materials of gelatin (GEL), hyaluronic acid (HA), and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), and the use of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC) as backing layers, respectively, were carried out and the resulting microneedles were evaluated accordingly. RESULTS The progesterone inclusion complexes prepared at a molar ratio of 1:2.16 progesterone and hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HP-β-CD), a temperature of 50 °C, and reaction time of 4 h had high encapsulation and drug-loading capacities of 93.49% and 9.55%, respectively. Gelatine was finally chosen as the material for the preparation of the micro-needle tip based on the drug loading rate of the tip. Two types of microneedles were prepared: one with 7.5% GEL as the tip and 50% PVA as the backing layer, and one with 15% GEL as the tip and 5% HPC as the backing layer. The microneedles of both prescriptions exhibited good mechanical strength and penetrated the skin of rats. The needle tip loading rates were 49.13% for the 7.5% GEL-50% PVA microneedles and 29.31% for the 15% GEL-5% HPC microneedles. In addition, in vitro release and transdermal experiments were performed using both types of microneedles. CONCLUSION The microneedles prepared in this study enhanced the in vitro transdermal amount of progesterone drug by releasing the drug from the microneedle tip into the subepidermis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongji He
- College of Pharmacy, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi 830017, China
| | - Zhaozhi Wang
- College of Pharmacy, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi 830017, China
| | - Kadireya Aikelamu
- College of Pharmacy, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi 830017, China
| | - Jingya Bai
- College of Pharmacy, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi 830017, China
| | - Qi Shen
- College of Pharmacy, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi 830017, China
| | - Xiaoli Gao
- College of Pharmacy, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi 830017, China
| | - Mei Wang
- College of Pharmacy, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi 830017, China
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van Staden D, Haynes RK, Viljoen JM. The Science of Selecting Excipients for Dermal Self-Emulsifying Drug Delivery Systems. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15041293. [PMID: 37111778 PMCID: PMC10145052 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15041293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Self-emulsification is considered a formulation technique that has proven capacity to improve oral drug delivery of poorly soluble drugs by advancing both solubility and bioavailability. The capacity of these formulations to produce emulsions after moderate agitation and dilution by means of water phase addition provides a simplified method to improve delivery of lipophilic drugs, where prolonged drug dissolution in the aqueous environment of the gastro-intestinal (GI) tract is known as the rate-limiting step rendering decreased drug absorption. Additionally, spontaneous emulsification has been reported as an innovative topical drug delivery system that enables successful crossing of mucus membranes as well as skin. The ease of formulation generated by the spontaneous emulsification technique itself is intriguing due to the simplified production procedure and unlimited upscaling possibilities. However, spontaneous emulsification depends solely on selecting excipients that complement each other in order to create a vehicle aimed at optimizing drug delivery. If excipients are not compatible or unable to spontaneously transpire into emulsions once exposed to mild agitation, no self-emulsification will be achieved. Therefore, the generalized view of excipients as inert bystanders facilitating delivery of an active compound cannot be accepted when selecting excipients needed to produce self-emulsifying drug delivery systems (SEDDSs). Hence, this review describes the excipients needed to generate dermal SEDDSs as well as self-double-emulsifying drug delivery systems (SDEDDSs); how to consider combinations that complement the incorporated drug(s); and an overview of using natural excipients as thickening agents and skin penetration enhancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniélle van Staden
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences (PharmacenTM), Building G16, North-West University, 11 Hoffman Street, Potchefstroom 2520, North-West Province, South Africa
| | - Richard K Haynes
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences (PharmacenTM), Building G16, North-West University, 11 Hoffman Street, Potchefstroom 2520, North-West Province, South Africa
| | - Joe M Viljoen
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences (PharmacenTM), Building G16, North-West University, 11 Hoffman Street, Potchefstroom 2520, North-West Province, South Africa
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Choi J, Sahoo JK, Hasturk O, Falcucci T, Yao Y, Kaplan DL. Instantaneous Formation of Silk Protein Aerosols and Fibers with a Portable Spray Device Under Ambient Conditions. ADVANCED MATERIALS TECHNOLOGIES 2023; 8:2201392. [PMID: 37635855 PMCID: PMC10456984 DOI: 10.1002/admt.202201392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
A variety of artificial silk spinning approaches have been attempted to mimic the natural spinning process found in silkworms and spiders, yet instantaneous silk fiber formation with hierarchical structure under physiological and ambient conditions without post-treatment procedures remains unaddressed. Here, we report a new strategy to fabricate silk protein-based aerosols and silk fibers instantaneously (< 1 s) in situ using a simple, portable, spray device, avoiding complicated and costly advanced manufacturing techniques. The key to success is the instantaneous conformational transition of silk fibroin from random coil to β-sheet right before spraying by mixing silk and polyethylene glycol (PEG) solutions in the spray device, allowing aerosols and silk fibers to be sprayed in situ, with further control achieved via the molecular weight of silk. The spinning process of the spray device is based on the use of green solvents, i.e., all steps of instant conformational transition of silk fibroin are carried out in aqueous conditions or with buffers at ambient conditions, in combination with shear and elongational flow caused by the hydraulic pressure generated in the spray container. The system supports a portable and user-friendly system that could be used for drug delivery carriers, wound coating materials and rapid silk fiber conformal coatings on surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaewon Choi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, USA; Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Jugal Kishore Sahoo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, USA
| | - Onur Hasturk
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, USA
| | - Thomas Falcucci
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, USA
| | - Ya Yao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, USA
| | - David L Kaplan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, USA
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Khafagy ES, Almutairy BK, Abu Lila AS. Tailoring of Novel Bile Salt Stabilized Vesicles for Enhanced Transdermal Delivery of Simvastatin: A New Therapeutic Approach against Inflammation. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15030677. [PMID: 36771977 PMCID: PMC9921379 DOI: 10.3390/polym15030677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Simvastatin (SMV), a cholesterol-lowering agent, has antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. Nevertheless, the oral use of SMV is linked with poor systemic bioavailability owing to its limited aqueous solubility and extensive first-pass metabolism. The aim of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of transdermal delivery of SMV using bile salt stabilized vesicles (bilosomes) for enhancing the anti-inflammatory potential of SMV. SMV-loaded bilosomes (SMV-BS) were prepared by the thin film hydration technique and optimized by 33 Box-Behnken design. The fabricated SMV-BS were assessed for vesicle size, entrapment efficiency (% EE) and cumulative drug release. The optimized formula was incorporated into HPMC gel and investigated for physical properties, ex vivo permeation, in vivo pharmacokinetic study and anti-inflammatory potential in inflamed paw edema rat model. The optimized SMV-BS showed vesicle size of 172.1 ± 8.1 nm and % EE of 89.2 ± 1.8%. In addition, encapsulating SMV within bilosomal vesicles remarkably sustained drug release over 12 h, compared to plain drug suspension. Furthermore, SMV-loaded bilosomal gel showed a three-fold enhancement in SMV transdermal flux, compared to plain drug suspension. Most importantly, the relative bioavailability of SMV-BS gel was ~2-fold and ~3-fold higher than those of oral SMV suspension and SMV gel, respectively. In carrageenan-induced paw edema model, SMV-BS gel induced a potent anti-inflammatory effect, as evidenced by a remarkable reduction in paw edema, which was comparable to that of the standard anti-inflammatory drug, indomethacin. Collectively, bilosomes might represent a plausible transdermal drug delivery system that could enhance the anti-inflammatory activity of SMV by boosting its skin permeation and its systemic bioavailability.
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Affiliation(s)
- El-Sayed Khafagy
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +966-533-564-286
| | - Bjad K. Almutairy
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amr Selim Abu Lila
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Hail, Hail 81442, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt
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Comparative study on the topical and transdermal delivery of diclofenac incorporated in nano-emulsions, nano-emulgels, and a colloidal suspension. Drug Deliv Transl Res 2022; 13:1372-1389. [PMID: 36525200 DOI: 10.1007/s13346-022-01267-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Transdermal delivery of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) can be challenging, since the skin possesses a rate-limiting barrier, which may be overcome when APIs possess certain ideal physicochemical properties. The lack thereof would require that APIs be included in drug delivery vehicles to enhance skin permeation. Hence, diclofenac was incorporated into various drug delivery vehicles (i.e., nano-emulsions, nano-emulgels, and a colloidal suspension containing drug-loaded nanoparticles) to investigate the transdermal delivery thereof, while nano-emulsions and nano-emulgels had varying concentrations of evening primrose oil (EPO). The aim of the study was to compare the topical and transdermal diclofenac delivery from the different types of vehicles and to investigate the influence the different EPO concentrations had on diclofenac delivery. After characterization, membrane release studies were performed (to determine whether the API was successfully released from the vehicle) followed by in vitro skin diffusion studies and tape stripping (to establish whether the vehicles assisted the API in reaching the target site (transdermal delivery)). Lastly, cytotoxicity studies were conducted via methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium (MTT) and neutral red (NR) assays on human keratinocyte (HaCaT) cells. Results showed minimal cytotoxic effects at concentrations equivalent to that which had permeated through the skin, while the membrane release and in vitro skin diffusion studies indicated that the nano-emulsions and the 10% EPO vehicles increased API release and diffusion when compared to the other vehicles. However, the colloidal suspension had the highest concentrations of API within the skin. Hence, all the vehicles were non-toxic and effectively delivered diclofenac through the transdermal route.
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Supercritical carbon dioxide solubility measurement and modelling for effective size reduction of nifedipine particles for transdermal application. Int J Pharm 2022; 630:122425. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2022.122425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Salem HF, Kharshoum RM, Abou-Taleb HA, Farouk HO, Zaki RM. Fabrication and Appraisal of Simvastatin via Tailored Niosomal Nanovesicles for Transdermal Delivery Enhancement: In Vitro and In Vivo Assessment. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13020138. [PMID: 33494472 PMCID: PMC7910921 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13020138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Simvastatin (SIM) is a HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor employed in the management of hyperlipidemia. However, its low bioavailability limits its clinical efficacy. The objective of this study was to overcome the poor bioavailability of SIM via the transdermal application of a SIM-loaded niosomal gel. Niosomes loaded with SIM were fabricated by means of the thin-film hydration method and optimized through a 33-factorial design utilizing Design Expert® software. The prepared niosomes were evaluated for entrapment efficiency (EE%), zeta potential, vesicle size, and cumulative percentage of drug release. The optimum niosomal formulation was loaded on the gel and evaluated for physical properties such as color, clarity, and homogeneity. It was also evaluated for spreadability, and the cumulative % drug release. The best niosomal gel formula was appraised for ex vivo permeation as well as pharmacokinetic study. The SIM-loaded niosomes showed EE% between 66.7–91.4%, vesicle size between 191.1–521.6 nm, and zeta potential ranged between −0.81–+35.6 mv. The cumulative percentage of drug released was ranged from 55% to 94% over 12 h. SIM-loaded niosomal gels were clear, homogenous, spreadable, and the pH values were within the range of physiological skin pH. Furthermore, about 73.5% of SIM was released within 24 h, whereas 409.5 µg/cm2 of SIM passed through the skin over 24 h in the ex vivo permeation study. The pharmacokinetic study revealed higher AUC0–∞ and Cmax with topical application of SIM-loaded niosomal gel compared to topical SIM gel or oral SIM suspension. The topical application of SIM-loaded niosomal gel ascertained the potential percutaneous delivery of SIM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heba F. Salem
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beni-Suef University, Shehata Hegazi Street, P.O. Box 62514 Beni-Suef, Egypt; (H.F.S.); (R.M.K.)
| | - Rasha M. Kharshoum
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beni-Suef University, Shehata Hegazi Street, P.O. Box 62514 Beni-Suef, Egypt; (H.F.S.); (R.M.K.)
| | - Heba A. Abou-Taleb
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Nahda University (NUB), P.O. Box 62511 Beni-Suef, Egypt; (H.A.A.-T.); (H.O.F.)
| | - Hanan Osman Farouk
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Nahda University (NUB), P.O. Box 62511 Beni-Suef, Egypt; (H.A.A.-T.); (H.O.F.)
| | - Randa Mohammed Zaki
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beni-Suef University, Shehata Hegazi Street, P.O. Box 62514 Beni-Suef, Egypt; (H.F.S.); (R.M.K.)
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 173, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +20-1154-446-442
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Madzia A, Agrawal C, Jarit P, Petterson S, Plancher K, Ortiz R. Sustained Acoustic Medicine Combined with A Diclofenac Ultrasound Coupling Patch for the Rapid Symptomatic Relief of Knee Osteoarthritis: Multi-Site Clinical Efficacy Study. Open Orthop J 2020; 14:176-185. [PMID: 33408796 PMCID: PMC7784557 DOI: 10.2174/1874325002014010176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sustained Acoustic Medicine (SAM) is an emerging, non-invasive, non-narcotic, home-use ultrasound therapy for the daily treatment of joint pain. The aim of this multi-site clinical study was to examine the efficacy of long-duration continuous ultrasound combined with a 1% diclofenac ultrasound gel patch in treating pain and improving function in patients with knee osteoarthritis. METHODS The Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials (CONSORT) were followed. Thirty-two (32) patients (18-males, 14-females) 54 years of average age with moderate to severe knee pain and radiographically confirmed knee osteoarthritis (Kellgren-Lawrence (KL) grade II/III) were enrolled for treatment with the SAM device and diclofenac patch applied daily to the treated knee. SAM ultrasound (3 MHz, 0.132 W/cm2, 1.3 W) and 6 grams of 1% diclofenac were applied with a wearable device for 4 hours daily for 1 week, delivering 18,720 Joules of ultrasound energy per treatment. The primary outcome was the daily change in pain intensity using a numeric rating scale (NRS 0-10), which was assessed prior to intervention (baseline, day 1), before and after each daily treatment, and after 1 week of daily treatment (day 7). Rapid responders were classified as those patients exhibiting greater than a 1-point reduction in pain following the first treatment. Change in Western Ontario McMaster Osteoarthritis Questionnaire (WOMAC) score from baseline to day 7 was the secondary functional outcome measure. Additionally, a series of daily usability and user experience questions related to devising ease of use, functionality, safety, and effectiveness, were collected. Data were analyzed using t-tests and repeated measure ANOVAs. RESULTS The study had a 94% retention rate, and there were no adverse events or study-related complaints across 224 unique treatment sessions. Rapid responders included 75% of the study population. Patients exhibited a significant mean NRS pain reduction over the 7-day study of 2.06-points (50%) for all subjects (n=32, p<0.001) and 2.96-points (70%) for rapid responders (n=24, p<0.001). The WOMAC functional score significantly improved by 351 points for all subjects (n=32, p<0.001), and 510 points for rapid responders (n=24, p<0.001). Over 95% of patients found the device safe, effective and easy to use, and would continue treatment for their knee OA symptoms. CONCLUSION Sustained Acoustic Medicine combined with 1% topical diclofenac rapidly reduced pain and improved function in patients with moderate to severe osteoarthritis-related knee pain. The clinical findings suggest that this treatment approach may be used as a conservative, non-invasive treatment option for patients with knee osteoarthritis. Additional research is warranted on non-weight bearing joints of the musculoskeletal system as well as different topical drugs that could benefit from improved localized delivery.Clinical Trial Registry Number: (NCT04391842).
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Madzia
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45219, USA
| | - Chirag Agrawal
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45219, USA
| | - Paddy Jarit
- Sport and Orthopaedic Physical Therapy, Fairfield, CT 06824, USA
| | | | - Kevin Plancher
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, New York, USA
- Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 13053, USA
- Plancher Orthopaedics & Sports Medicine, New York, NY 13053, USA
| | - Ralph Ortiz
- Medical Pain Consultants, Dryden, NY 13053, USA
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Jain R, Sarode I, Singhvi G, Dubey SK. Nanocarrier Based Topical Drug Delivery- A Promising Strategy for Treatment of Skin Cancer. Curr Pharm Des 2020; 26:4615-4623. [DOI: 10.2174/1381612826666200826140448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Skin cancers are one of the most widespread and complex forms of the disease, resulting in very high
mortality rates across the world. The current treatments available for skin cancer include chemotherapy, surgery,
radiotherapy, etc. The selected treatment options for skin cancer are usually decided based on the condition of a
patient and the type of skin cancer. The effectiveness of skin cancer therapy is still limited because of poor penetrability
of the drug into stratum corneum or lesions, low efficacy, required higher concentration of the active
pharmaceutical ingredients to reach a therapeutic effect. Besides, low bioavailability at the site of action, the
requirement of high dose, causes skin irritation, which significantly hinders the drug absorption through the stratum
corneum. Thus, nanocarriers have been used to bypass the problems associated with conventional anti-cancer
drug delivery systems. In the current scenario, nanotechnology-based therapy has shown great potential in the
management of skin cancer, and these can be used for a more efficient drug delivery system to treat cancers. In
this review article, the information on different nanocarrier systems for skin cancer has been elucidated. Moreover,
the various nanoparticulate strategies and their effectiveness to treat skin cancer have been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rupesh Jain
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani (BITS-PILANI), Pilani Campus, Rajasthan, India
| | - Ila Sarode
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani (BITS-PILANI), Pilani Campus, Rajasthan, India
| | - Gautam Singhvi
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani (BITS-PILANI), Pilani Campus, Rajasthan, India
| | - Sunil Kumar Dubey
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani (BITS-PILANI), Pilani Campus, Rajasthan, India
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Akhtar N, Singh V, Yusuf M, Khan RA. Non-invasive drug delivery technology: development and current status of transdermal drug delivery devices, techniques and biomedical applications. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 65:243-272. [PMID: 31926064 DOI: 10.1515/bmt-2019-0019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Pay-load deliveries across the skin barrier to the systemic circulation have been one of the most challenging delivery options. Necessitated requirements of the skin and facilitated skin layer cross-over delivery attempts have resulted in development of different non-invasive, non-oral methods, devices and systems which have been standardized, concurrently used and are in continuous upgrade and improvements. Iontophoresis, electroporation, sonophoresis, magnetophoresis, dermal patches, nanocarriers, needled and needle-less shots, and injectors are among some of the methods of transdermal delivery. The current review covers the current state of the art, merits and shortcomings of the systems, devices and transdermal delivery patches, including drugs' and other payloads' passage facilitation techniques, permeation and absorption feasibility studies, as well as physicochemical properties affecting the delivery through different transdermal modes along with examples of drugs, vaccines, genes and other payloads.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naseem Akhtar
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy,Buraydah Colleges, PO Box 31717, Qassim 51418, Saudi Arabia
| | - Varsha Singh
- Manav Rachna International University (MRIU) and Manav Rachna International Institute of Research and Study (MRIIRS), Faridabad, HR 121 001, India
| | - Mohammad Yusuf
- College of Pharmacy, University of Taif, Taif Al-Haweiah, Taif, Saudi Arabia.https://orcid.org/0000-0003- 1417-7774
| | - Riaz A Khan
- Manav Rachna International University (MRIU) and Manav Rachna International Institute of Research and Study (MRIIRS), Faridabad, HR 121 001, India.,Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Qassim 51452, Saudi Arabia
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Parhi R, Mandru A. Enhancement of skin permeability with thermal ablation techniques: concept to commercial products. Drug Deliv Transl Res 2020; 11:817-841. [PMID: 32696221 PMCID: PMC7372979 DOI: 10.1007/s13346-020-00823-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Traditionally, the skin is considered as a protective barrier which acts as a highly impermeable region of the human body. But in recent times, it is recognized as a specialized organ that aids in the delivery of a wide range of drug molecules into the skin (intradermal drug delivery) and across the skin into systemic circulation (transdermal drug delivery, TDD). The bioavailability of a drug administered transdermally can be improved by several penetration enhancement techniques, which are broadly classified into chemical and physical techniques. Application of mentioned techniques together with efforts of various scientific and innovative companies had made TDD a multibillion dollar market and an average of 2.6 new transdermal drugs are being approved each year. Out of various techniques, the thermal ablation techniques involving chemicals, heating elements, lasers, and radiofrequency (RF) are proved to be more effective in terms of delivering the drug across the skin by disrupting the stratum corneum (SC). The reason behind it is that the thermal ablation technique resulted in improved bioavailability, quick treatment and fast recovery of the SC, and more importantly it does not cause any damage to underlying dermis layer. This review article mainly discussed about various thermal ablation techniques with commercial products and patents in each classes, and their safety aspects. This review also briefly presented anatomy of the skin, penetration pathways across the skin, and different generations of TDD. Graphical abstract ![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Rabinarayan Parhi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Susruta School of Medical and Paramedical Sciences, Assam University (A Central University), Silchar, Assam, 788011, India.
| | - Aishwarya Mandru
- GITAM Institute of Pharmacy, Gandhi Institute of Technology and Management (GITAM), Deemed to be University, Gandhi Nagar Campus, Rushikonda, Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, 530045, India
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van Staden D, du Plessis J, Viljoen J. Development of a Self-Emulsifying Drug Delivery System for Optimized Topical Delivery of Clofazimine. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:E523. [PMID: 32521671 PMCID: PMC7356627 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12060523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
A quality-by-design and characterization approach was followed to ensure development of self-emulsifying drug delivery systems (SEDDSs) destined for topical delivery of the highly lipophilic clofazimine. Solubility and water-titration experiments identified spontaneous emulsification capacity of different excipient combinations and clofazimine. After identifying self-emulsification regions, check-point formulations were selected within the self-emulsification region by considering characteristics required to achieve optimized topical drug delivery. Check-point formulations, able to withstand phase separation after 24 h at an ambient temperature, were subjected to characterization studies. Experiments involved droplet size evaluation; size distribution; zeta-potential; self-emulsification time and efficacy; viscosity and pH measurement; cloud point assessment; and thermodynamic stability studies. SEDDSs with favorable properties, i.e., topical drug delivery, were subjected to dermal diffusion studies. Successful in vitro topical clofazimine delivery was observed. Olive oil facilitated the highest topical delivery of clofazimine probably due to increased oleic acid levels that enhanced stratum corneum lipid disruption, followed by improved dermal clofazimine delivery. Finally, isothermal microcalometric experiments studied the compatibility of excipients. Potential interactions were depicted between argan oil and clofazimine as well as between Span®60 and argan-, macadamia- and olive oil, respectively. However, despite some mundane incompatibilities, successful development of topical SEDDSs achieved enhanced topical clofazimine delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Joe Viljoen
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences (PharmacenTM), Building G16, North-West University, 11 Hoffman Street, Potchefstroom, North-West Province 2520, South Africa; (D.v.S.); (J.d.P.)
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14
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Chen X, Zhu L, Li R, Pang L, Zhu S, Ma J, Du L, Jin Y. Electroporation-enhanced transdermal drug delivery: Effects of logP, pK a, solubility and penetration time. Eur J Pharm Sci 2020; 151:105410. [PMID: 32505795 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2020.105410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Revised: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Electroporation is an important physical technique to improve drug transdermal delivery, although its mechanism remains unclear. Here, some types of polar drugs, including aspirin, diclofenac sodium, metformin hydrochloride, ibuprofen and zidovudine, were used as the model drugs for the exploration of electroporation mechanisms. Electroporation had great influences on the structure of stratum corneum to improve the cumulative permeability due to the formation of pores maintaining for at least 2 h, depending on the power and time, and then the permeation gradually recovered to the normal value after 12 h. A mathematical model was firstly established to exhibit the relationship between the electroporation-improving cumulative permeation and the physiochemical properties of the model drugs, involving oil-water partition coefficient (logP), dissociation constant (pKa) and solubility (S). Increased cumulative permeation depended on increased S, decreased logP and pKa. Electroporation is an effective physical technique to improve transdermal drug delivery depending on itself and the properties of drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, China; Institute of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China
| | - Lin Zhu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Ruiteng Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, China; Institute of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China
| | - Lulu Pang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, China; Institute of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China
| | - Siqing Zhu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, China; Institute of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China
| | - Jinqiu Ma
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, China; Institute of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China
| | - Lina Du
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, China; Institute of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China.
| | - Yiguang Jin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, China.
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15
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Development, optimization, and evaluation of tamsulosin nanotransfersomes to enhance its permeation and bioavailability. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2020.101667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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16
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Development of Topical/Transdermal Self-Emulsifying Drug Delivery Systems, Not as Simple as Expected. Sci Pharm 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/scipharm88020017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Self-emulsifying drug delivery systems (SEDDSs) originated as an oral lipid-based drug delivery system with the sole purpose of improving delivery of highly lipophilic drugs. However, the revolutionary drug delivery possibilities presented by these uniquely simplified systems in terms of muco-adhesiveness and zeta-potential changing capacity lead the way forward to ground-breaking research. Contrarily, SEDDSs destined for topical/transdermal drug delivery have received limited attention. Therefore, this review is focused at utilising principles, established during development of oral SEDDSs, and tailoring them to fit evaluation strategies for an optimised topical/transdermal drug delivery vehicle. This includes a detailed discussion of how the authentic pseudo-ternary phase diagram is employed to predict phase behaviour to find the self-emulsification region most suitable for formulating topical/transdermal SEDDSs. Additionally, special attention is given to the manner of characterising oral SEDDSs compared to topical/transdermal SEDDSs, since absorption within the gastrointestinal tract and the multi-layered nature of the skin are two completely diverse drug delivery territories. Despite the advantages of the topical/transdermal drug administration route, certain challenges such as the relatively undiscovered field of skin metabolomics as well as the obstacles of choosing excipients wisely to establish skin penetration enhancement might prevail. Therefore, development of topical/transdermal SEDDSs might be more complicated than expected.
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17
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Nikolic I, Mitsou E, Pantelic I, Randjelovic D, Markovic B, Papadimitriou V, Xenakis A, Lunter DJ, Zugic A, Savic S. Microstructure and biopharmaceutical performances of curcumin-loaded low-energy nanoemulsions containing eucalyptol and pinene: Terpenes' role overcome penetration enhancement effect? Eur J Pharm Sci 2019; 142:105135. [PMID: 31682974 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2019.105135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Revised: 09/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this work was to develop low-energy nanoemulsions for enhanced dermal delivery of curcumin, using monoterpene compounds eucalyptol (EUC) and pinene (PIN) as chemical penetration enhancers. Spontaneous emulsification was the preparation method. All formulations contained 10% of the oil phase (medium-chain triglycerides (MCT), or their mixture with EUC or PIN). Formulations were stabilized by the combination of polysorbate 80 and soybean lecithin (surfactant-to-oil-ratio=1). Concentration of curcumin was set to 3 mg/ml. Average droplet diameter of all tested formulations ranged from 102 nm to 132 nm, but the ones containing monoterpenes had significantly smaller size compared to the MCT formulation. Such finding was profoundly studied through electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy, which proved that the presence of monoterpenes modified the nanoemulsions' interfacial environment, resulting in droplet size reduction. The release study of curcumin (using Franz cells) demonstrated that the cumulative amount released after 6 h of the experiment was 10.1 ± 0.2% for the MCT nanoemulsions, 13.9 ± 0.1% and 14.0 ± 0.2% for PIN and EUC formulations, respectively. In vivo tape stripping revealed their performances in delivering curcumin into the skin, indicating the following order: EUC>MCT>PIN. The formulation with EUC was clearly the most successful, giving the highest cumulative amount of curcumin that penetrated per surface unit: 34.24±5.68 µg/cm2. The MCT formulation followed (30.62±2.61 µg/cm2) and, finally, the one with PIN (21.61±0.11 µg/cm2). These results corelated with curcumin's solubility in the chosen oils: 4.18±0.02 mg/ml for EUC, 1.67±0.04 mg/ml for MCT and 0.21±0.01 mg/ml for PIN. Probably, higher solubility in the oil phase of the nanoemulsion promoted curcumin's solubility in the superficial skin layers, providing enhanced penetration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ines Nikolic
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Cosmetology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe 450, Belgrade 11221, Serbia
| | - Evgenia Mitsou
- Institute of Chemical Biology, National Hellenic Research Foundation, Athens 11635, Greece
| | - Ivana Pantelic
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Cosmetology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe 450, Belgrade 11221, Serbia
| | - Danijela Randjelovic
- Institute of Chemistry, Technology and Metallurgy, Department of Microelectronic Technologies, University of Belgrade, Belgrade 11000, Serbia
| | - Bojan Markovic
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Belgrade 11221, Serbia
| | | | - Aristotelis Xenakis
- Institute of Chemical Biology, National Hellenic Research Foundation, Athens 11635, Greece
| | - Dominique Jasmin Lunter
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology, Eberhard-Karls University, Tübingen D-72076, Germany
| | - Ana Zugic
- Institute for Medicinal Plant Research "Dr Josif Pančić", Belgrade 11000, Serbia
| | - Snezana Savic
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Cosmetology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe 450, Belgrade 11221, Serbia.
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Hirakawa Y, Ueda H, Miyano T, Kamiya N, Goto M. New insight into transdermal drug delivery with supersaturated formulation based on co-amorphous system. Int J Pharm 2019; 569:118582. [PMID: 31381987 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2019.118582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Revised: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to prepare a supersaturated formulation based on formation of a co-amorphous system of a drug and a coformer in order to enhance skin permeation. Atenolol (ATE) and urea (URE) were used as the model drug and the coformer, respectively. Thermal analysis of physical mixtures of ATE and URE showed decreases in the melting points and the formation of a co-amorphous system which was in a supercooled liquid state because of a low glass transition temperature. Supersaturated solutions of ATE and URE at different molar ratios in polyethylene glycol 400 (PEG400) were prepared. The precipitations were observed under storage at 25 °C for all formulations except for ATE-URE at 1:8 molar ratio which remained in the supersaturated state for 2 months. 1H NMR analysis confirmed the interactions between ATE and URE in PEG400. The ATE-URE supersaturated formulation showed higher permeability for mice skin than that of ATE saturated formulation, which was superior to the expected permeability from the degree of supersaturation. We concluded that co-amorphous based supersaturated formulation offers much promise for transdermal drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuya Hirakawa
- Physicochemical and Preformulation, Applied Chemistry and Analysis, Research Laboratory for Development, Shionogi & Co., Ltd., 3-1-1, Futaba-cho, Toyonaka-shi, Osaka 561-0825, Japan; Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, Motooka 744, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan.
| | - Hiroshi Ueda
- Physicochemical and Preformulation, Applied Chemistry and Analysis, Research Laboratory for Development, Shionogi & Co., Ltd., 3-1-1, Futaba-cho, Toyonaka-shi, Osaka 561-0825, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Miyano
- Physicochemical and Preformulation, Applied Chemistry and Analysis, Research Laboratory for Development, Shionogi & Co., Ltd., 3-1-1, Futaba-cho, Toyonaka-shi, Osaka 561-0825, Japan
| | - Noriho Kamiya
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, Motooka 744, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan; Division of Biotechnology, Center for Future Chemistry, Kyushu University, Motooka 744, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Masahiro Goto
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, Motooka 744, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan; Center for Transdermal Drug Delivery, Kyushu University, Motooka 744, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
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